Complex Engineering Problem (CEP)

Foundation Engineering

Submitted by:

Class Name [Link]

No
37 Jehan Bakht Said 21PWCIV5656
38 Nazim Ur Rahman 21PWCIV5657
22 Muhammad Haris 21PWCIV5684
39 Yasir Ullah Khan 21PWCIV5659

Section: U
7th Semester Fall 2024

Submitted to:
[Link] Arshad

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar,
Pakistan
 Contents
1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Project Requirements: ................................................................................................. 1

1.1.1 Site Investigation: ................................................................................................ 1

1.1.2 Load Analysis: ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1.3 Foundation Options: ............................................................................................. 1

1.1.4 Soil Profile: .......................................................................................................... 1

2 Load Calculation ................................................................................................................ 3

2.1 Dead Load for Single Story......................................................................................... 3

2.1.1 Slab Self-weight ................................................................................................... 3

2.1.2 Beams and Column Self-weight .......................................................................... 3

2.1.3 Walls self-Weight ................................................................................................ 4

2.1.4 Total Dead load for single story........................................................................... 6

2.2 Live Load .................................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Total Load for 20 story................................................................................................ 7

2.4 Wind Load ................................................................................................................... 7

2.5 Overturning Moment due to load ................................................................................ 8

3 Foundation Design ............................................................................................................. 8

3.1 Raft Foundation Design .............................................................................................. 8

3.1.1 Shear Criteria ....................................................................................................... 8

3.1.2 Settlement criteria .............................................................................................. 10

3.1.3 Total settlement .................................................................................................. 14

3.2 Pile Foundation Design ............................................................................................. 14

3.2.1 Single Pile Capacity ........................................................................................... 14

3.2.2 Single Pile Capacity Calculation ....................................................................... 16

3.2.3 No of piles .......................................................................................................... 17

i
 List of Figures

Figure 1: Soil Profile .................................................................................................................. 2

Figure 2: Beams and Columns Plan ........................................................................................... 4
Figure 3:Plan of Building........................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4 : 3D View .................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 5 : Wind Speed factors ................................................................................................... 8
Figure 6 : Bearing Capacity Wedge ........................................................................................... 9
Figure 7 : Consolidation Settlement Soil layers ...................................................................... 11
Figure 8 : Immediate Settlement layers ................................................................................... 13
Figure 9 : Effective stresses ..................................................................................................... 15
Figure 10 : Pile Plan ................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 11: 3D View of Pile ...................................................................................................... 17

ii
 ABSTRACT

This project involves the design of foundations for a 20-story residential

building located on Warsak Road, Peshawar. The site presents challenging
conditions, including a water-logged region with high groundwater levels and
compressible soil layers. Comprehensive geotechnical analysis was conducted
to evaluate the soil profile, consisting of layers of sand, silty clay, and bedrock,
to identify potential settlement issues. Load calculations, including dead loads,
live loads, and wind loads, were performed following ACI 318-19 and ASCE
7-16 standards. Two foundation systems raft and pile foundations were
analyzed based on load-bearing capacity and settlement criteria. Due to
excessive settlement predicted for a raft foundation, a pile foundation was
selected. Detailed design calculations for single pile capacity, shear and
settlement criteria, and the required number of piles were carried out, ensuring
structural stability and compliance with engineering standards. This study
highlights the importance of integrating geotechnical analysis and structural
requirements for optimal foundation design.

iii
 1 Problem Statement

You are required to design a foundation for a new 20-storey residential building located at
Warsak Road, Peshawar. The site is a water-logged region with high groundwater levels
and potential issues related to soil settlement. The building will have a footprint of 60m
x 40m and is to be constructed primarily of reinforced concrete.

1.1 Project Requirements:

1.1.1 Site Investigation:

Conduct a thorough geotechnical analysis using provided soil data. The site
consists of layers of sand, silt, and clay with varying properties (Provided in
Annexure-I)
Evaluate potential settlement issues due to compressible soil layers near the
surface.

1.1.2 Load Analysis:

Calculate dead loads, live loads, and wind loads using relevant building codes.
Assess the impact of potential wind loads on the structure.

1.1.3 Foundation Options:

Evaluate at least two types of foundation systems: mat (raft) foundations and pile
foundations.
Choose the appropriate foundation based on load-bearing capacity and settlement
criteria.

1.1.4 Soil Profile:

Layer 1: Topsoil
Depth: 0 - 2 meters
Layer 2: Silty Clay
Depth: 2 - 10 meters
Layer 3: Dense Sand
Depth: 10 - 18 meters
Layer 4: Weathered Bedrock
Depth: 18 - 25 meters
Layer 5: Bedrock
Depth: Below 25 meters Composition: Fresh granite Bearing Capacity: >500
kPa
Additional Geotechnical Considerations: Groundwater Table: Located at 6
meters below the surface; fluctuates seasonally.

1
G.L
Composition: Loose, sandy soil with organic content
Unit Weight: 16 kN/m³ ,Cohesion (c): 0 kPa
Friction Angle (φ): 28 degrees

Composition: Silty clay with moderate plasticity

Unit Weight: 19 kN/m³
Cohesion (c): 20 kPa W.T
Friction Angle (φ): 25 degrees
Undrained Shear Strength (Su): 60 kPa

Composition: Well-graded, dense sand

Unit Weight: 20 kN/m³
Cohesion (c): 0 kPa
Friction Angle (φ): 35 degrees
Relative Density: 70%

Composition: Weathered granite

Unit Weight: 22 kN/m³
Cohesion (c): Considered high for practical design (>250
kPa)
Friction Angle (φ): 40 degrees

Figure 1: Soil Profile

2
 2 Load Calculation

2.1 Dead Load for Single Story

Assume story height = 3m

Dead load consists of self-weight of the structure.

𝐷. 𝐿 = 𝑆. 𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 + 𝑆. 𝑊𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 + 𝑆. 𝑊𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 + 𝑆. 𝑊𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠

2.1.1 Slab Self-weight

𝑆. 𝑊𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 = (ℎ𝑠 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 ) ∗ (𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 )

𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 40 ∗ 60 = 2400𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 6" = 0.152𝑚

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 23.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

𝑆. 𝑊𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 2400 ∗ 0.152 ∗ 23.5

𝑆. 𝑊𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 8573 𝑘𝑁

2.1.2 Beams and Column Self-weight

Assume Column Dimension 24" × 24" and Beams is 12" × 15".

𝐿𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 5 𝑚

ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 𝐻 − ℎ𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 − ℎ𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 3 − 0.152 − 0.61 = 2.238 𝑚

𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 117

𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 = 212

𝑆. 𝑊𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑉𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 ∗ 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠

𝑆. 𝑊𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = (0.381 ∗ 0.305 ∗ 5)(23.5) ∗ 212

𝑆. 𝑊𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2895.4 𝑘𝑁

𝑆. 𝑊𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = (𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ∗ 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑒 )(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠)

3
𝑆. 𝑊𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = (0.61 ∗ 0.61 ∗ 2.238)(23.5)(117)

𝑆. 𝑊𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 2889.67 𝑘𝑁

Figure 2: Beams and Columns Plan

2.1.3 Walls self-Weight

The walls shown in the plan in figure 2.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠

= 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
+ 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 = 209 ∗ 4 + 8.85 = 845 𝑚

𝑆. 𝑤𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 = (𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 ∗ 𝛾𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 )

ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 2.238 𝑚

𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 4.5" = 0.114 𝑚

𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 844.85 ∗ 0.114 ∗ 2.238 = 215.5𝑚3

4
Opening: 9 doors ,9 windows ,1 main door ,8 bath doors for single apartment.

Main door dimension = 6′ × 8′

Door dimension = 4′ × 7′

Bath door dimension = 2.5′ × 7′

Window dimension = 6’ ×4’

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (1(1.83 ∗ 2.44) + 9(1.22 ∗ 2.13) + 8(0.76 ∗ 2.13) + 9(1.83 ∗ 1.22))

∗ 0.114

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4 ∗ 6.94 = 27.76 𝑚3

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 = 𝛾𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 = 19 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

𝑆. 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 = 19 ∗ (215.5 − 27.76) = 3567 𝑘𝑁

Figure 3:Plan of Building

5
 Figure 4 : 3D View

2.1.4 Total Dead load for single story

𝐷. 𝐿 = 𝑆. 𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 + 𝑆. 𝑊𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 + 𝑆. 𝑊𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 + 𝑆. 𝑊𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠

𝐷. 𝐿 = 8573 + 2895.4 + 2289.67 + 3567

6
 𝐷. 𝐿 = 17325 𝑘𝑁

2.2 Live Load

From ACI code 318-19.

For residential Building live load is taken 40 psf or 1.92 kN/m2.

𝐿. 𝐿 = 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝑊𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 2400 ∗ 1.92 = 4608 𝑘𝑁

2.3 Total Load for 20 story

𝑄 = 20 ∗ (𝐿. 𝐿 + 𝐷. 𝐿)

𝑄 = 20 ∗ (17325 + 4608)

𝑄 = 438661𝑘𝑁

𝑄 = 438.66𝑀𝑁

2.4 Wind Load

From ASCE 7-16 Pressure due to wind speed is

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2

𝐾𝑧 = 1.22, 𝐾𝑧𝑡 = 1 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡), 𝐾𝑑 = 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑉 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 33 𝑚/ sec 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑟

𝑞𝑧 = 692.25 𝑁/𝑚2

Now wind load can be calculated by formula

𝐹 = 𝑞𝑧 𝐺𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑓

𝐺 = 0.85 (𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔), 𝐶𝑓 = 1, 𝐴𝑓 = 60 ∗ 20 ∗ 3 = 3600 𝑚2

𝐹 = 692.25 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 1 ∗ 3600

𝐹 = 2118285 𝑁 = 2118.3 𝑘𝑁

7
 Figure 5 : Wind Speed factors

2.5 Overturning Moment due to load

ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐹 = 2118.3 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑛
2
3
𝑀 = 2118.3 (20 ∗ + 2) = 67785.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2

3 Foundation Design

3.1 Raft Foundation Design

3.1.1 Shear Criteria

Dimension of Raft: 40m x 60m

𝐵 = 40𝑚

𝐿 = 60𝑚

The foundation is below topsoil (lose sand) so the foundation depth is 2m.

Find the Eccentricity of the load using the Overturning Moment.

8
 𝑀 67785.6
𝑒𝐵 = = = 0.154𝑚
𝑉 438661

𝐵 ∅ 25
Wedge height = tan (45 + ) = 40 ∗ tan (45 + ) = 12.74𝑚
2 2 2

 =16 kN/m³, c: 0 kPa

(φ): 28 degrees

Unit Weight: 19 kN/m³

Cohesion (c): 20 kPa
Friction Angle (φ): 25 degrees
Undrained Shear Strength
(Su): 60 kPa

Composition: Well-graded, dense sand

Unit Weight: 20 kN/m³
eb
Cohesion (c): 0 kPa
Friction Angle (φ): 35 degrees
Relative Density: 70%

Figure 6 : Bearing Capacity Wedge

Now

𝐵 ′ = 𝐵 − 2𝑒𝑏 = 40 − 2 ∗ 0.154 = 39.7𝑚

𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 2𝑒𝐿 = 60 − 0 = 60𝑚

𝐷 = 2𝑚

Now use Meyerhof’s Bearing Capacity equation to find bearing capacity.

1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞 𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑞 𝑑𝑞 + 𝛾 ′ 𝐵 ′ 𝑁𝛾 𝑖𝛾 𝑠𝛾 𝑑𝛾
2

9
Now for ∅ = 25° Mayerhof′s capacity factors are

𝑁𝑐 = 20.71, 𝑁𝑞 = 10.66, 𝑁𝛾 = 6.76

𝑠𝑐 = 1.325, 𝑠𝑞 = 𝑠𝛾 = 1.163

𝑑𝑐 = 1.015, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝛾 = 1.007

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝜃.

𝐻 2118.3
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = 0.276°
𝑣 438661

𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖𝑞 = 0.993, 𝑖𝛾 = 0.978

Now for second term unit weight = 𝛾 = 16 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 (No W.T effect)

Unit weight for Third term

(19 ∗ 4) + (19 − 9.81) ∗ 4 + (20 − 9.81) ∗ (12.74 − 8)

𝛾′ = = 12.64 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
12.74

𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑢(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠) = 2892
𝑚2

𝑞𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = 2892 − 16 ∗ 2 = 2860 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

𝑞𝑢 2860
𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = = = 953 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝐹𝑂𝑆 3

𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = 953 ∗ 24000 = 2288000𝑘𝑁 = 2288𝑀𝑁

3.1.2 Settlement criteria

Settlement consist of Consolidation settlement and immediate settlement.

[Link] Consolidation settlement

𝐿 × 𝐵 = 60 × 40

𝐷 =2𝑚

10
 Unit Weight: 19 kN/m³
Layer1
Cohesion (c): 20 kPa
Friction Angle (φ): 25 degrees
Undrained Shear Strength
(Su): 60 kPa
Layer2

Figure 7 : Consolidation Settlement Soil layers

Consider the clay as NCC clay.

For NCC Clay Consolidation settlement is

𝐻𝑜 (𝜎𝑜 + ∆𝜎𝑜
∆𝐻𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 log ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝜎𝑜

ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10)

Now for Silty clay with moderate plasticity LL ranges between 35%-50%.

Take LL = 45%.

𝐶𝐶 = 0.315

11
And 𝑒𝑜 = 0.3 + 0.01𝐿𝐿 = 𝑒𝑜 = 0.75

Divide the Clay to two layers with depth of 4m.

Layer 1:

𝜎𝑜 = 2 ∗ 16 + 2 ∗ (19) = 70 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Use Slope 2: 1 method for stress change

𝑃𝑢
∆𝜎𝑜 =
(𝐵 + 𝑧)(𝐿 + 𝑧)

438661
∆𝜎𝑜 =
(40 + 2)(60 + 2)

∆𝜎𝑜 = 168.46 𝑘𝑃𝑎

4 70 + 168.46
∆𝐻𝐶 = 0.315 log ( )
1 + 0.75 70

∆𝐻𝐶 = 0.38 𝑚

Layer 2:

𝜎𝑜 = 2 ∗ 16 + 4 ∗ (19) + 2(19 − 9.81) = 126.38 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Use Slope 2: 1 method for stress change

𝑃𝑢
∆𝜎𝑜 =
(𝐵 + 𝑧)(𝐿 + 𝑧)

438661
∆𝜎𝑜 =
(40 + 6)(60 + 6)

∆𝜎𝑜 = 144.48 𝑘𝑃𝑎

4 126.38 + 144.48
∆𝐻𝐶 = 0.315 log ( )
1 + 0.75 126.38.38

∆𝐻𝐶 = 0.24𝑚

Total Consolidation Settlement:

∆𝐻𝐶 = ∆𝐻𝑐1 + ∆𝐻𝑐2 = 0.38 + 0.24 = 0.62𝑚

12
[Link] Immediate Settlement
𝑞𝑜 ′
∆𝐻𝑖 = 𝐵 (1 − 𝑢2 ) ∗ 𝑚 ∗ 𝐼 ∗ 𝐼𝑓
𝐸𝑠

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (5 − 20)𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (30 − 70)𝑀𝑃𝑎

qo= 𝟏𝟖𝟐 kPa

𝐸 = 10𝑀𝑃𝑎

Layer 1

𝐸 = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Layer 2

Figure 8 : Immediate Settlement layers

10 ∗ 8 + 50 ∗ 8
𝐸𝑠 = = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
16

𝑃𝑢 438661
𝑞𝑜 = = = 182 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴 2400

13
 𝐵 40 𝐿 60
𝐵′ = = = 20𝑚, 𝐿′ = = = 30 𝑚
2 2 2 2

𝑚 = 4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 , 𝑢 = 0.33

𝐼 = 0.145 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒), 𝐼𝑓 = 0.85

1 − 0.332
∆𝐻𝑖 = 182 ∗ 20 ∗ ( ) ∗ 4 ∗ 0.145 ∗ 0.85 = 0.05𝑚
30 × 103

3.1.3 Total settlement

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.62 + 0.05 = 0.67 𝑚

The settlement is too high so we can not provide a raft foundation so we have to design
a pile foundation.

3.2 Pile Foundation Design

3.2.1 Single Pile Capacity

𝑃𝑢 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑞𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑞𝑠

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 0.5𝑚 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒

𝐷 = 0.5𝑚

14
Provide the pile cap at a depth of 0.5 m and extend the pile to weather rock.

𝐿 = 17.5𝑚

𝐴𝑏 = 0.5 ∗ 0.5 = 0.25𝑚2

𝑞𝑏 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + (𝑁𝑞 −1)𝜎𝑜′

𝐹𝑜𝑟 ∅ = 40°, 𝑁𝑞 = 60 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒, 𝑁𝑐 = 95.7 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅ = 40° 𝑐 = 250 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘

𝜎𝑜 = 221.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎
content Unit Weight: 16 kN/m³ ,
𝑞𝑏 = 95.7 ∗ 250 + 221.3 ∗ (60 − 1) 32kPa Cohesion (c): 0 kPa
Friction Angle (φ): 28 degrees

𝑞𝑏 = 36981.7𝑘𝑃𝑎 Unit Weight: 19 kN/m³

Cohesion (c): 20 kPa
Friction Angle (φ): 25 degrees
Undrained Shear Strength

Skin friction is due to Top sand, clay and dense sand 108kPa (Su): 60 kPa

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑞𝑠1 𝐴𝑆1 + 𝑞𝑠2 𝐴𝑠2 + 𝑞𝑠3 𝐴𝑠3

144.8kPa Composition: Well-graded, dense sand
Unit Weight: 20 kN/m³

[Link] Skin friction due to sand Cohesion (c): 0 kPa

Friction Angle (φ): 35 degrees

2 Relative Density: 70%

𝐴𝑠1 = 1.5 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.5 = 3 𝑚
221.3kPa
221.3kPa
𝐴𝑠2 = 8 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.5 = 16 𝑚2
Composition: Weathered granite

𝐴𝑠3 = 8 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.5 = 16 𝑚2 Unit Weight: 22 kN/m³

Cohesion (c): Considered high for practical design (>250 kPa)
Friction Angle (φ): 40 degrees

𝑞𝑠1 = 𝐾𝑠 𝜎𝑜−′ tan(𝛿)

Figure 9 : Effective stresses
𝐾𝑠 = 1 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑)

3
𝛿= ∅ = 21°
4

𝜎𝑜−′ = 16 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑠1 = 1 ∗ 16 ∗ tan(21) = 6.14 𝑘𝑃𝑎

[Link] Skin friction due to Clay

Find skin both drained and undrained.

15
 𝑞𝑠2 = 𝛽𝜎𝑜−′ (𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑)

𝛽𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅)𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = (1 − sin(25°)) tan(25°) = 0.8

For bored piles 𝛽𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.5𝛽𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 0.4

𝜎𝑜−′ = 98.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑠2 = 98.2 ∗ 0.4 = 39.28 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑠2 = 𝛼𝑐𝑢 (𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑)

𝛼 = 0.6 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢 = 60

𝑞𝑠2 = 𝛼𝑐𝑢 = 0.6 ∗ 60 = 36 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Undrained Capacity is less than drained. So,

𝑞𝑠2 = 36 𝑘𝑃𝑎

[Link] Skin friction due to dense sand

𝑞𝑠1 = 𝐾𝑠 𝜎𝑜−′ tan(𝛿)

𝐾𝑠 = 2 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑)

3
𝛿= ∅ = 21°
4

𝜎𝑜−′ = 185.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑠1 = 2 ∗ 185.4 ∗ tan(21°) = 142.34 𝑘𝑃𝑎

3.2.2 Single Pile Capacity Calculation

𝑄𝑏 = 36981.7 ∗ 0.25 = 9245.42 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑠 = 3 ∗ 6.14 + 16 ∗ 36 + 142.34 ∗ 16 = 2871.86 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝐵 𝑄𝑠
𝑃𝑢 = +
𝐹𝑂𝑆𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑂𝑆𝑆𝑘𝑖𝑛

9245.42 2871.86
𝑃𝑢 = + = 4230.55 𝑘𝑁
3 2.5

16
3.2.3 No of piles
Consider 100% efficiency.

438661
𝑁= = 103 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
4230.55

for Conservative design provide a pile below every column so

𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 117

Figure 10 : Pile Plan

Figure 11: 3D View of Pile 17