Building Services and
Entrepreneurship Development
• Lecture details :-
Plumbing – Types of Joints in Plumbing Pipes
• Date:-
06 – 01 - 2022
Presented by :
Mr. Soham Mukherjee (Lecturer)
S.N. BOSE GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
Plumbing
(Types of Joints in Plumbing Pipes)
E-CONTENTS:-
Sl.
Description Slide No.
No.
1. Introduction to Pipe Joints 3
2. Joints in Cast Iron Pipes 4-9
3. Joints in Wrought Iron and Galvanized Iron Pipes 10
4. Joints in RCC and Prestressed Concrete Pipes 11 - 14
5. Joints in Asbestos Cement Pipes 15 - 16
6. Joints in Copper Pipes 17
7. Joints in Plastic Pipes 18 - 25
Joints in Pipes:-
Since pipes are available only in specified lengths, say 2 to 6 m, so
jointing is necessary to lay a water main or distribution line. The
pipes are aligned properly and then jointed. The upward end of a
pipe is brought to fit into the downward end of the next pipe and
the joint is made watertight with any jointing material.
❖ The requirements of an ideal material for jointing are as follows:
1. It must be impervious in nature
2. It should be elastic
3. It must have sufficient strength and must be durable
4. It should have adhesive characteristics
5. It should be available in the market
6. It must be capable of being worked easily.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Cast Iron Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
a) Bell-and-Spigot or Spigot-and-Socket Joint : This is the most
commonly used joint. The yarn is folded sufficiently around the
spigot (smaller end) of one pipe and then inserted in the bell or
socket (larger end) of the laid pipe already. A gasket or jointing ring
is then clamped around the joint, so that it fits tightly against the
outer edge of the bell. Molten lead (heated to 400°C) is then poured
to fill the remaining space of the socket. The lead shrinks on
cooling, which is then caulked, i.e., made to fill the space with a
caulking tool (using a series of chisels) and hammer.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Cast Iron Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
b) Flanged Joint : In these joints, the two smooth-machined and
flanged ends of pipes are jointed by placing a hard rubber gasket
between them and tightening the bolts. These joints are used
where the water pressure is high, and diameter of pipe is more
than 300 mm or where the pipes are to be removed for use
elsewhere or for repairs (as in pumping chambers); however, this
type should not be used at those places where it has to
bear deflection or vibrations. They are strong, rigid and easy to
disjoint.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Cast Iron Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
c) Expansion Joint: This special type of joint is provided where pipes
are subjected to high changes in temperature. A rubber gasket is
inserted in between the spigot and bell ends, which makes the
joint watertight. A flanged ring is bolted to the bell, which expands,
and contracts along with the bell end.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Cast Iron Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
d) Flexible Joint : These joints are used where settlement is likely
after laying or laying pipes on curves. The rubber gasket is
enclosed held on one side by a retainer ring and on the other by a
split cast iron gland ring with its outer surface made to conform
the inner surface of socket end of pipe. The gland ring and the
socket are drawn by bolts, which are tightened after desired
deflection has been given to the spigot end of the pipe.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Cast Iron Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
e) Mechanical or Coupled Joints : Where the two ends of the cast
iron, steel or wrought iron pipes are plain or spigot, a mechanical
coupling is required to make a water-tight joint.
two types of coupling joints are used :
(i) Viking Johnson or Dresser coupling
(ii) Victaulic coupling.
In both these, the pipes do not have sockets or spigots. Such joints
are highly flexible and do not require very skilled labour.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Cast Iron Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
Mechanical or Coupled Joints :
Victaulic joints are frequently used on exposed pipes, especially
where considerable vibrations are expected.
Capable of withstanding vibrations, Dresser Coupling joints are
useful for pipes to be carried over bridges or below bridges in
hangers.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Wrought Iron & G.I. Pipes:-
The following joints are used :
Screwed and socket Joint : This joint is mostly used for
connecting small diameter wrought iron and galvanized pipes. The
ends of the pipes have threads on outside, while socket or coupling
has threads on the inner side. The same socket is screwed on both
the ends of the pipes to join them. For making watertight joint zinc
paint or hemp yarn should be placed in the threads of the pipe,
before screwing socket over it.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in RCC & Prestressed Concrete Pipes:-
The following joints are used :
RCC pipes are jointed by cement collar joint or by a spigoted socket
joint. Grooves are provided at the ends of the RCC pipes. Hemp is
placed in the grooves and both the ends are brought together. A
collar made of concrete is slipped on. The space between the collar
and the pipes is filled with cement mortar (1:1) and finished at an
angle of 45°.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in RCC & Prestressed Concrete Pipes:-
The following joints are used :
Prestressed cement concrete pipes are provided with spigot at one
end and socket at the other. The pipes are jointed with hemp and
neat cement. The prestressed concrete pipes are also jointed by
first placing a rubber gasket between steel rings and then filling the
gap from the outer as well as inner sides with cement mortar
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Cement Concrete Pipes:-
The following joints are used :
Internal flush joint : This joints are generally used for culvert
pipes of 900 mm diameter and over. The ends of the pipes are
specially shaped to form a self-centering joint with an internal
jointing space 1-3 cm wide. The finished joint is flush with both
inside and outside with the pipe wall.
The jointing space is filled with cement mortar mixed sufficiently
dry to remain in position, when forced with a trowel or rammer.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Cement Concrete Pipes:-
The following joints are used :
External flush joint : This joint is suitable for pipes which are too
small for jointing from inside.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Asbestos Cement Pipes:-
The following joints are used :
Simplex Joints :-
a. Simplex joints are used for jointing asbestos cement pipes.
b. A sleeve that fits over the two butting ends is provided. Two
rubber rings are compressed between the sleeve and the
pipe ends, and thus water-tightness being obtained. Laying
and jointing of these pipes should be done according to IS:
6530 – 1977.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Asbestos Cement Pipes:-
The following joints are used :
AC coupling Joints :-
The AC coupling joint consists of three rubber rings and an AC
coupling. The rubber rings should be sealed in their respective
grooves. The machine ends of the pipe and end rings in the coupling
should be suitably lubricated with soft soap solution. Then the
assembly should be made by pushing with a crowbar or using a pipe
puller.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Copper Pipes:-
The following joints are used :
Copper pipes shall be jointed by internal solder ring joint, end-
brazing joint or by use of compression fitting. The flux used shall
be non-toxic and the solder used shall be lead free. The use of
dezincification fittings should be made in case of joining of copper
pipe and steel pipe.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Plastic Pipes:-
The plastic pipes are commonly jointed based on the following
methods:-
(a) Fusion Welding :
(i) Butt fusion welding,
(ii) Socket fusion welding,
(iii) Electro-fusion welding
(b) Insert type joints
(c) Compression fittings/push fit joints
(d) Flanged joints
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Plastic Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
Fusion Welding
The principle of fusion welding is to heat the two pipe surfaces to a
designated temperature and then fuse them together by application of
sufficient force.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Plastic Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
i. Butt Fusion Welding :-
Butt fusion is a thermo-fusion process which involves the
simultaneous heating of the ends of two pipe/fitting components
which are to be joined, until a molten state is attained on each
contact surface.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Plastic Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
ii. Socket Fusion Welding :-
This technique consists of simultaneously heating the external
surface of the pipe and the internal surface of the socket fitting until
the material reaches fusion temperature.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Plastic Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
iii. Electro-fusion welding :-
Electro-fusion is a heat fusion process where a coupling or fitting
containing an integral heating source (resistance wire) is used to join
the pipes and fittings.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Plastic Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
Insert Type Joint :-
In insert type joint, a worm driven type clip while the surface of the
pipe is relatively warm, is tightened over the pipe to ensure the grip.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Plastic Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
Compression Fittings :-
Compression fittings are detachable joints and are made of metal or
plastics [polypropylene (PP)] or a combination of both. They form a
tight seal by applying a compressive force to the pipe and pipe
fitting. The fitting is compressed against the pipe with a force
sufficient to eliminate all space remaining in the joint, thus
preventing the fluid from leaking.
Joints in Pipes:-
Joints in Plastic Pipes :-
The following joints are used :
Flanged Joints :-
In this type of joints pipe contains slip-on metallic/polyethylene
flanges with collar/stub ends. The collar/stub end is welded by butt,
socket or electro fusion.