5.

Real Time communication

• The words “real-time” may be among the most misused words in the history of industrial automation. In other contexts,

real-time means experiencing something live such as the video from the parking lot camera.

• Real-time in these applications is synonymous with “live communications” and applications like Skype, Slack, and

Zoom. On the plant floor, “real-time” is what’s necessary for two systems to communicate appropriately for the

application

• Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) is a new standard and industry effort that extends the web browsing model.

For the first time, browsers are able to directly exchange real-time media with other browsers in a peer-to-peer fashion.

• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) are jointly defining the

JavaScript APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), the standard HTML5 tags, and the underlying communication
Answer the following duetion

• Why is real-time communication important?

• What are the modes of real-time communication data transmission?
• What are the examples, or types of real-time communication
technologies?
• Why do businesses need real-time communication services?
• What does the future of real-time communication look like?
 5.1 Basic concepts and examples of real time communication
• Real-time communications (RTC) is a term used to refer to any live telecommunications that occur without
transmission delays.

• RTC is nearly instant with minimal latency. The term ‘real-time’ pretty much means ‘live’.

• In real time communication, there is always a direct path between the source and the destination.

• Although the link might contain several intermediate nodes, the data goes from source to destination
without being stored in between them.

• In contrast, asynchronous or time-shifting communications, such as email and voicemail, always involve
some form of data storage between the source and the destination.

• In these cases, there is an anticipated delay between the transmission and receipt of the information.

• Real time communication data and messages are not stored between transmission and reception.

• RTC is generally a peer-to-peer, rather than broadcasting or multicasting, transmission

RTC generally refers to peer-to-peer (P2P)
communications, not broadcast or multicast.

• Real-time communications examples

✓ fixed-line telephony.
✓ mobile telephony.
✓ voice over IP (VoIP)
✓ teleconferencing.
✓ video calling.
✓ video conferencing.
✓ presence.
✓ file sharing.
 5.2 Real Time communication in LAN
• Soft Real-time Communication is communication system that is used to support soft real-time applications is a LAN.

• Soft real-time communication networks do not provide absolute Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee to applications.

These networks always ensure prioritized treatment for real-time messages. It also ensures that message deadline

miss ratio for real-time messages is kept to a minimum and real-time messages can be provided statistical guarantees

on delay bounds.

• Protocols in Soft Real-time Communication :

• Protocols used in soft real-time communication usually assume transmission of both soft real-time and hard real-

time messages over network. Usually, it is assumed that soft real-time traffic is made up of CBR and VBR sources. It

is also assumed that soft real-time message rates are very low as compared to channel capacity. Hard real-time

messages arrive aperiodically in bursts. In the presence of bursts, it becomes very difficult to endure guarantee to

real-time traffic. Therefore, bursts need to be smoothed for enduring statistical guarantees on deadline for real-time

messages to hold.
1. Physical Layer Devices
• Hubs:
• Cables:
• Modem:
• Repeaters:
2. Data Link Layer
• Bridges:
• Switch:
• Network Interface Card:
3. Network Layer
• Routers:
• Brouters:
4. Transport Layer
• Gateways:
• Firewall:
5. Application Layer
• Gateways and Firewalls
 Soft Real-time Communication Algorithm :
• Soft real-time communication uses a fixed rate traffic smoothing algorithm. Fixed-
rate traffic smoothing algorithm was developed by Kweon and Shin.

• It is based on network-wide transmission limits. The input limit for each node in
system is derived from transmission limits. The traffic smoother is placed between
MAC layer and TCP/IP layer. It is used to smooth a hard real-time system so that
guarantees to real-time messages could not be violated. The traffic smoothing
algorithm is just like a leaky bucket algorithm which is known as Credit Bucket
Depth (CBD). It has two statically fixed parameters Credit Bucket Depth (CBD) and
Refresh Period (RP).
RTC data transmission modes are as follows:
• Half Duplex: Occurs bidirectionally but not simultaneously on a single carrier or circuit

• Full Duplex: Occurs bidirectionally and simultaneously on a single carrier or circuit

• Examples of RTC include the Internet, land lines, mobile/cell phones, instant messaging (IM),
Internet relay chat, video conferencing, teleconferencing and robotic telepresence. Emails,

• bulletin boards and blogs are not RTC channels but occur in time-shifting mode, where there is a
significant delay between data transmission and reception.

• RTC features were first introduced in Windows XP and included Microsoft Office
Communicator, MSN Messenger, Windows Messenger, real-time voice and video and IM.

• Microsoft operating systems and software applications include RTC platforms comprised of
RTC-enabled component sets
Features of Real-time System
• the features of real-time system are as follows −

• Reliability − The system can operate for a long time without any interfere of the human

• Manageability − In a real-time system the cost of implementation is to be reduced.

• Performance − The system should be designed for the purpose of working easier and the

workload should be reduced.

• Predictability − Within the given time, the actions should be taken and the result to be

produced by the system.

• A real-time communication system (RTCS) is the backbone of distributed control
applications.
• To support the timely completion of distributed real-time activities, RTCS must
ensure bounded delivery delay for real-time messages.
• Real Time systems are the system whose execution depends not only on the logical
validity of data but also on its timeliness. A correct real time system will guarantee
the successful operation of a system.
• Subcategories of RT Systems
• RT systems are generally divided into two main sub-categories which are as follows −
• Hard Real-Time (HRT) − The incorrect operation can lead to catastrophic events that mean the

errors in HRT systems which lead to accidents or even death. Such systems are generally found

in flight control or train control systems, where an error could potentially incur loss of life.

• Soft Real-Time (SRT) − An error in a SRT system will not cause loss of property or life. SRT

systems are not as safety-critical as HRT systems, and should not be employed in a safety-critical

situation.

• For Example − Online reservation systems, streaming multimedia applications where slight

occasional delays might cause small inconvenience but will not have serious impact.
Goals for Real-time Communication Techniques

• Good performance for large networks and larg

• The goals for the real-time communication techniques numbers of connections

are as follows −
• Modest buffer requirements within the network

• Low jitter
• High effective bandwidth utilization.

• Low latency
• Low overhead in header bits per packet or cell

• Ability to easily integrate non-real-time and real-

• Low processing overheads per packet within th
time services
network at the end system.

• Adaptable to dynamically changing network and

traffic conditions
5.3 Bounded access protocol

• Bound control – associated with a field in an underlying table.

• Use bound controls to display, enter, and update values from fields in the database.

• Multiple Access Protocols in Computer Network

• The Data Link Layer is responsible for transmission of data between two nodes. Its main

functions are-

• Data Link Control

• Multiple Access Control

• Data Link control –

• The data link control is responsible for reliable transmission of message over transmission channel by using
techniques like framing, error control and flow control

• Multiple Access Control –

• If there is a dedicated link between the sender and the receiver then data link control layer is sufficient,
however if there is no dedicated link present then multiple stations can access the channel simultaneously.
Hence multiple access protocols are required to decrease collision and avoid crosstalk.

• For example, in a classroom full of students, when a teacher asks a question and all the students (or stations)
start answering simultaneously (send data at same time) then a lot of chaos is created( data overlap or data
lost) then it is the job of the teacher (multiple access protocols) to manage the students and make them answer
one at a time.

• Thus, protocols are required for sharing data on non dedicated channel
Multiple access protocols can be subdivided
further as –
 5.4 Real time communication over internet
• Real-time communications over internet (RTC) are the near simultaneous
exchange of information over any type of telecommunications service from the
sender to the receiver in a connection with negligible latency,
• according to SearchUnified Communications.
• Examples of real-time communications include:
• Voice over landlines and mobile phones
• VoIP
• Instant messaging (e.g., WhatsApp, WeChat, Facebook Messenger)
• Video and teleconferencing
• Robotic telepresence
• Explore different chat client programs.
What Is Chat?

• Chat is a general term for real-time communication that occurs over the Internet.

• Voice Chat: where participants speak to each other in real time, much like they would
be using a telephone. Video Chat: where participants can see and speak to each other.

• Chats can be continuous, with participants entering and leaving ongoing discussions
for a specific time and to last for a specific duration.

• Because chatting requires participants to type quickly, and not to worry about proper
spelling and grammar, acronym is used.
 Objectives Explore the history of the wireless Internet.

• Internet Relay Chat - You need special chat client software and connect to an
IRC server.

• Talk – used by early UNIX computers that allowed users to exchange short text
messages.

• Internet Relay Chat (IRC) - In 1988, Jarkko Oikarinen wrote a communications

program that extended the capabilities of the Talk program to multi-user.

• IRC uses a client-server network model - IRC servers are connected through the
internet to form an IRC network.
Evolution of Wireless Networks
• The conversion from 2G to 3G wireless requires the carriers to invest in technology to make the
change.

• The technology is only as good as the network and its coverage area. Many carriers have transformed
and upgraded their existing networks by creating 2.5G wireless systems.

• Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi): a trademarked name of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
(WECA) that specifies the interface between a wireless client and a base station or between two
wireless clients.

• A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a network in which devices use high frequency radio waves
instead of wires to communicate.

• Wi-Fi operates in the 2.4 GHz radio spectrum, which is the same spectrum used by cordless phones,
garage door openers, microwave ovens, and other devices.
Wireless Local Area Networking
• Because Wi-Fi is unlicensed, it is free. The 3G wireless spectrum needs to be licensed for huge

fees.

• Four of the most widely used standards for WLANs are , a, b, and g. Transfer rate:

• the speed at which data is transmitted from an access point (or base station) to the wireless

device.

• Access point: a hardware device with one or more antennae that permits communication between

wired and wireless networks for sending and receiving data.

Wireless Wide Area Networking
❑ The next horizon for wireless connections is being able to access the
Internet on a PDA, wireless phone, or notebook computer from
anywhere in the world without a wired connection.

• A WLAN provides a wireless connection to a network, but devices

must be within the stated boundary of the WLAN. In 2.5G and 3G
wireless systems, wireless wide area networking (WWAN) makes it
possible to access the Internet from anywhere within the boundaries of
the wireless network to which you are connected.
 5.5 Internet of things /IOT
• Communications has evolved. It’s moved from voice, video, and text messaging between people to
include the exchange of information, context and Real-time Communications (RTC) between people,
places and things.

• The Internet of Things (IoT) expands the M2M concept with analytics and context to provide more
ways to interact, collaborate, and communicate. The number of possible things to connect will grow
rapidly to include wearable devices and every day products we use both in the home and at work.

• Augmented reality, artificial intelligence, analytics, and RTC are turning the Internet of Things into the
Internet of Everything.

• Watch this video to see Dialogic’s vision on the benefits of bringing together AI and IoT with Real-
Time Communications.
 IOT platform for real time internet of things
application
• The market for the Internet of Things (IoT) platforms is evolving. Reports suggest, by 2023, the
global market value for IoT platforms is expected to reach $74.74 billion. The reason for this
proliferation in the demand for IoT platforms is the increase of the IoT devices and other related
components. The IoT devices and the various related components in order to communicate and
interact seamlessly in the same environment and generate maximum business value need a
facilitator— “IoT platforms.”

• What are IoT Platforms?

• IoT platforms are the middleware solutions that connect the IoT devices to the cloud and help
seamlessly exchange data over the network. It acts as a mediator between the application layer and
the hardware.

• There are innumerable IoT platform providers in the market today and each of the platforms has their
own significance in making the IoT integration and management easier and scalable.
This is the type of IOT platforms

read each platform with in function

5.6 sensor and actuator

• Sensor

• Sensor is a device used for the conversion of physical events or characteristics into the electrical signals.

This is a hardware device that takes the input from environment and gives to the system by converting it.

• For example, a thermometer takes the temperature as physical characteristic and then converts it into

electrical signals for the system.

Actuator

• Actuator is a device that converts the electrical signals into the physical

events or characteristics. It takes the input from the system and gives

output to the environment.

• For example, motors and heaters are some of the commonly used

actuators.
The difference of Sensor and Actuator
5.7 Recourse Reservation
• Resource reservation is a service used to rent resources for a long
time at a discount. Cloud resources are usually rented for a short time
and paid by the minute or hour. Resource reservation works like a
wholesale purchase: you rent a server for one or three years at once
at a reduced price.
 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
• RSVP is used in real-time systems for an efficient quality band transmission to a particular receiver.

• It is generally used by the receiver side for the fast delivery of the transmission packets from the sender to the receiver

❖ . Features of Resource Reservation Protocol:

❖ RSVP is receiver initiated. Receiver node in the real time system initiates the protocol.

❖ RSVP is simplex(unidirectional). The receiver node just receives the packets and does not want to send any data.

❖ Quality of Service is provided by RSVP protocol.

❖ Admission Control is used in RSVP at each hop in the network topology.

❖ Classification, buffer management, and scheduling is managed efficiently by RSVP

❖ It dynamically adapts to the change in route for the efficient message transfer.

❖ It is actually not a routing protocol. It depends upon other routing protocols.

5.8 Traffic shaping and policing
• This section describes the basic concepts of traffic policing and traffic
shaping and the differences between traffic policing and traffic
shaping.
• Traffic Policing
• Traffic Shaping
 Traffic Policing
• To make full use of limited network resources, you can police
special service flows to adapt to the allocated network sources.
• Traffic policing is a traffic control action used to limit traffic and
resources by monitoring the specification of the traffic.
• Traffic policing is used to police the volume of certain traffic
entering a network and retain it in a proper range. In addition,
it discards the excessive traffic to protect network resources
and profits of carriers.
• Traffic policing is widely used to police the volume of traffic
entering the Internet Service Provider (ISP).using a token
bucket to measure the Traffic
 Traffic Shaping
• The traffic shaping function is used to control the rate of packets so
that packets are sent at an even rate. Traffic shaping is used to adapt
the transmission rate of packets to the upstream devices to prevent
unnecessary packet loss and congestion.
• Traffic shaping is a traffic control action used to limit traffic and
resources by monitoring the specification of the traffic. In traffic
shaping, token buckets are also used to measure the traffic.
• The traffic shaping technology limits the rate of outgoing traffic, and
mainly controls the local outgoing traffic based on the traffic policing
specification of a downstream network node.
Network diagram of traffic shaping
 Difference Between Traffic Shaping and Traffic Policing

• Traffic policing directly discards the packets whose rate is greater than the traffic policing rate. Traffic

shaping, however, buffers the packets whose rate is greater than the traffic shaping rate. As shown in

Figure 4-5, if there are sufficient tokens in the token bucket, the buffered packets are then forwarded at an

even rate. If the number of packets to be buffered is greater than the queue length, packets are discarded.

• Now, we are going to discuss two related QoS tools that we use for bandwidth management and

improving network performance – QoS traffic shaping and policing.

• Traffic shaping is a QoS tool that allows higher-priority traffic to flow at optimal levels even when the

bandwidth is highly utilized (prioritize traffic). It reduces the chances of more important packets being

delayed or dropped as they leave the interface by setting a bandwidth limit for less critical packets.

• On the other hand, traffic policing can be configured for both traffic exiting and entering an interface.

Instead of storing packets in a temporary queue, policing will simply drop them. As a result, policing is

generally regarded as less efficient.

 Notable QoS Traffic Scheduling Methods

• Weighted Round Robin (WRR) − In this method, frames or packets of all the queues in the scheduler are serviced in each

cycle. Priority among the different queues is maintained by forwarding a specific number of frames in each queue per cycle in

a rotational manner. For example in a system with four queues 𝑄0, 𝑄1, 𝑄2, 𝑄3, 5 frames of 𝑄0, 3 frames of 𝑄1, 1 frame each

of 𝑄2 and 𝑄3 may be sent in each cycle. This assigns the highest priority and consequently better traffic flow to 𝑄0 while not

starving low priority traffic infinitely.

• Strict Priority (SP) − This method imparts the highest service to high priority traffic. Here, the queuing mechanism

forwards as many frames as possible in a higher priority frame before moving to the queue with the next priority level. For

example in a system with four queues 𝑄0, 𝑄1, 𝑄2, 𝑄3, with decreasing priority, strict priority method with send as many

frames as permissible of 𝑄0 before moving on to 𝑄1.

• Combination of WRR and SP − This queuing method is configurable in nature and it combines both WRR and SP. In this

method, strict priority is given to time-sensitive or real-time traffic like voice and video, while WRR is adopted for other

traffics.
 5.9 Scheduling mechanisms-QOS models
• QoS traffic scheduling is a scheduling methodology of network traffic based upon QoS (Quality of Service). Here, the frames or
packets are mapped to internal forwarding queues based on its QoS information, which are then services according to a queuing
scheme

• One application for advanced queuing mechanisms is to support real-time transport – that is, traffic with delay constraints on
delivery.

• In its original conception, the Internet was arguably intended for non-time-critical transport. If you wanted to place a digital phone call
where every (or almost every) byte was guaranteed to arrive within 50 ms, your best bet might be to use the (separate) telephone
network instead.

• And, indeed, having an entirely separate network for real-time transport is definitely a workable solution. It is, however, expensive;
there are many economies of scale to having just a single network. There is, therefore, a great deal of interest in figuring out how to
get the Internet to support real-time traffic directly.

• The central strategy for mixing real-time and bulk traffic is to use queuing disciplines to give the real-time traffic the service it
requires. Priority queuing is the simplest mechanism, though the fair-queuing approach below offers perhaps greater flexibility.
 QOS
• Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of technologies that work on a network to guarantee its
ability to dependably run high-priority applications and traffic under limited network capacity.
QoS technologies accomplish this by providing differentiated handling and capacity allocation
to specific flows in network traffic. This enables the network administrator to assign the order
in which packets are handled, and the amount of bandwidth afforded to that application or
traffic flow.

• Measurements of concern to QoS are bandwidth (throughput), latency (delay), jitter (variance
in latency), and error rate. This renders QoS of particular importance to high-bandwidth, real-
time traffic such as voice over IP (VoIP), video conferencing, and video-on-demand that have
a high sensitivity to latency and jitter. These applications, with minimum bandwidth
requirements and maximum latency limits, are called “inelastic.”
Con …
• The QoS mechanisms for ordering packets and allotting bandwidth are queuing and bandwidth

management respectively. Before they can be implemented however, traffic must be differentiated

using classification tools. The classification of traffic according to policy allows organizations to

ensure the consistency and adequate availability of resources for their most important applications.

• Traffic can be classified crudely by port or IP, or using a more sophisticated approach such as by

application or user. The latter parameters allow for more meaningful identification, and

consequently, classification of the data.

• Next, queuing and bandwidth management tools are assigned rules to handle traffic flows specific to

the classification they received upon entering the network.