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Modulation Techniques: AM, FM, PM Explained

The document discusses modulation in electronics and telecommunications, explaining how a carrier signal's properties are varied by a modulation signal to transmit information. It covers three types of modulation: Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM), detailing their definitions, bandwidth requirements, applications, and comparisons. The document highlights the differences in sound quality, susceptibility to noise, and circuit complexity among these modulation types.

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5 views15 pages

Modulation Techniques: AM, FM, PM Explained

The document discusses modulation in electronics and telecommunications, explaining how a carrier signal's properties are varied by a modulation signal to transmit information. It covers three types of modulation: Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM), detailing their definitions, bandwidth requirements, applications, and comparisons. The document highlights the differences in sound quality, susceptibility to noise, and circuit complexity among these modulation types.

Uploaded by

abhinavbuxroy
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Communication

Module-7
EC-10001
Modulation

• In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is


the process of varying one or more properties of a
periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a
separate signal called the modulation signal that
typically contains information to be transmitted.

• A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform having


constant height, or amplitude, and frequency.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation
Types of analog-to-analog modulation
Amplitude Modulation

• AM is defined as the process of changing the amplitude of


the carrier signal w.r.t. the instantaneous values of the
message or modulating signal.

• The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the bandwidth of


the modulating signal.

• Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the spectrum is


identical, we can discard one half, thus requiring a smaller
bandwidth for transmission.
Amplitude modulation
The total bandwidth required for AM
can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.
AM band allocation

Application

AM Radio
Frequency Modulation
• The modulating signal changes the frequency ‘fc’ of the
carrier signal.

• FM is defined as the process of changing the frequency of


the carrier signal w.r.t. the instantaneous values of the
message or modulating signal.

• The bandwidth for FM is high

• It is approxmately 10x the signal frequency


The total bandwidth required for FM can be
determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β)B. Where modulation
index, is usually 4.
Frequency modulation
FM band allocation

Application

FM Radio
Comparison
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM)

Frequency and phase remain the same Amplitude and phase remain the same
Can be transmitted over a long distance but Better sound quality with higher bandwidth.
has poor sound quality.
The frequency range varies between 535 to For FM it is from88 to 108 MHz mainly in
1705 kHz the higher spectrum
Signal distortion can occur in AM Less instances of signal distortion
Consists of two sidebands An infinite number of sidebands

Circuit design is simple and less expensive Circuit design is intricate and more expensive

Easily susceptible to noise Less susceptible to noise


Phase Modulation (PM)
• The modulating signal only changes the phase of
the carrier signal.

• The phase change manifests itself as a frequency


change but the instantaneous frequency change is
proportional to the derivative of the amplitude.

• The bandwidth is higher than for AM.


Phase modulation
The total bandwidth required for PM can be
determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the modulating
signal:
BPM = 2(1 + β)B.
Where  = 2 most often.

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