Bangladesh Population Trends and Migration
Bangladesh Population Trends and Migration
5 (a) Fig. 5 shows the birth rate and death rate per 1000 for Bangladesh between 1983
and 1998.
35
birth rate
30
25
rate 20
per
1000 15
death rate
10
0
1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998
year
Fig. 5
(i) Describe the main trends of the death rate shown in Fig. 5. [2]
(ii) Give reasons for the trend described in (a) (i). [4]
(iii) Between which two years did the birth rate, shown in Fig. 5, have the highest
decrease? By how many births per 1000 did the birth rate decrease between
(iv) Give reasons for the decrease in the birth rate. [4]
(v) What was the rate of natural increase, per 1000, in 1998? [1]
rural-urban migration
(iii) Do you think the area the migrants left will benefit or not? Give reasons for your
answer. [5]
age in
years
60+
45-59
35-44
25-34
15-24
10-14
5-9
0-4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
%
Fig. 2
(i) Calculate the total percentage of the population under the age of 15.
(ii) What is the total percentage of the population over the age of 60?
(b) Describe the problems that may occur for Bangladesh because of this population structure
(c) Study Fig. 3, which shows some population data for Bangladesh in 1970 and 2002.
1970 2002
Fig. 3
(i) Calculate the natural population increase per 1000 for 1970 and 2002. [2]
(d) Improved health care is one of the factors that has led to the changes shown in Fig.3.
How has health care for the people been delivered and how effective has this delivery been?
[8]
[Total: 25]
5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which shows some development indicators for Bangladesh.
2000 2002
Fig. 9
(i) Describe the changes in development between 2000 and 2002 as shown in Fig. 9. [3]
(ii) What do the development indicators in Fig. 9 show about the level of development of
Bangladesh? [6]
(b) In 2000, the calorie intake per person per day was 2085. The Government aims to increase
(c) Fig. 10 shows the percentage enrolment rate of the relevant age groups at the three stages
100
% enrolment rate 50
0
primary secondary tertiary
Fig. 10
(i) What does Fig.10 show about the general pattern of enrolment across the three stages
of education? [3]
(ii) Describe the attempts to increase enrolment at primary schools, both by the public and
(iii) What, in your opinion, are the successes and failures of the measures described in (c)
(ii)? [5]
[Total: 25]
4 (a) Study Fig. 6, which shows rates of population growth for six countries.
% Rate of
1985 to 2000
% Rate of
2000 to 2015
(predicted)
Fig. 6
(i) Which country is expected to have the fastest population growth between 2000 and
2015? [1]
(ii) Which country is expected to have the fastest overall population growth between 1985
(iii) State three factors that affect the rate of population growth. [3]
(iv) For one of these factors, explain how it affects population growth in Bangladesh. [3]
40
Pakistan
35
30 India
25
% population
living in 20 Bangladesh
urban areas
15
10 Key
actual
5 predicted
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Fig. 7
(i) Describe how urbanisation in Bangladesh grew between 1970 and 2005. [2]
(ii) Compare the trends in urbanisation in Bangladesh with those in Pakistan and India
3 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows the population structure of Bangladesh in 2005.
Fig. 5
(i) ● Estimate how many males were aged between 20 and 24.
● Estimate how many females were aged between 20 and 24. [2]
(iii) There are three main bands of age groups labelled A, B and C.
(v) For band B, suggest how and why that band is likely to change by 2015. [4]
0 20 40 miles
0 30 60 kms
N
Riv
er
Pad
m
a
Fig. 7
Describe how population density changes along the River Padma from the Bay of
Bengal to the border with India.
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(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows Bangladesh’s actual and predicted population growth. For
Examiner’s
Use
Population
(millions)
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
predicted
30 growth
20
10
0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Fig. 8
(i) By how much is the population expected to grow between 2010 and 2020?
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(ii) Describe the trends in population growth from 1940 to 2020 shown in Fig. 8.
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(iii) A Suggest three reasons for the population changes shown in Fig. 8. For
Examiner’s
1 ........................................................................................................................ Use
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2 ........................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................
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B For one of the reasons you described in (iii) A, explain how it contributes to
population growth.
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1 ........................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................
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B For one of the problems you described in (iv) A, explain fully how it is affected
by population growth.
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(iii) Which statement do you agree with the most? Give reasons for your answer.
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[Total: 25]
5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 9, which shows the percentage of the population living in rural and urban For
areas in Bangladesh. Examiner’s
Use
Key
rural urban
1969
1979
years 1989
1999
2009
0 50 100 %
Fig. 9
On Fig. 9, complete the bar for 2009 when 73% lived in rural areas and 27% lived
in urban areas. (It has been left blank for you to fill in.) [2]
(ii) What does Fig. 9 show about the changes to rural and urban populations in
Bangladesh?
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(iii) What are the effects in rural and urban areas of the changes shown in Fig. 9?
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(b) (i) Study Fig. 10, which shows the population structure of Bangladesh in 1979 and 2009. For
Examiner’s
Use
1979 2009
0% 0%
Key
0 – 14 years
50% 15 – 64 years 50%
65+ years
Fig. 10
Using Fig. 10, describe the changes that took place in each age group between
1979 and 2009.
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(ii) Explain how improvements in health care have led to the changes in the 0–14 years
age group that you described in (b)(i).
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(iii) Give one reason for the change in the 65+ age group.
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5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 11 which shows the birth rate in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan for 1980 and
2010. Complete the graph for Pakistan on Fig. 11 using the figures below:
50
40
births per 1000
30
20
10
0
India Bangladesh Pakistan
1980 2010
Fig. 11
[2]
(ii) Compare the changes in birth rate from 1980 to 2010 in Bangladesh with the changes in
India and Pakistan.
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(ii) Study Fig. 12 which shows the infant mortality rate between 1980 and 2010 for
Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.
140
120
100
infant mortality rate
80
per 1000
60 Pakistan
India
40 Bangladesh
20
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
year
Fig. 12
How has the infant mortality rate for Bangladesh changed in comparison to India and
Pakistan between 1980 and 2010?
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5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 8, a graph showing the percentage of the population below the poverty line in
rural areas of Bangladesh.
Key
rural poverty %
urban poverty %
60
50
% below poverty line
40
30
20
10
0
1992
1996
2000
2005
2010
years
Fig. 8
Complete the graph (Fig. 8) for urban areas using the following figures.
(ii) Suggest why the percentage living below the poverty line in rural and urban areas is
decreasing.
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(b) Study Fig. 9 which shows the population growth rate in Bangladesh and nearby countries in
1993 and 2012.
N 0 200 400
kilometres
Pakistan
Bangladesh
India
Myanmar
Key
% growth rate
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
1993
2012
Fig. 9
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(ii) Compare the change in growth rate in Bangladesh with the three other countries shown
on Fig. 9.
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(iii) Explain how Bangladesh has achieved such a change in its population growth rate.
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(c) (i) Describe two differences between the public sector and the private sector.
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(ii) Explain the advantages and the disadvantages of the private sector in delivering either
health care or education.
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3 Study Fig. 6 which shows the birth rate and death rate in three countries in 2013.
Fig. 6
(a) (i) Using Fig. 6 calculate the rate of natural growth for each country. Use the figures to
complete the table below.
2 ..........................................
[3]
(ii) Suggest why some families in Bangladesh may have a large number of children.
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(b) (i) Study Fig. 7 which shows infant mortality rates from 2010 to 2013.
50
Myanmar
40 India
infant
mortality Bangladesh
rate
per 1000
30
0
2010 2011 2012 2013
Fig. 7
Using information from Fig. 7 describe what progress is being made towards reducing
infant mortality rates.
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5 (a) (i) Fig. 11 shows the population pyramid for Bangladesh in 2015.
age groups
65+
55 – 64
25 – 54
15 – 24
0 – 14
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
% male % female
Fig. 11
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(ii) Increasing life expectancy results in an ageing population. What challenges might this
create for Bangladesh?
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(iii) International emigration from Bangladesh is increasing. What challenges might this
create for Bangladesh?
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© UCLES 2017 7094/02/M/J/17 [Turn over
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(b) Study Fig. 4.1, a statement about the reduction of poverty in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh has made great progress in reducing poverty. Based on the international poverty line
of $1.90 per person per day, poverty in Bangladesh fell from 44.2% in 1991 to 18.5% in 2010, and
then to 12.9% in 2016.
Fig. 4.1
Use the information in Fig. 4.1 to complete Fig. 4.2. 1991 has been completed for you. [2]
100
Key
90 % below
poverty line
80
70
60
% below
poverty 50
line
40
30
20
10
0
1991 2010 2016
year
Fig. 4.2
5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows total population change in Bangladesh.
210
Key
200 actual
190 projected
180
170
160
population
150
(millions)
140
130
120
110
100
0
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
year
Fig. 5.1
(i) Complete the graph, Fig. 5.1, using the data below, to show the projected population in
Bangladesh from 2030 to 2050.
(ii) Suggest benefits and problems for Bangladesh of continued population growth.
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(b) Study Fig. 5.2, which shows the changes in population growth rates for Bangladesh, Pakistan
and India between 2000 and 2015.
2.5
Key
2.4 Pakistan
2.3 Bangladesh
India
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
population
1.8
growth rate
(%)
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0
2000 2005 2010 2015
year
Fig. 5.2
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(ii) Compare Bangladesh’s population growth rate with that of Pakistan and that of India as
shown in Fig. 5.2.
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(iii) Suggest reasons why Bangladesh’s population growth rate has decreased.
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1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................. [2]
5 (a) Define the population term natural increase and show how it is calculated.
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(b) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows the death rate in Bangladesh from 1960 to 2018.
22
20
18
16
14
12
death rate
(per 1000) 10
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018
year
Fig. 5.1
(i) Complete the graph on Fig. 5.1 using the data below.
death rate
year
(per 1000)
1960 20.3
1965 18.2
1970 19.0
1975 18.0
[3]
© UCLES 2022 7094/02/M/J/22
23
(ii) Using Fig. 5.1, in which year was the death rate 10 per 1000?
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(c) Study Fig. 5.2, which shows a number of schemes used in Bangladesh to control disease
and improve quality of life.
Control of
Diarrhoeal
Disease (CDD)
Malaria
National
Action Plan for
disease Control
Programme
Nutrition control (MCP)
Expanded
Immunisation
Programme
(EIP)
Fig. 5.2
Outline the approaches taken in two of the schemes shown in Fig. 5.2 to reduce the number
of deaths in Bangladesh.
Scheme 1 .................................................................................................................................
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Scheme 2 ..................................................................................................................................
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3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows the Human Development Index (HDI) for Bangladesh, Pakistan
and India from 1990 to 2019.
Key
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
HDI
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1990 2000 2010 2019
year
Fig. 3.1
(i) The HDI is made up of information about the health, education and wealth of a country.
Suggest a different development indicator which can be used to measure each of these.
health ................................................................................................................................
education ...........................................................................................................................
wealth ................................................................................................................................
[3]
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(iii) Using Fig. 3.1, which country has made the most progress from 1990 to 2019?
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(iv) Compare the HDI of Bangladesh with Pakistan as shown in Fig. 3.1.
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(b) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the age structure and total population of Bangladesh in 2000,
2010 and 2020.
Age structure and total population of Bangladesh in 2000, 2010 and 2020
170
160 Key
young people (0–14)
150
working-age people (15– 64)
140 older people (65 and older)
130
120
110
100
90
population
(million)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2010 2020
year
Fig. 3.2
Table 3.1
(ii) What is meant by the term dependency ratio and how is it calculated?
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(iv) What will be the impact of fewer young people on the quality of life of people in
Bangladesh in the future?
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‘The government’s priority should be to look after the increasing number of older people
rather than trying to provide jobs for the increasing number of people of working age.’
(i) Give one argument why older people need government help.
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(ii) Give one argument why it is important to provide jobs for people of working age.
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(iii) Do you agree with the statement? Give reasons for your answer.
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[Total: 25]
(b) Study Fig. 5.2, which shows the percentage of the population earning less than $3.20 per day
in Bangladesh between 1990 and 2020.
80
70
60
50
population (%) 40
30
20
10
0
1990 2000 2010 2020
year
Fig. 5.2
(i) Use data from Fig. 5.2 to describe the change in the percentage of the population earning
less than $3.20 a day from 1990 to 2020.
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