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16 views23 pagesMA3303 Probability and Complex Function-Mr - Immanuel
The document discusses the importance of biodiversity and the need for its conservation, highlighting the threats posed by human activities and climate change. It outlines two main conservation strategies: in-situ and ex-situ conservation, detailing their roles and methods. Additionally, it emphasizes the ecological, economic, and social benefits of preserving biodiversity for current and future generations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views23 pagesMA3303 Probability and Complex Function-Mr - Immanuel
The document discusses the importance of biodiversity and the need for its conservation, highlighting the threats posed by human activities and climate change. It outlines two main conservation strategies: in-situ and ex-situ conservation, detailing their roles and methods. Additionally, it emphasizes the ecological, economic, and social benefits of preserving biodiversity for current and future generations.
Uploaded by
ssakthi60713Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
of same can als0 be reduced
F pon-active predators and competi,
Populations
producing organism,
rrodction of
like sb) and disease
«yy cousenvarion OF BIODIVERSITY
‘of the important tool {,|
Biodiversity is one 2
inane dveopmet. THE Doras
Su de to weir commercial, medical, genes,
ae od ecological importance emphasizes the neej
aes
to conserve biodiversity
Conservation
value
Conservation is defined as, the management 1)
biosphere 50 that it will yield the greatest sustainable
eneft to present generation while maintaining is
potential 1o meet the needs of future generation.
1.23.1 Factors affecting biodiversity
Biodiversity is generally disturbed by humat
activities such as construction of dams in fores
areas, release of industrial wastes, using. pesticides
‘and insecticides in the crop fields, urbanisation, et:
Poaching of wild animals, over exploitation 0!
natural resources, degradation of habitats, afi!
biodiversity.
‘The marine ecosystems are also disturbed due to
spills and discharge of effluents.
‘The climatic factors like global. warming, 070°
jiodiversity.—
Fvrenment and Brodversiy
1.23.2 Advantages (or) need of
biodiversity conservation
It provides immediate benefits to the society such as
recreation and tourism,
Drugs, herbs, food and other important raw materials
can be derived from plants and animals.
It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and
animals,
Ensures the sustainable utilization life supporting
systems on earth.
It leads to conservation of essential ecological
diversity and life supporting systems.
Since the biodiversity loss results in ecological and
environmental deterioration, itis essential to conserve
the biodiversity.
|ODIVERSITY
(E24) PEs (on) stRATEGY oF
CONSERVATION
There are two types of biodiersity conservation.
1, In-situ conservation (within habitat)
2, Ex-situ conservation (outside habitat)
1.24.1 In - situ conservation
In - situ conservation involves protection of fauna
‘and flora within its natural habitat, where the species
normally occurs is called in - situ conservation.
The natural habitats (or) ecosystems maintained
under in-situ conservation are called “protected areas”. —
ta Sciences and Sustains,
jew conservation
National
parks, wildy,
saw conservation
aoe of the tial geourapical area of 1,
re ror insite conservation. The followin,
r ily used for inst conservation. I
protection of biodiversy
Mpe best method forthe Tons feo
Biosphere reserves cover large area, more than S00
sq; kom, It is used to protect species for long time.
‘Table 11, Some important Biosphere Reserves in India
UP.
Meghalaya
Assam.
West Bengal
Tamil Nadu
Kamataka, Kerala,
Tamil Nad
Role of biosphere reserves
It gives long - term survival of evolving ecosystem.
It protects endangered species. |
It protects maximum number of species and
3.
‘communities.
4, serves as site of recreation and tourism.
Its also useful fr educational and research purposes.
6 It remains and functions as an open system and
changes in land use are not allowed.
Restriction: No tourism and explosive activities are
permitted in the biosphere reserves.
2, National park
‘A national park is an area dedicated for the
conservation of wildlife along with its environment. It is
sually a small reserves covering an area of about 100 to
'500 sq. kms. Within the biosphere reserves, one (or) more
national parks are also exists
‘Table 1.12. Some important National parks in India
ar
Reims
State Important Wildlife
Orissa vio
eit donesie i
‘Gazing
is ponies
AL pan
poi
I
for the conservation
agp wildlife sa
within
Sanctuaries
ye sanctuary 18
of animals on
able 1.13. Some 1m
fot
met
propagate
tects
rough tourism, Witow
‘and develop the
ais inside the national pu
an area, which is reserved
Jy. At present, there a
portant Wildlife Sanctuaries in)
300
birds
Migratory birds
Black buck
Gujarat
Water birds
[Sonoma Wrante
Sanctuary
Tiger, Elephant,
/Leopar
jaldapara Wildlife
‘Sanctuary
‘Role of wildlife Sanctuaries
1, _ It protects animals only.
2, _Itallows the operations such as harvesting of timber,
x lestion of forest products, private ownership rights
soi forestry operations provided it does not affect
the animals adversely
Restrictions
Killing, hunting,
is prohibited except under the control of
4, Gene Sanctuary
A. gene sanctuary is
conserved.
In Northern India, two gene sanctuary are found
avilable
(@) One gene sanctuary for citrus (Lemon family), and
(b) One gene sanctuary for pitcher plant (an insect eating
plant).
5. Other projects for conservation of animals
shooting, (or) capturing of wildlife
higher authority.
an area, where the plants are
For the protection and conservation of certain
nimale same general ‘Droit ir ion project; Croceai
; Gir
pe pi 1. Project Elephant, etc.
Breedins
sity Conservation
of Ie
Heap and convenient metho.
Advantages (0!)
1 ese)
The speci
drought
8
Theat forest ie.
Inet Conservation
Tage surface auth is required «)
a8 the biodiversity
Rhriatenance of the Raitas #8 NOt Proper, duc io
shortage of staff and pollution,
1.242 Ex-situ conservation
‘Exsitu conservation involves protection of fauna
and flora ouside the natural habitats.
This type of conservation is mainly done for
conservation of crop varieties and the wild relatives of
ops
Role of Exit conservation
1 involves maintenance and breeding of endangered
plant and animal species under controlled conditions.
It identifies those species which are at more tisk of
extinction.
It prefers the species, which are more important to
‘man in near future among the endangered. species.
Important Ex-stu conservation
Botanical gardens, seed banks, microbi
Faecal microbial culture
, ssue and cell cultures, museums, zoological
std to he natural SSS ie |
Emironment and Biodiversity |__|
Methods of Exsitu Conserv
‘The following important gene bank (or) Seed bank
facilities are used in Ex-situ conservation
(Nation! Bureau of Plant Genetic Resourees
(NBPGR)
It is located in New Delhi, It uses cryo preservation
techniques to preserve agricultural and horticultural crops.
Cryo preservation technique: {t involves the preservation’
of seeds, pollen of some important agricultural and
horticultural crops by using liquid nitrogen at a temperature
fs low as ~ 196°C. Varieties of rice, pear! mille, Brassica,
fumip, radish, tomato, onion, carrot, chilli, tobacco, etc.
have been preserved successfully in liquid nitrogen for
several Years.
(ji) National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources
(NBAGR)
It is located at Kamal, Haryana. It preserves the
semen of domesticated bovine animals,
(ii) National Facility for Plant Tissue Culture Repository
(NFPTCR)
It develops the facility for conservation of varieties
of crop plants (or) trees by tissue culture, This facility has,
been created within the NBPGR.
Advantages (or) merits of Ex-situ Conservation
1, Survival of endangered species is increasing due to|
special care and attention
2. In captive breeding, animals are assured food, water,
shelter and also security and hence longer life span.
Tt is carried out in cases of endangered species, which|
donot have_any chances of survival, in the worl samen] SOlenGes and Sis
is Exsitu Conse
icovanages (or) liniations, of, Fata
Disodvanete expensive method.
>. The freedom of wildlife is lost.
4, The animals cannot survive in
environment.
‘4. Ihean be adopted only for few selected spec,
(25) anna umvenstry QUESTIONS
1) Explain briefly the structure of atmosphere
(AU. Dec-2
2, What are the components of environment. Expl:
‘their role.
3. Explain the scope and significance of environmen:
stuties.
4. Write briefly on the community participation i
environment management programmes.
(ALU. Dec-208
5. Explain the imy
importance of environmental, protest
And justify the needs for pubic awareness.”
* (Mdu, AUT. Nov. 20
6. Explain ecosystem,
(AU. Dec-205
Heh components of an ecosystem.
‘0im AUT Dec 2009, A.U. June 2016.
Jan-2006, May
pn, (U: May 2007, Dec-20
PONENts Of ecocverar,
Environment and Blodivers
10.
1
12,
1B,
14.
15,
16.
17,
18.
19,
23.
Describe the structural features of
(Chen
AU DA
2a
Briefly explain the enerey Now though
Describe the biotic component of
ecosystem,
U: Dee-2005)
Discuss energy flow in ecosystem,
{A.U. Dec 2015, TCY AUT, Dec 2U11)
Explain the stages in ecological succession usin
appropriate terminology. (AU: NowDec 2016)
What is biodiversity? How is it classified? Ex
the values of biodiversity. (CY AUT June ”)
‘What is biodiversity? Discuss the genetic biodiversity
and values of biodiversiy
(AU Dec 2014) TCY AU Dec’08)
Write the uses of biodiversity to mankind,
(INV AUT Dee. 2010)
‘What are the values of biodiversis? Explain,
alus of tink U7 Dee 2010)
Classify and explain the vale of bigs
Discuss the importance of biodiversity opp)
Discuss the status of Indi as @ mega diverse nation
of bic it
of FCP aU Dec 2009) (AU Dec 2016, May 2017)
hot. spots of Bio Divers
: in
Stat ue te a (ce All eta
Describe the term hot spot in biodiversih:,. o997) 110
ntal laws
te la nat
De smber of publi
If necessary the me
interest litigations
‘Thus many counts
public participation in en
@) ECOLOGY
al (01
ving organisms, whether plant (or) animal (or)
sma tt nde by te envionment, rom which
Merve its needs for its survival. Each living component
‘hers with non-living components for their basic
requirements form different ecosystem.
Definition
Feology is the study of interactions among
organisms (or) group of organisms with their
environment. The environment consists of both biotic
‘components (living organisms) and abiotic components
(non-living organisms).
es have accepted the concept of
vironmental. management
()
Ecology is the study of ecosystems.
G9) ecosystem
Ecosystem is the basic functional unit of ecology
The term ecosystem is coined from a Greek word meaning
study of home,
Definition
Environment and Biodiversity
with one another and with their non-livi
exchanging energy and matter,
(BEDE 7imals cannot synthesis their food directly bur
depend on the plants either directly (or)
indirectly,
if environment |
1.9.1 Biome (Small Ecosystem)
‘The kind of organisms which can live in a particular
ecosystem depends on their physical and metabolic
adoptions to the environment of that place, On earth there
‘are many sets of ecosystems which are exposed to same
‘climatic conditions and having dominant species with
similar life cycle, climatic adoptions and physical |
structure. This set of ecosystem is called a biome
Thus the biome is a small ecosystem with in an
ecosystem.
rivers, etc., ural ecosystem
1.10.4 Nat °
themselves under natural
stems operate themse
earn! abit types, it can be further
classified into three types
1, Teresa ecosystem
‘pis ecosntem B felsled to land and’ types of
| vegetation |
‘Grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem, desert |
ecosystem, ely |
2. Aquatic ecosystem |
| Tis ecosystem is related to water, it is further sub
|
| ciassified into two types based on salt content. |
|
(i) Fresh water ecosystem.
(@) Running water ecosystems.
TE rivers, sireans:
(©) Standing water ecosystems.
CBSO Pond, tate.
(ii) Marine ecosystem
ABR seas and sea shores.
Environment and Biodiversity AN
STRUCTURE (or) COMPONENTS OF
‘AN ECOSYSTEM
‘The term structure refers to the various components:
So the structure of an ecosystem explains the relationship
between the abiotic (non-living) and the biotic (living)
‘components.
‘An ecosystem has two major components
1. Abiotic (non-living) components.
2. Biotic (living) components.
4.11.1. Abiotic (non-living) components
‘The non-living components (physical and chemical)
fof an ecosystem collectively form 2 community called
abiotic components (or) abiotic community
‘tito
angry
e503
Fig. 12 Sena ooo aa Z
their relationship, ss; Prowin, lipids, carbohydrates
All micro (Al, Co, Zn, Cu)
i) Inorgenic substances:
1), Taoreoni ents (C. H, 0, P, N, P, K) and few other
mts.
41.2. Biotic components |
‘The living organisms (or) living members in an }
collectively form its community called biotic
(cr) biotic community
‘The living components are made of many different }
es. These species are distinguished on the basis of
‘utrtional (feeding) relationship. It includes
‘Autotrophle components: The members of
components are producers, which are
(self-nourishing organisms), They derive energy
‘and make organic compounds from inorganic
I} 2. Heterotrophic components: The members
heterotrophic components are consumers anid
decomposers, which are heterotrophs (dependent on others
for food). They consume the autotrophs (producers). The
heterotrophs are
(a) Macro consumers
(oe) carnivores.
(&) Saprotrophs (micro consumers): They
decomposers (bacteria, fungi, etc).
Members of biotic components of on ecosystem
(o)
hssifiation of biotic components
‘The members of biotic components of an ecosystem |
1, Producers (Plants.
2, Consumer (Animals).
3. Decomposers (Micro-organisms).
1. Producers (Autotrophs): Producers synthesize their
food themselves through photosynthesis
Al green plants, trees.
Photosynthesis
‘The green pigments called chlorophyll, present in the
leaves of plants, converts CO} and H,O in the presence of
sunlight into carbohydrates,
tw
6CO} + 12H;0 ————>GH20g + 60, + 64,0
Chlorphyt . Consumers are of the following types.
Primary consumers (Herbivores) (plant eaters) |
Primary consumers are also called herbivores, they
ly depend on the plants for their food. So they are |
plant eater
Insects, rat, goat, deer, cow, horse, etc,
consumers (primary carnivores) (meat
Secondary consumers are primary carnivores, they
primary consumers, They directly depend on the
for their food.
Frog, cat, snakes, faxes, ett.
cusumers (Secondary carnivores) (Meat
Sonsumiers are secondary carnivores, they
‘ansumers, They divetly depend on the
or thei fo
decompose them into simpler compounds. During the
@ecomposition inorganic nutrients are released. These
inorganic nutrients together with other organic substances
are then utilized by the prodacers for the synthesis of their
own food.
[BEDDUEY Microorganisms tite bacteria and fungi.
‘Meanings
(@ Herbivores: Animals that eat only plants are called
| herbivores. (vegetarian) ‘|
(i) Carnivores: Animals that cat other animals are called
carnivores. (non-vegetarian)
(Gi) Omnivores: Animals that cat both animals and
plants. (Vegetarian and non-yegetarian) -
1.12) Function oF aN EcosysTem
To understand clearly the nature of ecosystem, Hts
functioning should be thoroughly understood, The Tunetion
‘of an ecosystem is 10 allow flow of energy and eyeling
‘of nutrients, = = -
ro a od Si
1.121 Types
Functions of an €c08
of Functions
ystem are of tee types.
1. primary function (of) primary production
Te mney meu cn joe is
manufacture of starch (photosyntbesis).
production
(or) secondat
2. Secondary func
all ecosystem is
‘The secondary function of
cisiibuting energy in the form of food 10 all consumer
(or) the energy stored by the consumer.
3, Tertiary Function
‘All living systems die at a particular stage. These
dead systems are decomposed to initiate the third function
‘of ecosystems namely “cycling”.
‘The functioning of an ecosystem may be understood
by studying the following terms.
(a) Energy and material flow.
(b) Food chains
(©) Food webs.
(8) Food pyramids,
Gi:) ewersy row in THE Ecosystems
Energy i the mos essential requirement for all living |
sms. Solr energy is the only source to our pane
Solar enery is transformed to chemical energy in
thesis by the pans (called as primary producer)
8 lot of sunlight falls on the }
of itis utilized for ean
Environment and Blodiverst cae
essential step to provide energy for all other living
organisms in the ecosystem.
Some amount of chemical energy is used by the
plants for their growth and the remaining is transferred to
consumers by the process of eating
‘Thus the energy enters the ecosystem through
photosynthesis and passes through the different tropic levels
(feeding levels).
1.13.1. Energy flow through atmosphere to
an ecosystem
‘Sun is the ultimate source of energy, its radiations
travel through the space in the form of waves and reaches,
the carth’s atmosphere, The atmosphere absorbs 50% of
the radiations and allow the remainings to reach the earth
| surface. OF the solar radiations, reached the earth's surface,
some of which is absorbed by organisms (primary,
producers) to produce organic matter through
photosynthesis.
Photosynthetic equation
CO, + 2H;0 ——> CHO +0,+H,0
ceubon dioxide water sumight_ carbohydrate oxygen water
‘The plants (producers) are used by herbivores and
herbivores are used by camivores as their Food. In this way
jenergy is transfered from one organism to another and so
‘on. The conversion of solar energy is governed by law of thermedynemics ereated nor
a een gd
Mt on comer fom
another.” from the sun
comes
peers bo Sorc 8 ceed into stored
is abst
See geet il
Solar energy -» Chemical energy (Plants)
Fig Flow of energy and nutrient cycling from abiotic:
to biotic and vice versa,
14) Ecotocicat succession
In an area one community may be replaced by
‘another community (or) by a series of communities. Thus
1.14.1 Stages of ecological succession
1. Pioneer community: The first group of organism,
‘which establish their community in the area is called
“"Pioncer’ community, Zz
Community
tis the
area.
group of pants (of) animals living in an
Types of ecological succession
two types of ecologic
ditions present atthe beginning
1442
Eoologists recognize
succession, based on the con
‘of the process.
session: It involves the — gradual
mmmunities on a lifeless ground
1. Primary
establishment of biotic co
ydrarch (or) Hydrosere: Est
(era ke pod and lke.
( Xerarch (or) Neroseres Establishment starts in a dry
‘area like, desert and rock.
2 Secondary succession: It involves the establishment
of biotic communities in an area, where some type of biotic
[community is already present.
yment starts in a
14.3. Process of Ecological Succession
The process of ecological succession can be
ned in the following steps.
ion
is the development of a bare area without any life
{s the establishment of one (or) more speci
n species on
through migration followed by establishment.
s pain ‘of seeds is brought about by
Environment and Biedvorsty
(b) Establishment: The seeds then germinate and grow
fon the land and establishes their pioneer communities.
3. Competition
As the number of individual species grows, there is
a competition with the same species and between different
species for space, water and nutrients.
4, Reaction
‘The living organisms, take water, nutrients and grow
and modify the environment is known as reaction, This
modification becomes unsuitable for the existing species i
and favour some new species, which replace the existing
species. This leads to seral_ communities
5. Stabilizations
Tt leads to stable community, which is in equilibrium
with the environment.
U3) siopiversiry
Bio means “life” and diversity means ‘variety’, hence,
biodiversity refers wide variety of life on the earth,
Our planet-earth (biosphere) contains more than 20
million species of organisms, But, of which only 1.4 million
species have been identified so far. These species differ
widely from one another, This variation in living organisms
is called biodiversity.
Diversification in the species is influenced by various
physical and climatic factors, resulting in the production |
Of new sub-species. The species which are unable to adjust
| with the new environment gradually become extinct. ‘Environment. and Biodiver
4.16.2 Species diversity
‘A discrete group of organisms of the same kind
peti aud eset Pareto
Bia i ne living orgasms and the
variability among @
reoxstet in which they occur. |
ie) cuassiFiCATION (0F) LEVELS (oR) TYPES
oF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is 8
1. Genetic diversity. |
2, Species diversity
Community (or) Ecosystem diversity. |
Species:
js known as species.
‘Species diversity is the diversity between different
species, The sum of varieties of all the living organisms
ssihe species level is known as species diversity.
‘The biotic component is composed of a large number
of species of plans, animals and micro organisms, which
Giemet with each other and with the abiowic component
of the environment.
Box
1. Total number of living species in the earth are about
‘of which only about 1.5 million
enerally classified into three types
1.16.1. Genetic diversity ‘more than 20 million. But,
Fs, Algects wih ciftzest gun, cheaters |g crema found and given scientific names.
jg known as sub-species (or) “genera'- 2. Plant species: Apple, mango, grapes, wheat, rice, et.»
af 3. Animal species: Lion, tiger, elephant, deer, etc.
Genetic diversity is the diversity within, spec
variation of genes within the species
Within. individual species, there are number of
arieties, which are slightly different from one another
‘These differences are due to differences in the combination
ff genes. Genes ae the basic units of hereditary |
{information transmitted from one generation to other.
Rice varites: All rice varieties belong to the species
iva”. But there are thousands of rice varieties
show variation at the genetic level differ in their
shape, colour and nutrient content.
4.16.3 Community (or) Ecosystem diversity
Community
Tt is a set of biotic components (plants, animals and
‘ro organisms) interacting ‘with one another and with
abiotic components (soil, air, water, etc).
The diversity at the ecological (or) habitat level is
known as ecosystem diversity. A large region with
different ecosystems can be ‘considered as ecosystem
diversity.
River ecosystem.
‘The river which include the fish, aquatic insects,
Wout cores
Teak wood varieties: There are: number
ties found available. Se
Jndian teak, burma teak, malasian teak etc Feionces ond Sustainabili |
sty is the aBETeBAte of
Fegion. It explains the
the ecosystem dive
ms and physical
a
vironmental types 1
ite estoonentl he rgais
bel
eration
vroument in an ecosySte
Thus,
fe supporting. system 10 the human
ti ferent organisms. Each
temp be om om san:
ee is vital for healthy biosphere Boies
Deer ike sablay ad ore facia
biosphere.
We get benefits from other organisms 18 number of
rays, Someimes we realize the real value of the organism
only after itis lost in this earth.
CLASSIFICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF
VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY
‘Various uses of biodiversity are classified as follows
117.1 Consumptive use value
‘These are direct use values, where the biodiversity
‘are harvested and consumed directly.
Food, drug, fuel, etc,
Food
A lage sumber of wild plans are consumed 3
beings 2s food. Nearly 80 - 90% of our food crops
domesticated only from the tropical wild plants.
‘number of wild animals are also consumed as food.
Environment and Blecversty 1z7
(a) Ceropegia bulbosa: in central India and Westem Ghats
(b) Codonopisis: in Himalayan region
() Cicer microphyllum: in Kashmir
(6) Insects: molluscs, spiders, and wild herbivores are
‘consumed by many tribal and non-tribal communities
in India.
Drugs
‘Around 70% of modem medicines are derived from |
plant and plant extracts. 20,000 plant species are believed
fobe used medicinally, particularly in the traditional system
of Unani, Ayurveda and Sidha.
@ Germany alone uses more than 2,500 Species of |
plans for medicinal purposes in Homeopathy and |
other systems of medicines.
(i India uses 3000 Species of plants in Ayurveda,
Homeopathy and Unani system of medicines.
(ii) According to research about 85% of global
community use plants for primary health care.
2.
is used for treating arthritis.
(%) Life saving drugs like quinine (Malaria), reserpine
(hypertension), pencillin (antibiotic) and morphine
(pain kill) are all of plant origin.
(vi) The peepal tree leaves, trunk and roots are used as
effective medicines for curing disease like fever,
‘cough, stomach and skin diseases.
(vil) About 30 medicines have been prepared from neem
__twee which have been proved to be very effective for Sommer! and Blair =
ach mets eve muon? —* Table 1.3: Animal products
aa sen tesa proved (wc Deve
we pai bi col #1 Silk - worm.
. Medicinal products from Natural ‘Wool Sheep.
Tabi LA Resourss ‘Musk Musk deer
Elephants
‘Antibiotic
All animals
“Antibiotic
Ginchona Bark | Malaria treatment
Birth control drug
‘Leukemia cure
Hypertension drug
‘Mexican your
Arthritis relief
“Analgesic
‘Many industries are dependent upon the productive
Tewaqeine | Bacienum | Antibiotic
Diam | Foxglove _| Heart stimulant use values of biodiversity
Table 1.4: Plant and animal products for various
Fish and animals.
industries
Paper and pulp’ industry, pl
industry railway sleeper industry.
Cotton ‘Textile industry.
Firewoods are directly consumed by villagers, tribals }j| Fiits, vegetables | Food industry.
fos il eral pevleun and ata gs = Leather Leather industry.
ot ee oe
oe lized biodiversity. Tory Tvory - works.
12 Productive use values
Biodiversity products have obtained a commer)
‘These: products are marketed and sold. The
may be derived from the animals and plants.
earls industry.
Cereals accounts for 39% of the cropped area. jpod in saving large amouy
yi seed proatina ping ede ils,
of foreign exchange spent 0
Social Values
ial value of the biodi
es are Us
14173
sersty refers 10 the manne;
ed to the society. These
jal life, religion ang
Soci
in which the bio-esoures
values are associated with the 50
spiral aspets of the peoples
1. Holy plants: Many plants are considered as the hol
plants in our country.
(BEDI rts, peep, fous, bael, ete
“The leaves, fruits of these plants are used in worship
2. Holy animals: Many animals are also considered «
| holy animals in our country.
Cov, snake, bull, peacock, rat, etc
117.4 Ethical values (or) Existence value
It involves ethical issues like “all life must be
_In India and in other counties biodiversity is
to have great value on religious and cultural
Our rich heritage teaches us to worship plants
rivers and mountains. The ethical value means that
‘may (or) may not be used, but its existence it
FEnvironment and Biodiversity
Soe
1. The river Ganga is considered as holy river
2. Vembu, Tulsi, Vengai are same of the trees,
worshipped by the Tanilians
3, We are not deriving anything directly from
Kangaroo, Zebra (or) Giraffe, but we feel that
these should exist in nature.
‘Thus, there is an ethical value (or) existence value
attached 0 each species
1.175 Aesthetic value
‘The beautiful nature of plants and animals insist us
to protect the biodiversity. The most important aesthetic
value of biodiversity is eco-tourism.
1. Feo - tourism: People from far place spend a lot of
lime and money to visit the beautiful areas, where they
joy the aesthetic value of biodiversity. This type of
tourism is known as eco - tourism.
2, The pleasant music of wild birds, colour of butterfly,
[colour of flowers, colour of peacocks are very important
for their aesthetic value.
1.17.6 Option values
‘The option values are the potentials of biodiversity
that are presently unknown and need to be known. The
loptional values of biodiversity suggests that any species
[may be proved to be a valuable species after someday ———
rT ell
sectnaiogy, fad be wearcilis
aves af caer dil AUN
very dnpons
growin
Tee re eaing h
coat hess Pkt
nie gre
} yess
2 Atenas
in oar dnluan 0
pia as A MEGADIVERSITY Nation
12 mogaiversity, eountecs
in be wort, 1 as 8480 anil SPIE ooonnting
ine gt anal species an! 47.000 plant species
Tau eco 180 of to werkt ra pees. Te
pat eae a erin about 3s
Aran is oe avons, the
Auble 1X, Distribution of species some REOUDS of
flora and fauna in Ka
(ONIN
Nuber Number
UNS
Mollusca
Lower groups:
2500] Artopoda
Bryophytes 2504] Amphibia
[Gymoosperms| 64] Birds
Preridophytes | 1022] Reptiles
‘Mamas
a
1 Endemism (or) Endemic species
The pas Which are confined to a particular ae!
mic species. Our country has a rich endemic
fana_About 33% of the flowring plants, 53%
vovytnl At ton
i ro —
cf fhoats water fHaien, 60% wnpiians, 0% piles and
How nannaian ave eke spies a
1, Plant diversity
Nowrly 5000 flowering planes ant 166 crop plant
ave thie origin in India
spooled th
2, Marine diversity
‘More than 340 coral species of the workl are found
here. Soveral species of mangrove plants and seagrasses:
Jae also found in our country
4 Agrorbodiversity
“There are 167 crop species and wild relatives, India
ia considered to be the centre of origin of 30,000 1 $0,000
‘varieties of rice, mango, turmeric, ginger, sugarcane, ete
4A. Anioal biodiversity
‘There are 75,000 animal species including $000)
Insects, India is a home to about nearly 200,000 living
organisms.
1.18.2 ‘RED! Data book (or) Red list
Redbook is a catalogue of taxa feing risk of |
extinction, The purpose of preparation of red ist is 10
(provide awareness to the degree of threat 10
biodiversity,
(ii) provide global index Yon already decline of
biodiversity.
(ii) identification of species at high risk of extinction jon of resource.
‘RED’ Data book 44 plant species ar
corde $4 endangered and 143 are vulnerabi
(exposed to damage).
India ranks 2 interms of the umber of threaten:
and 6 among the countries with the mov
ducatened birds |}
‘has become endemic in Easier»
dad
wader red dad catego, |
Ios epi .
HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY |
Th fh 0 aed es, any
been sachuced 9 hows than 10% of their origins!
‘Pio sseas we called borpas of Whodiverssy
the gengraphie whieh
1a 25 wus
deted Neve, ewe moe the wseoe of iv
Environment and Bodversiy a
1.19.1. Criteria for recognising hot spots
‘The richness of the endemic species is the primary
criterion for recognising hot spots.
‘The hot spots should have a significant percentage
of specialised species.
‘The site is under threat.
1t should contain important gene pools of plants of
potentially useful plants.
4.19.2. Reason for rich biodiversity in the
tropics
‘The followings are the reasons for the rich
biodiversity in the topics.
‘The tropics have a more stable climate.
Warm temperatures and high humidity in the topical
‘areas provide favorable conditions. r species. Any change in the system leads to a major
imbalance and threatens the normal ecological cycle
id Sustainabil
val Soiences. 8.
nvronment
30%
i ound in the Hamaleyes of which 30% are
ou
plant species
endemic.
‘CAUSES FOR LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY (OR) VARIOUS THREATS
‘ae also rich in wild plans
TO INDIAN BIODIVERSITY
singer, chili, jute and
1.21.1 Habitat loss
The loss of populations of interbreeding organisms
is caused by habitat loss. Habitat loss threatened a wide
range of animals and plants.
10 sparsely. distributed
from Eastern Himalayas, and
b) 0% of the Indian Birds are Gy ala
I (c) Huge wealth of fungi insets, ‘mammals, birds have
been found inthis region.
1.20.2 Western ghats
comprises Maharastra, _ Kamataks,
nada ad Ker Nearly 1500 endemic, dicotyledone
fare found from Wester ghats. 62%
ibians and 50% lizards are endemic in western Ghats
is reported that only 6.8% of the original forests
2 today while the rest has been deforested (0)
ciaiaske
6, Factors influencing Habitat loss
1. Deforestation: The loss of [Link] mainly caused,
by deforestation activities. Forests and grasslands have been
cleared for conversion into agricultural lands, (or)
settlement areas (or) developmental project. The forest and
grasslands are the natural homes of thousands of species,
which disintegrate due to loss of their natural habitat.
2. Destruction of wetlands; The wetlands, estuaries and
iangroves. are destroyed due to draining, filling and
pollution, which causes huge biodiversity loss.
3. Habitat fragmentation: Sometimes the habitat is
divided into smalf and scattered patches. This phenomenon
is known as habitat fragmentation. Due to this many wild
animals and songbirds are vanishing,
4, Raw material: For the production of hybrid seeds,
the wild plants are used as raw materials. As a result, many
plant species become extinct.
Japonica
5. Production of drugs Many pharmaceutical
Companies collect wild plant Tor the production of drugs.
Therefore several medicinal plant species are on the verge
disturbance in an natural ecosystem tend 10
Population and indutralisation, spoils.
uonment_and_leads_to_more_diversity_in_biologis!) ro Scnces and Susi
eo
sdustries
i) ge: sien of radon Lr
1 prooes
snatral
1) Other industries j
oo inusis produce, packing Material, rubbish
oe ids alkali, sera metals, TuDber, plastic
exganc waste
i ‘wood, ois, paint, dyes, eC»
262 Etfect of Solid Wastes (or) Effect of
Improper Solid Waste Management
Due 10 improper disposal of municipal solid wastes
cn the road side and their immediate. surroundings,
biodegradable materials undergo decomposition. This
produces foul smell and breeds various types of
insects, which spoil the land value,
Industial solid wastes are the sources of toxic metal |
and hazardous wastes, which affect the soil |
haractrstis and productivity of soils when they are
dumped on the soi, 4
dc substances may e
Percolate into the ground and
inate the ground water.
of
a of the industrial wastes (of)
: (ike cans, pesticides, plas,
‘Miterials,
3s of Solid Waste Management
:s of preventing solid waste
gen jon in urban areas (or) Waste Shed
Management
‘solid waste management includes, the
jon, mode of collection, transportation, sepregation |
‘and disposal techniques.
(@)Lanc (©) Incineration
Steps Involved in Solid Waste Management (or)
Shed Management nar
‘Two important steps of solid waste (waste shed)
management is
Reduce, reuse and recycle, before destruction and)
Safe storage of wastes. 7
| which are discarded a,
ade from the discarded cycle
aste generation during
Recycling of materials
Recycling isthe
rials into new useful p
Jing of the discarded
products.
bottles are melied
(Old aluminium cans and glass
(0) cst in new cans and bots.
Preparation of cellulose insulation from paper.
{e) Preparation of fuel pellets from kitchen wast
(a) Preporaion of automobiles and construction
materials from steel cans.
The above process saves money, energy,
ee Eee ee
1 Landfill
Solid wastes are placed in sani system |
lend
jn altemate layers of 80 cm thick oa aed with
selected earth fill of 20 cm thickness. After two (r) tree
years, solid waste volume shrinks by 25-30% and the land
js used for parks, roads and small buildings.
‘The most common and cheapest method of waste
disposal is dumping in sanitary landfills which is
invariably employed in Indian cities, Land-fll structure ig
built cither into the ground (of) on the ground into which
the waste is dumped. The method involves spreading the
solid waste on the ground, compacting it and then covering
it with soil at suitable intervals.
Advantages
It is simple and economical.
Segregation not required.
Landfilled areas can be reclaimed and used for other
purposes.
Converts low-lying, marshy waste-land into useful
areas.
Natural resources are retumed to soil and recycled.
A large area is required.
Since land is available away from town,
twansportation cost is heavy.
Bad odours, if landfills are not properly managed.
The land filled areas will be the sources of
‘mosquitoes and flies and hence insecticides and
Pesticides are to be applied at regular intervals. imental Paton
oe | or Sones and Susie
2 son (or) Thermal PFOCESS oeated within city limits
2 nein oy esi solid waste. I,
ws 2 BH
fest from hygienic point of view
arrore hazardous materi Safest
ce stable i te waste OMT process and. is very £m incinerator plant of 300 tonnes
4, Cost of transportation is not high as ining
er day capa
mr organic cootent- ICIS 3 ystible pathogens. I ‘can generate 3MW of power ~y
ordain of