PROBABILITY
Name: ___________________________________ 10 - _________________________
Content Standard: The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of combinatorics and
probability.
Performance Standard: The learner is able to conduct systematically a mini – research applying the
different statistical methods.
Learning Competency: The learner solves problems involving probability.
Definition of Terms
• Experiment – is a process that gives specific, definite, and observable results
• Outcomes - result of an experiment
• Sample Space (S) – is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment
• Event (E) – is a subset of the sample space
• Probability – is a branch of Mathematics that enables us to predict the occurrence of an
event as a result of an experiment.
Some Basic Experiments
• Tossing a Coin
• Tossing two Coins
• Rolling a Die
• Rolling 2 dice
• Picking card(s) from a deck of cards
Examples…
1. An experiment of rolling a die. List the elements of each of the following:
a. The sample space Answer: ___________________
b. The event that an odd number appears Answer: ___________________
c. The event that a number equal or greater than 3 Answer: ___________________
2. An experiment of tossing 2 coins. Find the elements of each of the following.
a. The sample space Answer: ___________________
b. The event that 2 heads appear Answer: ___________________
c. The event that at least 1 tail appears Answer: ___________________
THEORETICAL PROBABILITY
Suppose that all the outcomes of a sample space S of an experiment are equally likely to
occur, that is, each outcome has the same probability.
The theoretical probability that an event E will occur is given the ratio
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 ( 𝑛 )
P(E)= ,
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 ( 𝑁)
where n is the number of outcomes in E and N is the number of outcomes in S.
PROPERTIES OF PROBABILITY
The probability of an event must lie between 0 to 1, inclusive. That is, 0 ≤ 𝑃 ( 𝐸 ) ≤ 1, for any event E.
* If P ( E ) = 0, the event E can never happen. That is E = ∅ or a null/empty set.
* If P (E ) = 1, the event E is sure to happen. That is E = S.
Probability is usually given as a fraction. But it can also be in decimal or percent form.
Examples…
1. In rolling a die fairly, what is the probability of getting:
What is the sample space? Answer: ______________________________________
a. An odd number Answer: _____________
b. A number less than 6 Answer: _____________
c. A number greater than 6 Answer: _____________
2. Rolling fairly 2 dice.
What is the sample space? List it here…
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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Find the probability of getting of the following:
a . The sum of the two numbers is 5 Answer: ___________
b. Both numbers are alike Answer: ___________
c. Both numbers are even Answer: ___________
d. An event that the sum of the two numbers is equal or greater than 10
Answer: _____________
e. An event that the sum is greater than 12. Answer:__________
3. An urn contains 12 balls of which 5 are red, 4 are white, and 3 are blue. If a ball is drawn at
random, what is the probability that it is
a. A red ball? Answer: ___________
b. A white or a blue ball? Answer:___________
c. Not a blue ball? Answer:___________
A deck of standard playing cards has 52 cards; 4 suits ( heart, club, spade, and diamond).
Each suit has 9 numbers ( 2 to 10), an ace, a king, a queen, and a jack. Hearts and diamonds are red
cards while clubs and spades are black cards.
A card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of getting:
a. A spade Answer: ____________
b. A king of hearts Answer: ____________
c. A number 6 Answer: ____________
d. A club or a spade Answer: ____________
e. An ace or a jack Answer: ____________
f. A black card Answer: ____________
g. A card whose number is equal or greater than 5 Answer: ____________
h. A red or black card Answer: ____________
i. A card whose number is less than 6 Answer: ____________
j. A jack and a king Answer: ____________
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