Name: Id:

Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani

ME F212: Fluid Mechanics

Comprehensive exam.: Open Book 90 Marks 09:00 AM-12:00 PM, 18/12/2023

Partial marking will be considered only when all the sub-steps are clearly written

1. A vertical gate AB is 2 meter high and 2 meter deep (in-paper depth) and is hinged at point A. The
gas pressure above water is 20 kPa and atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa above the oil. The density of
water is 1000 kg/m3 and that of oil is 750 kg/m3 . What horizontal force (magnitude and direction) is
required at point B for the equilibrium of the gate? (12 marks)

Air

A
4m

Water

2m
Oil
B

2. Water is initially at a height of 4 meter in a tank as shown in the gure below. The tank stands on a
frictionless cart which is tied to the wall with the help of a rope. The valve at the side is opened so
that tank feeds a jet of diameter 5 cm which is deected by 50 degree by a vane as shown in the gure.
Assuming frictionless ow, compute the tension in the rope at the start of the process. (11 marks)
air

Water
4m

D = 5 cm
Wall

3. A long, solid, horizontal circular cylinder of outer radius R1 is placed concentrically inside a circular
pipe of inner radius R2 . The annular region between these two is lled with a viscous uid of viscosity
µ and density ρ. A pressure gradient per unit length of ∆P L
is applied across the pipe ends to move
the uid. Considering steady, incompressible, axisymmetric, fully developed, laminar ow, calculate
the maximum velocity inside the pipe and its radial location from the axis in terms of R1 and R2 . (12
marks)
4. A 1/40 model of a ship with 1000 m2 wetted area is towed in water at 2.5 m/s. The model experiences
a uid resistance of 25 N. Using concepts from modeling and similitude, calculate the following: (a)
The corresponding speed of actual ship, (b) The wave drag on the ship, (c) the viscous drag on the ship
 if the viscous drag coecient for the model is 0.005 and for the actual ship is 0.02, (d) the total drag
force on the ship, (e) the power required to propel the ship. (12 marks)
5. The equation governing the motion of a gas  bubble of diameter D inside a liquid is the Navier-Stokes
equation in vector form: ρ ∂t + U⃗
∂U ⃗ · ∇U⃗ = −∇P + µ∇2 U ⃗ + ρ⃗g + σκn̂δs . In this equation, ρ is
density, µ is viscosity, σ is the surface tension coecient, κ is the curvature, δs is the surface delta
function which implies that the surface tension force acts only at the interface between the gas and
liquid. Assuming appropriate reference scales for the dierent quantities, non-dimensionalize the above
equation. For your information, the surface tension waves move over the interface at a speed of ρD .
q
σ

To non-dimensionalize pressure, use surface tension forces based pressure scale. (11 marks)
6. A 2D Rankine oval is formed by superimposing a source and a sink which are placed symmetrically
about the origin and are 2 meter apart on the real axis. Both of these have strength equal to 10 m2 /s.
A uniform ow parallel to real axis with a strength of 5 m/s is also there. Pressure far from the oval is
Patm = 101 kPa. Answer the following questions: (2 marks each)

(a) What are the coordinates of the stagnation point?

(b) What is the equation for the boundary of the oval?
(c) What is the width of the oval?
(d) What is the pressure at the leading stagnation point?
(e) What is the pressure at the half width location on the imaginary axis?
7. A galavanized steel pipe is required to carry water at 20◦ C with a velocity of 3.1 m/s. If the pressure
drop over its 210 m horizontal length is not to exceed 15.5kPa, determine the required diameter of the
pipe using the Moody's chart. (11 marks)
8. High speed air ow at 30◦ C with velocity equal to 60 m/s is desired throughout a wind tunnel of square
cross-section with dimensions 1.4 m by 1.4 m as shown in the gure below. The inlet velocity is also 60
m/s. What should be the width W of the exit section which is at a distance of 6 meter from the inlet?
(11 marks)

w
w
1.4 m

6m
1.4
m
 0.1
0.09 Critical
Laminar zone Transition
0.08 flow zone Completely turbulent regime

0.07 64 0.05
f = ––
Re 0.04
0.06
0.03

0.05 0.02
0.015
0.04
0.01
Re 0.008
crit
Rcr
0.006
0.03
f 0.004

0.025
0.002
e
D
–– Relative roughness

0.02 0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.015 e (ft) e (mm)
Riveted steel ϳ 0.01 3 0.0002
Concrete ϳ 0.001-0.01 0.3-3
Wood ϳ 0.001 0.3 0.0001
Cast iron 0.00085 0.26
Galvanized iron 0.0005 0.15 Smooth pipes 0.000,05
0.01 Wrought iron 0.00015 0.046 0.000,001
Drawn tubing 0.000005 0.0015 0.000,005
0.009

0.008 0.000,01
7 9 2 3 4 5 67 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 2 3 4 5 67 9 2 3 4 5 67 9 2 3 4 5 67 9
103 104 105 106 107 108
Reynolds number Re

Some relevant equations and formulas are as follows:

 ∂
R R R R R
ˆ ∂tv
ρ U
⃗ dV + ρU
s
⃗U
⃗ · n̂dS = − pn̂dS + τ · n̂dS + ρ⃗g dV + F⃗ext
s s v

∂
R R R R R
ˆ ∂t v
ρ(⃗r × U
⃗ )dV + ρ(⃗r × U
s
⃗ )U
⃗ · n̂dS = − ⃗r × pn̂dS + ⃗r × (τ · n̂)dS + ρ(⃗r × ⃗g )dV + Mext
s s v

1 ∂(rvr ) 1 ∂vθ ∂vz

ˆ r ∂r
+ r ∂θ
+ ∂z
=0
     
∂vr r vθ ∂vr vθ2 r ∂ 1 ∂(rvr ) 1 ∂ 2 vr 2 ∂vθ ∂ 2 vr
ˆ ρ ∂t
+ vr ∂v
∂r
+ r ∂θ
− r
+ vz ∂v
∂z
= − ∂p
∂r
+µ ∂r r ∂r
+ r2 ∂θ2
− r2 ∂θ
+ ∂z 2
+ ρgr
   
∂vθ θ vθ ∂vθ vr vθ θ ∂ 1 ∂(rvθ ) 1 ∂ 2 vθ 2 ∂vr ∂ 2 vθ


ˆ ρ ∂t
+ vr ∂v
∂r
+ r ∂θ
+ r
+ vz ∂v
∂z
= − 1r ∂p
∂θ
+µ ∂r r ∂r
+ r2 ∂θ2
+ r2 ∂θ
+ ∂z 2
+ ρgθ
 
∂vz z vθ ∂vz z ∂p 1 ∂ z 1 ∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vz



ˆ ρ ∂t
+ vr ∂v
∂r
+ r ∂θ
+ vz ∂v
∂z
= − ∂z +µ r ∂r
r ∂v
∂r
+ r2 ∂θ2
+ ∂z 2
+ ρgz

∂vr r ∂ vθ 1 ∂vr 1 ∂vz ∂vθ BH 3

ˆ Drr = ∂r
ˆ Drθ = 2 ∂r r
+ 2r ∂θ
ˆ ωr = r ∂θ
− ∂z
ˆ I= 12

1 ∂vθ vr 1 ∂vz 1 ∂vθ ∂vr ∂vz πR4

ˆ Dθθ = r ∂θ
+ r
ˆ Dθz = + ˆ ωθ = ∂z
− ∂r ˆ I= 4
2r ∂θ 2 ∂z

∂vz 1 ∂vr 1 ∂vz 1 ∂(rvθ ) 1 ∂vr πab3

ˆ Dzz = ∂z
ˆ Dzr = 2 ∂z
+ 2 ∂r
ˆ ωz = r ∂r
− r ∂θ
ˆ I= 4