REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM
Presented By:
Group-5
 Introduction
Reproductive system ensures the continuation of species

Gonads are the primary reproductive organ which produce the gametes (egg and ovum)
,a pair of testes produces sperm in males and a pair of ovaries in females

Most of animals including humans are either definite male or definite

female

But in some organisms like earthworm and snails ,both sexes may be
present in same organism and this condition is known as
hermaphroditism
 Reproductive system
• Reproductive system includes:
• Primary sex organ
• Testes are primary sex organs and gonads in males
• Accessory sex organ
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate gland
• Urethra
• Penis

Testes Ovary
 External and Internal Genitalia
• Reproductive organs are generally classified into two groups, namely external
genitalia and internal genitalia

External genital organs Remaining sex organs

in male are scrotum, constitute the internal
penis and urethra. genitalia
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Male reproductive system consists of several
organs and structures that work together to
produce, store, and transport sperm.
 • Testes (Testicles): Produce sperm and testosterone.
Main Parts of the • Epididymis: Stores and transports sperm from the
testes to the vas deferens.
Male Reproductive • Vas Deferens: Muscular tube that transports sperm
from the epididymis to the prostate gland.
System
• Prostate Gland: Produces fluids that make up semen
and helps propel sperm during ejaculation.
Here are the main parts of the male • Urethra: Tube that carries semen and urine out of the
body.
reproductive system:
• Penis: External organ that delivers sperm during
ejaculation.
• Scrotum: Sac that contains and protects the testes.
• Seminiferous Tubules: Coiled tubes within the testes
where sperm production occurs.
• Sertoli Cells: Cells within the seminiferous tubules that
support and nourish developing sperm.
• Interstitium: Tissue that surrounds the seminiferous
tubules and contains blood vessels and Leydig cells.
 Accessory Glands
• Seminal Vesicles:
Produce fluids that make up semen.
• Bulbourethral Glands:
Produce fluids that lubricate the urethra.
• Urethral Glands:
Produce fluids that lubricate the urethra.
 Main function of male reproductive system is
production of sperm. This process is called
spermatogenesis.

Functions of
Male It is found (located in testes) or gonads and is composed of
seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous tubules are formed in testes
Reproductive are packed in scrotum. Normal temperature of testes is 35°C.

System:
Seminiferous tubules are further divided into two types:
Type B -> pushed toward lumen
Type A -> maintain germ cell line
to produce sperm.
Contd…
• Type B further divided into other
types.
• Primary spermatocytes further
meiosis I:
• First mitotic division:
• Parent cell (further divides daughter
cells).
• Secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
cells: It means division of cells in the form
of daughter cells. Then second mitotic
division into four cells and it is called
spermatids (haploid). When spermatids
are mature, then they are called sperms.
Structure of Sperm Cells

The acrosome (tip of the head)

Structure of sperm cells is active like lysosomes produced by "Golgi
and motile, rather spermatids are apparatus." Hydrolytic enzymes
non-motile; they can't move. The are found in the acrosome. They
process begins at the age of 14 are used to bore (penetrate) the
years. A normal person produces tip of the sperm into the wall of
400 million sperm every day. egg. Mitochondria is powers
house of the cell.
 • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):
GnRH, sometimes called the "master hormone," is
released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the
pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
FSH, released by the pituitary gland, plays a crucial
role in sperm production within the testes.

Hormones • Luteinizing hormone (LH):

LH, also released by the pituitary gland, stimulates
the testes to produce testosterone.
• Testosterone:
Testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, is
produced in the testes and is responsible for the
development of male secondary sexual
characteristics, muscle mass, and bone density, as
well as sperm production.
 • Estrogen: While primarily associated with females,
estrogen receptors are found in the male reproductive
tract and play a role in spermatogenesis.
• Progesterone: Progesterone, also primarily associated
with females, is present in males and can influence
sperm production and libido.
Other • Prolactin: Prolactin, produced by the pituitary gland, is
involved in male fertility and affects testosterone
Hormones production.
• Thyroid hormones: Thyroid hormones are essential for
normal human development and play a crucial role in
maintaining male fertility.
• Insulin: Insulin has a role in the reproductive system by
binding on insulin and IGF receptors, affecting the HPG
axis, testicular cells, spermatozoa, and sexual behavior
in males
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
The female reproductive system consists of
internal and external organs. It creates
hormones and is responsible for fertility,
menstruation and sexual activity.
Female Reproductive Organs

Primary Sex Organs

• Ovaries (produce eggs and secrete female sex

hormones: estrogen & progesterone).

Accessory Sex Organs:

• Genital Ducts: Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix,

vagina.
• External Genitalia: Labia majora, labia minora,
clitoris.
• Mammary glands (important but not classified as
sex organs).
 • Uterus (Womb)
• Hollow muscular organ located
between rectum & urinary
bladder.
• Three layers:
Functional
• Serous (Outer Layer): Covers
Anatomy of
Accessory Sex
uterus.
Organs • Myometrium (Middle Layer):
Thickest layer, made of smooth
muscle fibers.
• Endometrium (Inner Layer):
Mucous membrane, supports
pregnancy.
Contd…
Cervix: Lower
Changes in the
constricted part Vagina:
uterus
of the uterus.

Enlarges before
Upper Part Short tubular
menstruation
Uterus organ.
and pregnancy.

Shrinks after Lined with

Lower Part
childbirth and stratified
Vagina
with age. epithelial cells.
 First Period (Birth to Puberty)
• Organs remain inactive until puberty (12-15 years).

Second Period (Puberty to Menopause):

Sexual Life • Begins with menarche (first menstruation).
in Females • Menopause (cessation of menstruation) occurs
around 45-50 years.

Third Period (Post-Menopause):

• Organs become inactive.
 • Structure
Ovaries • Outer cortex: The outer layer of the ovary, which contains
follicles that produce eggs.
• Inner medulla: The inner layer of the ovary, which contains blood
vessels and nerves.
• Follicles: Small fluid-filled sacs that contain eggs.
• Stroma: The connective tissue that supports the follicles and
blood vessels.
• Function
• Production of eggs (oocytes): The ovaries produce eggs,
which are released into the fallopian tube during ovulation.
• Production of hormones: The ovaries produce two main
hormones:
• Estrogen: Regulates the menstrual cycle and develops
female characteristics.
• Progesterone: Prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
Contd…
Hormones
• Estrogen: Regulates the menstrual cycle and develops female characteristics.
• Progesterone: Prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries.
• Luteinizing hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and the release of an egg from the ovary.

Disorders
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that affects ovulation and can cause
infertility.
• Ovarian cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that can form on the ovaries and cause pain and discomfort.
• Ovarian cancer: A type of cancer that affects the ovaries and can be life-threatening if not treated
promptly.
• Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus
and can cause pain and infertility.
• Premature ovarian failure (POF): A condition in which the ovaries stop functioning and hormone
levels decrease.
MENSTRUAL DEFINITION
CYCLE • Menstrual cycle is defined as cyclic events that take place in
a rhythmic fashion during the reproductive period of a
woman’s life.
• Menstrual cycle starts at the age of 12 to 15 years, which
marks the onset of puberty.
• The commencement of menstrual cycle is called menarche.
• Menstrual cycle ceases at the age of 45 to 50 years.
• Permanent cessation of menstrual cycle in old age is called
menopause.

DURATION OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

• Duration of menstrual cycle is usually 28 days. But, under
physiological conditions, it may vary between 20 and 40
days.
Phase-1 of the Menstrual Cycle

• Menstruation (or Menstrual

Phase):
• This is the shedding of the
uterine lining
(endometrium), resulting in
menstrual bleeding or a
period, marking the
beginning of the cycle.
Phase-2 of the Menstrual Cycle

• Follicular Phase:
• This phase begins with the first
day of menstruation and ends
with ovulation.
• The follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) stimulates the
development of ovarian
follicles, which contain eggs,
and estrogen levels rise,
causing the uterine lining to
thicken.
Phase-3 of the Menstrual Cycle

Ovulation:
• This phase is characterized
by the release of a mature
egg from an ovary, usually
around day 14 of a 28-day
cycle, because of a surge in
luteinizing hormone (LH)
and follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH).
Phase-4 of the Menstrual Cycle

• Luteal Phase:
• This phase follows ovulation and
lasts until the beginning of the next
menstrual cycle.
• After ovulation, the follicle
transforms into the corpus luteum,
which produces progesterone to
prepare the uterine lining for
implantation of a fertilized egg, but
if no pregnancy occurs, the corpus
luteum declines, leading to a drop in
estrogen and progesterone,
resulting in menstruation.
Hormonal Influences

Estrogen: Progesterone:
LH and FSH:
Estrogen plays a crucial role Progesterone, primarily
These hormones, released
in the follicular phase, produced by the corpus
by the pituitary gland, play a
stimulating the growth of luteum, prepares the uterine
vital role in stimulating the
the uterine lining and the lining for implantation and
ovaries and triggering
development of ovarian maintains the pregnancy if it
ovulation.
follicles. occurs.
 Important Notes

The menstrual cycle is a Menstrual bleeding Normal menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle
highly individual process, length can vary and is begins at puberty
usually lasts 3 to 7 days
and cycle lengths can vary considered normal if it (menarche) and ceases
from person to person, but can vary in duration falls within the range of 21 permanently at
ranging from 21 to 35 days. and flow. to 35 days. menopause.

If you have concerns

During pregnancy, Irregular cycles can be
about your menstrual
menstruation ceases, and caused by hormonal
cycle, it's recommended
the menstrual cycle is imbalances, stress, or
to consult a healthcare
suspended. other factors.
professional.
Ovulation-Introduction
• Ovulation is the process where the Graafian
follicle in the ovary ruptures, releasing an ovum
into the abdominal cavity.
• Occurs around the 14th day of a 28-day
menstrual cycle.
• The ovum enters the fallopian tube through
fimbriae.
• Usually, one ovum is released per cycle.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH) plays a crucial role in
ovulation.
Stages of Ovulation:
• Graafian follicle moves towards the ovary periphery.

• New blood vessels form due to LH and progesterone.

• Blood vessels protrude into the follicle wall, increasing

blood flow.
• Prostaglandin is released from granulosa cells, causing
plasma leakage.
• The follicle swells and protrudes against the ovarian
surface (stigma formation).
• Proteolytic enzymes weaken the follicular capsule,
causing rupture.
• The ovum is released with follicular fluid and granulosa
cells into the abdominal cavity.
 • LH surge triggers ovulation.
• Progesterone plays a role in follicle rupture.
• FSH, estrogen, and progesterone levels fluctuate
during and after ovulation.
Hormonal
Regulation
of
Ovulation
 Methods to determine ovulation:
• Basal body temperature: Slight increase of 0.3°C to
0.5°C due to progesterone.
• Hormonal excretion in urine: Increase in estrogen and
progesterone metabolites.
• Hormonal levels in plasma: LH surge and estrogen
Determination peak.
• Ultrasound scanning: Visual confirmation of ovulation.
of Ovulation • Cervical mucus pattern: Forms a fern pattern,
Time disappearing after ovulation.

Importance of Determining Ovulation

• Family planning using the rhythm method.

• Understanding fertility cycles for conception and
contraception.
 Climacteric
• Climacteric is the period in old age when the reproductive system
undergoes significant changes due to the decreased secretion of
sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
• This phase generally occurs between the ages of 45 to 55 in
women.
Climacteric Menopause
and • Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation,
marking the end of a woman’s reproductive years.
Menopause • During menopause, the ovaries gradually stop functioning, and
menstruation ceases permanently, signaling the end of fertility.
• It is a natural biological process, but it can cause various
physiological and psychological symptoms.
• Menopause is typically confirmed when a woman has gone 12
consecutive months without a period, without any other
underlying medical condition.
Cause for Menopause

Atrophy of Ovaries: The ovaries lose their function due to aging,

leading to cessation of menstrual cycles.

Hormonal Changes: Reduced production of estrogen and

progesterone.

Early Menopause: Can occur due to surgical removal of ovaries

(oophorectomy) or uterus (hysterectomy).Lifestyle Factors: Smoking and other
health conditions can cause earlier menopause.
Changes during Menopause – Postmenopausal Syndrome

Postmenopausal Syndrome refers Symptoms are both These symptoms often appear
to symptoms that occur after physiological and once menstruation ceases,
menopause, caused by changes in psychological. and hormone levels drop.
hormonal levels.
 Hot Flashes: Extreme flushing of the skin, followed by sweating and chills.

Fatigue

Nervousness

Symptoms of Emotional Outbursts: Crying and anger.

Postmenopausal
Syndrome Depression and Insomnia

Palpitations: Irregular heartbeats.

Headaches

Urinary Symptoms: Increased frequency of urination.

Treatment – Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

• Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is often used to manage

menopause symptoms by restoring estrogen and progesterone
levels.
• Types of HRT: Can include oral medications, patches, or creams.
• Alternatives: When HRT is not effective, psychotherapy may be
used.