Atomic Structure Introduction Chemistry is the scientific study of substances. It tells us what substances look like, what they are made up of and how they behave when they are placed with other substances. It also tells us how different chemical substances join together to form new substances. For example, when wood is burned in a fire, the wood turns to ash. At the same time, heat and light are given off. Some gases are also given off. The burning of wood is a chemical reaction. It took the chemists @ long time to understand that burning is the joining together of the chemicals {that make up the wood) with the gas oxygen present in the air. Inorder to understand the nature of different chemicals and chemical reactions, it is important to know about the fundamental building blocks of all chemicals - the atom. Understanding the Atom The word atom was first used in the fifth century BC by the Greek philosopher Democritus. He adopted the word atomas from the Greek word meaning indivisible. At the start of the 19th century, John Dalton, an English chemist and physicist, revived the word atom and provided a scientific basis for understanding it. Dalton put forth a theory in which he stated that an atom was a very tiny particle that could not be divided, i.e., atom was indivisible. Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1807) 1 eo - All matter is made up of atoms. 2. Atom is the smallest particle of any matter an giom of oxygen Anatom of hydrogen and it cannot be further divided, created or destroyed. Oo Oo . Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. This means that llaiomsofoxygenare All aioms of tyog atoms ‘@ all alike but they identicaltooneanother are identical to one Fes ener oth but differ from those another but differ from di ents. fer from atoms of other elem . of hydrogen of of any those of oxygen or of Atoms of different elements can combine to other element. any other element. form chemical compounds. - In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, oO +@0_-- Separated, or rearranged. wae 21897, JJ Thomson put forth the idea that an Onsen Hstoen ‘om could be split up. Accordin« ‘Atom ofelement oxygencombine withatoms of ip. According ean the atom was a positively element hydrogen to form the compound, water. med solid ball with negatively clgi2°4 Particles (now called “trons), scattered inside it. ‘Negative electrons John Dalton’s theory about the atom Positive matrixStructure of the Atom During the early part of the twentieth century, the experiments performed by scientists like Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist and iels Bohr, a Danish physicist, explained that the atom was mostly empty space with a minute central nucleus. The atom can be visualised as the Solar System with the nucleus (Sun) in the centre and negatively charged electrons (planets) revolving around it. The distribution of electrons in the various orbits is called the electronic configuration. ‘The nucleus contains two kinds of particles: Protons, which are positively charged. + Neutrons, which carry no charge. An atom is electrically neutral. In an atom the protons and electrons are equal in number. This means that the positive and negative charges are equal and opposite. Hence the net charge on an atom is zero. Orbits tecrons Rutherford’s Model of the Atom ‘An Atom is electrically neutral In an atom: ‘Number of protons = Number of electrons Total positive charge = Total negative charge Size of the Atom The atomis extremely tiny. tmay not mae | sense to say that its width ranges from 0.119 015 nanometers, but if you are told that ot | nanometer is about 100,000 times small than the width of a human hair, you may get ‘an idea of how tiny an atom is ‘This means that if ten million atoms a placed side by side they would form a line ‘measuring only about one ‘The nucleus is about tens of thousands of times smaller than the atom| jaricles - the proton, neutron and electron - then "| inese particles would not show the properties of Fin. This means that an atom cannot be split up ino simpler, similar particles. The particles obtained There is no attraction between the magnet and the subatomic particles of iron Jon is an element. It has the property of being attracted towards a magnet. Now if this iron is ‘broken into smaller pieces, the smallest particle ‘that can be attracted towards the magnet, is the atom of iron. ‘Nomic number and Mass number of an Atom 1. Atomic number: Atomic number is the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom. Example: The carbon atom has six protons. Therefore its atomic number is six. 2. Mass number: Mass number is the number of Protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Example: The carbon atom has six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus. Hence, its mass Number is twelve. ‘Symbol for representing an Atom etthe letter “Y’ represent an atom. Zis the atomic number and written as @ Subscript of Y. Ais the mass number and written as @ eu os, ~ i ‘An atom is the smallest particle of which all elements are made. All matier is made up of atoms. Atoms combine to form larger structures, ‘Atom of iron is aracted ‘Symbol for iron in Fe ton magnet ‘The number of protons (P) in carbon atom is 6 ‘Therefore atomic number of carbon is 6. ‘The number of protons (P) and neutrons (N) in carbon atom is 12. Therefore the mass umber of carbon is 12 Given the symbol of sodium atom: 1. Number of protons (P) = I 2. Number of electrons (E) 3. Number of neutrons (N) = 12 (N= Mass number ~ Atomic number)Electronic Configuration rons arrange or distribute The manner in which elect i its of an atom is called | themselves in the various or the electronic configuration. The formula 2n? determines the maximum number of electrons that can be made to fit in a particular orbit. In the formula 2n?, n denotes the orbit number. fi) ifn = 1, then 2n?= 2(1)? = Maximum number of electrons that can fill up the first orbit is 2. Hydrogen: ,H* Electronic configuration: 1 Electronic configuration: 2 (i) ifn = 2, then 2n? = 2(2 ant = 2x4 ant = 8 Maximum number of electrons that can fill up Fluorine: ,F' Eleetronicconfiguration:2,7 Electronic configuration: 2,8 (ii) If = 3, then 2n? = 2(3)? ant =o 2¥9 ant = 18 Maximum number of electrons that can fill up the third orbit is 18. Argon: Ar 8,7. Electronic configuration: 28, Chlorine: ,,cP* Electronic configuratio e) ‘The orbits ae also assigned letters where: orbit 1=K, orbit 2=L, orbit 3=M, orbit4 = N ... Shell number Maximum no. of Electro lork ar = 21F 2ork an = 20% 3orM 2n = 20) 4orN ant = 247 How to draw diagram of Atom The atomic number and mass numb an element enables us to draw the at structure of the element. (i) From the atomic number and a number, find the number of pro electrons and neutrons. (ii) Protons and neutrons are placed nucleus. The innermost circle rep thenucleus. Inside that, write the of protons and neutrons. (iii) Electrons are represented as ol number on the circles, as per Bohr“ scheme.Atomic Diagrams of Elements from Atomic Number 1 to 20 © (Carbon atom: A= 12:26 trogen stom: A=14;.=7 Berytem stom: 4 ‘Neon atom: A=20;2=10 Siicon atom: A=28:2=14 Argon atom: A=40;2.=18a Write the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the follow! electronic configuration of each. The first one is done for you. a sHe* Protons _2_ Electronic configuration oNe® Protons Electronic configuration Be? Protons __ Electronic configuration Protons __ Electronic configuration Protons __ Electronic configuration Protons Electronic configuration s:AP? Protons Electronic configuration «C?— Protons _ Electronic configuration 1sMg™ Protons __ Electronic configuration uP? Protons —__ Electronic configuration CP? Protons —_ Electronic configuration st? Protons __ Electronic configuration Protons __ Electronic configuration iN Protons __ Electronic configuration wAr!® Protons —__ Electronic configuration Electrons 2. Electrons — Electrons __ Electrons _ Electrons __ Electrons _ Electrons _ Electrons _ Electrons __ Electrons _ Electrons _ ing atoms. Also write Neutrons 2. (4-2 = Neutrons __ Neutrons __ Neutrons __ Neutrons __ Neutrons __ Neutrons __ Neutrons —_ Neutrons _ NeutronsValence Electron The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom is called the valence electron. The table below shows the valence electrons in the atoms of elements having atomic number from 11 to 18. Element Electronic configuration Valence electron Valency 2,81 2,8,2 2,83 2.84 2.85 2,86 2,87 288 LE: From the table itis seen that elements that have up tothvee valence electrons show metallic properties, while those having four or more than four valence slectrons, are non-metals. Molecule of Element Atoms of most elements are not stable. This means that a single atom cannot exist freely by itself. It must join or combine with another atom or atoms of its own kind, or with the atom(s) of another element in order to exist as @ solid, liquid or gas. When atoms of the same element combine, they form molecules of the same element. 1. Let ‘H’ denote one atom of hydrogen. In order to exist freely, two atoms of hydrogen must combine. Ho o+ H > 4H, atom atom molecule 2. If "0" denotes one atom of oxygen then two atoms of oxygen must combine to exist freely. ors: 0; atom atom molecule 3. If ‘Cl" denotes one atom of chlorine, then two atoms of chlorine must combine to exist freely. Choy tpg! mane Ch atom atom molecule Nature Metallic: Lose electrons with ease to form electro-positive radicals (except Helium and Hydrogen) ‘Metalloid Non-metallic: Gain electrons with ease to form electro-negative radicals. Inert: Does not lose or gain electrons. Noble Gases Atoms of elements that have two electrons in their first and outermost shell, or atoms with eight electrons in their outermost shells do not combine with other atoms to form ‘compounds. Such elements are monoatomic and exist as gases. These are called noble ‘Bases or rare gases. Stable atoms Z — Configuration Helium (He) 2 2 Neon [Ne] 10 2,8 Argon [Ar] 18 2,8, 8 Krypton [Kr] 36 2, 8 18, 8 Xenon [Xe] 54 2, 8 18,18, § Radon [Rn] 86 2, 8 18, 32,18, § © ‘Atom of Hydrogen | OO ‘Molecule of Hydrogen Molecule of Chlorine Atoms combine to form molecules‘Atoms and ons quals the between ye on the In an atom, the number of protons & | number of electrons. An imbalance protons and electrons results in a charg | atom. The charged atom is called an ion. If an atom loses one electron it means that: 1. The atom now has one proton more than the number of electrons, or, the atom now has one positive charge more than the number of negative charges. 2. Therefore the atom now carries an overall positive charge. The positively charged atom is called a cation. If an atom gains one electron it means that: 1. The atom now has one electron more than the number of protons, or, the atom now has one negative charge more than the number of positive charges. Therefore the atom now carries an overall negative charge. The negatively charged atom is called an anion. + ‘Sodium atom: Na Eleetronie configuration: 28,1 © Chlorine atom: CL cuerac ka: Electroniccontiguration:2,8,§ Electronic configuration: 2,8 Electronic configuration: 28,7 Cation and Anion Consider an atom with 11 protons (P) and y | Geurons(E) Hit fses 1 electron, then ity have 10 electrons [fan atom loses electrons it becomes positively charged and is called a eation. Consider an atom with 7 protons (P) and ‘electrons (E). fit gains 1 electron, it will have B electrons. Atom p=+7 net charge —Z0 Ifanatom gains electronsitbecomes negative charged and is called an anion. Points to Note Atoms areneutral, They do not carry’ charge. Ions are charged particles. Action has one shell or orbit less ta its parentatom. Hence a cation is sm than the parent atom. ‘An anion has the same number of sh as the parent atom, but more electt® than the parent atom The name of the anion is different name of its parent atom. Example: Chlorine Fluorine Oxygen Sulpbur Chloride Fluoride Oxide Sulphide[MOLECULE OF COMPOUND | \wnen atoms or molecules of different elements combine, the molecules formed are called com. pounds. A compound is a pure substance that is posed of two or more elements chemically bined in definite proportion by weight ample Hydrogen + Chlorine > Atoms of hydrogen molecule ofa compou Iron (itl) oxide Fe.0. Silver sulphide Ag,S tion of compounds about the formula chloride HCI e NaCl and Jd sulphur Ag,S inste: Valency ‘The answer to the above questions is explained on the basis of the combining capacity of elements, or the valency of elements. Valency is the number of electrons lost, gained or shared by an atom during the course of a chemical reaction s the Let us understand how valency determines formula of a compound. ‘chlorine combineto forma called hydrogen chloride.‘Atoms of noble gases are stable. The reason for 7 ofelecuonsinthe outermost their stability is the fact that they have 8 electrons | Temi ane ec vcetron in their outermost shell, or 2 electrons in the first | °° “aeceranlin = and outermost shell. Noble gases are said to have a stable electronic configuration. Atoms that do not have a stable configuration try Ne (neon) oe to become stable by losing or gaining electrons so | Na (sodium) : 2,8, 1 Ci=g that they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell | sodium loses I electron to chlorine 50 it has th and they resemble the noble gas closest to them. | 2. Wire the electronic configuration of element is P,Q, metal, non-metal, metalloid or a noble gas. fat ce uP ti) 0 tiger State whether the element Is # (iv)‘nat does the word atom mean? 1 grate Dalton’s atomic theory. How did Nils Bohr visualise the atom? 4, lame the particle or particles you would expect to find in: a The orbit of an atom. (i) The nucleus of an atom. 5, anatom has 13 protons and 14 neutrons. a @ (i What is the atomic number of the atom? How many electrons would be present in this stom? What is the atomic mass of the atom? . Explain the statement ‘An atom is electrically neutral’. , A certain particle 'X’ has 17 protons, 18 electrons and 20 neutrons. o a i) w w What is such a particle called? What is the mass number of X? What is the atomic number of X? Does the particle have an excess of electrons or a deficiency of electrons? ‘What is the charge on the particle? Fillin the blanks by selecting the correct term: (vin (ix) oy) When a chlorine atom gains an electron, itis called a {cation/anion).. A______ proton/electron) is a positively charged particle present in an atom. (valency/valence electron) is the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. ‘The number of neutrons in an atom can be calculated by taking the difference between the (mass/atomic) number and the ____ (mass/atomic) number. In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of their increasing {atomic number/atomic weight). The vertical columns of the periodic table are called __________(groups/periods). mn an atom, the number of (protons/electrons/neutrons) and the number of (protons/electrons/neutrons) is always equal. (Helium/hydrogen) is a noble gas. Phosphorus is a (diatomic/polyatomic) element. Group number of is related to (valence electron/shell number).Tick the correct answer: (i) Which of the following is an atom? anh 0, b. Mg? (ii) Which of the following is a cation? an ck b. Ca (iii) Which of the following is an anion? a Be bp (iv) Which of the following is NOT an element? bP, w ing has excess electrons? b. Brt er (vi) Which of the following is deficient in electrons? a Bt b. Br o Br ie (vii) Which of the following belong to Group 3 of the periodic table? a 6 2,8,1 b 2,3 c. 2,83 |. Only b ande (vill) Which of the following belong to Period 3 of the periodic table? a 28,1 b. 2,3 «28,3 d. Only aande (ie) Which statement is true for an atom with 3 valence electrons? a. Itis a metal b. It belongs to Period 3 ©. It belongs to Group 3 4. Botha and e (3) Which statement is true for an element with atomic number 7? 2. itis a non-metal b. It belongs to Period 7 c. It belongs to Group 7 dicen (xi) Which statement is true for an element with atomic number 8? a. [tis a noble gas b. tis a non-metal c. It belongs to Group 8 d. tise metal (xii) An atom having atomic number 12 will 2 electrons to form a a. Lose, anion b. Lose, cation ¢. Gain, anion dh (ii) An atom having atomic number 10 will electrons, a. Lose electrons Gain electrons None of shes Gain, cation c. Neither lose nor gain