Basic keyboarding

techniques
A Virtual Demonstration
OBJECTIVES

Familiarize the formats and styles of

keyboarding
Demonstrate proper typing positions
Use developmentally appropriate
keyboard techniques

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 2

IS THE KEYBOARD Mightier than
PEN AND SWORD?

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 3

 HISTORY OF KEYBOARDS
It started with a wooden pasta box, meat skewers,
and rubber bands. It ended as a prototype for the
first commercially successful keyboard adding
machine, the Comptometer.
Patented in 1887 by 24-year-old Dorr E. Felt, the
Comptometer’s prime asset was ease of use.
Pressing its keys drove the mechanism, which
revealed the sum after all were pressed.

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 4

 HISTORY OF KEYBOARDS

CHRISTOPHER LATHAM
SHOLES
Inventor of QWERTY keyboard
Patented the typewriter that we commonly use
today in 1868

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 5

 SOME KEYBOARD
styles

Maltron left-handed keyboard for stress injuries

SafeType™ ergonomic keyboard to prevent stress injuries

DX1 Keyboard with user-relocatable keys to arrange keys

according to user’s likings

BAT chording keyboard expects the user to memorize

combinations of keys and press them simultaneously

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 6

 PARTS OF A KEYBOARD

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 7

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 8
 THE CORRECT KEYING POSTURE

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 9

 THE CORRECT KEYING POSTURE

Place your keyboard

and mouse at the
Sit up straight: Your Keep your feet flat
correct height: Your
back should be on the floor: This will
keyboard should be
straight, and your help to keep your
at elbow height, and
shoulders should be body in the correct
your mouse should
relaxed. alignment.
be at the same level
as your keyboard.

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 10

 THE CORRECT KEYING POSTURE

Use a supportive
Keep your wrists Take breaks: Take
Keep your arms chair: Your chair
straight: Avoid regular breaks to
close to your body: should provide
bending your wrists stretch and move
This will help to good support for
up or down. Your around. This will
reduce strain on your back and have
wrists should be in help to prevent
your shoulders. adjustable height
a neutral position. fatigue and injury.
and tilt options.

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 11

 Typing techniques

TOUCH TYPING HUNT AND PECK HYBRID

Most common typing technique. It The opposite of touch typing. It A combination of touch typing
involves using all ten fingers and involves using only a few fingers and hunt-and-peck typing. It
placing them on the home row to search for each key on the involves using touch typing for
keys on the keyboard. The keyboard. This technique is much the most common letters and
fingers are then used to reach out slower and less accurate than hunt-and-peck typing for less
to the other keys as needed touch typing. common letters.
without looking at the keyboard.

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 12

 Typing techniques

BUFFERING THUMBING
A play pause way of typing. It is The most modern typing technique,
also a combination of Touch mainly used in small devices (cell
Typing and the Hunt & Peck phones, tab, etc.). After developing
method. Here the typist reads a the Smartphone and tab, this new
sentence from the content, method has evolved. In this
process, the person uses both their
memorize it, and then types
thumb to type. This typing technique
is useful only on small devices.

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 13

QUESTIONS?

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 14

 Pointers for midterms
Stages and Evolution of Computers
Types of a Computer
Components of a Computer
Elements and Parts of a Computer
Basic Keyboarding Techniques

2023 BASIC KEYBOARDING TECHNIQUES 15

 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
M. J. Cuenco Avenue,Cor. R. Palma Street, Cebu City, Philippines
Website: [Link] Phone: +6332 402 4060 loc. 1104

COLLEGE OF COMPUTER, INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

THE STAGES AND EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS: A Brief Timeline

The Mechanical Era (3000 BC - 1890)

3000 BC: The Chinese Abacus is the first computing-related machine humans used for
counting and calculating.
1642: Blaise Pascal's Pascaline is considered to be the first mechanical adding calculator.
The discovery of this machine sparked the Technophobia among mathematicians, fearing
the loss of their jobs due to technological advancements.
1700: Considered to be the first computer scientist, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created his
calculating machine using the four arithmetic operations and binary arithmetic operation.
1820: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives the Difference Engine, a steam-
driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers and
automized repeated calculation. He also created the Analytical Engine to execute non-
numeric orders through addition of conditional control, store memory and read
instructions from punch cards. Due to lack of funding, most of Babbage’s projects never
completed.
1822: The first programmer, Ada Lovelace who worked closely with Charles Babbage in
his Analytical Engine developed an algorithm for Bernoulli numbers and the fundamentals
of programming data analysis, looping and memory addressing.

The Electro-Mechanical Era (1890 - 1939)

1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census,
accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He
establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM.
1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing
machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the
modern computer was based on his ideas.
1936: German engineer, Konrad Zeus invented the first programmable computer based
on Boolean logic. He also released the first commercial computer, Z4.
1937: Howard Aiker in collaboration with IBM created Harvard Mark 1 Calculating
Machine that sped up rapidly the basic arithmetic operation down to minutes.

The First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1939 - 1953)

1939: Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in a garage in Palo
Alto, California, according to the Computer History Museum.
1941: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, and
his graduate student, Clifford Berry, designed the ABC computer that can solve 29
equations simultaneously. This marks the first time a computer is able to store
information on its main memory.
1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the
grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum
tubes.
1945: John von Neumann presented a new idea on conditional addressing or subroutines
and assisted on the design of Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)
with its ability to perform 1000 instructions per second.
1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the
transistor. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no
need for a vacuum.
The Second Generation: Transistors (1954-1962)
1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes
known as COBOL. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson Watson
Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations keep tabs on Korea during
the war.
1954: The Formula Translation (ForTran) programming language is developed by a team
of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, according to the University of Michigan.
1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer
chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his work.

The Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)

1964: Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and
a graphical user interface (GUI). This marks the evolution of the computer from a
specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to technology that is more
accessible to the general public.
1969: A group of developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating system that
addressed compatibility issues. Written in the C programming language, UNIX was
portable across multiple platforms and became the operating system of choice among
mainframes at large companies and government entities. Due to the slow nature of the
system, it never quite gained traction among home PC users.
1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory
(DRAM) chip.

The Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-Present)

1971: Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the "floppy disk," allowing
data to be shared among computers.
1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet for
connecting multiple computers and other hardware.
1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day and roll
out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board, according to Stanford
University.
1979: Word processing becomes a reality as MicroPro International releases WordStar.
"The defining change was to add margins and word wrap," said creator Rob Barnaby in
email to Mike Petrie in 2000. "Additional changes included getting rid of command mode
and adding a print function. I was the technical brains — I figured out how to do it, and
did it, and documented it. "
1981: The first IBM personal computer, code-named "Acorn," is introduced. It uses
Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and an
optional color monitor. It also popularizes the term PC.
1983: Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer with a GUI. It also features a drop-down
menu and icons. It flops but eventually evolves into the Macintosh. The Gavilan SC is the
first portable computer with the familiar flip form factor and the first to be marketed as
a "laptop."
1985: Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. This was the
company's response to Apple's GUI. Commodore unveils the Amiga 1000, which features
advanced audio and video capabilities.
1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in
Geneva, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide
Web.
1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford
University.

[Link]
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The Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. "Until now, there hasn't
been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new
algorithms into their system", said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum
physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.
2017: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new
"Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers. "Chemistry offers a
rich set of properties that we may be able to harness for rapid, scalable information
storage and processing," Anne Fischer, program manager in DARPA's Defense Sciences
Office, said in a statement. "Millions of molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique
three-dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as shape, size, or even color.
This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to
encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital
architectures.

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
M. J. Cuenco Avenue,Cor. R. Palma Street, Cebu City, Philippines
Website: [Link] Phone: +6332 402 4060 loc. 1104

COLLEGE OF COMPUTER, INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Module 1A

Input Unit
Data and instructions must enter the computer system before any computation
can be performed on the supplied data. The input unit that links the external environment
with the computer system performs this task. Data and instructions enter input units in
forms that depend upon the particular device used.
An input unit performs the following functions:
1. It accepts (or reads) the list of instructions and data from the outside world.
2. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable format.
3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for further
processing.
Output Unit
The job of an output unit is to supply information and results of computation to
the outside world. Thus, it links the computer with the external environment. As
computers work with binary code, the results produced are also in the binary form.
Hence, before supplying the results to the outside world, it must be converted to human
acceptable (readable) form. This task is accomplished by units called output interfaces.

The following functions are performed by an output unit:

1. It accepts the results produced by the computer which are in coded form and
hence cannot be easily understood by us.
2. It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable) form.
3. It supplies the converted results to the outside world.

Storage Unit
The data and instructions that are entered into the computer system through
input units have to be stored inside the computer before the actual processing starts.
Similarly, the results produced by the computer after processing must also be kept
somewhere inside the computer system before being passed on to the output units.
The storage unit functions as the following:
1. All the data to be processed and the instruction required for processing (received
from input devices).
2. Intermediate results of processing.
3. Final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

This is the main unit of the computer, which is responsible for all events inside the
computer. It controls all internal and external devices, performs “Arithmetic and Logical
operations”.
The operations a Microprocessor performs are called “instruction set” of this
processor. The instruction set is “hard wired” in the CPU and determines the machine
language for the CPU.
The control Unit and the Arithmetic and Logic unit of a computer system are jointly
known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is the brain of any computer system.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The place in the computer system where the actual execution of the instructions
take place during the processing operations. All calculations are performed and all
comparisons (decisions) are made in the ALU.
The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is the part where actual computations take
place. It consists of circuits that perform arithmetic operations (e.g. addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division over data received from memory and capable to compare
numbers (less than, equal to, or greater than).

Control Unit
This maintains order and directs the operation of the entire system by selecting,
interpreting, and seeing to the execution of the program instructions. Although, it does
not perform any actual processing on the data, the control unit acts as a central nervous
system for the other components of the computer.
It manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains instructions
from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals
that cause other units of the system to execute them.
The control unit directs and controls the activities of the internal and external
devices. It interprets the instructions fetched into the computer, determines what data,
if any, are needed, where it is stored, where to store the results of the operation, and
sends the control signals to the devices involved in the execution of the instructions.

[Link]
 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
M. J. Cuenco Avenue,Cor. R. Palma Street, Cebu City, Philippines
Website: [Link] Phone: +6332 402 4060 loc. 1104

COLLEGE OF COMPUTER, INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

THE TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Module 1B
Supercomputer
The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing are
the Supercomputers. These are specialized and task specific computers used by large
organizations. These computers are used for research and exploration purposes, like
NASA uses supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and for space
exploration purpose.
The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size. It can be
accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can span an entire
building.

Mainframe Computer
Although Mainframes are not as powerful as supercomputers, but certainly they
are quite expensive nonetheless, and many large firms & government organizations uses
Mainframes to run their business operations. The Mainframe computers can be
accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms because of its size and can also process &
store large amount of data. Banks educational institutions & insurance companies use
mainframe computers to store data about their customers, students & insurance policy
holders.

Minicomputer
Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms. Minicomputers are also
called as “Midrange Computers”. These are small machines and can be accommodated
on a disk with not as processing and data storage capabilities as super-computers &
Mainframes. These computers are not designed for a single user. Individual departments
of a large company or organizations use Mini-computers for specific purposes. For
example, a production department can use Mini-computers for monitoring certain
production process.

Microcomputer
Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets &
smartphones are all types of microcomputers. The micro-computers are widely used &
the fastest growing computers. These computers are the cheapest among the other three
types of computers. The Micro-computers are specially designed for general usage like
entertainment, education and work purposes. Well known manufacturers of Micro-
computer are Dell, Apple, Samsung, Sony & Toshiba.
Desktop computers, Gaming consoles, Sound & Navigation system of a car,
Netbooks, Notebooks, PDA’s, Tablet PC’s, Smartphones, Calculators are all type of
Microcomputers.

[Link]
 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
M. J. Cuenco Avenue,Cor. R. Palma Street, Cebu City, Philippines
Website: [Link] Phone: +6332 402 4060 loc. 1104

COLLEGE OF COMPUTER, INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

THE ELEMENTS AND PARTS OF A COMPUTER

Module 2

HARDWARE
These are all the physical aspects of a computer system that are tangible, where
you can see and touch them. These components are the electronic or mechanical
instruments that help the users interact with the software and display the result of the
tasks being performed.

Input Devices
• Mouse
A hand-held pointing device that enables its user to move a cursor smoothly and
intuitively across a two-dimensional plane.
o Mechanical – uses ball under it to move the mouse
o Optical – uses light as a means to detect movement.
o Laser – uses infrared laser diode which is better than the optical mouse.
o Wireless – uses wireless technology to transmit data from the mouse to the
CPU using radio waves (Bluetooth) or infrared light.
• Keyboard
Similar to an electric typewriter, a keyboard is composed of buttons that create
letters, numbers, and symbols, as well as perform other functions.
• Scanner
Captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar
sources to digital signal for computer editing and display.
• Web Camera
Captures either still pictures or motion video, and with the aid of software, can
transmit its video on the Internet in real-time.
• Microphone
Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is a hardware peripheral and input
device that allows computer users to input audio into their computers.

Output Devices
• Monitor
Alternatively referred to as a VDT (video display terminal) and VDU (video display
unit), a monitor is an output device that displays video images and text.
o Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) - a vacuum tube with an electron gun and a
fluorescent screen based on the same technology as early televisions.
o Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) –thin, flat display device made of color pixels
arrayed in front of a light source or reflector.
• Printer
Takes the electronic data stored on a computer or other device and generates
a hard copy of it.
o Inkjet - prints by spraying streams of quick-drying ink on paper.
o Laser jet – produces high quality prints or graphics on paper. It prints faster
than ink jet and dot matrix.
 o Plotter – prints CAD drawings and large format printing requirements such as
billboards.
o Thermal – produces prints on thermal paper by selective heating wherein
heated areas turns black creating an image.
• Speakers
Connects to a computer to generate sound. The signal used to produce the sound
that comes from a computer speaker is created by the computer's sound card.
• Headphone
Sometimes referred to as earphones, headphones are hardware output devices
that either plug into a computer line out or speakers.
• Data Projector
Take images generated by a computer or Blu-ray player and reproduce them by
projection onto a screen, wall, or another surface.

Input/Output Devices
Alternatively referred to as an IO device, an input/output device is any hardware
used by a human operator or other systems to communicate with a computer. As the
name suggests, input/output devices are capable of sending data (input) to a computer
and receiving data from a computer (output).
o CD-R/RW, DVD, and Blu-ray drive
o Digital camera
o Touch screen

The System Unit

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Performs the calculations and does the comparisons needed for processing, and
controls the other parts of the computer system.
• Power Supply
Converts standard electrical power into a form the computer can use.
• Fan
Cools the CPU and other important components within the system unit.
• Hard Drive
Stores data and programs; the principal storage device for most personal
computers.
• Storage Bays
Hold storage devices, such as the floppy, DVD, and hard drives.
• DVD Drive
Accesses data stored on CDs or DVDs.
• Floppy Drive
Accesses data stored on floppy disks.
• Memory Slots
Connect memory modules to the motherboard
• Memory (RAM) Modules
Store data temporarily while computer is used.
• Motherboard
Connects all components of the computer system; the PC’s main circuit board.
• Expansion Slots
Connect expansion cards to the motherboard for additional capabilities.

Reference: [Link]
Last access: February 15, 2020
 • Expansion Card
Used to connect peripheral devices or add new capabilities to a computer
system, such as video, sound, advanced graphics, Ethernet or memory.
Computer Storage
This is where data and information are processed and manipulated to perform the
task at hand that is measured by bits (b):
8 bits (b) = 1 byte (B)

• Internal Memory
Also called “Main or Primary Memory" stores small amount of data that can be
accessed quickly while the computer is running.
o Read-only Memory (ROM) is non-volatile, which means it can retain data even
without power. It is used mainly to start or boot up a computer.
o Random-access Memory (RAM) temporarily stores data while the central
processing unit (CPU) is executing other tasks.

• External Memory
Also called “Secondary Memory" refers to a storage device that can retain or store
data persistently. They could be embedded or removable storage devices.

SOFTWARE
A set of programs or computer instructions, which helps the user to do a set of specific
tasks. It helps the user interact with the computer system with the help of hardware.
Operating Systems
These specialized programs allow the communication between software
and hardware. The operating systems run all the other computer programs, and
even regulate the startup process of the computer.
Examples are Windows by Microsoft, macOS Catalina by Apple, and
Android 10 by Android.
Application Software
These are designed to perform a specific task or a bunch of tasks. They can
be user-designed (specific to the user’s needs) or readymade application software.
Few notable application software are the Microsoft Office Applications by
and Apple’s iWork applications.
Utility Software
Like Operating Systems, it is a system software, which helps maintain and
protect the computer system.
Antivirus software is one of the best example of a utility software.
Language Processors
Software that interprets computer language and translates it into machine
language. It also checks for errors in language syntax and fixes the problems.
An example of this software is Code::Blocks, open source, cross platform,
free C, C++ and Fortran Integrated Development Environment.

Reference: [Link]
Last access: February 15, 2020
 Connectivity Software
The special software that facilitates the connection between the computer
system and the server. This allows the computer to share information and
communicate with each other.
Cisco Software Central is one of the most used connectivity software.
LIVEWARE
They are the ultimate “users” interacting with the computer system. There are
three types of people that operate the computer:

• Programmers: Professionals who write the computer programs that allow users
to interact with the computer. They must have technical knowledge of computers
and computer languages.
• System Analyst: They mainly design data processing systems, and solve problems
that arise in data processing
• End-Users: Also known as operators, they are the people who interact with the
computer system.
PROCEDURES
These are a set of instructions, written in code, to instruct a computer on how to
perform a task, run a software, do calculations etc. There are three types of procedures
in a computer:

• Hardware-Oriented Procedure: Instructs the hardware components of the

system, ensures they work smoothly
• Software Oriented Procedure: Provides instructions to launch and run software
programs
• Internal Procedures: Directs the flow of information and sequences the data
DATA
Essentially, the raw facts and figures that users input in the computer. The data
gets processed via the computer system and becomes information, which is processed
and organized data.
Information can then be used for decision-making purposes.
CONNECTIVITY
This is when the computers are linked to a network. It facilitates sharing of
information, files, and other facilities. Computers can connect to a network via LAN
cables, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, satellites etc.
The internet is the most obvious example of connectivity in a computer system.

Reference: [Link]
Last access: February 15, 2020