UNIT III: STRESSES IN THIN WALLED CYLINDERS

MODULE 5

Tangential and Longitudinal Stresses

TANGENTIAL STRESS

-It acts tangent to the surface of the cylinder.

-It also called as:

a. circumferential stress

b. hoop stress

c. girth stress

pDL

P= δt A t

P=δt A

D L

A=tL

P
P=δA; δ = ------
A

F=pDL

εFv = 0;
δt A + δt A = p D L

2 δt A = p D L

2 δt (t L) = p D L

pD

δt = ------------ Working Formula

2t

Where: δt = tangential stress, kPa

p = pressure of fluid inside, kPa

D = cylinder inside diameter, m

t = thickness of shell, m

LONGITUDINAL STRESS

- It acts parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder.

P = π Dm t δL F=(π/4) Di2 p

(Resultant P of the tearing forces ( F= pressure x area of the surface

Acting over the transverse section) Over w/c it acts)

εFH = o ;

P=F

π Dm t δL = π/4 Di2 p
 p Di2
thus: δL = -------------
4 Dm t

If t is very small compared to Di, then Di ≈ Dm = D

Therefore:

p D2

δL = -------------

4Dt

pD

δL = --------- Working Formula

4t

This shows that:

pD
If δt = ---------- ; 2 δt = p D
2t

And: pD

δL = -------- ; 4 δL = p D

4t

2 δt = 4 δL

δt = 2δL
It shows that 2δL = δt

(Indicating that for a cylindrical shell of uniform

thickness the tangential stress is twice the
longitudinal stress).

Example:

1. A water tank is 8 m in diameter and 12 m high. If the tank is to be completely

filled, determine the minimum thickness of the tank plating if the stress is limited
to 40 MPa.

D=8 m

p p t

12 m

D=8 m L

Required: t

Given : δt = 40 MPa
Solution:

pD

δt = ----------

2t m

pD (ω h) D ( 9810 N/m3) (12 m) (8 m)

t = --------- = ------------ = ------------------------------------ --------------------

2 δt 2 δt 2 (40 N ) ( 1000)2 mm2

mm2 m2

= 0.011772 m

= 11.772 mm

=========ans.

2. A large pipe called a penstock in hydraulic work is 1.5 m in diameter. Here it is

composed of wooden staves bound together by steel hoops, each 300 mm 2 in
cross-sectional area, and is used to conduct from a reservoir to a powerhouse. If
the maximum tensile stress permitted in the hoops is 130 MPa, what is the
maximum spacing between hoops under a head of water of 30 m?

P=Aδ

1.5 m F= pDL

P=Aδ

L L
Ε FH = 0;

P+P=F

δA+δA=F

2δA=pDL

2 (130 N/mm2) (300 mm2) = (9810 N/m3 x 30 m) (1.5 m) ( L )

78 000 N = 441450 N/m ( L )

L = 78 000 m = 0.177 m = 177 mm

14 715 ========ans.
Exercises:

DIRECTION: On short bond paper, answer the following activity correctly and
honestly. Submit the Photo or e-copy of your answer sheet via Google
Classroom on or before the due date stated in the instruction on the Classwork of
the Google Classroom.

Activity 1. A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plates which

have a thickness of 20 mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 500 mm and
its length is 3m. Determine the maximum internal pressure which can be applied
if the stress in the steel is limited to 140 MPa.

pDL

P t

D L

Activity 2. A water tank is 10 m in diameter and 15 m high. If the tank is to be

completely filled, determine the minimum thickness of the tank plating if the
stress is limited to 40 MPa.
 UNIT IV: SIMPLE STRAIN

MODULE 6

Deformation

INTRODUCTION

The concern of the past lessons was the strength of a material, those were the
relations between load, area and stress. In this chapter, we will now consider the
other major field of strength of materials- that is the changes in shape-
deformations that accompany a loading. Although we limit ourselves here to
axially loaded bars, the principles and methods developed apply equally well to
the more complex cases of twisting or bending. In particular, we shall learn how
to apply the geometric relations between elastic deformations which, in
combination with the conditions of equilibrium and the relations between loads
and deformations, will enable us to solve statically indeterminate problems.
The strength of a material is not the only criterion that must be considered in
designing structures. The stiffness of a material is frequently of equal importance.
To a lesser degree, such properties as hardness, toughness, and ductility
determine the selection of a material.

STRAIN

Is the Unit deformation or unit elongation of the material.

δ dδ

Є = ---------- (1) or Є = ---------- (2)

L dL

Where:

Є = Strain, m/m

δ = deformation, m

L = original Length, m

Under certain conditions the strain may be assumed constant and its value
computed from the first equation (1). The conditions are as follows:

1. The specimen must be of constant cross- section.

 2. The material must be homogeneous.
3. The load must be axial, that is, produce uniform stress.

Finally, since strain represents a change in length divided by the original length,
strain is dimensionless quantity. However, it is common to use units of meters
per meter (m/m) when referring to strain. In engineering work, strains of the
order of 1.0 x 10-3 m/m are frequently encountered.

High Carbon steel

Stress

Cast Iron

Aluminum

Concrete

Strain

ELASTIC LIMIT

Is the limiting stress beyond which the original sample is not regained when load
is removed. The permanent deformation which resulted is called permanent set.

YIELD POINT

Is the stress at which yielding occurs even without the addition of load.

YIELDING STRENGTH

For materials with no definite yield point. Usually obtained by offset method at

0.20%.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH

Is the highest point on the stress-strain curve.

RUPTURE STRENGTH

The stress in the material during failure.

WORKING STRESS AND FACTOR OF SAFETY

The working stress is defined as the actual stress the material has when under
load. It is almost synonymous with allowable stress, which is the maximum safe
stress a material may carry. Ina actual design, the allowable stress (δw) should
be limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit so as not to invalidate the
stress-strain relation of Hooke’s law on which all subsequent theory is based.
However, since the proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, it is
customary to base the allowable stress on either the yield point or the ultimate
strength, divided by a suitable number N, called the factor of safety:

δ yp

δw = ----------

Nyp

Or

δult

δw = ----------------

Nult

Where:

δw = working stress, kPa

δult = ultimate strength

N = factor of safety
HOOKE’S LAW: AXIAL DEFORMATION

Stress was proportional to strain, but Thomas Young in 1807 introduced a

constant of proportionality that causes to be known as Young’s modulus.

Eventually this name was superseded by the phrase modulus of elasticity.

δ =EЄ

Where:

δ = Stress, N/m2

Є = Strain, m/m

E = modulus of elasticity, N/m2

Another Form of Hooke’s Law:

PL δL

δ = --------- or δ = -----------

AE E

Where:

P = applied load

L = Length

A = Cross-sectional Area

E = Modulus of Elasticity

δ = total deformation
Restrictions:

1. The load must be axial

2. The bar must have a constant cross-section and be homogeneous

3. The stress must not exceed proportional limit.

SHEARING DEFORMATION

Shearing forces cause a shearing deformation, just as axial forces cause

elongations, but with an important difference.

An element subject to tension undergoes an increase in length; an element

subject to shear does not change the length of its sides, but undergoes a change

in shape from a rectangle to a parallelogram.

δs

Ps

L
‫ﻻ‬

Ps

Formula:

δs

‫ = ﻻ‬------

L
Where:

‫ﻻ‬ = average Shearing strain, m/m (angular change between two

Perpendicular Faces of

a differential element)

δs = shearing deformation, m

L = shearing length, m

HOOKE’S LAW IN SHEAR

T= G‫ﻻ‬

WHERE:

T = Shear stress, kPa

‫ﻻ‬ = raehs rishts , m/m

G = modulus of elasticity in shear, kPa

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IS ALSO CALLED MODULUS OF RIGIDITY

Another form of Hooke’s Law in shear.

δs = V L or δs = As G

WHERE:

δs = shear deformation, m
V = shear load, N

L = Length, m

As = shear area, m2

G = modulus of rigidity, N/m2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. A steel wire 10 m long hanging vertically supports a tensile load of 200 N.

Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is

not to exceed 140Mpa and the total elongation is not to exceed 5 mm. Assume E

= 200 GPa.

10 m

2000 N

Given:

L = 10 m

δ = 140 Mpa

δ = 5 mm

E = 200 GPa

Required: d
Solution:

From Stress:

δs = ---------

A = -----------

δs

2000 N

π (d)2/4 = ------------

140 N/mm2

4 (2000) mm2

d2 = --------------------

π (140)

d = 4.26 mm

From Elongation:

PL

δ = -----------

AE
 PL

A = ----------

δE

(2000 N) ( 10 m) x (1000 mm/ 1 m)

π (d)2/4 = ---------------------------------------------

5 mm ( 200 x 103 N/mm2 )

( 4 ) (2000 ) (10) (1000 ) mm2

d2 = -----------------------------------------------

π ( 5 ) ( 200 x 103 )

d = 5.05 mm

===========ans
PROBLEM EXERCISES:

1. An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 160 mm2 carries the axial

loads at the positions shown in the figure. If E = 70 Gpa, compute the total

deformation of the bar. Assume that the bar is suitably braced to prevent

buckling.

35 KN 15 KN 30 KN 10 KN

0.8 m 1.0 m 0.6 m