UNIT II: SIMPLE STRESS
This unit covers three modules, namely: Module 2 (Normal Stress-Tensile
and Compressive Stresses, Module 3 (Shearing Stress), and Module 4 (Bearing
Stress).
MODULE 2
Normal Stress
(Tensile and Compressive Stresses)
This module consists of definition of terms, concepts, principles,
illustrations, solve problems and activities to enhance the skills of the learners to
analyze and solve engineering problems.
Concepts/Principles:
SIMPLE STRESS
Force components acting on a body due to the effects of the applied loads:
1. Axial force
2. Shear force
3. Torque
4. Bending Moment
Definitions:
Simple Stress – is the condition under which the stress is constant or uniform.
Stress - unit strength of a material.
Principle – uniform stress distribution can exist only if the resultant of the applied
loads passes through the centroid of the cross-section.
Axial Force - this component measures the pulling or pushing action over the
section. It is often denoted by “P”.
A pull – represents a tensile force which tends to elongate the member.
A push – is a compressive force which tends to shorten it.
Shear force – components of the total resistance to sliding the portion to one side
of the exploratory section past the other.
It is usually denoted by V.
Torque (Mxx)– this component measured the resistant to twisting the members
and is commonly given the symbol “T”.
Bending moments (Mxy) (Mxz) – These components measure the resistance to
bending the member about the Y or Z axes and are often denoted merely by “M y”
or “Mz”.
Formula: δ = P/A
Where: δ = is the stress or force per unit area
= N/m2 = N/mm2 = MPa
P = is the applied load
=N
A = is the cross-sectional – area
= m2 = mm2
TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRESSES
Are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act.
δ = --------- Where:
A δ = Tensile or Compressive stress
P = acting force/load
A = cross-sectional area
EXAMPLE 1: An aluminum tube is rigidly fastened between a bronze rod and
steel rod as shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Determine the stress in each material.
Bronze Aluminum Steel
A = 700 mm2 A=1000mm2 A= 800 mm2
20 kN 15KN
15KN 15KN 10 KN
500 mm 600 mm 700 mm
Solution: Solve for the forces acting in each material and indicate whether it is in
Tension (T) or in Compression (C):
Cons. FBD 1 1
20 kn Pb
εFx = o; +
20 Kn – Pb = 0
Pb = 20 Kn (C)
Cons. FBD 2: 2
15KN
20 KN 1 Pa
2
+
εFx = 0;
20 KN – 15 KN – Pa = 0
Pa = 20 KN – 15 KN
Pa = 5 KN (C)
Cons. FBD 3: 3
15KN 15KN
20KN Ps
+
εFx = 0;
20 KN – 15 KN – 15 KN + Ps = 0
Ps = 15 KN + 15 KN – 20 KN
Ps = 10 KN (T)
Solve for the stress in each material:
For Bronze:
Pb 20 KN 1000 N
δb = ------------ = ------------ x ------------ = 28.6 N/mm2 = 28.6 MPaans.
Ab 700 mm2 1 KN
For Aluminum:
Pa 5 KN 1000N
δa = ---------- = -------------- x ------------- = 5 N/mm2 = 5 MPaans
Aa 1000 mm2 1 KN
For Steel:
Ps 10 KN 1000 N
δs = ---------- = ------------- x -------------- = 12.5 N/mm2 = 12.5 MPaans
As 800 mm2 1 KN
EXAMPLE 2. A 1000 – kg homogeneous bar AB is suspended from 2 cables AC
and BD, each with cross-sectional area 400 mm2, as shown in the figure.
Determine the magnitude P and location x of the largest additional force which
can be applied to the bar. The stresses in the cables AC and BD are limited to
100 MPa and 50 MPa respectively.
C D
X P 1.8 m
A B
2m
Consider FBD of Bar AB then solve for TA and TB:
TA P TB
A x B
1m W
2m
Solution:
P
δ = ---------- ; P = δ A
A
Therefore:
TA = δ A = 100 MPa (400 mm2) = 100 N/mm2 (400 mm2) = 40 000 N
TB = δ A = 50 MPa (400 mm2) = 50 N/mm2 (400 mm2) = 20 000 N
W = 1000 Kg (9.81 m/s2) = 9810 kg . m/s2 = 9 810 N
Consider the FBD of the Bar:
∑Fv = 0; +
TA + TB – W – P = 0
P = TA + TB – W
P = 40 000 N + 20 000 N – 9 810 N
P = 50 190 Nans
∑MA = 0 ; +
P (X) + W (1) – TB (2) = 0
50 190 N (X) + 9 810 N (1m) – 20 000 N (2m) = 0
20 000 N (2m) – 9 810 N (1m)
X = -----------------------------------------------
50 190 N
X = 0. 602 mans
References:
Singer, Ferdinand et al, Strength of Materials, Fourth Edition
[Link].