30

ICSE Certiicate Physics, Class-X

MEMORY CHART
EQUILIBRIUM
Static and Dynamic
Centre of UNIFORM
gravity 2D and Linear Motion
3D Objects

FORCE
TURNING
UNIFORM
MOMENT
Circular Motion
TORQUE

Principle Couple
of Moments and moment
of couple

Numerical on Numerical on Centripetal force Centrifugal force

resultant moment of acting towards the acting away from
moment and force and moment centre of rotation the centre of rotation
metre scale of couple and real force and a fictitious force

4D FYERCISE
 Mechanical unit of power
POWER is defined as rate of doing
work per unit time. Its SI unit is MEMORY
is horse power 1 horse
power = 746 watt
CHART
WORK watt.
lwatt is the power consumed when
one joule of work is performed in
One sec
SI unit: joule CGS unit: erg 1J= 10" erg Power = Force x Velocity

Work done = F cos x S aNERGY is the capacity to do work. Its SI unit

isjoale and CGSunit iserg
Two basic forms of mechanical energy are
NEGATIVE ZERO POSITIVE kineticand potential energy
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a
body by virtue of its state of motion = %my²
While potential energy is the energy possessed
When the body is displaced by a body by virtue of its state of rest,
against the direction of force sition and configuration of the body =mgh
applied [ = 180°] so cos = cos
180° = -1 work done is negative Inpor tant formulae:
Work done = Fcos xS
Work done = Stored gravitational PE= mgh
Work done is said to be zero when
Work done = Change in KE
there is no net displacement in
Power =Work done/time = Force x Velocity Law of conservation of energy states that
the body or the angle between
Kinetic energy = ½ mv energy can neither be created nor be
force and displacement is 90° so
cos =cos 90° =0 destroyed, it only can be transformed from
one formto another, such that total energy
of the system remains constant.
When the body is displaced in the
direction of force applied[=0°1
so cos = cos 0 =1 work done is
said to be positive
Simple Free fal
pendulum
 79
Machines

MEMORY CHART
LEVERS
Law of levers
Classification of levers
General Terms and
Definitions MAof levers as speed multiplier
and force multiplier.
Mechanical advantage is ratio of
effort arm to load arm.

PULLEYS

Single fixed
Load, effort, mechanical SIMPLE
advantage, velocity ratio, Single movable
efficiency. Correlation MACHINES Combination of single fixed and
between efficiency, single movable.
mechanical advantage and Block and tackle system of
velocity ratio pulleys for both odd and even
number of pulleys.
Ideal nachine, reasons why Mechanical advantage is the
effrien s of practical ratio of load to effort and
maei dways less than velocity ratio is equal to the
NUMERICAL ON
1 number of pulleys.
Levers by applying law of levers.
Prscple of an ideal Pulleys on calculating the MA, Velocity ratio is also the ratio of
displacement of effort to
machine and a practical VR and efficiency for block and
machine
displacement of load.
tackle system.

ERRORS
O WATCHOUT ONCOMMONin drawing position of fulcrum with
a free body diagram to illustrate the
While classifying levers one must be careful
frame of reference changes the class
of lever would change.
the
respect toload and effort as if when and load arm as they are the distances of
effort
the distance of the effort arm
While solving numerical be careful of
to fulcrum respectively. disc
point to fulcrum and loadpoint that the circular disc is not visible in the axle plate. the circular
system ensure there is a considerable
While drawing any pulley or pulley each other, strings are tangential to the pulley,
support nor
does not touch the solid rigid consecutive pulleys in block and tackle system.
difference in diameter between the of load to effort while the
ratio
velocity ratio is
pulley, the M.A. is always equal to
" In the case of numerical in
always the number of pulleys.
of percentage.
Efficiency is always expressed in terms SI units only.
expressed in
Final answers always to be
dimensionally correct. downwards.
The equation should be load acting downwards and effort too acting
in the string, the
Mark the irection oftension
MEMORY CHART
he
Mth phenomenon of
of light while bending ot Laws of Retvactlont
Crltleal anglei The angle o
one optical mediuntravelling thm 1. Ihe incident ray, vetvacted vay Ineldence in the
denser medium foroptical
to another is
calle as"Refrwio of light and the nomal all are coplanar
lhus, when a ray ot at the peint of incdence the corresponding anglewhieo
fom optically denserlight travels yelractlon in the 90
optically rarer mediunnmedium to
it bends
2. he vatio of sine of angle of varer medium ls optieal
tyfrom the nornal while. inddence to the sine of angle of called as crltieal angle.
IWhen a ray of light travels from retraction is constant for agiven
an optically rarer pair of optical media, his Total Internal reflectlon
medium to an constant is called the retractive The phenomenon whleh
optically denser medium it bends index of second medium to the occurs as ray of light trav
oneni the normal first, his law iscalled the Snell's ela from optlcally denaer
medium to an
law
rarer medium at anoptically
angle of
Incidence greater than
critical angle,
reflects back
Application of refraction of Into the same
light based on real depth and RERRACTION denser medium optically
obeylng
apparent depth: OF LIGHT the laws of reflection
1. Stick appears to be
bent while
known as total intern
dipped in water, reflection.
2. Coin appears to be
dipped in water.
raised while Application of refraction of light
based on real depth andapparent Applications of Tota
3. Fisherman points
towards the depth: internal
1,
reflection:
tail while harpoon hunting. 1. Stick appears to be Lower meniscus of water
bent while appears to be
4. Face of a person
sitting near a dipped in water. 2. Crack in a silvery
campfire appears to shimmer. 2 Coin appears to be raised while shines window pane
5. Stars twinkle in the dipped in water. 3. Empty test
night. tube appears
to shine when
3. Fisherman points towards the tail beaker dipped
containing in
water
while harpoon hunting 4.
Numerical are based on few
4. Face of a person
sitting near a
Formation of mirage
5, Diamond
formulae: campire appears to shimmer. sparkle appears to

) Refractive index
5. Stars twinkle in the night. 6. Working of an
fiber, optical
Real depeh
Apprent depth Conditions of minimum deviation for
() angle of incidence is equal to angle ofequiangular glass prism
(i) Refractive index
velocity of light in vacuum
(i) Refracted ray is parallel to the base
emergence
velocity in medium of
representation of variation of angle of incidence the prism cal
angular Graphi
(îü) Shift
with
- real depth- apparent depth Prism formula, deviation.
 Refraction of Light Through a Lens 143

MEMORY CHART
Power of lens is the ability of convergence
CONVEX LENS
or divergence of a ray of light when CONCAVE LENS
refracted through alens.
(CONVERGING] (DIVERGING]
Mathematically,
Power [Dioptre] =1/ Focal length [m]
=100 /Focal length [cm)
RULES FOR RULES FOR
DRAWING RAY DRAWING RAY
DIAGRAMS: DIAGRAMS:

A
ray parallel to Aray parallel to
the principal the principal
axis paSses
REFRACTION axis appears to
THROUGH LENS pass through the
through the focus after
focus after
refraction.
refraction.
Aray passing
" Aray passing through optical
through optical centre goes
centre goes Experimental determination of focal length undeviated.
undeviated. of lens by auxiliary plane mirror method.

the lens maker formula, 1/f= 1/-1u using the same sign convention as used in
Numerical using axis.
coordinate system assuming the principal axis as Xaxis and optical axis as Y
Cartesian object.
magnification is - v/uand also the ratio of height ofimageto height of
Also

EXERCISE
5. A convex lens is of types.
Questions
[Link] Choice medium bounded by
(a) 4 (b) 3
1. A lens is a .......
[Link] (c) 2 (d) 6
curved surfaces generally which are spherical. 6. The biconvex lens has both the surfaces:
two (b) optical
(a) transparent (a) convex
(d) opaque.
(c) translucent and the (b) one plane, one convex
one surface (c) one convex, one concave
2. A plano lens has
other surface plane. (d) concave
(b) spherical
(a) oval (a) triangular 7. The plano-convex lens has:
(c) rectangular (a) both surfaces convex
(b) one plane, one convex
3, Convex lens is also concave
(c) one conveX, one
(a) Diverging (d) both concave
(b) both (a) and (c) lens has:
() converging 8. The concavO-convex
concave
(d) none of these (a) one convex, one
thin at the
inmiddle and (b) both convex
4. A convex lens is
(c) both concave
periphery. (b)thicker (d) one plane, one convex
(a) thinner of these
164
ICSE Certihcate Physics,
Class X

MEMORY CHART
DISPERSION NEWTON'S
PROPERTIES AND
The splitting up of
polychromatic
light into its constituent
colours
BIPRISM
EXPERIMENT USES
when OF
passing through a glass
prism is called Dispersion. ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATIONS
AND
SPECTRUM
The band of colours
obtained on INFRARED
the screen after
dispersing RADIATIONS
througha glass prism is called as SPECTRUM
spectrum

APPLICATIONS OF
SCATTERING SCATTERING
The absorption and re-emission of
Sky appears blue
ray of light is called as Scattering
During sunrise and
WSIBLE sunset sky appears
RAYLEIGH'S FORMULA OF INFRARED
LIGHT UV
red
MICROWAVE -RAY

SCATTERING
Clouds appear white
Scattering is inversely RADIO GAMMA

At noon sky appears

proportional to fourth power of WAVELENGTH 5080 o0, 00
yellow
wavelength ENERGY 0A9000024)
lcm 10,000,000 BASeoneut
124 241 49 M80 2480,000 detre Vats

0. WATCH OUT ON COMMON ERRORS

Many candidates used the term reflection or dispersion instead of scattering.
The size of the particles and uniform scattering was not mentioned by some candidates.
" Some candidates were confused between the white colour of the sky at noon and white colour of clouds. The mised
both concepts and wrote wrong answers.
" Lay stress on key words like dispersion and scattering.
" Explain dependence of extent of scattering with respect to wavelength of light.
Give sufficient practice on conceptual /reasoning-based questions.
Some candidates did not establish a relation between speed and wavelength in a medium and thus wrote incorrect
answers.

Some candidates treated wavelengths as speed.

 TYPES OF VIBRATIONS
MEMORY
CHART
CONCEPT
OF ECHO Definition of echo and reverberation

Free or Sympathetic
Damped Forced
Natural or Resonance
Prove that minimum distance for an echo
to occur is 17m

Displacement Numerical of echo using the formula,

v/s
Time graph wave velocity
= total distance traveled / time taken
SOUND

DEFINITION Applications of echo such as SONAR,

CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR RESONANCE Dolphins and Bats
GRAPHICAL PLOT OF AMPLITUDE V/S
FREQUENCY OF FORCED VIBRATIONS
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSICAL
LAW OF VIBRATING STRINGS
SOUND
APPLICATIONS OFRESONANCE 1. Loudness or Intensity (Factors
1. Soldiers are asked to break their footsteps Affecting]
while crossing a suspension bridge DONOT FORGETTHE 2. Pitch Or Shrillness [Factors Affecting]
BASIC DEFINITIONS OF 3. Quality Or Timbre
2. Rear view mirror of a motorbike starts GRADE IX ALONG WITH
vibrating violently when driven at a THE RELATION
particular speed. WAVE VELOCITY
3. Different sounds are heard while a bucket =FREQUENCY x Concept of musical sound
WAVELENGTH
is being filled under a tap of water. and noise Sound

And
Causes of noise pollution
 Current Electricity
273
MEMORY CHART
General Terms Used Concept of electromotive force NUMERICAL BASED ON
in Electricity and terminalvoltage ELECTRICAL WORK
Concept of internal resistance
= Voltage xCurrentx Time
- [Current]' x Resistance
x Time
Ohm'slaw with experimentall setup
and graphical analysis of ohmic - [ Voltagel' xTime/ Resistance
and non ohmic resistors
NUMERICAL BASED ON
ELECTRICAL POWER
CURRENT
=Volatge x Current
Combination of ELECTRICITY = [Current ] x Resistan ce
Resistors
= [Voltage]'/ Resistance

ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Series Parallel CONSUMED
= Power [ kW] x Time in hour
Numerical Based on Simple Series and Parallel Resistances COST OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
Total Resistance in Series =R +R,
Total Resistance in Parallel =R,R, /[R, +R,] = Rate x Electrical energy
consumed
=RR,R, ]/ RR+R,R, +R,R]
Current in Individual Branch in Parallel I, =IR,/ (R, +R]

, WATCH OUT ON COMMON ERRORS

Students should be careful while solving numerical as regards the units given.
" In the circuit diagram ensure showing the positive and negative sign for terminals.
" When a battery is shown in a circuit ensure that negative terminal of one cell is connected to the positive terminal of
the other cell.
" In parallel circuits it is advisable to use the formula, Requivalent =Ry xRz/[R, +Rz).
Tofindthe current in an individual branch for two resistances used in parallel it is advised to use the formula,
Current I, =Main current x Opposite resistance /Sum of the two resistances =I xR,/ [R, +R).
" Students often make error while considering e.m.f. and terminl voltage. It must be noted that e.m.f. is applicable
across 2ends of cell when in an open circuit while terminal voltage is applicable when the cell is connected in the
circuit i.e.,it is a closed circuit.
" Students often get confused with specific resistance and the concept of resistance wherein resistance changes with
length of thewire while specific resistance is constant for a given material of the wire.
" While using the three equations for electrical work done or three equations for electrical power students must be
constant.
careful to check which quantities are given and which quantity is
While solvinganv numerical on circuits not only is it mandatory to draw the circuit diagram but also it is necessarv to
the calculations.
draw the equivalent circuit diagram so as to simplify onv and
" In calculation for electrical energy consumed one should be careful about the power to be expressed in kW
time in hour.
bill or monthly bill is asked. In case of monthlv hill
One should also be careful to check whether a daily bill or weeklyspecified.
30 unless otherwise
it is advised to consider number of days as the key to be in
While showingthe experimental verification of Ohm slaw label all the components of the circuit and
closed position. (voltagev/s current or current
While answering the graph-based question be careful about what the variation is about
/s voltagel and then infer from the graph. axes and the actual graph too
Arrowhead ought to be shown for the graph on both coordinate
 Hoysehold Circuits

MEMORYCHART
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES HOUSEHOLD WIRINGSYSTEM
(RING CIRCUIT|

FUSE

HOUSEHOLD
MINIATURE ELECTRICITY DUAL CONTROL SWITCH
CIRCUIT BREAKER AND STAIRCASE WIRING

EARTHING

COLOUR CODE OF WIRING

PLUG AND SOCKET

EXERCISE
[Link] Choice Questions 5. The top pin of a three-pin plug is for:
(a) live wire (b) earth wire
1. The electric power to be transmitted is generated (c) neutral wire (d) none of these
at:
(b) 11 kV 6. The colour used for insulation of neutral wire is:
(a) 33 kV
(c) 132 kV (d) 220 V (a) red (b) brown
() green (d) blue
2. Which of these two wires is at the same potential?
7. Fuse is a device used in an electric
(a) Earth wire and live wire
circuit.
(b) Earth wire and neutral wire
(c) Live wire and neutral wire (a) protective (b) preventive
(c) safety (d) both (a) and (c)
(d) None of the above
8. Fuse is always connected in wire.
3. Fuse wire is made of an alloy of:
(a) live (b) earth
(a) iron and tin (c) neutral (d) none of these
(b)copper and lead
9. The melting point of fuse used in household
(c) tin and lead circuit is
(a)copper and iron (a) Less than 200°C (b) Greater than 200°C
4. Afuse is rated 8A. It means: (c) 200°C (d) None of these
current is less than 8 A
(a) it will not workif the 10. Fuse works on the principle of
is 8A
(b) it will work only if the current (a) Ohm's law (b) Newton's law
exceeds 8A
() it willmelt if the current (c) Joule's law of heating (d) Pascal's law
is less than 8 A
(a)it will melt if thecurrent
 274
ICSE Certifcate Physics, Class-X

MEMORY CHART
ELECTROMAGNETISM

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF FORCEDUE TO MAGNETIC TRANSFORMER

ELECTRICCURRENT FIELD Principle
Oersted experiment Fleming's left hand rule Step up
Magneticfield in straight DCMotor [figure] Step down
current carrying conductor Electromagnetic induction Losses
Right hand grip rule Faraday's laws Ways to minimize losses
Fleming's right hand rule
Magnetic lines of force in Transformer ratio
closed circular loop AC Generator [figure]
Energy conversion in DC Schematic diagrams for
Clock Simpson's rule motor and AC generator both Step up and Step
down transfomners
Solenoid
Function of parts
Electromagnet

NOTE:
Though numerical on this chapter is never asked in the boards one should keep in mind the turns ratic or
transformer ratio
 Heat
301

EMORY CHART
CAPACITY: Amount of
HEAT heat energy required to raise the temperature of entire mass of a
substance by 1°C oor 1K is called its heat capacity. Its SI unit is JK1

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY: Amount of

heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a
substance by 1°c. or 1K is called its specific heat capacity. Its SI unit is Jkg'K1
PRINCIPLE OF
CALORIMETRY: When two bodies at different temperatures are kept in thermal
ntact, heat lost by the hot body is equal to heat gained by the cold body provided no heat is lost to the
surroundings

WATER HAS THE HIGHEST

SPECIFICHEAT CAPACITY ICE HAS HIGH VALUE OF
SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF
Used as coolant in car FUSION
radiators
Used in fomentation bottles CALORIMETRY Ice at 0°C cools cold drinks
faster than water at 0°C
Formation of sea and land
breeze
The weather becomnes

Farmers spread their field pleasant after a hailstorm

during frost in severe winter GRAPHICAL BASED Kulfi walas can store
NUMERICAL ON HEATING
conditions with water
AND COOLING CURVES
ice-cream
the beach
while walking on
Solid ’ Liquid Liquid’ Solid
Melting/Fusion Freezing / Solidification IMPORTANTFORMULAE:
Amount of heat =mass
x specific heat
Liquid ’ Gas Gas Liquid x difference in capacity
ivaporation / Boiling / Vaporisation Liquefaction / Condensation
temperature
Heat gained by cold body
=heat lost be hot body
Gas> Solid Solid Gas Amount of heat=mass
Sublimation Sublimnation
x specific latent heat
326
ICSE Certificate Physics, ClassX

MEMORY CHART
BASIC TERMS SUCH AS ISOTOPE, NUCLEAR FISSION
ISOBAR AND ISOTONES

NUCLEAR FUSION
LAWS OF RADIOACTIVE
DISINTEGRATION
a Emission CHAIN REACTION
BEmission
YRadiation
MODERN
SAFETY MEASURE FOR SAFE
PHYSICS DISPOSAL AND HANDLING
NUCLEARWASTE
Properties and uses of alpha,
beta and gamma radiations
BACKGROUND
RADIATIONS
Effect of electric and magnetic
fields on alpha, beta, and gamma
radiations C-14 DATING

NUMERICAL BASED ON CALCULATINGATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC MASS NUMBER AND

ALSO TO FIND THE TOTAL NUMBEROF ALPHA AND BETA PARTICLES EMITTED CAN BE ASKED.

O. WATCH OUT ON COMMON ERRORS

Students are generallyconfused between isotopes and isobhars,
" Studentsshould rememberthat radioactivity isanuclearphenomenon henceno chemicalchanges affect radioactivity
4
" Duringalpha emission,the atomic number reduces by 2 and the atomic mass nunber reduces by
During betaemission, the atomic number increases by 1and the atomic mass number remaina undangcd
During gamma radiations excited ntate changes to a normal state with no change in atomic number nor in atomtc
mass number.
The deviationof alpha emission is less as compared to beta while pansing through an clectric tield.
Students confuse between the three emissions while arranging in ascending order for ionizing and penetrating
powers,
Students should be carefulnot to nention the quantitative valuen, rather uhould give qualitative properties
Students should be careful while solving sinple radioactive equationn,
e Students should be careful while balancing the uclear fission reaction.
Whilestating the cquations for finsion reaction studentu abould state all three equations iwolved