NDANDA HIGH SCHOOL

ADVANCE LEVEL
PHYSICS QUESTIONS

Mwl. Peter Emmanuel 0765 549 694

Mwl. Gideon Yusufu 0757 912754

Mwl. Lemson Dickson 0752 948 775

Physics department-Ndanda High@2018

The following information may be useful from Question no. 1-10

Acceleration due to gravity, 𝑔 = 9.8𝑚/𝑠, Mass of the earth, 𝑀𝑒 = 6.0 × 1024 𝑘𝑔, Mass of the mars
= 6.4 × 1023 𝑘𝑔, Radius of the earth, 𝑅𝑒 = 6.5 × 106 𝑚, Radius of the orbit of mars = 2.28 ×
108 𝑘𝑚, Radius of Mars = 3395𝑘𝑚, Universal gravitation constant = 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2,
Young modulus of steel = 20 × 1010 𝑁𝑚−2 , Young modulus of copper = 12 × 1010 𝑁𝑚−2, Young
modulus of rubber = 6 × 108 𝑃𝑎 , Surface tension of water = 7.2 × 10−2 𝑁⁄𝑚, Pie 𝜋 = 3.14

1. (a) (i) Distinguish random error from systematic error

(ii) Give a practical example of each term in 1(a) (i) and briefly explain how
they can be reduced or eliminated

(b) (i) Define the term error and mistake

(ii) An experiment was done to find the acceleration due to gravity by using
𝑙
the formular 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔, where all symbols carry their usual meaning, if the

clock loses 3 seconds in 5 minutes determine the error in measuring 𝑔 given that
𝑇 = 2.22𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑙 = 121.6𝑐𝑚, ∆𝑇1 = 0.1𝑠𝑒𝑐 and ∆𝑙 = ±0.05𝑐𝑚
(c) (i) What is the importance of dimensional analysis insipites of its drawbacks?

(ii) The following measurement were taken by a students for the length of
piece of rod 21.02, 20.99, 20.12, 21.11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20.69. Basing on error analysis
find the true value of the length of a piece of rod and its associated error

2. (a) (i) List down two assumption in deriving the equation of the projectile
motion
(ii) A hunter is aiming straight at a monkey hanging on a tree branch. What
should a wise monkey do so that is not hurt by the firing? Why?
(b) A stone is projected horizontally from the top of the building 54𝑚 high at a
velocity of 30 𝑚⁄𝑠 at the same time instant stone B is projected from the bottom
of the building with velocity of 15 𝑚⁄𝑠 at an angle of 60° to the horizontal. Find
(i) The height above the ground where the stones collide

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 (ii) The horizontal distance from the building where the collision
occurs

(c) A ball is thrown upward with an initial velocity of 33 𝑚⁄𝑠 from a point 56° on
the side of hill slopes upward uniformly at an angle of 28°

(i) At what distance up the slope does the ball strike?

(ii) Calculate the flight of the ball
3. (a) (i) Why it is difficult to move a cycle with its brake on?
(ii) A small body of mass 0.1𝑘𝑔 swing in a vertical circle at the end of a chord
of length1𝑚. If its speed is 2 𝑚⁄𝑠 while the chord makes angle 30° with the
vertical. Find
a) Thee radial and tangential components of its acceleration at this
instant
b) The magnitude and direction of the resultant acceleration
c) Tension of the chord

(b) Calculate the angle through which cyclist bend with the vertical when he crosses a
circular path 34.3𝑚 in circumference

4. (a) (i) What is a seconds pendulum

(ii) Will a pendulum clock gain or lose time when taken to the top of a
mountain?
(b) (i) Mention atleast four characteristics of S.H.M
(ii) The periodic time of a body executing simple harmonic motion
is 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠. How much time interval from time 𝑡 = 0 will its displacement be
half its amplitude.
(c) A mass of 0.2𝑘𝑔 is attached to one end of a helical spring and produces an
extension of 15𝑚𝑚. The mass is now pulled down 10𝑚𝑚 and set into vertical
oscillations of amplitude10𝑚𝑚. What is:-
(i) The period of oscillation
(ii) The maximum kinetic energy of the mass

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 (iii) The potential energy of the spring when the mass is 5𝑚𝑚 below
the centre of oscillation.
5. (a) What do you understand by the following terms
(i) Gravitational field strength
(ii) Parking orbit

(b) State any four conditions for a satellite to be in a parking orbit

(c) A rocket is fired vertically from the surface of mars with a speed of 2𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1 . If
20% of its initial energy is lost due to maintain atmospheric resistance, how far will be
rocket go from the surface of mars before returning to it?

6. (a) State the principle of conservation of linear momentum

(b) An object M of mass 2𝑘𝑔 is moving with a velocity of 3 𝑚⁄𝑠 and collides with
object N of mass 1𝑘𝑔 moving in the opposite direction with the velocity of 4 𝑚⁄𝑠. After
collision both objects stick together so as they move with common velocity V.

(i) Find this common velocity V.

(ii) What is the energy converted into other forms?

(c) A bullet 20𝑔 travelling horizontally at 100 𝑚⁄𝑠 embeds itself in the centre of a
block of wood of mass 1𝑘𝑔 which is suspended by light vertical strings 1𝑚 in length.
Calculate the maximum inclination of the string to the vertical.

7. (a) (i) What is the moment of inertia of the body?

(ii) List two factors on which the moment of inertia of the body depends.

(b) A thin sheet of aluminum of mass 0.032𝑘𝑔 has a length of 0.25𝑚 and width
of 0.1𝑚. Find its moment of inertia on the plane about an axis parallel to the:

(i) Length and passing through its center of mass 𝑚

(ii) Width and passing through the centre of mass 𝑚 in its own plane.

(c) (i) Define the term angular momentum

(ii) A thin circular ring of mass 𝑀 and radius 𝑟 is rotating about its axis with
constant angular velocity 𝑤1. If two objects each of mass 𝑚 are attached gently at
the ring, what will be the angular velocity of the rotating wheel?

8. (a) State the Bernoulli’s equation and under what condition is applied

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 (b) (i) What is Poiseulle’s formula?
(ii) Water flow steady through a horizontal pipe which consists of two parts
joining end to end one is 21𝑐𝑚 long and has a diameter of 0.225𝑐𝑚 and the other is 7𝑐𝑚
long with a diameter of 0.075cm. If the pressure across the two extremes end of
combination is 14𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟. Find the pressure difference between ends of each parts
(c) Two rain drops of equal size are falling vertically in air with terminal velocity of
0.15 𝑚⁄𝑠. What would be the terminal velocity if these two drops are coalesced to form
large spherical drop.(strokes law may be assumed apply)
9. (a) Define the following terms
(i) Free surface energy
(ii) Capillary action
(iii) Angle of contact

(b) Briefly explain the following observation

(i) Soap solution is better cleaning agent than ordinary water

(ii) When a piece of chalk is put into water it emits bubbles in all directions
(iii) Hot soup is tastier than the cold soup

(c) What amount of energy will be liberated if 1000 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 of water each
10−8 𝑚 diameter coalesce to form large spherical drop?

10. (a) (i) Distinguish between stress and strain

(ii) What is perfectly elastic body?
(b) (i) What will happen to a material if elastic limit is exceeded
(ii) Two exactly similar wire of steel and copper are stretched by equal forces.
If the total elongation is 1𝑐𝑚 find how much each wire is elongated.

(c) A rubber cord of catapult has a cross-section area of 2𝑚𝑚2 and initial length of
0.20𝑚 and it’s stretched to 0.24𝑚 to fire a small object of 10𝑔. Calculate the initial
velocity of the object when it just leaves the catapult. Assume the elastic limit is not
exceeded.

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The following information may be useful from question no 11-25

𝑷𝒊𝒆 = 𝝅, Acceleration due to gravity= 𝟏𝟎 𝑵⁄𝑲𝒈, Gravitationnel Constant = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 ×

𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝑲𝒈𝟐 , Radius of the earth 6.4 × 106 𝑚, Density of water = 1000𝐾𝑔/𝑚3
1 3
Moment of inertia of a solid cylinder = 2 𝑀𝑅 2 Density of air =1.29 Kg / m

11. (a) (i) No physicist has ever “SEEN” an electron. Yet, all physicists believe in
the existence of electrons. An intelligent but superstitious man advances his analogy to
argue that “ghosts” exist even though no one has “SEEN” One. How will you refute this
argument?

(ii) Which quantity in a given formula should be measured most accurately?

(b) (i) The force acting on an object of mass M, travelling at velocity V a circle
𝑴𝑽𝟐
of radius 𝑟 is given key 𝑭 = The measurements are recorded as
𝒓

𝑴 = (𝟑. 𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟏)𝑲𝒈
𝑽 = (𝟐𝟎 ± 𝟏) 𝒎⁄𝒔
𝒓 = (𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 ± 𝟎. 𝟓)𝒎

Find the maximum possible: Fractional error , Percentage error in the measurement of
force and How will you record the reading?

(ii) Distinguish instrumental errors and observational or personal errors in

relation to systematic error.

(c) (i) What do you mean by dimensional formula and equation

(ii) If the velocity of light C, gravitational constant G and Plank’s constant he

chosen as fundamental units. Find the dimensions of Mass, length and time

12. (a) (i) With the aid of a Vector diagram illustrate and explain what is meant by
the statement the velocity of a body A relative to the other body B
(ii) Prove that a gun will shoot three times as high when its angle of elevation
is 60º as when it is 30º but will carry the same horizontal distance

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 (b) An anti – aircraft gun fires shells vertically upwards at a speed of 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎/𝒔. An
aeroplane is flying at 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎/𝒔 at a height of 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎 so that its path will take it over the
gun.

(i) How far away from the gun (measured horizontally) must the aeroplane be
when the gun is fired and if the shell is to strike the aeroplane?
(ii) Why are there two possible answers?

(c) A ball is thrown up with a velocity of 20m/s at an angle of 60º to the vertical

i. What height doesn’t reach?

ii. What is the horizontal distance travelled when it strikes the level ground again?

13. (a) (i) State Newton’s third Law of motion and give two examples to illustrate
this Law.
(ii)How will you derive it from the Law of conservation of linear momentum
(b) An aeroplane requires, for takeoff, a speed of 80km/h, the run on the ground
being 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎. The mass of the aircraft is 1000kg and the coefficient of friction between
the tyres and ground is 𝟎. 𝟐. Assuming that the plane accelerates uniformly during the
take off?
i. What is the minimum force required by the engine of the plane for the take off?

ii. Suppose the plane hits a stationary 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈 – buffalo at the end of the runway and
the animal remains stuck to the nose of the aircraft, what would happen to the
mess assuming the wreckage remains in one piece

(c)A 𝟏𝟓𝒈 bullet is fired horizontally into 𝟑𝒌𝒈 block of wood suspended by a long cord and
the bullet remains embleded in the wood, compute the velocity of the bullet if the impact
causes the block to swing 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎 above its initial level.

14. (a) (i) Why it is difficult to move a cycle with its brakes on and also as to why
wheels are made circular?

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 (ii) A stone of mass 0.5kg tied to a rope of length 0.5𝑚 revolves along a
circular path in a vertical plane. The tension in the rope at the bottom point of the circle is
𝟒𝟓𝑵. To what height the stone will rise if the rope breaks the moment the velocity is
directed upward.

(b) (i) Define the term simple harmonic motion

(ii) Five passengers of combined weight 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈𝒇 are observed to
compress the spring of car by 0.5cm when they enter the car. If the total mass supported
by the spring is 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈. Find the frequency of oscillations of the loaded car.

(c) (i) The velocity of a particle in 𝑺. 𝑯. 𝑴 𝒊𝒔 𝟐. 𝟓𝒎/𝒔 when it is half way from
one end of its vibrations to the centre. It takes 1sec from this point to the other end of the
path. Find the amplitude of the vibrations

(ii) A particle vibrates with S.H.M along a straight line. Its maximum
acceleration is 𝟓𝝅𝟐 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝟐 and when its distance from equilibrium is 𝟒𝒄𝒎 its velocity
is 3𝜋𝑐𝑚/𝑠. Find its amplitude and the period of vibrations. Also graphically or otherwise
find the position of the particle at the instants its P.E and K.E are equal

15. (a) (i) Distinguish between FREE ORBIT and PARKING ORBIT of an artificial
earth and mention one use of each of them.

(ii) Assuming Newton’s Law of universal gravitation, derive Kepler’s third

Law of planetary motion.

(b) (i) Two starts of masses 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒈 and 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒈 are 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝒎 apart and their
relative positions remains unchanged. They rotate about their common centre with angular
velocity W. Assuming that the only force on a star is the mutual gravitational force of
attraction between them, find the value of W

(ii) The escape velocity from earth for a piece of 𝟏𝒈 is 𝟏𝟏. 𝒌𝒎/𝒔 what it would be
for a piece of 𝟏𝒌𝒈?

(c) (i) What is the reason for no atmosphere on the moon

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 (ii) Write three essential conditions for a satellite to be geostationary.

16. (a) (i) Define the moment of inertia of a body

(ii) State parallel axes theorem

(b) (i) A solid cylinder of mass “M” and radius “a” rolls without slipping down
a plane inclined to the horizontal at an angle A

(ii) Write down the total energy of the cylinder interns of its moment of inertia
I, Angular velocity W, Mass M and the velocity V of the center of mass of the
cylinder and any other quantities which you may define

(iii) Calculate the maximum velocity of solid cylinder rolling without skidding
at the bottom of an inclined plane of length 𝟏. 𝟔𝒎 inclined at 𝟑𝟎° to the
horizontal. Assume that the cylinder started at rest from the top of the inclined
plane

(c) (i) Why are spokes filled in the cycle wheel?

(ii) What is the physical meaning radius of gyration?

17. (a) (i) What is a reversible change in thermodynamics?

(ii) Distinguish between isothermal and adiabatic changes
(b) Derive a relation for the difference between the two principal specific heat
capacities of a gas. Why is the ratio of the two specific heats important

(c) (i) A mass of air occupying initially a volume of 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎 3 at a pressure of

76 𝑐𝑚 of mercury and at temperature of 20℃ is expanded adiabatically and reversibly

to a volume of 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎 3 . Find temperature and pressure. The ratio of the principal

Heat capacities of air is 𝟏. 𝟒

(ii) Write any two limitations of the first Law of thermodynamics

18. (a) (i) What is the difference between Celsius scale and Kelvin Scale in relation
to temperature
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 (ii) The value of a property X of a certain substance is given by

𝑿𝒕 = 𝑿𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒕 + 𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒕𝟐

Where t is the temperature in degree Celsius measured a gas scale. What is the Celsius
temperature defined by the property X which corresponds to a temperature of 𝟓𝟎℃ on
this gas scale

19. (a) (i) Distinguish between natural and forced convection

(ii) A black body is at a temperature of 𝟓𝟐𝟕℃. To radiate twice as much

energy per second. Its temperature must the increased to what value?

(b) (i) The sun’s surface temperature is about 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑲. The sun’s radiation is
maximum at a wave length of 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎. A certain light bulb filament emits
radiation with maximum at 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎. If both the surface of the sun and filament have
the same emissive power. What is the temperature of the filament?

(ii) A body cools in 𝟕𝒎𝒊𝒏 from 𝟔𝟎℃ 𝒕𝒐𝟒𝟎℃. What will be its temperature
after the next 𝟕𝒎𝒊𝒏 the temperature of surrounding is 𝟏𝟎℃

20. (a) What is meant by the following terms?

i. Root mean square value of a.c
ii. Wattless current

(b) (i) The resonant frequency of a series LCR circuit is 𝟗. 𝟑𝑲𝑯𝒁. The
inductance and capacitance of the circuit are each tripled. What is the new resonant
frequency?

(ii) An 𝟖. 𝟐𝒎𝑯 inductor is connected to an A.C

generation(𝟏𝟎𝑽𝑽𝒓𝒎 , 𝟔𝟐𝟎𝑯𝒁). Determine the peak value of the current supplied
by the generator

(c) An oscillating LC circuit consisting of 𝟏𝒏𝑭 Capacitor and a 𝟑𝒎𝑯 coil has a
maximum Voltage of 3V what are:

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 i. The maximum charge on the capacitor
ii. Maximum current through the circuit
iii. The maximum energy stored in the magnetic field of the coil
21. (a) Theory predicts that the current I following through a thermionic diode varies
with the applied voltage V according to the relation 𝐼 = 𝐾𝑉 𝑛 . Where K and n are pure
numbers. The experimental results shown in the table were obtained using one of such
diodes
(i) (Amp) 6 17 32 48 68 89
V (Volts) 10 20 30 40 50 60
(𝒊) 𝒏
By means of a suitable graph find the value of
(𝒖) 𝒌

(b) (i) Is current density a vector quantity?

(ii) A battery of emit 10𝑉 and internal resistance 𝟐𝟎𝒉𝒎𝒔 is connected in

series with an adjustable resistor R, prove that rate of dissipation of energy in R is
maximum when R is 𝟐𝟎𝒉𝒎𝒔

(c) A cell has an e.m.f of 𝟏. 𝟓𝑽 and a resistance of𝟏𝟖𝜴. It is connected in series with
a rheostat R and a millimeter of a resistance 𝟑Ω. A 2Ω coil is then joined in parallel with
the meter.

(i) What value of R will cause the meter to read 𝟑𝟎𝒎𝑨 ?

(ii) What is the P.d between the terminals of the cell in these circumstance
22. (a) What is meant by the following in relation to electronics?
a) Diffusion current
b) Current amplification factor
c) Threshold Voltage and Opto electronic device

(b) The audio signal voltage across the collector resistance of 2kΩ is 𝟐𝑽 For
a C – E transistor Amplifier suppose the current amplification factor of the transistor is
100 Find (i). The input a signal Voltage and (ii). The base current if the base
resistance is 𝑰𝑲𝜴 ( 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆𝑽𝑩𝑬 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝑩𝑩
̿̿̿̿̿ 𝟐𝑽)

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23. (a) (i) When a tiny amount of pentavalent impurity like phosphorus is introduced
into a pure semi-conductor like silicon, the latter become a better conductor of electricity.
Explain why this so?

(ii) Explain with the aid of diagrams how a potential barrier comes to exist in
a semiconductor diode consisting of and n type material

(iii) Explain the meanings of the terms forward bias and reverse bias

(b) The base current of a transistor is 𝟏𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑨 and its collector current is
𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑨

(i) Calculate the values of emitter current 𝑰𝑬,  and 

(ii) If a change of 𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔A in the base current produces a change of 0.65 ×

10 3 𝐴 in the collector current, find 𝑎𝑐 current gain.

24. (a) Write the difference between
(i) Transducer and signal in relation to electronic communication system
(ii) Analogy signal and digital signal
(iii) Transmitter and receiver
(iv) Antenuation and Amplification
(b) (i) Write three types of modulation and differentiate from each other
(ii) Suppose the carrier frequency is 400𝐾𝐻𝑍 and the signal frequency
is𝑲𝑯𝒁. Find the band width in Amplitude modulation
(c) By using block diagram show the essential components of
(i) The transmitter
(ii) Receiver
25. (a) The radiation received from the sun at the earth’s surface in country is about
600𝑊/𝑚2 averaged over 8hrs in the absence of cloud
(i) What area of solar panel would be needed to replace a power station of 2𝐺𝑊
Output? If the solar panel used could convert solar radiation to electrical energy at
an efficiency of 20%

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 (ii) What percentage is this area of the total of the country which is about 𝟑 ×
𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝟐
(iii) If the total power capacity is about 140𝐺𝑊, what percentage of the surface of the
country would be covered by solar panels if all the power stations were replaced

(b) (i) Why transmission is better at night

(ii) Write any two Disadvantages of wave energy.

26. (a) Define the term dimension formula

1
(b) Consider the equation 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ where m is the mass of the body, v is the
2

velocity and g is acceleration due to gravity and h is the height. Check the dimension
consistency of the equations.
27. (a) i. Define the term Range as used in projection
ii. Prove that the time of flight T and horizontal range x of a projectile are connected
by the equations 𝑔𝑇 2 = 2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
iii. Briefly explain why the horizontal components of the initial velocity of a projectile
is always remain constant
(b) A body projected from the ground at the angle 600 is required to pass just above the
two vertical walls each of height 7m. If the velocity of the projection is 100m/s, calculate
the distance between the two walls.
28. (a) briefly explain the term simple harmonic motion
(b) The acceleration due to gravity of the moon is 1.7m/s2. What is the period of a simple
pendulum on the moon if its time period on the earth is 3.5 seconds? (Acceleration due to
gravity on the earth was 9.8m/s2)
(c) A small mass of 200gm is attached to one end of the vertical springs and produce a
extension of 15mm. The mass is now set into oscillation of amplitude 10mm. calculate
[Link] of the oscillation
[Link] of the system as its passes the equilibrium points
[Link] kinetic energy of the system
29. (a) i. State the law of conservation of angular momentum
ii. Prove that the common angular velocity at a disc after a body of mass (m) dropped
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 at a distance “x” from the axis of rotation at the center is given by
𝐼𝑑 𝑤
𝑤𝑐 =
𝐼𝑑 + 𝑚𝑥 2
Where: 𝐼𝑑 -moment of inertia of a disc
w-angular velocity of disc before body dropped
(b) A cylinder of mass 10kg rolling perfectly on a plane inclined at 30 0 to the horizontal.
Find the force of friction between the cylinder and the surface of the inclined plane.

(c) If two objects a disc (solid cylinder) and a sphere are released at the same time from
the top of the inclined plane which one will reach at the bottom first.
30. (a) When a train suddenly start the passengers standing in the compartments tends to fall
back, why?
(b) Define the term coefficient of restitution and the elastic collision
(c) Two body A and B of masses 0.1kg and 0.4kg respectively are moving towards each
other with speeds at 100cm/s and 10cm/s respectively. They suffer the head on collision
and stick together
 In which collision will combined mass moved after collision
 What will be the distance travelled by the combined mass after 10
seconds
 Assuming the two bodies to be originally at the same amplitude and
specific heat of both bodies to be 0.1calg-1c-1. Calculate the rise in
temperature of the combined mass after the collision.

31. (a) i. Define tides and its type

ii. Derive Kepler’s law from Newton’s universal law of gravitation
(b) Two masses 800kg and 600kg are at a distance of 0.25m apart, compute the
magnitude of intensity of gravitational field at a point distance 0.2m from 800kg mass
and 0.15m from the 600kg mass.
(c) A satellite of mass 1000kg moves in a circular orbit of radius 7000km around the
earth assume to be a sphere of radius 6400km. Calculate the total energy needed to plant
a satellite in orbits from the earth assuming g = 10m/s2 on the earth surface.
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
32. (a) Define the following terms
i. Thermometric property ii. Thermodynamic temperature
scale
ii. Triple point of water
(b) i. What are the three properties of thermometric property
ii. The resistance of a particular resistance thermometer at the colors temperature Ɵ as
measured by the constant volume gas thermometer is given by
𝑅𝜃 = 50 + 0.17𝜃 + 3.14 × 10−4 𝜃 2
Calculate the temperature as measured on the scale at resistance which correspond
to the temperature 600C on the gas thermometer
1
(c) In a certain e.m.f is given by 𝐸 = 𝑎𝜃 + 2 𝑏𝜃 2 where 𝜃 is the temperature of the hot
−1
function. If the cold function is at 00C 𝑎 = 10µ𝑉 0 𝐶 −1 and = µ𝑉 0 𝐶 −2 . Calculate
20

neutral temperature and the inversion temperature.

33. (a) Distinguish between the following terms as applied on Heat concept.
i. Lagged and unlagged bar ii. Conductor and convection
iii. Isothermal and adiabatic process
(b) A brass boiler has a base area of 0.15m2 and thickness 1cm its boil water at the rate of
60kg/min. When placed on a grass stove estimate the temperature of the part of the
frame in contact with the boiler, Thermal and activity of the brass 109JS-1m-1c-1. Heat of
vaporization of water 2256 × 103J/Kg.
34. (a) Define the following terms
[Link] velocity ii. Electric field strength
ii. Relaxation time (t) iv. Temperature coefficient of resistance
(b) i. What is the potential divider?
ii. In the figure below shows a variable rheostat of 20kΩ used to control the potential
difference across 500Ω load

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 A

+
B
50V 20kΩ
-
v C

RL = 500Ω

i. If the resistance AB is 500Ω what is the potential difference across the load

ii. If the load is removed what would be the resistance at BC to get 40V between B
and C
35. (a) In Togo, the AC main supply is 240V (r.m.s) state whether an electrical appliance
with maximum with standard voltage of 380V is suitable for use in AC mains on that
country
(b) A laboratory technician dealing with electronics in the college of engineering and
technology of university of Dar es Salaam designed a simple electronics circuit. The
circuit had a capacitor of 2µF and resistance of 2kΩ. if an alternating e.m.f of 240V
(r.m.s) and frequency of 50Hz is applied. Calculate
(i)The reactance of the capacitor ii. The current flowing in the circuit
iii. Voltage across the capacitor iv. The average power supply
36. (a) i. Explain what is the meant the term feedback as applied in the OP Amps. Give two
advantages of negative feedback
ii. Explain the term Open loop gain. What is the advantage of closed loop gain over
open loop gain?

(b) The gain of inverting operational amplifier is 1000 and the supply voltage is + 12V. if

the input and feedback resistance are 4.5Ω and 200Ω respectively. Calculate the
minimum P.d which may be applied between input terminal and find power gain.

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 (c) In a banking oven, a warming light comes on when the oven is switched on AND the
oven door is not closed properly and the oven overheat
(i)Construct the truth table showing
Input A for oven- 0 off, 1 on
Input B for overheat indicator- 0 normal, 1 too hot
Input C for door- 0 closed properly, 1 open
(ii)Using the truth table, construct a logic gate system to operate the warming input
37. (a) i. Briefly explain what is meant by the term offset voltage.
ii. Briefly explain the meaning of the term voltage follower and give of its practical
application
(b) Show that for a given OP Amps connected as a non-inverting Amplifier the gain of
𝑅
amplifier may be given as 1 + 𝑅2 where all symbols carry their usual meaning
1

(c) In the circuit shown in the figure below at t=0 the capacitor C = 1µF is unchanged
and inputs voltage 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is +14V a later time voltammeter connected to the output shown
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 has changed to -14V. Calculate the time at which 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 changes from +14V to – 14V

1Mῼ

R1=R2=10KΩ

1µF
G

0V

38. (a) i. Define the term Telecommunication, Transducer, transmitter and Signal
ii. Why high frequency carriers’ waves are used for transmission of audio signals

iii. Why FM is better than AM for high fidelity reception

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 (b) An AM wave is represented by the expression
𝑣 = 5(1 + 0.6𝑐𝑜𝑠6280𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛211 × 104 𝑡 Volts
(i) What are the minimum and maximum amplitude of the wave
(ii) What frequency components are contained in the modulated wave and what the
amplitude of each components?
39. (a) Define the following terms
(i) Atmosphere, Geophysics and Epicenter
(ii) Write down layers of atmosphere and its importance

(b) i. Write down ways (3) in which seismic waves are produced

ii. Differentiate between P and S wave (2 difference)

(c) Draw the diagram which show the interior part of the earth.

The following information may be useful from Question no. 40-49

Acceleration due to gravity, 𝑔 = 9.8𝑚/𝑠, Universal gravitational constant, 𝐺𝑂 = 6.67 ×
10−11 𝑁𝑚2 /𝑘𝑔, Radius of the earth, 𝑅𝐸 = 6.65 × 106 𝑚, Mass of the earth, 𝑀𝑒 = 6.0 ×
1024 𝑘𝑔, Pie, 𝜋 = 3.14

40. (a) What is dimensionless constant and provide two example of it?
(b) A famous relation in physics relates moving mass ‘m’ to the rest mass ‘mo’ of a
particle in terms of its speed 𝑣 and the speed of light 𝑐. (This relation first arose as a
consequences of special relativity due to Albert Einstein). A body recalls the relation
𝑚𝑜
almost correctly but forget where to put the constant 𝑐. He write = 2 . Guess
√(1−𝑣 2 )

where to put the missing 𝑐

(c) (i) Can we say an instrument of high precision is accurate?
(ii) A resistor of 10𝐾𝛺 having a tolerance 10% is connected in series with
another resistor of 20𝐾𝛺 having tolerance 20%. The tolerance of the combination will be
approximately equal to?
41. (a) (i) Briefly explain why horizontal components of the initial velocity of a projectile
along remain constant.
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 (ii) List down two limitation of projectile motion
(b) (i) Define the angle of projection
(ii) A ball is 22.6m from the goal post is kicked with an initial velocity 19.8m/s at
an angle 𝜃 above the ground. Between what two angle 𝜃1 and𝜃2 , will be the ball clear the
2.67m high crossbar?
(c) NBA basket player shoots towards a basket that is 8𝑚 horizontally from him and
5.05𝑚 above the floor. The ball leaves his hand 2𝑚 above the floor at an angle 600
above horizontal.
(i)Sketch a diagram of the trajectory?
(ii)What speed should the player give the ball?
42. (a) Define the following term
(i)Rigid body
(ii)Moment of Inertia
(b) A centrifuge rotor rotating at 10300𝑟𝑝𝑚 is shut off and is eventually brought
uniform to rest by a frictional torque of 1.20𝑁𝑚 if the mass of the rotor is 4.8𝑘𝑔 and it
can be approximated as a solid cylinder of reading 0.071𝑚
(i)Through how many revolution will the rotor turn before to rest?
(ii)How long will it takes?
43. (a) (i) Why does an athletes run some distance before jumping?
(ii) A body of mass 15.0𝑘𝑔 is pulled up on smooth inclined at 600 to the
horizontal by a force of 40𝑁 acting parallel to the plane. Calculate the
acceleration of the body and force exerted on it by the plane
(b) (i) What is the principle of working of a rocket?
(ii) The mass of rocket and fuel was 60 and 160kg respectively. The exhaust
velocity of the fuel is2.4𝑘𝑚/𝑠. Calculate the minimum rate of consumption of
fuel so that the rocket may rise from the ground. Also calculate the ultimate
vertical speed gained by the rocket when the rate of consumption of fuel is
3𝑘𝑔/𝑠𝑒𝑐.
44. (a) Define the following terms as used in gravitation:
(i) Parking orbit
(ii) Escape velocity
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 (b) With what velocity must a body be thrown upward from the surface of the earth
so that it reaches a height of 10𝑅?
(c) (i) State two conditions for a body to execute simple harmonic motion
(ii) A body of mass 0.30𝑘𝑔 executes simple harmonic motion with a period of
2.5𝑠𝑒𝑐 and amplitude of 4.0 × 10−2 𝑚. Determine:
(i)Maximum velocity of the body
(ii)Maximum acceleration of the body
(iii)Energy associated with the motion
45. (a) Mention the sources of centripetal force in each of the following cases:
(i)An object at the end of string is whirled in a horizontal circle
(ii)The moon orbiting the Earth
(iii)A car travelling round a banked road
(b) A string 0.5𝑚 long is used to whirl a 1 × 103 𝑔 stone in a vertical circles at
uniform speed of 5𝑚/𝑠 . Determine the tension in the string when the stone is
(i)At the top of the circle
(ii)At the bottom of the circle
(c) For uniform circular motion, does the direction of centripetal force depend on the
sense of rotation (i.e. clockwise or anticlockwise). Explain
46. (a) Define the form terms as applied in thermodynamics
(i)System
(ii)Isobaric process
(iii)Isochoric process
(b) (i) Differentiate isothermal process from adiabatic process
(ii) A fixed mass of a gas initially at 70 𝐶and pressure of 100 × 105 𝑁/𝑚 is
compressed isothermally to one-third of its original volume, then expanded adiabatically
to its original volume through sketching their graph, determine the final temperature and
pressure. Assuming 𝛾 = 1.4
47. (a) Define the term one ampere
(b) The Charge flowing in the conductor varies with time as:
1 1
𝑞 = 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑏𝑡 2 + 𝑐𝑡 3
2 6
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 Where 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are positive constants. Find
(i)Initial current
(ii)The time after which the current reaches the maximum value
(iii)The maximum or minimum values of current
48. (a) (i) Define the term Damping and its types
(ii) Distinguish between progressive waves from stationary waves
(b) A simple harmonic wave train travelling in a gas in the positive direction of x-
direction of amplitude 2𝑐𝑚, velocity 45𝑚/𝑠 and frequency of 75 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. Find the
displacement of the medium at a distance 135𝑐𝑚 from the origin in the direction of the wave at
the instant time 𝑡 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠.
(c) Two wave travelling in opposite direction produce a standing wave. The
individual wave function are given by 𝑦1 = 4sin(3𝑥 − 2𝑡) and 𝑦2 = 4sin(3𝑥 + 2𝑡), 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦
are given in 𝑐𝑚.

(i)Find the equation of a standing wave

(ii)Find the maximum displacement of the motion at 𝑥 = 2.3𝑐𝑚
(iii)Find the positions of nodes and antinodes
49. (a) Write down three characteristics of an OP Amp
(b) Show how the voltage gain of a non- inverting OP Amp relates to the resistance
𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
(c) Study the figure below and then answer the question that follows

+22V

From the above figure

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 𝐶1= 5𝑥10−6 𝐹 𝐶2 = 10 × 10−6 𝐹 𝑅1 = 39𝐾𝛺

𝑅3 = 10𝐾𝛺 𝑅2 = 3.9𝐾𝛺 𝑅4 = 1.5𝐾𝛺

𝑉𝐵𝐸 = 0.7𝑉
(a) Calculate the potential difference across 𝑅1 and 𝑅2

(b) Calculate the value of collector current 𝐼𝐶

(c) Calculate the value of 𝑉𝐶𝐸 given that 𝑉𝐵𝐸 = 0.7𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝛽 = 140

(d) What are the function of 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 and 𝑅4 in the circuit?

The following information may be useful from Question no. 50-58

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m/s2, Coefficient of viscosity of air = 1.8×10-5Nms-2,
Density of oil = 900kgm-3, Linear expensivity of copper = 20×10-6K-, Young modulus of
bone = 1.6×1010Pa, Young modulus of copper = 1.2×1011Nm-1, Plank’s constant, h =
6.63×10-34Js, Pie, π = 3.14, Permittivity of free space, Ɛo = 8.854×1012Nm-2kg-1, Electron
charge, e = 1.6×10-19C, Mass of electron, me = 9.1×10-31kg, Permeability of free space, µo =
4π×10-7Hm-1, Velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum, c = 3.0×108ms-1

50. (a) i. What do you understand by the term equation of continuity as applied to a fluid in
motion?
ii. Derive the Bernoulli’s equation of an incompressible fluid.
(b) An oil drops falls through air with terminal velocity of 5×10-4ms-1. Deduce the
formular for terminal velocity and then calculate
(i)The radius of the drop , neglect the density of air
(ii)The terminal velocity of drop of half of this radius.
(c) i. Referring from Poiseulle’s formula, briefly explain why water flow faster than
honey?
ii. A horizontal tube A of length 50cm and radius 0.1mm is joined to another
horizontal tube B of length 40cm and radius 0.2mm. If a liquid passing through the tube
enter A at a pressure of 76cm of mercury, what is the pressure at the junction of the tube
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
51. (a) Your clock radio awaken you with a steady and irritating sound of frequency 60Hz.
One morning, it malfunction and cannot be turned off. In frustration, you drop the Clock
radio out of your fourth story dorm window 15.0m from the ground. Assume The
speed of sound is 343m/s.
(i)As you listen to the falling clock radio, what frequency do just hear before the radio
striking the ground?
(ii)At what rates does the frequency that you hear changes with time just before your hear
the radio striking the ground?
52. Two waves travelling in opposite direction produce a standing wave. The individual

wave function are: 𝑦1=(4.0𝑐𝑚)sin(3.0𝑥−2.0𝑡)

𝑦2=(4.0𝑐𝑚)sin(3.0𝑥+2.0𝑡)
Where x and y are measured in centimeters
(i) Find the amplitude in simple harmonic motion of element of medium located at
𝑥 = 2.3𝑐𝑚
(ii)Find the position of node and antinode if one end of string is at x=0
(iii)What is the maximum value of the position in the simple harmonic motion of an element
located at an antinode
(c) Describe the formation of interference patterns by using air wedge experiment

53. (a) (i) Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment are illuminated by two different
Lamps emitting same wavelength. What happen to interference pattern?
(ii) In Young’s slit experiment, on using the light of wavelength 5000Ǻ, the width of the
fringe is 0.6cm. If the distance of the screen from the slits is halved, then or what
wavelength of light the fringe of width 0.4cm may be obtained on the screen?
(b) (i) What is diffraction grating?
(ii) Monochromatic light from a helium-neon laser (λ = 632.8nm) is incident
normally on a diffraction grating containing 6000grooves per centimeter.
Find the angle at which the first and second maxima are observed.
54. (i) What is linear width of central maximum?
(ii) Two spectral lines of sodium D1 and D2 have wavelength of approximately
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 5890Ǻ and 5896Ǻ a sodium lamp send incident wave onto a slit of width 2µm. A screen
is located 2m from the slit? Find the spacing between the first maxima of two Sodium
lines as measured on the screen.
(iii) Geometrical optics based on assumption that light travel in straight line.
Justify the validity of this statement by considering diffraction spread.

55. (a) From figure 1, a rod MP consist of three segment MN, NO and OP is hanging vertically
from a fixed point M. The length of the segment are respectively 0.15m,0.1m and 0.2m.
The cross section of the rod is uniformly 10-4m2. A weight of 20kg is hang from P.
Calculate the displacement of point N, O and P. Neglect the weight of the rod. Given
YMN = 2.5×1010N/m2, YNO = 4×1010N/m2, YOP = 1010N/m2

M
N

N’

O Hint!! Fig.01. Show the condition of the

O’
problem. Here MNOP is the initial position of the
20kg P rod. When a weight is applied at the end P the rod
take the position MNˊOˊPˊ.
P’
figure 1

56. (a) (i) Define the term Bulk modulus

(ii) A cube is subjected to a pressure of 10×105N/m2. Each of the cube is

shortened by 1% find the volumetric strain and modulus of elasticity of tube
material.

(b) (i) State three application of elasticity

(ii) Why do spring balances show wrong reading after they have been used for a
longtime?

57. (a) (i) Distinguish between electric potential and electric potential energy
(ii)The capacitance of conductor is affected by presence second conductor that is
uncharged and isolated electrically, why?
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 (b) A charge 𝑞1=2.00𝜇𝐶 is located at the origin and a charge 𝑞2=−6.00𝜇𝐶 is located at

(0, 3.00) m as shown in figure 2(a)

(i)Find the total electric potential due to these charges at point P, whose coordinates are (4,
00.0) m.
(ii)Find the charges in potential energy of the system of two charges plus a charges
𝑞3=3.00𝜇𝐶 as the latter charges moves from infinity to point P (figure 2(b) )

58. A 3.55µF capacitor C1 is charged to a potential difference Vo  6.3V , using a

Battery. The charging battery is then removed and the capacitor is connected as in

Figure 3 to an unchanged 8.95µF capacitor C2. After the switch S is closed,

charges flow from C1 to C2 until an equilibrium is established, with both capacitor

at the same potential difference V

(i) What is the common potential

difference?
(ii) What is the energy stored in the
electric field before and after the
switch S in fig 3 is closed
Figure 3

59. (a) (i) Distinguish between elastic and plastic behaviour which material are stretched
(ii) A patient legs were put into traction, stretching femur from length 0.46m to
0.461m. The femur has a diameter of 3.09m. What forces was used to stretch the
femur

(b) A solid copper rod is of cross- section area 15mm2 and length 2.0m. Calculate

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 (i)Its change in length when its temperature rises by 300C
(ii)The forces needed to prevent it from expanding by the amount in b(i)
(c) (i) Explain the meaning of tensile stress and compressive stress

(ii)

Stress

Strain

The graph above show the relationship between tensile stress and tensile strain

for specimen of metal. Copy the graph and label it with the following region

or parts.

(i)Region of plastic flow

(ii)Fracture point
(iii)Elastic limit
Comments on the significance each of each of these.

60. (a) Use the Rydberg RH = 1.0974×10-7m-1 to calculate the longest wavelength in
Lyman series.
(b) Use the Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom to determine the
(i)Radius of first orbit of the hydrogen atom in Ǻ units
(ii)Size of the hydrogen atom
(iii)Velocity of electron in the first orbit
(c) (i) What is the ionization potential of an atom

(ii) Show that the ionization potential of one- electron or atom is given by

13.6𝑍 2 𝑒𝑉
𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 =
𝑛2

Where: z = number of particles charge or electron

n = number of orbit from which electrons is to be removed

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 (iii) Briefly explain how Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of

  particles led to the estimation of the size of the nucleus.

61. (a) According to Columbus law in electrostatic, the electric field due to element
1 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑞 at a distance r is given by 𝑑𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2 and according to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic
𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
field due to current 𝐼𝑑𝑙 at a distance r is given by 𝑑𝐵 = 4𝜋 . Give two similarities
𝑟2

and two dissimilarities from above two Equations.

(b) (i) Draw the diagram of Toroid with a certain number of turns and indicate
any direction of the flow of current in it.

(ii) Write down the formula of magnitude of magnetic field inside the toroid.

62. (a) (i) Name and state the rule used to find the direction of magnitude field due to
straight current carrying the conductor.

(ii) A solenoid 1.5m long and 4cm in diameter possess 10turns/cm. A current of 5A is
flowing through it. Calculate the magnitude induction at the one end on the axis of the solenoid

(b) (i) State the Biot-Savart law

(ii) The plane of a circular coil is horizontal it has 20turns each of 8cm radius.
A current of 1A flow through it which appears to be clockwise from a point
vertically above it. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at
the center of the coil

63. (a) Characteristics X-radiation is described as 𝐾𝛼 if it is due to an electron

transition to n = 1 shell (K shell) from the n = 2 (L shell). 𝐾𝛽 radiation is due
to n = 3 (M shell) to K shell transition. For molybdenum the 𝐾𝛼 wavelength is
0.071nm and 𝐾𝛽 is 0.063nm. Calculate the difference between
(i)K and L energy level
(ii)L and M energy level
(b) (i) State two precaution you would take when performing an experiment using
radiation decay.

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 (ii) A radioactive substance emit either 𝛼 particle or 𝛽 particle only. Then why
is radiation divided into three parts or applying electric or magnetic field?
(iii) The isotopes 𝑈 238 and 𝑈 235 occurs in the ratio 140:1. Assuming that at
the at the time of the earth formation they were present in equal ratio, make an
estimate of the age of the earth the half of 𝑈 238 and 𝑈 235 are 4.5×108 years
and 7.13×108 years respectively.
64. (i) What is nuclear fusion
(ii) It is proposed to use the nuclear fusion reaction
2
1H + 1H2 2He
4

In a number reactor at 200MW rating. If the energy from the above is used
with 25% efficiency in the reactor. How many grams of deuterium will be
needed per day? The masses of 1H2 and 2He4 are 2.0141a.m.u and
4.0026a.m.u respectively.
65. (a) Explain why the velocity of a body undergoing circular motion is not constant while
its speed is constant
(b) The figure 1 below show a toy runway. After release from point X, a small model car
runs down the slope, ‘loops the loops’ and travel on towards Z. the radius of the loop is
0.25m.
(i) Ignoring the effect of friction outline the energy changes as the
model moves from X to Z
(ii) What is the minimum speed with which the car must pass point P
at the top of the loop if it is so remain in contact with the runway
(iii) What is the maximum value of ℎ which allow the speed calculated
in (ii) to be achieved?
The effect of friction can be ignored. (Assume that the acceleration of free-fall 𝑔 = 10𝑚−2)

ℎ
Y Z

Figure 1
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
66. The pendulum below has a mass of 2𝑘𝑔. The pendulum is moving in a horizontal circle.
Th string is inclined at 30° to the vertical as shown in figure 2.

300

1.2 m

Figure 2

(i) Calculate the Tension in the string

(ii) Calculate the centripetal force
(iii) Calculate the centripetal acceleration
(iv) Calculate scalar and angular velocities
(v) Calculate period and frequency of centripetal motion.

67. (a) Why is technically advised to bank a road at corners?

(b) A wheel rotates at a constant rate of 10 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. Calculate the
centripetal acceleration at a distance of 0.80𝑚 from the centre of the wheel.
(c) An insect is released from the rest at the top of the smooth bowling ball such that it
slides over the ball. Prove that it will loose its fooling with the ball at an angle of about 48°
with the vertical.

68. (a) Why are passengers of a car rounding a curve outward?

(b) For a uniform circular motion, does the direction of centripetal force depend on the
sense of rotation (i.e. clockwise or anticlockwise)?

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 (c) If both speed of a body and the radius of its circular path are doubled what will happen
to the centripetal force?
(d) A curve of radius 30𝑚 is to be banked so that a car may make the turn at a speed of
13 𝑚⁄𝑠 without depending on friction. What must be the slope of the curve (the banking
angle)?

The following information may be useful from Question no. 69-86

Acceleration due to gravity g=9.8m/s2, Density of mercury = 13.6 x103kg/m3, Specify charge
e
of an electron = 1.76 x 1011ckg-1, Permeability of free space 𝜇 0=4𝜋 𝑥 10-7Hm-1, Atomic
me

mass of helium 4.0039 a.m.u, Atomic mass of hydrogen 1.0076 a.m.u, Speed of light
C=3x108m/s, Permittivity constant 𝜀𝑜 = 8.85 x 10-12Fm-1, Plank’s constant h=6.6 x10-34Js,
Mass of election Me = 9.11 x 10-31Kg, Young modules of rubber = 6 x108Pa, Surface tension of
mercury 4.72 x 10-1N/M, Density of mercury 1.36 x 104kg/m3, Density of water 1g/cc,
Surface tension of water 7 x10-2N/M

69. (i) What do you understand by the equation of continuity as applied to a fluid
in motion?
(ii) Derive Bernoulli’s equation for an incompressible fluid
(b) (i) Water enters a house through a pipe with an inside diameter of 2.0cm at an
absolute pressure of 4.0 x 105 Pa. A 1.0cm diameter pipe leads to the floor
bathroom 5.0m above. When the flow speed at the inlet pipe is 1.5 m/s
find the flow speed, pressure, and volume flow rate in the bathroom.
(ii) An oil drop of density 900kg/m-3 reaches a terminal velocity of 0.2m/s
when falling through a gas. If the viscosity of the gas is 1.5 x 10-5 Ns/m2
what the radius of the drop?

70. (a) (i) A pressure differences of 6 x 104 Pa is required to maintain a volume

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 flow rate of 0.8m3/s for a viscous fluid flowing through a section of
cylindrical pipe that has radius 0.210m. What pressure difference is
required to maintain the same volume flow rate if the radius of the pipe is
decreased to 0.7m?

(ii) Viscous blood is flowing through an artery partially clogged by

cholesterol. A surgeon wants to remove enough of the cholesterol to
double the flow rate of blood through this artery if the original diameter
of the artery is D, what should be the new diameter(in terms of D) to
accomplish this for the same pressure gradient?
71. (a) (i) Give definitions of any three types of damping
(ii) What do you understand by the term Resonance?
(iii) The sun rotates with a period of 24.7days and has a radius of 7.0 x 108m.
For a terrestrial observer, calculate the resultant. Doppler shift of the
wavelength 500nm which is emitted from the solar equator at
 Each side of the disc
 The centre of the solar disc
πx
(b) (i) Two progressive waves are represented by y =2sin(wt − 17) and
πx
y =2sin(wt + 17) where x is in cm and y in mm. The waves travel in the

same medium
 Can the wave form stationary wave when meet? Justify
 If they form stationary waves, determine the amplitude when x = 5cm.
(ii) Two simple pendulum of length 1.44m and 1.0m are made to ascillate and
commence in phase. After how long will they are.
 Completely out of phase
 In phase again
72. (i) Explain why light from two separate lamp bulbs can never produce an
interference pattern.
(ii) Derive an expression for the fringe spacing on young’s double slit
experiment
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 (iii) A diffraction grating has 6000 lines per cm. calculate the angular
separation between wave length 5.896 x10-7m and 5.461 x 10-7m
respectively after transmission through it at normal incidence, in the first
order spectrum

73. (a) (i) What do you understand about the following:

 Newton’s corpuscular theory
 Dual Nature theory
(ii) Light consisting of two wavelengths which differ by 160nm passes through
a diffraction grating with 2.5 x 105 lines per metre. In the diffracted light
the third order of one wavelength coincides with the fourth order of the
other. What are the two wavelengths ad what angle of diffraction does
this coincidence occur?
74. (a) (i) State Brewster’s law, Hence determine the angle of incidence for light to be
completely plane polarized on reflection from a surface having reflective
index of 1.55
(ii) What are the applications of polarized light, mention three
(iii) A stretched string is observed to vibrate with a frequency of 40
cycles per second in its fundamental nodes. If the length and mass of
string are 0.6m and 30g respectively. If the maximum displacement is
0.3m calculate.
 Velocity of the wave in the string
 The tension in the string
75. (a) (i) What are newton’s rings and under what conditions can they be
Observed.
(ii) Explain how they can be used to test the accuracy of grinding of the face
of lens.
(iii) The face of lens has a radius of curvature of 50cm. it is placed in contact
with a flat phase and newton’s rings are observed normally with reflected
light of wave length 5 x10-7m. Calculate the radii of the fifth and tenth
bright rigs?
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76. (a) (i) State three applications of elasticity
(ii) A rubber cord of a catapult has a cross-sectional area of 2mm2 and an
initial length of 0.20m and is stretched to 0.24m to fire a small stone of
10g. Calculate the initial velocity of the object when it just leaves the
Catapult
(iii) The maximum upwards acceleration of a lift of total mass 2500kg is
0.5m/s2 the lift is supported by steal cables which have a maximum safe
working stress of 1 x 108Pa. What is the minimum area of cross-sectional
of cable should be used
77. A 20m length of continuous steel railway line of cross-sectional area 8 x 10-3m2 is
welded into place after heating to a uniform temperature of 40˚C. Calculate for
normal operating condition at 15˚C.
i. The tensile strain
ii. Tensile stress
iii. Elastic strain energy in the rail
iv. How much heat would be required to return the rail to 40˚C

78. (i) Define free surface energy in relation to the liquids surfaces
(ii) A spherical drop of mercury of radius 2mm falls to the ground and breaks
into 10 smaller drops of equal size. Calculate the amount of work that has
to be done. What is the minimum speed with which the original drop
could have to hit the ground.
(iii) A clean glass capillary tube of internal diameter 0.6mm is held vertically
with it’s lower end in water and with 80mm of the tube above the surface.
How high does the water rise in the tube? What happens if the tube is
lowered until on 30mm of its length is above the surface? (03 marks)

79. (a) A change of +2x10-6C is placed at one corner of an equilateral triangle and a
charge of -2.0 x 10-6C at another corner. The sides of the triangle are 1.5m long.
i. What is the electric potential at the corner of the triangle without a change?
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 ii. What is the size and direction of the electric field strength at the corner
without a charge? Draw a sketch to explain your answer
iii. Calculate the p.d which would have to be applied between to parallel plates
3.00 mm apart to cause the same fiels as that in (ii)
80. (a) (i) the electric field strength between a pair of plates of length 4cm in a
cathode ray tube is 2.3 x104 N/C An electron enters the field at right
angles to it with a velocity of 3.7 x 107m/s find the velocity and its
direction when it leaves the electric field
(ii) In a simple model of the hydrogen atom, the electron is regarded as a
point charge of magnitude -1.6 x 10-19 moving in a circular path of radius
5.3 x 10-11m with a point charge of magnitude +1.6 x 10-19C at the
centre. Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force of an electron, the
speed and the time an electron takes to complete one orbit

81. (a) Define the term electric field strength and electric potential, both at a point
in an electric field.
(b) An electric field is established between two parallel plates as shown in the figure
below. The plates are 50cm apart and a p.d of 1000V is applied between them. A
point change of value +1 x 10-6C is held at point A. It is moved first to B then to
C and finally back to A. The distances are shown in the diagram below

+1000V
40 cm
C A

50cm 30cm

0V
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 Calculate
i. The force experienced by the charge at A and at B
ii. The energy involved in moving the charge from A to B
iii. The energy required to move the charge from C to A
iv. The net energy needed to move the charge along the route ABCA

82. A 4 x10-6F capacitor is charged by 120V supply and is then discharged through
15 x105(0hms) resistor.
i. Obtain the time constant
ii. Calculate the charge on the capacitor at the start of the discharge
iii. What will be the value of the charge on the capacitor, the potential difference
across the capacitor and the current in the circuit 5 seconds after the discharge
starts?

83. (a)A coil of 1000 turns and resistance 23(ohms) enclosing an area of 4 cm2 is rotated
from a position where its plane is perpendicular to the earth’s magnetic field to
on where it is parallel to the field, in 5 x 10-3 sec.
(i) What is the average induced emf, if the magnetic flux density of the
Earth’s magnetic field at the point is 6x10-5T
(ii) What is the average current flowing in the coil if its ends are short
circuited
(iii) What charge will flow past any point in the coil in the time it is moving?
(b) A current of 25 A passes through a coil of inductance 0.68H and resistance
0.5(ohms). Find
(i) the power being used the resistance of the coil and that used by the inductance
of the coil
(ii) the magnetic energy stored by the inductance of the coil and the electrical
energy stored by the resistance of the coil
(iii)The coil is then short circuited what will he the current when the time is 1.36
sec and hence how long will it take for the current to fall to 0.0025A?

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 207
84. A radioactive isotope of thallium, TL, emits beta particles (𝛽-)With an average
81
energy of 1.5 Mev. The half –life of the isotope is 135 days, and is thought to emit
gamma radiation.
(a) (i) What will the atomic number and the atomic mass of the new isotope
formed by the emission of a heta particle?
(ii) What is meant by energy of 1.5 Mev and what form does the energy take
in this case?
(iii) What is meant by a half –life of 135 days?
(iv) Calculate the decaying constant
(b) Assuming that 207g of thallium contains 6 x 1023 atoms calculate
(i) The total energy in joules available from the beta particles emitted from 1g
of the isotope
(ii) The initial rate at which beta particles are emitted from 1g of the freshly
prepared Isotope
(iii)The initial power in watts available from the beta particles emitted at the
rate calculated in(ii)

85. (a) (i) Describe the photoelectric effect What are the principal features that are
observed
(ii) State and Explain Einstein’s equation. How does it help interpret the
mechanism of the photoelectric effect
(iii) An experimenter wishes to study the arrangement of planes of atoms in a
crystal using the fact that a crystal acts as a diffraction grating for X-rays
whose wavelength is of the order of the plane separating (10-10m)
Calculate the least accelerating voltage to be applied to an X- ray tube to
produce suitable radiation
(b) (i) What do you understand by a line spectrum?
(ii) Explain why the existence of spectral lines supports the view that electrons
in atoms exists in discrete energy level

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86. The four lowest energy levels in a mercury atom are -10.4eV, -5.5eV, -3.7eV and
-1.6eV.
(i) What is the ionization energy of mercury? Give your answer in eV and joules
(ii) Calculate the frequency and wavelength of radiation emitted when an
electron goes from the -1.6eV energy/end to the -5.5eV level.
(iii) In what part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this wavelength lie?
(iv) What is likely to happen if a mercury atom in the un excited state is
bombarded with electrons of energy, 4.0eV, 6.7eV, and 11.0eV

87. (a) With the help of examples distinguish

i. Fundamental physical quantities and derived physical quantities
ii. Dimensions and units

(b) (i) If force (F) area (A) and density (D) are taken as fundamental units, find the dimension
formulae for M,T and L in terms of F, D and A
(ii) Give four uses and four limitations of dimensional analysis

(c) The number of particles n crossing a unit area perpendicular to X- axis in a unit time is
given by
−𝐷(𝑛2 −𝑛1 )
𝑛=
𝑥2 −𝑥1
Where 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 are the number of parties per unit volume for the value of X to X1 and X2
constant D?

88. (a) (i) State the law of dimensional analysis (principle homogeneity)

(ii) Check the correctness of the following equation

2𝑇 cos 𝜃
h= where 𝜃 is an angle of contact, 𝛿 is the density of the liquid r is the
𝛿𝑔𝑟
radius of the tube, g is acceleration due to gravity, h is the height of the liquid and T is the
surface tension .

(b) It is thought that rate of flow of electromagnetic energy P through an area A

placed normal to an electromagnetic wave will depend upon 𝜇 o and upon the instantaneous

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values of electric and magnetic fields E and B. Find a possible relationship between these five
quantities

[𝜇𝑜 ] = [𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 𝐼 −2 ]
[𝐸]=[𝑀𝐿𝑇 −3 𝐼 −1 ]
[𝐵]=[𝑀𝑇 −2 𝐼 −1 ]

(c) (i) What is a unit? Explain the process of measuring a physical quantity

(ii) What are the characteristics of a standard unit ?

89. (a) What do you understand about the following terms

i. Projectile motion
ii. Trajectory
iii. Time of flight

(b) A ball is thrown up with a velocity of 20m/s at an angle of 60° to the horizontal. What
height does it reach? What is the horizontal distance travelled when it strikes the level
ground again?

(c) An archer shoots an arrow with a velocity of 45m/s at an angle of 50° with the horizontal.
An assistant standing on the level ground 150m downrange from the launch point throws
an apple straight up with the minimum initial speed necessary to meet the path of the arrow.

i. What is the initial speed of the apple?

ii. At what time after the arrow launch should the apple be thrown so that the arrow hits
the apple?

90. (a) A ball is tossed from an upper-story window of a building. The ball is given an initial
velocity of 8m/s at an angle 0f 20° below the horizontal. It strikes the ground 3sec later.

i. How far horizontally from the base of the building does the ball strike the ground?
ii. Find the height from which the ball was thrown
iii. How long does it take the ball to reach a point 10m below the level of launching?

(b) A bullet of mass m is fired with a velocity 50m/s at an angle 𝜃 with the horizontal at the
highest point of its trajectory it collides head on with a bob of mass 3m suspended by a
massless string of length 0.3m and get embedded in the bob. After collision the string
move through an angle 120°. Find
i. Angle 𝜃
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 ii. Vertical and horizontal coordinates of the initial position of the bob with respect to
the point of firing the bullet

91. (a) Prove that a gun will shoot three times as high when its angle of elevation is 60° as
when it is 30°, but will carry the same horizontal distance.

(b) A projective is fired in such a way that its horizontal range is equal to three times its
maximum height. What is the angle of projection?

(c)A rock is thrown upward from the level ground in such a way that the maximum height of
its flight is equal to its horizontal range d.
i. At what angle 𝜃 is the rock thrown?
ii. What is the range d max the rock can attain if it is launched at the same speed but
at the optimal angle for maximum range

92. (a) (i) Explain the state of equilibrium of a body in motion

(ii) With the help of mathematical expression explain the concept of weightlessness of a
body.

(b) Suppose that your physics and chemistry books are lying on your desk, with
chemistry book on the top of the physics book. The chemistry and physics books weigh
14N and 18N respectively. Find the magnitude and direction of the force that physics
book exerts on the chemistry book.

93. In the figure below a block A of mass 2kg, is placed on top of block B of mass 8kg with
block A connected by a light cord to a hanging mass D of [Link] the coefficient of
friction between A and B is 0.6 and coefficient of friction between B and C is 0.01.
Find
(i) The acceleration of A relative to C
(ii) and B relative to C
(iii) the force excreted by the tensions on the pulley

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94. (a)You want to move a 500-N crate across a level floor. To start the crate moving, you
have to pull with a 230-N horizontal force. Once the crate “breaks loose” and starts to
move, you can keep it moving at constant velocity with only 200 N. What are the
coefficients of static and kinetic friction?

(b)A hockey puck having a mass of 0.30 kg slides on the horizontal, frictionless surface of an
ice rink. Two hockey sticks strike the puck simultaneously, exerting the forces on the puck
shown in Figure 5.4. The force F1 has a magnitude of 5.0 N and the force F2 has a magnitude of
8.0 N. Determine both the magnitude and the direction of the puck’s acceleration.

95. (a).A body of mass 2.0kg rest on a slope with µ=0.4 which is at an angle of 300 to the
horizontal. A horizontal force F is applied to the body is just prevented from sliding
down the slope. Find the value of F

(b) An inventive child named Pat wants to reach an apple in a tree without climbing the tree.
Sitting in a chair connected to a rope that passes over a frictionless pulley as shown below, Pat
pulls on the loose end of the rope with such a force that the spring scale reads 250 N. Pat’s true
weight is 320N, and the chair weighs 160 N.

(i) Show that the acceleration of the system is upward and find its magnitude.
(ii) Find the force Pat exerts on the chair.

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
The following information may be useful from Question no. 96-109
Radius of the earth 6.4 x106M, Change of an electron 1.6X10-19C, Mass of an electron 9.1 x10-
31kg, Gas constant R = 8.31J/mk, Acceleration due to granty, g = 9.81m/s2, Density of air
1.23kg/m3, Velocity of sound = 330m/s, Plank’s constant h = 6.63 X10-34Js, Speed of light, C=
3.0X108m/s, Permittivity of the free space, E0=8.85x10-12Fm-1

96. (a) (i) Define simple harmonic motion, Explain what is meant by the amplitude the period
and the phase of a such a motion

(ii) Mention any four characteristics of S.H.M?

(b) (i) Two masses M1= 1kg and M2 =0.5kg are suspended by a weightless
spring of force constant k = 12.5N/M when they are in equilibrium
position, M, is gently removed calculate the angular frequency and
amplitude of M2.

(c ) A small bead of mass 3kg is threaded on to a smooth wire in the shape of a circle, radius
2m and centre O. The circular wire is fixed in a vertical plane and the beads passes
through the lowest point A on the wire with speed 10m/s when the bead is at the top of
the wire find.
i. The velocity of the bead.

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 ii. The magnitude of the reaction between the bead and the wire.

97. (a) (i) A bicycle and its rider together weigh 100kg. Find the angle which the machine must make
with the horizontal in travelling round a bend of radius 25m at a speed of 36km/h. at this speed,
what frictional force must the ground exert on the wheels if no side-slip occurs? What is the
minimum safe value of coefficient of friction?
(ii) A particle suspended from a fine string describes a circle uniformly in horizontal plane If it
makes 3 revolution in 2sec. find its vertical depth below the point at which the springs upper
end is fixed.
(iii) Briefly explain why roads and railway tracks are banked along corners. Distinguish between
perfect and imperfect banking as applied to roads and railway lines.

98. (a) (i) Define the movement of inertia of a body

(ii) State the theorem of parallet axes for M of I.
(iii) A solid cylinder of mass “M” and radius “a” rolls without slipping down a plane
inclined to the horizontal at an angle x. write down the total energy of the cylinder in
terms of its moment of inertia, angular in terms of its moment of inertia, angular
velocity W, mass M and the velocity V of centre of mass of the cylinder and any other
quantities which you may define.

(b) Calculate the maximum velocity of a solid cylinder, rolling without skidding at the bottom of
an inclined plane of length 1.6m, inclined at 30˚ to the horizontal. Assume that the cylinder
started at rest from the top of the inclined plane. (Take moment of inertia of a solid cylinder
about its axis to be ½ ma2)

99. (a) (i) Write down the Bernoulli’s equation for fluid flow in a pipe and indicate the term
which will disappear when the flow of fluid is stopped.

(ii) Water is supplied to a bath tube from an overhead cylindrical tank of maximum volume of
1800litres and cross sectional diameter 1.0m. The tank is placed on a platform raised at a height
of 5.0m above the ground. A supply pipe of diameter 4.0cm runs horizontally for a length of
2.0metres from the base of the tank and then vertically download for a depth of 4.0metres where
it is connected to the bath tap. Determine the velocity and pressure of water at the tap’s orifice
when fully opened.

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 (b) (i)A heavy rigid bar is supported horizontally from a fixed support by two vertical wires. A and
B of the same initial length and which experience the same extension. If the ratio of the diameter
of A to that of B is 2 and the ratio of young’s modulus of A to that of B is 2. Calculate the ratio
of the tension in A to that in B

(ii) If the distance between the wire is D. calculate the distance of wire A from the centre of
gravity of the bar.

100. (i) Explain the term parking orbit of a satellite

(ii) Explain briefly how the satellite is sent into orbit when the intended altitude has been
reached. What would happen if this procedure of putting a satellite in an orbit failed to come into
effect?

101. (a) What is a projectile? Give any two examples of projectile

(b) A body of 2.5g mass is pushed horizontally and rolls off from the top of a stairway with the
velocity of 4.5m/s.
(i) Which step will this body hit first? If the steps are 30cm high and 30cm wide
(ii) Determine the time taken to hit the above obtained step.

102. An antitank gun is located on the edge of a plateau that is 60m above the surrounding plain.
The gun crew sights an enemy tank standing stationary on the plain on a horizontal distance
of 2.2km from the gun. At the same moment the tank crew see the gun, he starts to move
directly away from it with an acceleration of 0.9m/s2, If the antitank fires a shell with the
muzzle velocity of 240m/s at an elevation of 10˚above the horizontal, how long should the
gun crew wait before firing if the shell has to hit the tank.

103. a hydrometer with glass stem 5.0mm in diameter floats in water and due to a slight greasiness
of the steam, the angle of contact is 25˚. A small quantity of detergent is added to the water
and this reduces surface tension from 7 x10-2NM-1 to 2.4x10-2 NM-1 and the angle of
contact become zero because of detergent, does the hydrometer float higher or lower? How
much?

104. (a) Charge of +2x10-6 Cis placed at one corner of an equilateral triangle and a charge of -2x10-6
at another corner. The sides of the triangle are 1.5m long.
i. What is the electric potential at the corner of the triangle without a charge

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 ii. What is the size and direction of the electric field strength at the corner without a charge?
Draw the sketch to explain your answer
iii. Calculate the p.d which would have to the applied between two parallel plates 3.00mm apart
to cause the same electrified as that in (ii)

(b) (i) Measurements show that there is at the Earth’s surface an electrified of strength about
100V/M directed vertically down wards. (1) To what surface density of change does this
Correspond? Is the sign of this surface charge positive or negative?

(ii) What will he the electric field strength 3x106m alone the surface o the earth

(c ) (a)(i) Define the term capacitance as applied to a capacitor

(ii)Describe an experiment to measurement the capacitance of the capacitor
105. (a) (i) Define magnetic if lux density(p)

(b) (i) The flow of electric current in a metal wine is due to the movement of conduction

electrons.

 What is meant by the term conduction electrons?

 Under what circumstances will the movement of the electrons produce current flow?

(ii) The current of 1A flows in a 1m length of copper wire of cross –sectional area 1mm2.

 Given the each cubic metre of copper contains 9x1028 conduction electrons. Calculate the
average drift velocity of the electrons.
 If the wire is placed at right angles to a magnetic field of 1x10-2 calculate the average force
experienced by each electron due to the field
 What is the total force experienced by the wire due to the field?

(iii)Materials which are good conductors of charge are usually also good conductors of heat.
Explain in terms of electron motion how heart may he conducted through a metal bar
(c) (i) Sketch the magnetic field lines pattern due to the current in a long straight wire your diagram
should show the direction of field and current
(ii) An electron beam is bent in a circle of radius 2cm by a uniforms field of 4.5mT. What is the
speed of the electrons?

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106. (a) (i) Explain what is meant by an ideal gas what properties are assumed for the model of
1
an ideal gas molecule in deriving the expression. P=3 𝜌V2 where the symbols have their usual

meanings?
(ii) How is pressure explained in terms of the kinetic theory of gases? Describe carefully, using
diagrams where necessary, but without detailed mathematical analysis, the steps in the argument used
to derive the equation in (1)
(iii) The kinetic model of an ideal gas is used to help explain the behavior of real gases. Write
down two of the assumptions made about the molecules which make up an ideal gas and outline the
experimental evidence supporting one of the assumptions

107. (a) (i) Sketch a graph showing how the product PVm varies with O where Vm is the volume of one
mole of an ideal gas at a pressure P and a Celsius temperature Q. What is the gradient? What are
the gradient of the graph and the intercept of the graph and the intercept of the graph on the
temperature axis

How would the graph change if

 A second mode of the same gas were added to the first
 Original gas were replaced by one mole of another ideal gas having twice the relative
molecular mass of the first

(ii) Two thermometers are based on different properties hut they are calibrated using the same
fixed points. To what extent are the thermometers likely to agree when used to measure
temperature
(b) (i) List down four thermodynamic processed
(ii) An ideal gas is hearted at constant pressure of 2x105Pa from a temperature of -73˚C to
temperature of +27˚C. The heart supplied to the gas in this process is 25K what is the increase in
internal energy of the gas
108. (a) (i) Light is incident upon a plane glass surface in such a way that the angle between the
reflected ray and the transmitted ray is 90˚. The glass has a refractive index of 1.6
 How does the reflected light R differ in nature from the transmitted light T?
 Describe an experimental test to establish the nature of the reflected light R
 Calculate the value of the angle of incidence I

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 (ii) A beam of light is shone straight at a diffraction grating with 2.5 x10 5 lines per metre. The light
from the grating id focused on a screen using a converging lens of focal length 40cm. The wave
length of two lines in the section are 5.5 x 10-7m and 6 x 10-7m what is the distance tem the first
order images at these two wavelengths on the screen?

109. (a) (i)What conditions are necessary in order that inter fence patterns between light from two
source may be observed
(ii) Superimpose the following two waves y1= 20sinwt and y2=20sinwt (wt +60˚)
(iii) Light from a sodium vapor lamp of wave length 589nm forms and interference pattern on a
screen 0.8m from a pair of slit. The be right fringes in the pattern are 0.35cm apart. What is the slit
separation

(c) Newton’s rings are formed by light of 400nm wavelength.

i. Between the third and sixth bright fridge what is the change in thickness of the air film
ii. If the radius of curvature of the curved surface is 5m. What is the radius of the third bright
fridge?
110. (a) (i) What is an error?
(ii) Mention two causes of systematic error
(iii)In a Searle’s experiment, the diameter of the wire as measured by a screw gauge
of least count 0.001cm can is 0.050cm. The length, measured by a scale of least
count 0.1cm, is 110.0cm. When a weight of 50N is suspended from the wire, the
extension is measured to be 0.125cm by a micrometer of least count 0.001cm.
Find the maximum error in the measurement of young’s modules of the material
of the wire from this data

(b) (i) With help of examples distinguish between the term dimensions and unit
(ii) Mention two uses and two limitations of dimensional analysis (01 mark)
(iii) The time of oscillation “t” of a small drop of liquid under surface tension
depends upon the density “d”, the radius “r” and the surface tension “𝛿” Derive
𝑑𝑟 3
dimensionally the relationship t∝ √ 𝛿

111. (a) A projectile is fired at an angle of 60˚ to the horizontal with an initial velocity of

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 800 m/s
i) Find the time of flight of projectile before it hits the ground
ii) Find the distance of travels before it hits the ground (range)
iii) Find the time of flight for the projectile to reach its maximum height
iv) Show that the shape of its flight is in the form of a parabola y = bx+ Cx2, where b
and C are constants (acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8ms2)

(b) If ∝ is the angle of projection, R the range, h the maximum height, T the time
of flight then show that:

i) Tan∝ = 4ℎ⁄𝑅
ii) h = 9T2⁄8

(c) From the ground an object is projected upward with sufficient velocity so that it
crosses the top of a tower in time t, and reaches the maximum height. It then comes
down and reclosses the top of the tower in time t2, time being measured from the
instant the object was projected up. A second object released from the top of the

tower reaches the ground in time t3. Show that t3 = √𝑡1 𝑡2

112. (a) Show that given a small vertical displacement from its equilibrium position a floating

body subsequently performs S.H.M of period 2𝜋 √𝑉⁄𝐴𝑔, where V is the volume of

displaced liquid and A is the area of the plane of floating. Ignore the Viscous forces
(b) i/. At what distance from the equilibrium position is the kinetic energy equal to the
potential energy for a SHM?
ii/. In SHM if the displacement is one-half of the amplitude show that the kinetic
energy and potential energy are in the ratio 3:1
113. One end of a long metallic wire of length L is tied to the ceiling, the other end is tied
to a massless spring of spring constant K.A mass M hangs freely from the free end of
the spring. The area of cross section and the Young’s modulus of the wire are A and
Y respectively. The mass is displaced down and released. Show that it will oscillate

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 𝑚(𝑦𝐴+𝑘𝐿)
with time period T = 2𝜋 √ 𝑌𝐴𝐾
114. (a) (i) Define an equipotential Surface
(ii) What is the work done on a test charge when it is moved from one point to
another along an equipotential surface?

(b) Two small balls are suspended by insulating threads from a common point. Each ball
are given equal positive charge each suspension thread given equal positive charge of
7˚ with the vertical. What are the charges carried by the two balls?
(c) Small spheres A and B are fixed on the X – axis with their centers at distances
XA = 4cm and XB = 12cm from the same side of the origin. If the charge on A is
20 x 10-19C and that on B is -12 x 10-1aC, determine the electric potential V, and the
electric field strength E at the origin.

115. (a) With regard to fluid flow, define the following terms
i. Streamline flow
ii. Incompressible flow
iii. Irrotational flow
iv. Viscous flow

(b) Air flows through the horizontal main tube of the ventun meter. If the U – tube of the
meter contains mercury, find the mercury-level difference (h) between the two
arms. The radii of the wide and narrow parts of the main tube are r1 = 1.0cm and
r2=0.5cmrespectively. The speed of the air entering the meter V1=15.0mls.

(c) (i) Write stoke’s equation as applied to motion of a body in a viscous medium. Under
what conditions is the stokes equation valid? State the (2) conditions.
(ii) A small oil drop falls with a terminal velocity of 4.0 x 10-4mls. What is the new
terminal velocity for an oil radius? (Neglect density of air)

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116. (a) A car travels around a bend in a road which is a circular arc of radius62.5m. The road
5
is banked at an angle tan -1(12) to the horizontal. If the coefficient of friction between

the tyres of the car and the road surface is 0.4 , find
i. The greatest speed at which the car can be driven around the bend without
slipping occurring
ii. The least speed at which this can happen

(b) The base of a mountain is at sea level where the gravitational field strength is
9.81N/kg. The value of gravitational field at the top of the mountain is 19.79 N/kg
calculate the height of the mountain above the sea level

117. (a) (i) State both Stefan’s law and Newton’s law of cooling
(ii) Mention one significant limitation of each law stated
(iii) A metal sphere with a black surface and radius 30mm is cooled to -73˚c and
placed inside an enclosure at a temperature of 27˚C. Calculate the initial rate of
temperature rise of the sphere assuming the sphere is a black body of density
8000kg/m3 and specific heat capacity of metal = 400Jkg-1k-1 and Stefan’s constant
5-7x10-8Wm-2k-1

(b) (i) An insulated roof has U-value of 1.9wm-2k-1 its U-value when lagged is 0.4wm-2k-1,
Calculate U-value of lagging material and its thermal conductivity if it is 2cm
thick.
(ii) At high noon, the sun delivers 1000w to each square meter of a blacktop road.
If the hot asphalt loses energy only by radiation, what is its equilibrium
temperature?
118. A cylinder is closed at both ends and has insulating walls. It is divided into two
compartments by a perfectly insulating partition that is perpendicular to the axis of
the cylinder. Each compartment contains 1mol of oxygen which behaves as an ideal
gas with 𝛾 = 7⁄5 initially the two compartments have equal volumes, and their
temperatures are 550k and 250k. The partition is then allowed to move slowly until

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 the pressures on its two sides are equal. Find the final temperatures in the two
compartments.

119. (a) (i) Light consisting of two wave lengths which differ by 160 x 10-9 m passes
through
a plane transmission grating with 2.5 x 105 per metre. In the diffracted light, the
third order of one of the wave lengths coincides with the fourth order of the other
what are the two wavelengths and at what angle of diffraction does this occur?
(ii) A stationary source of sound of frequency 1100Hz is approached by an observer
moving at a velocity of 30m/s. What frequency is heard by the absolver?
(iii) Give a brief account of the Doppler Effect and describe two of the astronomical
observations which can be explained items of this phenomenon.

(b) (i) A whistle giving out 500 vibrations parsec moves away from a stationary observer
in a direction towards and perpendicular to a flat wall with velocity of 15mls.
How many beats per second will be heard by the observer?
(ii) The diameter of the tenth bright ring in a Newton’s this apparatus change from
1.4cm to 1.27cm as a liquid is introduced between the lens and the plate. Find the
refractive index of the liquid.

120. (a) In the diagram shown, A and B weight 40kg and 60kg respectively and the coefficient
of friction per each surface is 0.2.

Find.

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 i. The acceleration of the system
ii. The tension in the string joining the masses.
What assumptions do you make in your calculations?

121. (i) A and B are two particles, of mass 4kg and 8kg respectively lying in contact on a
smooth horizontal table and they are connected by an inextensible string 3m long.
B is 7m from the smooth edge of the table and is connected by a taut inextensible
card passing over the edge to a particle C of mass 4kg hanging freely. If the system
be released from rest, find the speed at which A begins to move and its velocity at
the instant B reaches the edge of the table

(ii) State Newton’s 2nd Law of motion

122. (a) A fly wheel with an axle 2cm in diameter is mounted on frictionless bearing. A
light inextensible cord is wrapped and the axle and supports a mass 10g. On being
released from rest the mass falls through a distance of 2m in 10sec after which it becomes
detached. Find
i. The torque producing the motion of the fly wheel whilst the weight is falling
ii. The moment of inertia of the fly wheel
iii. The constant retarding torque which would bring the fly wheel to resting 1 revolution
after the tread and the attached mass have detached
(b) (i) Define moment of inertia
(ii) Find an expression for the moment of inertia of a uniform rod about an axis
through one end

The following information may be useful from Question no 123-136

Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8m/s2, Pie π = 3.14, Density of water =1000kg/m3, Speed of
1
light, c = 3 x108m/s, Plank constant = 6.64 x 10-34 Js/m, = 9 x 109 Nm2C-2, Charge of
4πε0
e
electron = 1.6 x 10-19, Charge – mass ratio of electron, =1.8 x 1011 Ckg-1 ,Permeability of
me
free space, µo = 4π x 107m-1, Permittivity of the free space = 8.85 x 10-12Fm-1, Young modulus
of steel: 210Pa, Bulk modulus of water 2100MPa
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123. (a) (i) Explain the meaning of the terms pressure head and velocity head
(ii) Why do air bubbles in water rise up?
(iii) An object is thrown horizontally through air. What will be its terminal
velocity
(iv) Two identical drops of water are falling through air with a steady velocity
Vo. If the drops combine to form a single drop what would be the
terminal velocity of the single drop
(b) (i) Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe having different cross – Sections at
two paints P1 and P2. The diameters of the pipe at P1 and P2 are 0.6m and
0.2m respectively. The pressure difference between points P1 and P2 is 1m column
of water. Calculate the flow rate in m3/see.
(ii) At what speed will the velocity head of a stream of water be equal to 40cm
of Hg.
(iii) What is terminal velocity? Upon which factors it depends?
(c) (i) the accumulation of snow on an aero plane wing may reduce the lift –
Explain
(ii) Why is parachute used while jumping from an aero plane?
(iii) What is the importance of Reynolds number?

124. (a) (i) Distinguish between Fresnel and fraunhofer classes of diffraction

(ii) A lens whose focal length is 40cm forms a fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a
slit 0.3mm width. Calculate the distances of the first dark band and of the next
bright bond from the axis (wavelength of light used is 5890A˚)
(iii) A diffraction grating used at normal incidence gives a line (5400A˚) in a certain
order superposed on the violet line (4050A˚) of the next higher order. If the
angle of diffraction is 30˚, how many lines per centimeter are there in the
grating

125. (a) (i) What is Doppler effect?

(ii) Explain four applications of Doppler Effect
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 (b) A radar wave has frequency of 7.8 x 108 Sec-1. The reflected wave from an
aero plane shows a frequency difference of 2.7 x 103 sec-1 on the higher side.
Deduce the velocity of aero plane in the line of sight.
(c) (i) Describe the effect of pressure, Temperature and humidity on the speed of
Sound
(ii) Show that for every 1˚c rise in temperature the velocity of sound in air
changes by about 0.6m/s/ (Velocity of sound in air at 0˚c =320m/sec )
126. A sonometer wire under tension of 64N vibrating in its fundamental mode is in
resonance with a vibrating turning fork. The vibrating portion of the sonometer
wire has a length of 10cm and a mass of 1gm. The vibrating turning fork is now
moved away from the vibrating wire with a constant speed and an observer
standing near sonometer hears one beat per second. Calculate the speed with
which the turning fork is moved, if the speed of sound in air is Boom/sec

127. (a) (i) Explain the meaning of the terms stress and strain when applied to the
deformation of a stretched wire
(ii) A load of 60N is applied to a steel wire of length 2.5m and cross –
sectional area 0.22mm2. What extension is produced?
(iii) Discuss whether an increase in temperature is important in the
experiment of determination of young modulus of a conductor
(b) (i) Define the meaning of the terms elastic limit ultimate strength, Bulk
modulus and shear modules
(ii) How large a pressure must be applied to water if it is to be compressed by
0.1%. What is the ratio of this pressure to atmospheric pressure, 101KPa?
(c) (i) Why is soap solution is better cleansing agent than ordinary water?
(ii) Two soap bubbles of radii “a” and “b” coalesce to form a single bubble of
radius c. If the external pressure is P, show that the surface tension T of
soap solution is given by
P(C3 −a3 −b3 )
T= 4(a2 +b2 −c2 )

128. (a) (i) An air parallel – plate capacitor of plate area 6.4 x 10-5 m2 and plate

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 separation of 0.30 mm is maintained by p.d V of 12V. the slab of dielectric
constant 650 is now completely filled unit. What are the values of the following
parameters initially and after the slab is in place. Capacitance, potential
difference between the plates, plate change and electric field strength between
the plates
(ii) A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 9PF.
The separation between its plates is d. The space between the plates is now
filled with two dielectrics. One of the dielectric constant K1 = 3 and thickness
d⁄ While the other has dielectric constant K2 = 6 and the thickness2d, Find
3, 3

the capacitance of the capacitor

129. When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, Charges appears on bolt, Explain
how this observation is consistent with the law of conservation of charge.
(ii) A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have a negative change of
3 x 107c, Estimate the number of electrons transferred. Is there a transfer of
Mass from wool to polythene?
(iii) An electrostatic field is a continuous curve. That is a field line cannot have
sudden breaks why not?

130. (a) (i) Copy and complete the truth table for each gate.
Input 1 Input 2 Nor output Or output And output N and output
0 0
1 1
1 0
0 1

(b) (i) A spherical capacitor consist of two concentric spherical conductors, held
in position by suitable insulating supports. Show that the capacitance of
this spherical capacitor is given by.
4πεo ab
C= (b> 𝑎)
b−a

Where “a” and “b” are the radii of outer and inner spheres respectively
(ii) Two changed particles of masses 4m and m and having charges + Q

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 and +3Q are placed in uniform electric field and are allowed to move for
2 sec. Find the ratio of Kinetic energies acquired by them
(c) Define the following terms
(i) Capacitance
(ii) Equipotential surface

131. (a) A current of 1.0 A flows in a 1.0m length of copper wire of cross sectional area
1.0mm2.
i. Given that each cubic metre of copper contains 9 x 1028 conduction electrons
each of charge = 1.6 x 10-19c calculate the average drift velocity of the electrons
ii. If the wire is placed at right angles to a magnetic field of 1.0 x 10-2T. Calculate
the average force experienced by each electron due to the field
iii. What is the total force experienced by the wire due to the field
(b) (i) An election is accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 350V, it
then enters a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 200 x 10-3T with its
velocity perpendicular to the field. Calculate, the speed of the electron
and the radius of its path in the magnetic field.
(ii) Write three similarities between Biot –savart law and coulombs law
(iii) Write three differences between Biot – savart Law and coulomb’s law

132. (a) Define the following terms

i. Stopping Potential
ii. Threshold frequency
iii. Work function
iv. Electron volt
(b) When a ultraviolet light of wavelength 150nm falls on a certain well insulated
metal surface in a vacuum the metal attain a potential of +6.6V relative to its
surroundings. For wavelength of 300nm and 450nm the corresponding potential
are +2.4V and 1.0V respectively calculate.
i. Planks constant
ii. The works functions of a metal
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 iii. The threshold wave length
133. A source emits monochromatic light of frequency 5.5 x 1014 HZ at rate of 0.1W of
the photons given out 0.15% fall on the cathode of a photoelectric cell which
gives a current of 6.0𝜇A in an external circuit. You may assume this current
consists of all the photoelectron emitted, calculate.
i. The energy of photon
ii. The number of photons leaving the source per second
iii. The percentage of the photons falling on the cathode which produce photons
falling on the cathode which produce photoelectron
134. For sodium the value of work function energy is 3.12 x 10-19J and the
wavelength of sodium yellow light is 590nm.
i. Explain why electrons are emitted when a sodium surface is irradiated with
sodium yellow light and calculate the greatest speed of the emitted electrons.
ii. Estimate the stopping potential for these electrons assuming that no contact
potential difference are involved.

135. (a) (i) X – ray production is the inverse of photo electricity. Explain
(ii) State one similarity and two differences between optical emission spectra
and X – ray emission spectra produced in this way
(b) Using graphs explain the relationship between
i. Energy of the ejected electrons against frequency of incident light
ii. Current against intensity of light during photo electricity and
iii. Current against frequency of incident light
136. (a) The radiation from an X –ray tube operated at 50kV is diffracted by KCL crystals
of molecular mass 74.6g and density 1.99 x 103Kg/M3. Calculate
i. The threshold wavelength unit of the spectrum from the tube
ii. The spacing angle for the first order reflection from the planes of the crystal for
the wavelength calculated above.
(b) (i) Explain four weaknesses of the Bohr’s theory
(ii) On the basis of Bohr’s theory deduce the expression for
 The ground state radius of hydrogen atom and
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
  The ionization energy of hydrogen

137. (a) (i) Define the terms error and mistake

(ii) The theoretical formula for a period of osculation T of a certain system is
2𝜋 𝑏 2 +3𝑎2
T= √ 2𝑎𝑔

Where g is the acceleration due to gravity

Find the accuracy value of g obtained, given that the measured values of a, b and T
are:-
a = 10.27 + 0.005 cm
b = 12.54 + 0.005 cm
c = 0.964 + 0.002 sec

(b) (i) Distinguish between Fundamental and derived quantities

(ii) The equation for the range X of a projectile fired horizontally with the velocity V
V2 h
From the top of a cliff of height h appears as x= , g being an acceleration due
g
to gravity
 Check by the method of dimensions whether this equation can be correct.
 If it is found to be in error try to suggest how it should be amended.

138. (i) Determine the amount of work (in joules) that must be done on a 100g payload
to elevate it to a height of 1000km above the earth’s surface.

(ii) Determine the amount of additional work that is required to put the payload into
circular orbit at this elevation

(iii) An object is fired vertically upward from the surface of the Earth (of radius RE)
with an initial speed Vi that is comparable to but less than the escape speed Vsec.
Show that the object attains a maximum height h given by
R V2
h = V2 E −V
i
2
sec i

139. (a) (i) What is meant by a projectile motion and state any two application of projectile
motion
(ii) A rock is dropped at the same instant that a ball, at the same initial elevation,
is thrown horizontally, Which will have the grater speed when it reaches ground
level?
(b) A rock is thrown from the roof of a building with a velocity V0 at an angle of ∝0
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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
 From the horizontal. The building has height h. You can ignore air resistance.
Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the rock just before it strikes the ground
and show that this speed is independent of ∝0
(c) (i) A soccer player kicks a rock horizontally off a 40m high cliff into a pool of water if
the player hears the sound of the splash 3 seconds later what was the initial speed
given to the rock? Assume the speed of sound in air to be 343m/s
(ii) A dive bomber has a velocity of 280m/s at an angle 𝜃 below the horizontal. When
the altitude of the air craft is 2.15km. It realizes a bomb which subsequently hits a
target on the ground. The magnitude of the displacement from the point of release
of the bomb to the target is 3.25km. Find the angle 𝜃.

140. (a) (i) Define surface tension in terms of free energy

(ii) Explain the following phenomenon with reference to surface tension
 Hot soup is tastier than cold soup
 Soup solution is better cleaning agent than ordinary water

(b) The lower end of a vertical glass tube 2.0mm in diameter dips into a soup solution
and at the upper end there is a bubble of radius 20mm of the same soup solution. If
the soap solution density 1.0gm/cm3 rises 0.44cm up the tube, what is surface
tension of the soap solution.

141. (i) A solid brass sphere is initially surrounded by air, and the air pressure exerted on it
is 1.0 x 105 N/m2 (normal atmospheric pressure). The sphere is lowered into the
ocean to a depth where the pressure is 2.0 x 107N/M2, The volume of the sphere
in air is 0.5m3. By how much does this volume change once the sphere is
submerged?

(ii) A uniform steel wire of density 𝜌=8000kg/m3 is L=5m long and weights M=80N,
the wire lengthens by a force F=80N, the wire lengthens by ∆L = 2.5mm.
Calculate
 The cross-sectional area A of the wire
 The Young’s modulus Y of the wire
 The energy density (energy per unit volume) E stored in the wire.

142. (a) Three block of masses 2.0kg, 4.0kg and 6.0kg arranged in the order lower, middle
and upper respectively, are connected by strings on a frictionless inclined plane of
60.A force 120N is applied upward along the incline to the uppermost block causing
on upward movement of the blocks. The connecting cords are light. What is the
acceleration of the blocks?

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 (b) A ball is thrown upward with initial velocity V0=15m/s at an angle of 30˚ with the
Horizontal. The thrower stands near the top of a long hill which shapes dowlon ward
at an angle of 20˚ when does the ball strike the slope?

(c) A 20g bullet is fired horizontally with a speed of 600 m/s into a 7kg block sitting on a
table top, the bullet(i) Lodges in the block if the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the block and the table top is 0.4 what is the distance the block will slide?

(d) A light string carrying small bob hangs from the roof of a vehicle. If the vehicle
moves in a horizontal straight line with a constant acceleration of 2.4m/s2 from left
to right, determine the angle, which the string makes with the vertical

143. (a) (i) State the conditions necessary for the motion of on oscillating body to be simple
harmonic. Give one reasons why the vertical oscillations of a body suspended from a
spring may not satisfy these conditions.

(ii) The vertical oscillations of a body on a spring are started by holding the body at
point where the spring is at its natural length and then released. State and explain
briefly the effect of increasing the ass of the body on the value of each of the
following quantities,
 The time field of oscillation
 The amplitude of the oscillation
 The total energy of the oscillating system

144. (a) The motion of the piston in a petrol engine is approximately simple harmonic.
The
frequency of the oscillation is 100Hz and the amplitude 35mm Find
i. The maximum acceleration of the piston
ii. The maximum velocity of the piston
iii. The velocity of the piston when it is 20mm from its maximum reach

(b) A meter stick swings about a pivot point at one end, at distance h from the stick’s
centre of mass
i. What is the period of oscillation
ii. What is the distance Lo between the pivot point of the stick and the centre of
oscillation of the stick
iii. Differentiate between damped simple harmonic oscillation, and undraped simple
harmonic oscillation
 Forced oscillations and free oscillations
 Define the term renounce in relation to oscillation

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145. (a) A stone of mass 0.3kg tied to the end of a string in a ho9rizontal plane is whirled
round in a circle of radius 1m with a frequency of 40nev/min
(i) What is the tension
(ii) What is the maximum speed with which the shene can be whirled around, if the
strong can with stand a maximum tension of 200N?

(b) (i) Can centripetal force produce rotation

(ii) Explain why the plot of the aero plane does not fall down, while heoping the
Loop

(iii)A thin circular loop of radius R rotates about its vertical diameter with an angular
frequency [Link] that a small leader on the wave loop remains at its lower
g
most point for w ≤ √ ⁄R. What is the angle made by the radius vector joining

2g
the centre to the bead with the vertical downward direction for W = √ ⁄R
neglect friction.
(c) (i) Why are porcelain objects wrapped in paper or straw before packing for
transportation?

(ii)A smooth block is released at rest on a 45˚ incline and then slides a distance S. The
time taken to slide is n times as much to slide enough incline than on a smooth
incline. Find the coefficient of friction in terms of n.

(iii)State the conditions under which a force does no works

146. (a) (i) State theorems of parallel and perpendicular axes

(ii) Define Radius of gyration and moment of inertia of a body about an axis

(iii) Explain why friction is necessary to make the disc roll in any given direction

(b) (i) Prove the result that the velocity V of translation of a rolling hody (like a ring,
disc, cylinder of sphere) at the bottom of an inclined plane of a height h is given by
2gh
v2 = k2
1+ 2
R
Where K is radius of gyration of the body about its symmetry axis and R is the radius
of the body. The body starts from nest at the top of the plane

(iii) A cylinder of mass 10kg and radius 15cm is rolling perfectly on a plane of
inclination 30˚. The coefficient of stratification is 0.25

 How much work is the force of friction acting on the cylinder

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
  What is the work done against friction during colling
 If the inclination 𝜃 of the plane is increased, at which value of 𝜃 does the
cylinder begin to skid and not roll per fectly?

(c) A man stands on a rotating platform with his arms stretched horizontally holding a
5kg weight in each hand. The angular speed of the platform is 30 rev/min. the man
then brings his arms close to his hody with the distance of each weight from the axis
changing fom 90cm to 20cm. The moment of inertia of the man to gather with the
platform may be taken to be constant and equal to 7.6kg m2 (neglect friction).

i. What is the new angular speed?

ii. Is the kinetic energy conserved in the process? If not, from where does the change
come about?

The following informational may be useful form Question no. 147-157

Acceleration due to gravity, g  9.8m / s Speed of light, C=3 x 108m/s, Density of mercury =
2

1-36 x 104 kg/m3, Surface tension of water = 7x10-2Mm, Thermoconductivity of

copper=390w/m0c, Thermoconductivity of aluminum = 210w/m0c, Stefan’s constant
5.67x10-8w/m2k-4

147. (a) (i) Briefly explain the term mistake, its causes (2) and how to reduce the phenomena

(ii) Distinguish between error and blunder

(iii) A quantity Q is expressed in terms of other quantities F, A, V and by the equation

4 𝐹/𝐴
𝑄=√
𝑉/𝐿

Where: F= 5±0.21, A= 0.05±0.005

V= 10± 0.06 and L= 3.6± 0.25

Calculate • The Relative error of Q

• The percentage error in Q

(b) (i) Write the quantities below in dimension form

 The coefficient of viscosity

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  The surface tension
 The gravitational constant

(ii) It is thought that the rate of flow of electro magnetic energy P through an area A
placed normal to an electromagnetic wave will depend upon 𝜇 and upon the
instantaneous values of the electric and magnetic fields E and B. Find a possible
relationship between these five quantities.

148. (a) (i) Explain, why one can jump higher on the surface of the moon than on the earth
(ii) Find the percentage decrease in weight of a body when taken 16km below the
surface of the earth. What happens to the weight of the body at the center of
earth radius of earth = 6400km

(b) (i) Can an object exert a force on itself?

Argue for your answer.

(ii) A block is given an initial velocity of 5m/s up frictionless 200 incline. How far up
the incline does the block slide before coming to rest?

(c) (i) Explain briefly how, “lift off” of a rocket is achieved.

(ii) A rocket containing water and compressed air initially weight 80g. When a lever
is released the air pushes the water out of the nozzle at a speed of 9m/s. Taking
the density of water to be 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 estimate the necessary cross sectional
area of the nozzle if lift off is to be achieved.

149. (a) (i) Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity of a material.

(ii) The young’s modulus for steel is greater than for brass. If the two substances are

subjected to equal forces which one could be stretched more? Justify your answer.

(b) (i) Describe in detail how you would experimentally determine the young’s modulus
for a steel wire.
(ii) A nylon rope used by mountaineers elongates 1.5m under the height of 80kg if the
rope is 50m in length and 5mmin diameter. If poison’s ratio for nylon is 0.2. Find
the change in diameter under this stress.

(c) (i) what is surface tension?

(ii) A spherical drop of mercury of radius 2mm falls to the ground and breaks into10
smaller drops of equal size. Calculate the amount of work that has to be done.
(of mercury = 4.72x10-1Nm-1) what is the minimum speed with which the original
drop could have hits the ground density of mercury = 1.36x104kg/m3
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150. (a) (i) Explain the difference between progressive waves and stationary waves.
(ii) The progressive wave and stationary wave each has same frequency of 250Hz and

the same velocity of 30m/s determine

 The phase difference between the vibrating points on the progressive wave which
are 10cm apart.
 The distance between the nodes
 The equation of the progressive wave if its amplitude is 0.03m

(b) A long wire PQR is made by joining two wires PQ and QR of equal radii PQ has a
length of 4.8m and a mass of 0.06kg while QR has a length of 2.6m and a mass of
0.2kg. The wire PQR is under a tension of 80N. Sinusoidal wave pulse is sent along
the wire PQ. from the end P. Calculate the time taken by the wave pulse to reach the
other end R of the wire
(c) A person hums into the top of a well and finds that standing waves are established at
frequencies of 42,70, and 98Hz. The frequency of 42Hz is not necessary the
fundamental frequency. The speed of sound is 343m/s. How deep is the wall?

151. (a) What do you understand about the following terms?

(i) Newton’s corpuscular theory
(ii) Einstein quantum theory
(iii) Dual nature of light theory
(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term path difference with reference to the
interference of two wave notions.
(ii) In young’s double slit experiment the slits are 0.2mm apart and the screen is 15m
away. It is observed that the distance between the central bright fringe and the
fourth dark fringe 1.8cm. Find the wave length of light used.

152. (i) What do you understand by Doppler broadening

(ii) The Doppler broadening of a line in the spectrum of light emitted by a gaseous
source is due to the motion of the atoms emulting the light.

 State two factors on which the speed of the atoms in the source depends
 Determine which gaseous source would have less doppler broadening, a
mercury lamp at 2000C or a Krypton lamp at 00C

Relative atomic mass of mercury = 200

Relative atomic mass of Krypton = 84
153. (a) (i) Explain what is meant by Temperature gradient
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 (ii) Describe and contrast convection and conduction as mechanisms of heat transfer
(iii) Define thermal conductivity and show that it has an SI unit Wm-1K-1
(b) An ideally lagged compound bar 25cm long consists of a copper bar 15cm long t
joined to an aluminium bar 10cm long and of equal cross-section area. The free end
of copper is maintained at 1000C and the free end of the aluminium at 00C.

(i) Calculate the temperature gradient in each bar

(ii) The temperature at the junction at steady state condition

(iii) The rate of heat flow in each bar

154. (a) (i) Explain what is meant by black body radiation

(ii) The solar radiation falling normally on the surface of the earth has an intensity
1400W/m2. If this radiation fell normally an one side of a thin, freely suspended
blackened metal plate and the temperature of the surrounding was 300K.
Calculator the equilibrium temperature of the plate. Assume that all heat
interchange is long radiation

(b) (i) A 100Welectric light bulb has a filament which is 0.6m long and has a diameter
of 8x10-5m. Estimate the working temperature of the filament if its total emissivity
is 0.7
(ii) State Wien’s Displacement Law

155. A particle A is released from rest at time t=0, at a point P, which is 7m above
horizontal ground. At the same instant as A is released, a particle B is projected from a
point O on the ground. The horizontal distance O from P is 24m. Particle B moves en
the vertical plane containing O and P, with initial speed V m/s and initial direction
making an angle initial direction making an angle O above the horizontal ground.
Write down

i. An expression for the height A above the ground at time t(sec)

ii. An expression in terms of V, Q and t for the horizontal distance of B from O and
the height of B above the ground
iii. A time t=T, the particle A and B collide at a point above the ground
iv. Show that tame = 7⁄24 and that VT =25m
v. Deduce that 7V2>3,125m

156. (a) (i) Give two similarities between simple harmonic motion and circular motion

(ii) On the same set of axes, sketch how energy exchange (K.E to P.E) takes in an
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 oscillator placed in a damping medium

(b) (i) Define simple harmonic motion

(ii) Suppose a tunnel is dug through the earth from one side to the other along a
diameter. Show that the motion of a particle dropped into the tunnel is simple
harmonic. You may assume the density D of the earth to be uniform

(iii) A simple pendulum has a period 1 sec in a city A where g is 9.66m/s2 It is taken to
city B where it is found to lose 20sec per. Calculate the value of g in City.

157. (a) A grindstone has a moment of inertia of 1.6 x 10-3 Kg m2. When a constant tongue is
applied, the fly wheel reaches an angular velocity of 1200rev/min in 15sec.
i. Angular acceleration
ii. Unbalanced tongue applied
iii. Angle turned through in 15 sec
iv. Work done on the fly wheel by the torque

(b) With regard to fluid flow, define stream line flow, incompressible flow and irrotational
Flow
The following informational may be useful form Question no. 158-169
Moment of inertia of discount the centre =½ MR2, Moment of Inertia of a Ring about the
centre =MR2, Young modules of bone =1.5 x 1010N/M2, Young modules of steel= 2.0 x1011
N/M2, Compressive strength of bone =7.7 x 108 N/M2

158. (a) (i) An isolated body of mass M initially at rest is acted upon by a constant force F.
Derive an expression for the distance s travelled from the rest position in time t.
Write down an expression for the work done on the body by the force F and show
that this works is equal to ½MV2 where V is the final velocity.
(ii) Define linear momentum and state the law concerning its conservation. How is
linear momentum related to force?

(b) (i) Explain why, when catching a fast moving ball, the hands are drawn back while
the ball is being brought to rest.

(ii) A particle, travelling along a straight path with velocity V exploded into two
equal parts. The forces due to the explosion act along the original direction of
travel. The explosion causes the kinetic energy of the system to be doubled
Determine the subsequent velocities of the two segments.

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159. (a) A photograph of an amusement park ride in which a person of mass 63kg rotates in a
vertical circle of radius 6.6m. The time taken for one revolution is 3.2sec. Find the
force which is exerted by the person on the ride when the rider is

i. At the bottom of the circle

ii. At the top of the circle
iii. Half way up

160. (a) (i) Define radius of gyration. Is radius of gyration constant quantity?
(ii) If no external torgue acts on a body will its angular velocity remain constant?
Explain.
(iii) State the theorem of parallel and perpendicular axes.

(b) (i) The oxygen molecules has a mass of 5.30 x 10-26kg and moment of inertia 1.94
x10-46 kgm2 about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to the line joining
the two atoms. Suppose the means speed of such a molecule in a gas is 500mls
and that its kinetic energy of rotation is two – thirds its kinetic energy of
translation. Find the average angular velocity of the molecule

(ii) A solid disc and a ring of equal mass both of radius 10cm are placed on a
horizontal table simultaneously with angular speed equal to 10𝜋 rad/s, which of
the two will start to roll earlier? The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2

161. (a) (i) Write four major factors affecting elasticity of the material
(ii) Define Elastic Fatique and Elastic After effect
(iii) If a compressive force of 3x104N is exerted on the end of a 20cm long bone of cross-
sectional area 3.6cm2 will the bone break and if not by how much does it shorten
(b) (i) What is an elastomer, hence define stress and give its SI unit
(ii) A 45kg traffic light is suspended with two steel wires of equal lengths and radii of
0.5cm. If the wire make an angle of 15˚ with the horizontal, What is the fractional
increase in their length due to the weight of the light.

162. (a) (i) Define Thermodynamic temperature scale

(½ mark)
(ii) How is thermodynamic temperature denoted and what is its SI unit?
(iii) Explain why a gas thermometer is seldom used for temperature measurement in the
laboratory
(b) Study the table below and answer the questions which follow.

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 Type of Property Value of property
thermometer Ice point Steam point Room temp
Gas Pressure in 760.00 1240.00 895.00
mm of Hg
Thermistor Current in MA 12.00 70.00 28.00

i. Calculate the temperature of the room for each thermometer

ii. Explain why the thermometers disagree in their values of room temperature
(c) (i) What is meant by the term triple point of water, Ice point and stream point of water
(ii) What is meant by a thermometric property of a substance and what qualities make a
particular property suitable for use in practical thermometers?
(iii) Explain why at least two fixed points are required to define a temperature scale

163. (a) (i) Define s.h.m (simple harmonic motion)and describe the terms amplitude,
period and frequency as applied to s.h.m.
(ii) Explain what is responsible for the continual interchange of P.E and K.E in a
mechanical oscillation. At what points SHM is the acceleration greatest? Where is it
least?
(b) A small mass of 200g is attached to one end of a helical spring and produces an
extension of 15mm. The mass is now set into oscillation of amplitude 10mm. Calculate.
i. Period of oscillation
ii. Velocity of the system as it passes the equilibrium point
iii. Maximum K.E of the system
iv. Potential energy of the spring when the mass is 5mm below the centre of
oscillation.

164. (a) (i) Distinguish between fundamental and deliver physical quantities
(ii) What do you understand by the terms dimension and dimensional equation
(b) (i) obtain the dimensional formular for the compressibility and coefficient of thermal
Conductivity
(ii) If K to the radius of gyration L is the length and g is acceleration of free fall, Test the
validity for the equation
K2 +L2
T = 2𝜋 √ where T is periodic time
gl

165. mention one cause for each systematic error and random error.
(ii) In an experiment to measure angles of spectrometer reads up to 6 of an arc.
Estimate the percentage error in the refractive index of material of glass prisms
U where.

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 A+B
sin( )
U= 2
sin(A⁄2)

A = Angle of prism
B = Angle of Minimum donation where where A = 60˚ B= 48˚ 361

166. (a) What vibrate in the following type of wave motion?

i. Sound waves
ii. X-rays
iii. Water waves
iv. Light waves
(b) A plane progressive a wave on a water surface is given by the equation
𝑥
y = 14sm 2𝜋 (17𝑠𝑡 − 112) where x and y are displacement in cm and its time in
seconds. Determine
i. The wavelength of the wave motion
ii. The maximum speed of vibration of wave
iii. The phase difference in degree between two points of the train that are 50cm
apart.
(c) (i) State the relationship between longitudinal and trans verse waves.
(ii) The tension in a string is 15N, and its linear density is 0.85kg/m. A wave on the
travels toward the negative X-direction, it has amplitude of 3.6cm and a frequency
of 12HZ.
 What is the wavelength of the wave?
 Write down a mathematical expression for the wave.

167. (a) (i) Outline the motion that add up to make projectile motion.
(ii) Define the term trajectory
(b) (i) If the range of the particle in horizontal plane is 225m and maximum height is 49m.
calculate its velocity and angle of projection
(ii) show that the trajectory is always a parabolic path.
(c) A ball is thrown with an initial velocity of 48m/s at an angle Q = 37˚ with the vertical
find
i. The x- and y-completes of Vo
ii. The position of the bal, including magnitude of its velocity at t =2sec

168. (a) (i) Define the term escape velocity as applied in gravitation
(ii) Shown that for a planet of radius R and gravitational of free fall ‘g” the escape
velocity Ve = √2gR

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 (iii) For the above planet in 10 (a) (ii) the satellite at height h from the surface, show that
gR2
orbital velocity Vo is given by Vo = √R+h

(b) (i) briefly explain the gravitational potential at the point

(ii) State kepler’s law of planetary motion
(iii) A rocket is fired vertically upward with a speed of 5km/s from earth’s surface. How
far from the earth does the rocket go before returning to the earth? Mass of
earth = 6 x 1024kg mean radius of earth = 6.4 x 106m G=6.67 x 10-11NM2kg-2.
(c) How fast(in m2/s) is area swept out by (i) the radius from sun to earth (ii) the radius from
earth to moon? Sun to earth distance = 1.496 x 1011m, earth to moon distance = 3.845 x 108m
1
and period of revolution of moon = 273 days.

169. (a) (i) State stroke’s law

(ii) State any three importance and any three limitation of stoke’s law
(b) Water enters a house through a pipe 2.0cm in inside diameter at an absolute pressure of
4x105Pa. The pipe leading to second-floor bathroom 5m above is 1.0cm in diameter,
when the flow velocity at the inlet pipe is 4m/s. find the flow velocity and pressure in
the bathroom
(c) There is a soap bubble of radius 2.4 x10-4m in an air cylinder which is originally at a
pressure of 105N/M2. The air in the cylinder is now compressed isothermally until the
radius of the bubble is halved calculate now the pressure of air in the cylinder. The
surface tension of soap film is 0.08N/M

The following constants may be useful from Question no 170-177

 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8m/s2 or 9.8N/kg
 Universal gravitational constant G = 6.67 X 10-11Nm2kg-2
 The radius of the Earth R= 6500km
 Pie  =3.14

170. A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an angle of 30.0° to the
horizontal with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s. If the height of the building is 45.0 m,
i. How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
ii. What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the ground?

(b) An archer shoots an arrow with a velocity of 45.0 m/s at an angle of 50.0° with the
horizontal. An assistant standing on the level ground 150 m downrange from the launch point
throws an apple straight up with the minimum initial speed necessary to meet the path of the
arrow.

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 i. What is the initial speed of the apple?
ii. At what time after the arrow launch should the apple be thrown so that the arrow hits
the apple?

171. (a) i) At what point in SHM motion the magnitude of acceleration is maximum?
ii) Sketch a graph of acceleration against displacement for a SHM and state what
is the physical quantity is the slope of the graph represents?

(b) i) Define the term period as used in SHM.

ii) How long is a second pendulum that is the one which passes through its lowest
point once every second?
iii) A faulty second’s pendulum loses 5 seconds in a day. By how much its length
must be shortened to keep correct time?

172. .(a) Why is Newton’s first law of motion called law of inertia?
(b) If action and reaction are equal and opposite, why do they not cancel each other?

(c)The two blocks m=16kg, and M=88kg shown bove in fig 2 are free to move the
coefficient of static friction between the blocks is µs=0.38, but the surface beneath M is
[Link] is the minimum horizontal force F required to hold m agaist M

(d) A small mass of 0.4kg is attached to one end of a spring and produces an extension of
30mm. The mass is no set into oscillations of amplitude 20mm. Find

(i) The period of Oscillations

(ii) The maximum Kinetic energy of the mass

(iii) Potential energy of the spring when the mass is 5mm below the centre of oscillations.

173. (a) i) Define the term “moment of inertia of a rigid body”

ii) State work – energy theorem in rotation motion, and prove that   I ,
Where  is torque, I is moment of inertia and  is the angular acceleration.

(b) A cylindrical rocket of diameter 2.0m develops a spinning motion on space of

period 2.0sec about an axis of this cylinder. To eliminate this spin two jet motors
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 which are attached to the rocket at the opposite ends of a diameter are fired until
the spinning motion ceases. Each motor turned the rocket in the same direction
and provides a constant thrust of 4.0 x 103N in the direction tangentially to the
surface of the rocket and in plane perpendicular to its axis. If the moment of
inertia of the rocket about its cylindrical axis is 6.0 x 105kgm? Calculate the
number of revolutions made by the rocket during the firing and the time for
which the motors are fired.

174. (a) i) Define Geo-stationary satellite.

ii) Calculate the altitude of an artificial satellite if it is always above a certain
place on the earth’s surface. Mean radius of the earth is 6400 km and g=9.8ms-2.
(b) Two satellites S1, and S2 revolve round a planet in complainer circular orbits in
the same sense. Their period of revolutions is 1 hour and 8 hours respectively.
The radius of the orbit of S1 = 104km. When S2 is closest to S1, Find
i. The speed of S2 relative to S1.
ii. The angular speed of S2 actually observed by an astronaut in S1.

(c) A rocket is fired vertically from the surface of mars with a speed of 2 km5-1. If
20% of its initial energy is lost due to martian atmospheric resistance, how far
will the rocket go from the surface of mars before returning to it? Mass of
mars =6.4 x 1023kg, radius of mars = 3395km G = 6.67 x 10-1Nm2 kg-2.

175. (a) (i) What do you understand by the term surface tension?
(ii) State any three applications of surface tension.

(b) Describe the what happens to surface tension of water when

 Temperature is increased?
 Some detergent is added to water?

(c) A soap bubble of radius 2.0  10 4 m is an air cylinder, which is originally at a pressure of
105 Nm 2 . The air in the cylinder is now compressed isothermally until the radius of the bubble
is halved. Calculate now the pressure of air on the cylinder, the surface tension of soap film is
0.08Nm 1 .

176. (a) i) Define the terms; proportional limit, elastic limit, yield point and elasticity
ii) The Young’s modulus for steel is greater than that for brass. If the two
substances are subjected to equal forces, which one could be stretched more? Justify your
answer?

(b) i) Write down the Bernoulli equation and upon which principle is Bernoulli
theorem based?

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 ii) Air flow over the upper surfaces of the wings of an airplane at a speed of
120m/s and past the lower surfaces of the wings at the speed of 110m/s. Calculate the lift
force on the atmosphere if it has a total wing area of 20m2.

177. (a) Explain why at least two fixed points are required to define a temperature scale
(01 mark)
(b) What is the difference between the Kelvin temperature scale and the Celcius
temperature scale?
(c) The electrical resistance of some metals varies with temperature as measured by
a gas thermometer, approximately according to RT  R0 1   T  T0  where R0 is
the resistance at temperature T0 . For a certain metal β is found to be 0.004K 1 ,
(i) If the resistance at 00C is 100 ohms, what is the resistance at 200C?
(ii) At what temperature is the resistance 200 ohms?

(d) A mole of an ideal gas at 300K is subjected to a pressure of 105Pa and its volume is
0.025m3 calculate:

(i) The molar gas constant R

(ii) The Boltzmann constant K
(iii) The average translational K.E of a molecule of the gas.

The following information may be useful from question no. 178-187

Thermal conductivity for copper = 0.92W/m ̊ C, brass = 0. 26W/m ̊ C and for steel = 0.12
W/m ̊ C, Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 X 10-11Nm2kg-2, Pie
 =3.14

178. (a) i. With help of examples distinguish between the term dimensions and unit.
v
ii. The rate flow of volume of fluid in pipe of length L is found to depend on the
t
P
pressure gradient   , coefficient of viscosity   and radius of the pipe using dimensional
L
v
analysis obtain a relation between and the given quantity.
t
(b) i. The side of a cube is measured as 7.5  0.1cm. Find the volume of the cube.
ii. The force acting on an object of mass m travelling at velocity V in a circle of radius r
mv 2
is given by F  the measurements are recorded as
r

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 m  3.5  0.1 kg
V  20  1 ms -1
r  12.5  0.5 m
Find the maximum possible
i. Fractional error.
ii. Percentage error in the measurement of force. How will you record the reading?

179. (a) Consider a small raindrop and a large raindrop falling through the atmosphere.
Compare their terminal speeds. What are their accelerations when they reach terminal
speed?

(b) A 40kg child swings in a swing supported by two chains, each 3m long. If the tension in
each chain at the lowest point is 350N, find

i. The child’s speed at the lowest point.

ii. The force exerted by the seat on the child at the lowest point. (Neglect the mass of
seat).

(c) A cylindrical rod 24cm long with mass 1.2kg and radius 1.5cm has a ball of diameter
8.0cm and mass 2.00kg attached to one end. The arrangement is originally vertical and
stationary, with the ball at the top. The system is free to pivot about the bottom end of the rod
after being given a slight nudge.

i. After the rod rotates through ninety degrees, what is its rotational kinetic energy?
ii. What is the angular speed of the rod and ball?
iii. What is the linear speed of the ball?

180. (a) i. What is meant by the average of a projectile?

ii. Show that the maximum range of a projectile having an initial speed U is
obtained when projected at an angle of 45 ̊ to the horizontal.
iii. A projectile is fired in such a way that its horizontal range is equal to three times
its maximum height. What is the angle of projection?
(b) A rock is thrown upward from the level ground in such a way that the maximum
height of its flight is equal to its horizontal range d.
i. At what angle θ is the rock thrown?
ii. What if? Would your answer to part (i) be different on a different planent?
iii. What is the range dmax the rock can attain if it is launched at the same speed but at
the optimal angle for maximum range?

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181. A block of mass m=2.00kg is released from rest at h=0.500m above the surface of a
table, at the top of a θ=30.0 ̊ incline as shown in figure 01 below. The frictionless incline
is fixed on a table of height H=2.0m.
i. Determine the acceleration of the block as it slides down the incline.
ii. What is the velocity of the as it leaves the incline?
iii. How far from the table will the block hit the floor?
iv. How much time has elapsed between when the block is released and when it hits
the floor?(01 mark)
v. Does the mass of the block affect any of above calculation?

Figure 01
(b) Model rocket engines are sized by thrust, thrust duration, and total impulse, among
other characteristics. A size C5 model rocket engine has an average thrust of 5.26N, a
fuel mass of 12.7g, and an initial mass of 25.5g. The duration of its burn is 1.90sec.
i. What is the average exhaust speed of the engine?
ii. If this engine is placed in a rocket body of mass 53.5g, what is the final velocity of
the rocket if it is fired in outer space? Assume the fuel burns at a constant rate.

182. (a) i. Is the motion of a simple pendulum strictly simple harmonic?

ii. What is the relation between uniform circular motion and S.H.M?

iii. Can simple pendulum experiment be done inside a satellite?

2
(b) Show that time period of S.H.M is given by where  is the angular frequency

of S.H.M?

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 (c) A body of mass 2.0kg hangs from a spring. When displaced by 10cm below its
equilibrium position, [Link] released, it vibrate in S.H.M with a period of 3sec. Find

i. The velocity as it passes through A.

ii. The acceleration when it is 5cm above A.
iii. The time it takes from 5cm below and 5cm above A.

183. i. State three Kepler’s laws of Gravitation.

ii. Sketch a graphs which show the variation of gravitational field strength from
inside the earth surface to infinity.

(b) Calculate the percentage change of weight of Mcharo at the equator to that at the

pole.

(c) A satellite of mass 1000kg moves in a circular orbit of radius 7000km round the
earth assumed to be a sphere of radius 6400km. Calculate the total energy needed to place
the satellite in orbit from the earth, assuming g=10Nkg-1 at the earth’s surface.

(d) Two stars, masses 1020kg and 2x1020kg respectively, rotates about their common
centre of mass with an angular speed  . Assuming that the only force on a star is the
mutual gravitational force between them, calculate  . Assume that the distance between
the stars is 106km and that G is 6.7x10-11 Nm2kg-2.

184. Distinguish between

i. Surface tension and surface energy.
ii. An air bubble and a soap bubble.

(b) A soap bubble is blown at the end of a tube 0.5m long using carbon dioxide, the gas
outside the bubble being air. The tube is subsequently arranged vertically with the
bubble at the bottom and the upper end open. If the bubble has a mean radius of 30mm,
it initially does not shrink or grow. Calculate the approximate value of the coefficient of
surface tension of the soap.( Density of air = 1.29kgm-3; and density of carbon dioxide
=1.97kgm-3)

(c) A uniform wire of unstretched length 2.49m is attached to two points A and B
which are 2m apart in the same horizontal line when a 5kg mass is attached to the
midpoint C of the wire. Equilibrium position of C is 0.75m below the line AB. Neglecting
the weight of the wire and taking the Young modulus of the material to be 2 x 1011Nm-
2
.Find

i. The strain in the wire.

ii. The stress in the wire.
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 iii. The energy stored in the wire.
185. State and write the equation of continuity as applied to fluid dynamics.

(b) (i) Write down Bernoulli’s equation and state the conditions under which it is
applicable.
(ii) Air flows over the upper surfaces of the wings of a set plane at a speed of
3.40m/s and past the lower surfaces at 280m/s. Determine the lift force on the
jet plane if it has a total wing area of 50m2 . The density of air flowing is
1.29kg/m3.
(c) A cylindrical tank of diameter 90cm rests on top of a platform 6m high.
Initially the tank is filled with water to a depth of 3m. A plug whose area is 3cm 2
is removed from the orifice on the side of the tank at the bottom
(i)At what speed will water strike the ground?
(ii)How long will it take for the tank to be empty?
186. (a) i. What is meant by the terms wave motion and wave length?
ii. If the speed of sound in air is 340ms-1, calculate the wave length of sound
when its frequency is 256Hz.

(b) Given that the velocity V of transverse waves along a stretched string is related to
tension T and mass per unit length µ.

i. Derive an equation in terms of T and µ.Hence deduce an expression for natural

frequencies of a string of length L when fixed at both ends.
ii. Calculate the tension in the string along which waves move with speed of 8cms -1
if its mass per unit length is 0.05kg per metre and constant of proportionality is 2.
(c) i. Differentiate between progressive and stationary waves?
ii. A plane progressive wave on a water surface is given by the equation.
 x
y  2 sin 2 100t - 
 30 
Where x is the distance covered in a time t. x,y and t are in cm and seconds
respectively.
Find: (1) The wavelength and frequency of the wave motion.
(2) The phase difference between two points on the water surface that are 60cm
apart.
187. Sketch graph’s showing relation of temperature with distance along:
i. Unlagged bar when the quantity of heat flows through one end.
ii. Lagged bar.

(b) Explain the difference in heat transfer in metal and non metal.

(c) Rods of copper, brass and steel are melted together to form a y-shape. The cross-

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 Section area of each rod is 2cm2. The end of copper is mainted at 100 ̊ C
and the end of brass and steel at 0 ̊ C. Assume that there is no loss of heat from the
surface of the rods. The length of the rods are copper =46cm, Brass=13cm and 12cm
for steel.

i. What is the temperature at the junction?

ii. What is the heat current in the copper rod?

(d) The house window is made of brass 40mm thick and area of 20cm2. If its thermal
conductivity of brass is 8W/mk. Determine thermal resistance. What could be the
temperature difference, if the rate of flow of heat is 5W.

188. (a) Differentiate between error and dimensional analysis

(b) Mention four limitations of dimensional analysis
(c) If the relation between pressure (P) volume (V) and temperature (T) of a gas is given
by:-
a
(P + V2 ) (V-b) = RT
l
(d)The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is given by T =2𝜋 √g . The length l of
the pendulum is about 20cm and is known to 3mm, accuracy. The period of
oscillation is about 0.5S. The time of 120 oscillations is measured with a watch of
45 resolutions. What is the accuracy in determination of g?

189. (a) Show that the distance travelled by a body in nth second is given,
by:- Sn = u + a (n − 0.5). Where ‘U’ and ‘a’ are initial velocity and acceleration
respectively.

(b) Consider O to be a point on the branch of a tall tree. A stone is projected vertically
upwards from O with an initial velocity U. X and Y are two points distance P
above and below O respectively. If the velocity of the stone at Y is three times that
5
at X, show that the (height) highest point reached by the stone is 4 P.

(c) A body experiencing constant acceleration has a velocity of 14m/s at the end 4th
second after starting. If it has travelled 24.5m in the 8th second. What are the initial
velocity and acceleration of the body?

190. (a) (i) Define simple harmonic motion

(ii) Prove that the velocity V of a particle moving in simple harmonic motion
is given by V=w√A2 − y 2 where A is the amplitude of oscillation, w is the
angular frequency and y is the displacement from the mean position.

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 (b) A simple pendulum has a period of 2.85. When its length is shortened by 1.0
metre the period becomes 2.0 second. From this information determine the
acceleration (g) of the gravity and the original length.

191. (a) Is it possible a body moving with constant speed in a circular path to have
acceleration? Explain.
(b) (i) Define angle of banking
(ii) What are the advantage of banking in roads and railways?

(c) A car of 2000kg moves on a banked road of angle 30˚. The road exerts a frictional
force of 25N on the tyres.

(a) Find the speed of the car if the radius of the circular path is 4.5m
(b) If the car moves in a road which is extremely muddy such that the coefficient of
friction between the tyres and the road is a almost negligible. What will be the
speed of the car?

192. (a) Show that, keppler’s third law of planetary motion is contained in Newton’s law
of
universal gravitation.

(b) Calculate the value of the gravitation strength (g)

i. At the surface of the earth
ii. At the height of 450km – above the earth. Given
G = 667 x 10-11Nm2s
Me = 6x1024Kg
Re = 6.4 x 106M
(c) Calculate the % change in g between the poles and the equator. Assume earth to be a
sphere and g at the poles is 9.8m/s2. Given, equatorial radius of the earth is
6.4 x10-6m

193. (a) Why a person standing close to the rail is attracted towards the train tyres when
the
train passes?
(b) Water stands at a depth H in a larger open tank whose sides walls are vertical.
A hole is made in one of the walls at a depth h below the water surface.
i. At what distance R from the foot of the walls does the emerging stream of
water strike the flow?
ii. At what height above the bottom of the tank could a second hole be cut so
That the stream emerging from it would have the same range?

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194. (a) The escape velocity of the projectile on the end this surface is 11.2km/s. A body
is
projected out with twice this speed. What is the speed of the body far away from the
earth.

(b) An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit around the earth with a speed
equal to ¼ to the magnitude of escape velocity from the earth.
i. Determine the height of the satellite above the earth’s surface.
ii. If the satellite is stopped suddenly in the rocked and allowed to fall freely into
the earth. Find the speed with which it hits the surface of earth.
(c) A satellite of mass m is in a circular orbit of radius R about planet of mass M.
The planet may be assumed to the isolated in space. The satellite has a mass 620Kg
and is initially in a circular orbit of radius 7.3 x106m. Determine for the satellite, the
change in the kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.

195. (a) (i) What are factors on which the moment of inertial of a body depend?
(ii) How does an ice – skate a ballet dancer or an acrobat take advantage of
the principle of conservation of angular momentum.

(b) (i) State Theorem of parallel and perpendicular axis

(ii) A cord is wound a sound the circumference of a wheel of diameter 0.3m.
the axis of the wheel is in horizontal A mass of 0.5kg is attached at the end
of the cord and it is allowed to fall from rest. If the weight fall 1.5m in 4sec
what is the angular acceleration of the wheel. Find also the moment of
inertia of the wheel.

196. (a) Write for effective factors which affects. The elasticity of a material

(b) Define the following terms in relation to elasticity: Elastic after effect Elastic
Fatigue, shear modules, Bulk modules,

(c) A square lead slab of side 50cm and thickness 5cm is subjected to a shearing force of

(d) magnitude 9 x104N. the lower edge is riveted to the floor How much is the upper
edge displaced if the shear modulus of lead is 5.6 x 109Pa

197. (a) A 45- Kg traffic light is suspended with two steel wires of renal lengths and radii
of
0.5. If the wires make an angle of 15˚ with the horizontal, what is the fractional
increase in their length due to the weight of the light. Es =2x1011Pa.

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 (b) Find the elongation of the steel and bass wire in the fig below. Unloaded length of
steel wire 1.5m, unloaded length of brass wire = 1m, diameter of each wire = 0.3cm.
Young modulus for steel 20 x1010 Pa and that for brass 9 x 1010Pa

The following information may be useful from Question no. 198-212

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m/s2, Plank’s constant, h = 6.63×10-34Js, Young modulus of

rubber = 6 × 108 𝑃𝑎, Pie, π = 3.14, Permittivity of free space, Ɛo = 8.854×1012Nm-2kg-1,
Electron charge, e = 1.6×10-19C, Mass of electron, me = 9.1×10-31kg, Permeability of free
space, µo = 4π×10-7Hm-1, Velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum, c = 3.0×108ms-1

1
198. (a) Given the Bernoulli’s equation 𝑝 + 𝑝𝑔ℎ + 2 ⍴𝑣 2 = constant where all the symbols

carry their usual meaning

(i) What quantity does each expression on the left hand side of the equation
represent?
(ii) Mention any three conditions which makes the equation to be valid
(b) Water is supplied to a house at ground level through pipe of inner diameter 1.5 cm

At an absolute pressure of 6.5 × 105 𝑃𝑎 and velocity of 5 𝑚⁄𝑠. The pipe line leading to
the second floor bath room 8𝑚 above has an inner diameter of 0.75𝑐𝑚. Find the flow
velocity and pressure at the pipe outlet in the second floor bathroom.

(c) Define the following terms when applied to fluid flow

(i) Non viscous fluid

(ii) Steady flow
(iii) Line of flow
(iv) Turbulent flow

199. (a) i. Your clock radio awaken you with a steady and irritating sound of frequency 60Hz.
One morning, it malfunction and cannot be turned off. In frustration, you drop the
Clock radio out of your fourth story dorm window 15.0m from the ground. Assume
The speed of sound is 343m/s.
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 a) As you listen to the falling clock radio, what frequency do just hear
before the radio striking the ground?
b) At what rates does the frequency that you hear changes with time just
before your hear the radio striking the ground?
200. Two waves travelling in opposite direction produce a standing wave. The individual

wave function are: 𝑦1=(4.0𝑐𝑚)sin(3.0𝑥−2.0𝑡)

𝑦2=(4.0𝑐𝑚)sin(3.0𝑥+2.0𝑡)
Where x and y are measured in centimeters
i. Find the amplitude in simple harmonic motion of element of medium
located at 𝑥 = 2.3𝑐𝑚
ii. Find the position of node and antinode if one end of string is at x=0
iii. What is the maximum value of the position in the simple harmonic motion
of an element located at an antinode
(c) Describe the formation of interference patterns by using air wedge experiment

201. (a) (i) Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment are illuminated by two different
Lamps emitting same wavelength. What happen to interference pattern
(ii) In Young’s slit experiment, on using the light of wavelength 5000Ǻ, the width of the
fringe is 0.6cm. If the distance of the screen from the slits is halved, then for what
wavelength of light the fringe of width 0.4cm may be obtained on the screen?
(b) (i) What is diffraction grating?
(ii) Monochromatic light from a helium-neon laser (λ = 632.8nm) is incident
normally on a diffraction grating containing 6000grooves per centimeter.
Find the angle at which the first and second maxima are observed.
202. (a) (i) What is linear width of central maximum?
(ii) Two spectral lines of sodium D1 and D2 have wavelength of approximately 5890Ǻ
and 5896Ǻ a sodium lamp send incident wave onto a slit of width 2µm. A screen is
located 2m from the slit? Find the spacing between the first maxima of two Sodium lines
as measured on the screen.
(iii) Geometrical optics based on assumption that light travel in straight line. Justify the
validity of this statement by considering diffraction spread.
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203. (a) Mention any two factor which affect the surface tension of the liquid and in each
case explain two typical examples
(b) Why molecules on the surface of a liquid have more potential energy than those
within the liquid? Explain
(c) There is a soap bubble of radius 2.4 × 10−4 𝑚 in an air cylinder which is
originally at pressure of 105 𝑁/𝑚2. The air in the cylinder is now compressed
isothermally until the radius of the bubble is halved. Calculate now the pressure of air in
the cylinder. Surface tension of soap film is 0.08𝑁𝑚−1
204. (a) If a number of little droplet of water question of the same radius 𝑟 coalesce to
form a single drop of radius 𝑅, show that the rise in temperature is given by:
3𝑇 1 1
( − )
⍴𝐽 𝑟 𝑅

where T is the surface tension of water and J is the mathematival equivalent of Heat
(b) Water rises up in glass capillary tube up to a height of 9.0µ𝑚 while mercury falls
down by 3.4µ𝑚 in the same capillary. Assume angles of contact for water-glass and
mercury-glass as 00 and 1350 respectively. Determination the ratio of surface tension of
mercury and water.

205. (a)Briefly explain the following observation as applied to strength of materials

(i) Bridges are declared unsafe after long use
(ii) Iron is more elastic than rubber
(b) A rubber cord of a catapult has a cross sectional area of 2𝑚𝑚2 and initial length

of 0.20𝑚 and is stretched to 0.24𝑚 to fire a small object of mass 10𝑔. Calculate the
initial velocity of the object when it just leave the catapult

206. (a) What do you understand by the following terms.

(i) A perfect plastic material
(ii) The ultimately tensile strength
(iii) An elastic limit
(iv) Poisson’s ratio
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 (b) Two rods of different materials but of equal cross-section and length 10. 𝑐𝑚 each

are joined to make a rod of length 2.0𝑚. The materials of one rod has a coefficient of
linear expansion of 10−5 /℃ and 1010 𝑁/𝑚2 respectively. How much pressure must be
applied to the ends of the composite rod to prevent its expansion when the temperature is
raised by 100℃?

207. (a) Briefly explain the effect of dielectric materials on the capacitance of a capacitor
when the capacitor is:
(i)Isolated
(ii)Connected to the battery
(b) How are the electrolytic capacitor made?

(c) Two point charges of equal mass 𝑚 and charge 𝑄 are suspended at a common
point by two threads of negligible mass and length𝐿. If the two point charges are at
equilibrium, show that:

1
𝑄2 𝐿
(i) The distance of separation 𝑥 =( )
3
2𝜋Ɛ𝑚𝑔

𝑄2
(ii) The angle of inclination 𝛽 =√
16𝜋Ɛ𝑚𝑔𝐿2

208. Two point charges, 𝑞𝑎 = +3µ𝐶 and 𝑞𝑏 = −3µ𝐶, are located 0.2𝑚 apart in vacuum.
Find;
(i) The electric field at the midpoint of the line joining two charges.
(ii) The force experienced by the negative test charge of magnitude 1.5 × 10−9 𝐶
placed at this point.

209. (a) Define the following term as applied to electromagnetism

(i) Magnetic field and magnetic field line
(ii) Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
(iii) Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength
(iv) Permeability and relative permeability of medium

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 (b) A coil of 300 turns in wound uniformly on a ring of non-magnetic material. The
ring has mean circumference of 40cm?. If the current in the coil is 5A. Calculate
(i) The magnetic field strength
(ii) The flux density
(iii) The total magnetic flux in the ring
210. (c) (i) state Biot- Savart law and use it to derive the total magnetic flux density at the
center of circular wire of radius “r” current I containing N-turns around it,
(ii) A circular of 300 turns has a radius of 10cm and carries a current of 7.5A,
calculate the magnetic field at the center of the coil and at a point which is at a distance
5cm from the center of the coil along the axis
(iii) State three uses (application) of the charged particles to move in magnetic
field.

211. (a) Use the Rydberg RH = 1.0974×10-7m-1 to calculate the longest wavelength in
Lyman series.
(b) Use the Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom to determine the
ii. Radius of first orbit of the hydrogen atom in Ǻ units
iii. Size of the hydrogen atom
iv. Velocity of electron in the first orbit

212. (i) What is the ionization potential of an atom

(ii) Show that the ionization potential of one- electron or atom is given by

13.6𝑍 2 𝑒𝑉
𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 =
𝑛2

Where: z = number of particles charge or electron

n = number of orbit from which electrons is to be removed

(iii) Briefly explain how Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of

  particles led to the estimation of the size of the nucleus.

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The following information may be useful from Question 213-226
Acceleration due to gravity, 𝑔 = 9.8𝑚/𝑠, Universal gravitational constant, 𝐺𝑂 = 6.67 ×
10−11 𝑁𝑚2 /𝑘𝑔, Radius of the earth, 𝑅𝐸 = 6.65 × 106 𝑚, Mass of the earth, 𝑀𝑒 = 6.0 ×
1024 𝑘𝑔, Pie, 𝜋 = 3.14

213. (a) i) What do you understand about absolute error?

ii) Mention two causes of systematic error.
(b) In a Searle’s experiment, the diameter of the wire as measured by a screw gauge of
least count 0.001cm is 0.050cm. The length, measured by a scale of least count 0.1cm, is
110.0cm. When a weight suspended in spring balance of least count 0.1N is 50N, the
extension is measured to be 0.125cm by a micrometer of least count 0.001cm. Find the
maximum error in the measurement of young’s modules of the material of the wire from
this data.
(c) (i) State the law of dimensional analysis (principle homogeneity)
2𝑇 cos 𝜃
(ii) Check the correctness of the following equation .h= where 𝜃 is an
𝛿𝑔𝑟
angle of contact, 𝛿 is the density of the liquid r is the radius of the tube, g is acceleration
due to gravity, h is the height of the liquid and T is the surface tension .

214. (a) (i) What assumption made in treating projectile motion

(ii) Is projectile motion two dimensional motion

(b) In a popular lecture demonstration, a projectile is fired at a target T in such a way

that the projectile leaves the gun at the same time the target is dropped from rest. Show
that if the gun is initially aimed at the stationary target, the projectile hits the target.

(c) (i) What is the characteristic of projectile motion

(ii) A snowball rolls of a barn roof that slopes downward at an angle of 40°. The
edge of the roof is 14𝑚 above the ground and the snowball has a speed of 7 𝑚⁄𝑠 as it
rolls off the roof. How far from the edge of the barn does the snowball strikes the
ground?

215. (a) (i) State Newton’s second law of motion

(ii) A ball of mass m1 and a block of mass m2 are attached by lightweight cord that
passes over a frictionless pulley of negligible mass, the block lies on a frictionless incline
of angle. Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the
cord.
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 (b) A rocket moving in free space has a speed of 3.0 × 103 m/s relative to the Earth.
Its engines are turned on, and fuel is ejected in a direction opposite the rocket’s motion at
speed of 5.0 × 103 m/s relative to the rocket.
(i) What is the speed of rocket relative to the earth once the rocket’s mass is
reduced to half its mass before ignition?
(ii) What is the trust on the rocket if its burn fuel at the rate of 50kg/s?

216. (a) (i) What is the criterion for an object to execute simple harmonic motion
(ii) A body executing simple harmonic motion is associated with the acceleration
force acting on it, its velocity and its acceleration. Which of the three physical
quantities are phase?
(b) (i) Suppose a tunnel is dug through the earth from one side to the other along a
diameter. Show that the motion of a particle dropped into the tunnel is simple harmonic
motion. You may use the density, Y, of the earth to be uniform
(ii) A simple pendulum has a period of 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 in city P. where the
acceleration due to gravity is 9.66𝑚𝑠 −1 . It is taken to city Q where it is found to
lose 20𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦. Calculate the value of the acceleration due to gravity in the
city Q.

217. (a) (i) State the Newton’s law of universal gravitation

(ii) A planet of mass 𝑚 moves round the sun of mass 𝑀 in a circular orbit of
radius 𝑅 with an angular velocity 𝜔 Show that
a) 𝜔 is in independent of mass 𝑚 of the planet
b) in a circular orbit of radius 4𝑅 round the sun, the angular velocity
decreases to 𝜔/8
(b) (i) State the law of conservation of angular momentum
(ii) A solid cylinder rolls down an inclined plane. Its mass is 2𝑘𝑔 and radius
of0.1𝑚. If the height of the inclined plane is 4𝑚. What is the rotational kinetic energy
when it reaches the foot of the plane? Assume that the surface are smooth. Given the
𝑀𝑅 2
moment of inertia of solid cylinder about its axis =
2

218. (a) (i) During uniform circular motion name two quantities which remain constant
(ii) Why does a motor bike rider bend while going around a corner?
(ii) Why are roadbeds and high ways banked on curves?
(b) What is the smallest radius of a circle at which a cyclist can travel, if his speed is
30𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 and coefficient of friction is 0.32.
(c) A stone of mass 0.5𝑘𝑔 tied to a rope of length 0.5𝑚 revolve along a circular path
in a vertical plane. The Tension in the rope at the bottom point of the circle is 45𝑁. To

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 what height the stone will rise if the rope breaks the moment the velocity is directed
upwards.

219. (a) Briefly explain what is the meant by the following terms
(i) Thermometric property of a material
(ii) Triple point of water
(b) (i) Explain why thermometer is said to register its own temperature
(ii) A blanket which keeps us warm in winter is able to protect ice from melting?
Explain
(ii) The resistance 𝑅Ɵ of a platinum wire at a temperature Ɵ℃, measured on the
gas scale is given by 𝑅Ɵ = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝑎𝜃 + 𝑏𝜃 2 where 𝑎 = 3.8 × 10−3 and 𝑏 = 5.6 × 10−7
what temperature will the platinum thermometer indicates when the temperature on the
gas is 200℃.
(c) (i) States Wein’s displacement law

(ii) A body cools in 7𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 from 60℃ to 40℃. What will be its temperature
after the next 7𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠? The temperature of the surrounding is 10℃, assume that the
Newton’s law of cooling holds good throughout the process

220. (a) (i) Show that in adiabatic compression 𝑃𝑉 𝛾 =constant

(ii) A motor car tyre has a pressure of four atmosphere at a room temperature of
27℃. If the tire suddenly bursts. Calculate the temperature of escaping air value
of γ for air is 1.4

(b) State first law of thermodynamics and mention three limitation of the law you
state

(c) Define the following terms

(i) Zeroth law of thermodynamics

(ii) Adiabatic process

221. (a) (i) State the Kirchhoff’s laws for electric networks
(ii) What are the physical implications of each Kirchhoff’s laws for electric
network?

(b) Consider the diagram in figure below and answer the questions that follow:

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 R1 1Ω
A
D

1Ω
R2 2Ω
4V

2V
4V

R3 5Ω

1Ω

C B

(i) Find the currents through

(ii) Find the P.d between point C and D

222. (a) Define the following terminologies

(i)Fluorescence
(ii)Breakdown voltage

(b) (i) At very low pressure the discharge tube appears dark. Why?

(ii) Will it possible to produce discharge between earth and moon?

(iii) Is there any difference between the process of electric conduction in gases at low
pressure and electric conduction in metals?

(c)Briefly explain the mechanism of conduction of electricity through gases

223. (a) (i) Differentiate between fermi energy level and forbidden energy gap
(ii) The energy gap of a silicon is 1.1eV. What does it mean?
(iii) Why base of transistor made thin compare with collector and emitter

(b) A crystal diode having internal resistance 𝑟𝑓 = 20𝛺 is used for half-wave
rectification. If the applied voltage 𝑣 = 50𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 and load resistance 𝑅𝐿 = 800𝛺, find:

(i)𝐼𝑚 , 𝐼𝑑𝑐 , 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠

(ii)𝑎. 𝑐 power input and 𝑑. 𝑐 power output
(iii)𝑑. 𝑐 output voltage

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 (iv)Efficiency of rectification.

(c) How does the width of a depletion layer of a P-N junction change with change in
reverse bias?

224. (a) (i) Differentiate between logic gate and the truth table
(ii) Mention three advantages of digital signals over analog signals

(b) A householder wants a circuit that will sound an alarm if it dark and door is
opened or a panic button is pressed. A circuit can be constructed to give a high (1) in the
dark and a low (0) in the light and a door switch will give a low (0) when the door is
opened otherwise it give high (1), the panic button gives a high when pressed

(i) Design the truth table for the circuit

(ii) Design the circuit
(iii) Write the simplified Boolean expression

225. (a) (i) What is the importance of doping as applied to semiconductor

(ii) Why are transistor mostly used as in common emitter arrangement
(b) (i) Explain the effect of leakage current on a transistor connected in a common
base-configuration
(ii) Explain briefly on the statement that without the base current the transistor
will not work
(iii) State two ways by which the fraction of the emitter carriers reaching the
collector can be made close to unity
(c) (i) What is meant by thermal runways
(ii) Mention any three courses of thermal runways and two methods overcome it

226. (a) Define the following terms

[Link], Geophysics and Epicenter
[Link] down layers of atmosphere and its importance
(b) (i) Write down ways (3) in which seismic waves are produce

(ii) Give two difference between P and S waves

(c) Draw the diagram which show the interior part of the earth.

227. (a) i) What is an error?

ii) Mention two causes of systematic error.

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 (b) In a Searle’s experiment, the diameter of the wire as measured by a screw gauge of
least count 0.001cm is 0.050cm. The length, measured by a scale of least count 0.1cm, is
110.0cm. When a weight suspended in spring balance of least count 0.1N is 50N, the
extension is measured to be 0.125cm by a micrometer of least count 0.001cm. Find the
maximum error in the measurement of young’s modules of the material of the wire from
𝐹𝐿
this data. Hint: 𝑌= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑌 − 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠, 𝐹 −
𝐴𝑒

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐴 − 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 − 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒

(c) An experiment was done to find the acceleration due to gravity by using the

l cos
formula: T  2 where all symbols carry their usual meaning. Given that
g
T  2.22  0.1sec
L  121.6  0.05m
  45  0.05
Determine the error in measuring “g”.

228. (a) (i) Mention two uses and two limitations of dimensional analysis.
(ii) The time of oscillation ‘t’ of a small drop of liquid under surface tension
depends upon the density ‘d’, the radius ‘r’ and the surface tension ‘  ’. Derive

dr 3
dimensionally the relationship t  Hint:  =
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

(b) Check the accuracy of the following and find which of them is correct?
4 2 a 3 4 2 a 3
(i) t  4 a
2 2 3
(ii) t 2
(iii) t 
2

G GM
Where ‘t’ is the time period of revolution of the earth around the sun, ‘a’ is the
radius of the orbit, ‘M’ is the mass of sun and ‘G’ is the gravitational constant.

229. A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an angle of 30.0° to the
horizontal with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s. If the height of the building is 45.0 m,

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 iii. How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
iv. What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the ground?

(b) An archer shoots an arrow with a velocity of 45.0 m/s at an angle of 50.0° with the
horizontal. An assistant standing on the level ground 150 m downrange from the launch point
throws an apple straight up with the minimum initial speed necessary to meet the path of the
arrow.
iii. What is the initial speed of the apple?
iv. At what time after the arrow launch should the apple be thrown so that the arrow hits
the apple?

230. (a) Define the following terms as used in projectile

i. Angle of projection
ii. Trajectory
iii. Time of flight
iv. Maximum height
(b) How does projectile motion differ from circular motion
(c) Show mathematically relationship between angel of projection 𝜃, Maximum height 𝐻
4𝐻
and Range 𝑅 is given by 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅

231. (a) State the Newton’s laws of motion

(b) The mass of an elevator is 500𝑘𝑔. Calculate the tension in the cable of the elevator
when the elevator is

i. Stationary
ii. Ascending with acceleration of 2 𝑚⁄𝑠
iii. Descending with the same acceleration

232. (a) Is the tension of a string on either side of a pulley the same? If so under what
condition?
(b) A rocket moves forward by pushing the air backward. Is it true or false? Explain

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 (c) Can an object change speed or direction due to internal forces?
(d) What is the importance of conservation of linear momentum?
(e) Why Newton’s first law of motion called law of inertia?

233. (a) Define the following terminologies as used in circular motion

i. Angular displacement
ii. Centripetal acceleration
iii. Uniform circular motion

(b) Mention the sources of centripetal forces in each of the following cases

i. An object at the end of string is whirled in a horizontal circle

ii. The moon orbiting the earth
iii. A car travelling round a banked road

(c) In order for a body to move in a circular path there must be a centripetal force and is
always directed toward the center of the circle. Prove that

𝑀𝑉 2
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟

234. (a) A model car moves around a circular track of radius 0.3𝑚 at 2𝐻𝑧. Calculate
i. The angular velocity
ii. The period of the motion
iii. The speed of the motion

(b) Differentiate the following terminologies and give out its SI unit if possible.

i. Period and frequency

ii. Radial acceleration and tangential acceleration

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Physics department-Ndanda High@2018
235. (a) i. Differentiate between periodic motion and oscillatory motion by giving two
examples in each case
ii. Mention three conditions for a body to execute simple harmonic motion

(b) A body oscillates vertically in simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of

30𝑚𝑚 and a frequency of 5.0𝐻𝑧. Calculate

i. At the extremities of the motion

ii. At the centre of the motion
iii. At the position midway between the centre and extremity

(c) A particles in a straight line with simple harmonic motion making several
oscillation in 11𝑠𝑒𝑐 the velocity of the particle is 1.2 𝑚⁄𝑠 , when its distance from the
centre of oscillation is 12.5𝑐𝑚. Find

i. The amplitude of the motion

ii. The maximum velocity
iii. The maximum acceleration

236. (a) i. Why do we say that velocity and acceleration of a body executing S.H.M are out
of phase
ii. In what time after its motion begins will a particles oscillating according to the
equation 𝑦 = 7𝑠𝑖𝑛0.5𝜋𝑡 move from the mean position to the maximum displacement

(b) A simple harmonic oscillation is represented by

𝑥 = 0.34cos(3000𝑡 + 0.74)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sec 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. Determine
i. Amplitude
ii. The frequency
iii. The angular frequency
iv. Time period
(c) Show that in S.H.M, the maximum velocity is given by 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤𝑎 where 𝑤 is
the angular frequency and 𝑎 is the amplitude.
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o If you fail, never give up because F.A.I.L. means “First Attempt In Learning”
o End is not the end, in fact E.N.D. means “Effort Never Die”
o If you get No as an answer, remember N.O. means “Next Opportunity”
So let’s be positive

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