CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

Extreme heat temperature is one of the major problems that our world

deals with. Human activities increase the heat level in Earth's atmosphere. This

severe condition leads to hotter temperatures, longer droughts, and severe

health problems. As temperatures rise, people experience extreme heat, causing

a big problem with using too much energy, which is not good for the environment.

This major issue will not lessen if we do not take action.

According to the Medical Channel Asia, an estimated 1.1 million children

have already been exposed to high heat frequency. The latest climate predictions

show that global temperatures will continue to rise, with an even chance that one

of the years between 2022 and 2026 will exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-

industrial levels. Many inventions were made for energy consumption, which is

continually rising in the modern era due to the growing energy demand. People

are constantly enhancing their lifestyles with modern technological devices to

increase comfort. This increased use of technology leads to higher power

consumption. To fulfill the growing power demand, energy is one of the most

efficient alternative sources of energy. It is also known as the future of energy.

Even though it is available in enormous amounts, less than 2% of the world’s

energy is produced by solar energy.

 The Philippines is expected to sizzle with temperatures rising to as high as

40 degrees Celsius in Metro Manila and Northern Luzon due to the impact of El

Niño, this was according to El Niño task force spokesman Joey Villarama, who

revealed that high temperatures would prevail despite the northeast monsoon.

Bohol also gears up for El Niño because the heat index in Dauis, Bohol reached

44°C, which is within the “danger” category, mandated by the Philippine

Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

and this will be the “danger” category of a heat index ranges from 42°C to 51°C.

Holy Child Academy of Bien Unido, Bohol, Inc. has also faced problems in

terms of the persisting issue of extreme heat that has posed significant

challenges for both students and faculty alike. The lack of proper cooling

infrastructure has worsened the problem; making it essential for the school

administration in sweltering conditions not only affecting the academic

performance of the students but also contributes to physical discomfort and

potential health risks.

The researchers are motivated to do this research because the

researchers care about the environment, want to reduce energy costs and create

a comfortable learning space. The respondents of this research study are the

random students at the said school. The fan is designed with a focus on

affordability, ensuring that the benefits of eco-friendly technology are accessible

to the school without putting a strain on the budget.

 In response to this, the STEM students propose the implementation of the

“EcoSunPower” fan, come up with a sustainable and cost-effective solution to

overcome these problems, particularly through the use of the “EcoSunPower”

fan, the students aim to contribute not only to mitigate temperature-related

challenges but also to elevate the overall academic experience, to nurture a

positive and supportive atmosphere for students throughout their educational

journey and to lessen the adverse effects of the soaring temperatures that have

created an uncomfortable learning environment, hindering the overall well-being

and concentration of the students.

Literature Background

The theories stated below indicate how EcoSunPower fans function as an

efficient, sustainable cooling solution for campus buildings, transforming sunlight

into effective cooling. This study is anchored on “Theory of light-induced

degradation in perovskite solar cells by H. Shahivandi)”, (2020) and “Theory of

Bulk Photovoltaic Effect A. Rappe”, (2023) “

Theory of Light-Induced Degradation of Perovskite Solar Cells by H.

Shahivandi. Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic cell that has shown

great promise for use in solar panels. They have a number of advantages over

traditional silicon solar cells, including lower cost, higher efficiency, and greater

flexibility in their design and production. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel

and are absorbed by semi-conducting materials. Electrons (negatively charged)

are knocked loose from their atoms as they are excited. Due to their special
structure and the materials in solar cells, the electrons are only allowed to move

in a single direction.

(a) Put simply, perovskite solar cells aim to increase the efficiency and lower

the cost of solar energy. Perovskite PVs indeed hold promise for high

efficiencies, as well as low potential material & reduced processing costs.

A big advantage perovskite PVs have over conventional solar technology

is that they can react to various different wavelengths of light, which lets

them convert more of the sunlight that reaches them into electricity.

(b) Moreover, they offer flexibility, semi-transparency, tailored form factors,

light-weight and more. Naturally, electronics designers and researchers

are certain that such characteristics will open up many more applications

for solar cells.

Theory of Bulk Photovoltaic Effect by A. Rappe. This theory states and

discovered that in materials without a symmetrical structure, light can directly

create an electric current without needing a special junction. He calls this the

"bulk photovoltaic effect". Rappe explained this effect with a model called "shift

current", which says that light can make electrons move in a specific direction

within the material. His work helps us understand how to design new materials

that can better convert sunlight into electricity.

(a) Different from the traditional photovoltaic effect, the bulk photovoltaic

effect (BPVE) is the DC generation caused by homogeneous light in solids

with broken inversion symmetry, without the necessity for heterostructures

or interfaces. Although its presence has been proven for about 50 years,

predictive theories have only just come to light, allowing for the

identification of several mechanisms and the assessment of their relative

significance in actual materials.

(b) It is now widely acknowledged that there exists an intrinsic process,

known as shift current, wherein highly precise predictions can now be

obtained from first-principles computations. This mechanism is insensitive

to scattering. Ballistic current is another significant but more extrinsic

mechanism that is gaining a lot of attention; nonetheless, its numerical

computation for real materials is just recently conceivable.

(c) Furthermore, in the presence of circularly polarized light, an intrinsic

ballistic current—often called injection current—will manifest and finds

extensive use in experimental settings. A large part of this review is

devoted to discussing the latest developments in the theories of BPVE

and their numerical implementations, as well as experiments..

(d) A quick overview of the materials' design techniques made possible by

the theory development is provided as evidence of the capabilities of the

recently formed theories. In order to stimulate more research, the last

unanswered questions in the BPVE field and potential future directions are

explored.
Legal Bases. The following are laws in which our study is anchored. These laws

are the bases for our study to make it legal.

Republic Act No. 11357 of 2019 “An Act granting Solar para sa Bayan

corporation a franchise to construct, install, establish, operate and

maintain distributed energy resources and micro grids in the remote and

unviable, or unserved or underserved areas in selected provinces of the

Philippines to improve access to sustainable energy ” it is hereby granted to

Solar para sa Bayan Corporation, here under referred to as grantee, its

successors or assignees, a nonexclusive franchise to construct, install establish,

and operate and maintain in the public interest and for commercial purposes and

utilizing renewable energy technology to provide electric power to customers and

end users.

(a) Distributed Energy Resources, or DERs for short, are smaller power

sources with the capacity to be integrated to generate the necessary

electricity to meet regular demand. These could also refer to demand-

side and supply-side resources that can be dispersed across the

system of a network service provider in order to satisfy the clients'

expectations for dependability and energy. The steps necessary to

integrate renewable generation resources, load management, and

ancillary services like reserves, voltage control, reactive power, and

black start capabilities are some examples of these. Other examples

include energy storage, managed loads, such as electric vehicle

charging stations, and renewable energy facilities.

 (b) A microgrid is a collection of distributed energy resources and

interconnected loads that function as a single, controllable unit in

relation to the grid within precisely defined electrical limits. A microgrid

can function in both grid-connected and island mode.

(c) A remote and unviable location is a region inside a distribution utility's

franchise area where it is not economically feasible to extend distribution

lines right away because of how far away the closest facilities are.

An unserved area is one that lacks distribution system lines, solar PV

household systems, power access, and a microgrid connection.

An area that is currently served by individual solar home systems,

microgrids, or distribution utilities is considered underserved if the area's

electricity supply is interrupted at least twelve times in the twelve months

prior to the date of the determination that the area is underserved, or if

there are other factors that result in a failing mark based on the most

recent annual evaluation of the actual performance of distribution systems

in comparison to the targets imposed by the Energy Regulatory

Commission.

Republic Act No. 11285 of 2019 - An Act Institutionalizing Energy

Efficiency and Conservation, Enhancing the Efficient Use of Energy, and

Granting Incentives to Energy Efficiency and Conservation Projects. It is

hereby to declared in creating a foundation for the introduction and

institutionalization of basic energy conservation and efficiency policies. These

policies will include encouraging the wise and efficient use of energy, increasing
the use of energy-efficient and renewable energy technologies, and outlining

roles and responsibilities for organizations, the state hereby adopts the following

policies.

(a) Establish energy efficiency and conservation as a national lifestyle

focused on the economical and responsible use of energy by creating,

developing, and executing energy efficiency and conservation plans and

programs to ensure the country's energy supply is sufficient and stable,

mitigating the effects of high import fuel prices on local markets and

safeguarding the environment.

(b) To guarantee the best possible use and sustainability of the nation's

energy resources, support and stimulate the development and application

of effective renewable energy technologies and systems;

and for a national strategy to energy efficiency, conservation, sufficiency,

and sustainability, strengthen relevant legislation and make sure the

nation adopts a market-driven strategy for energy conservation, efficiency,

and sufficiency.
 LEGAL BASES THEORIES

Republic
X Act No. 11357 of 2019 Theory of Light-Induced
Degradation of Perovskite Solar
An Act granting Solar para sa Bayan Cells by H. Shahivandi, (2020)
corporation a franchise to construct,
install, establish, operate and maintain This theory outlines ability to create
distributed energy resources and micro low cost, high efficiency, thin, light
grids in the remote and unviable, or weight, and flexible solar modules.
unserved or underserved areas in Perovskite solar cells have found use
selected provinces of the Philippines to in powering prototypes of low-power
improve access to sustainable energy wireless electronics for ambient-
powered Internet of things
Republic Act No. 11357 of 2019 applications, and may help mitigate
An Act Institutionalizing Energy climate change.
Efficiency and Conservation,
Theory of Bulk Photovoltaic Effect
Enhancing the Efficient Use of Energy
A. Rappe, (2023)
and Granting Incentives to Energy
Efficiency and Conservation Projects. This theory outlines opens up a
new frontier in the search for materials
that can effectively harness sunlight for
energy generation, potentially leading
to more efficient and versatile solar
energy technologies.

Students in Holy Child Academy of Bien Unido, Bohol, Inc.

Transforming Sunlight into Traditional

Effective and Innovative Campus Electric
Cooling fan

EXPERIMENTATION BASIS FOR NEW CONCEPT

Figure 1. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
 ECOSUNPOWER FAN FOR STUDENTS OF HOLY CHILD ACADEMY OF
BIEN UNIDO, BOHOL, INC.: ASSESSING EFFICIENCY IN TRANSFORMING
SUNLIGHT INTO EFFECTIVE CAMPUS COOLING

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
HOLY CHILD ACADEMY OF BIEN UNIDO, BOHOL INC. (HCABBI)
Poblacion, Bien Unido, Bohol

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand

Amimita, Ma. Jocitte

Bon, Morris Maureen C.
Coca, Jason H.
Hoylar, John Rey M.
Limaco, Jannah Maria L.
Ornopia, Mark John S.
Prejan, Gian Karl Marie N.
Saldana, Jillian O.
Subrio,Clairenz James A.
Tabigue, Princess Mae P.
Villaver, Jamaica Rose T.
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the senior high school in Practical
Research II, this thesis entitled “ECOSUNPOWER FAN FOR STUDENTS OF
HOLY CHILD ACADEMY OF BIEN UNIDO, BOHOL, INC.; ASSESSING
EFFICIENCY IN TRANSFORMING SUNLIGHT INTO EFFECTIVE CAMPUS
COOLING”, prepared and submitted by MA. JOCITTE AMIMITA, MORRIS
MAUREEN C. BON, JASON H. COCA, JOHN REY M. HOYLAR, JANNAH
MARIA L. LIMACO, MARK JOHN S. ORNOPIA, GIAN KARL MARIE N.
PREJAN, JILLIAN O. SALDANA, CLAIRENZ JAMES A. SUBRIO, PRINCESS
MAE P. TABIGUE, JAMAICA ROSE T. VILLAVER, has been examined and is
recommended for acceptance and approval for pre-oral examination.

CHARITY A. ESCABUSA, LPT

Adviser
Approved by the Examining Tribunal during the Oral Examination on, with the
rating of .

.THE EXAMINING TRIBUNAL

MARRY ROSE T. AUTENTICO, LPT

Chairman
JHULIE KHRYSS DELA CRUZ, LPT ERICA B. CIFRA, LPT

Member Member

ANGELIE JANE B. DIGAO, LPT

Member

Accepted approved in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior

High School in Practical Research II.
CHARITY A. ESCABUSA, LPT

Adviser
DEDICATION

This
 Humble work

Is heartly and sincerely dedicated, to our Almighty God, to the

Loving and support respective parents

Of the researchers; and the

Approachable teachers. This

Research

Is all for

You.

The Researchers

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to thank the Almighty God for giving them enough
strength and courage to pursue this study. The researchers express their
heartfelt gratitude to various individuals and entities who contributed to the
completion of the study:
 To Sr. Mary C. Ecarma, DST, the school principal, for granting permission
to conduct the study.

To Ms. Charity A. Escabusa, LPT, the subject instructor and advisor, for
unwavering support, encouragement, and guidance throughout the research
process.

To the review committee members, ERICA B. CIFRA, LPT, JHULIE

KHRYSS DELA CRUZ, LPT, ANGELIE JANE B. DIGAO, LPT, MARRY ROSE
T. AUTENTICO, LPT, for valuable suggestions and ideas for improving the
study.

To the Students of Holy Child Academy of Bien Unido Bohol, Inc., the
respondents of the study, for their cooperation, honesty, and sincerity in
answering the questionnaires.

To the Faculty staff, for their support and words of encouragement

throughout the research process.

To our Parents, friends, and loved ones, for their financial and moral
support, as well as inspiration to fulfill the study.

To the Almighty Father, for wisdom, strength, and knowledge bestowed

upon the researchers, without whom the work could not have been possible.

The researchers extend their deepest appreciation to all those who

contributed to the successful completion of the study.

THE RESEARCHERS

CERTIFICATION OF THESIS ACCEPTABILITY

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the senior high school in Practical
Research II, this thesis entitled “ECOSUNPOWER FAN FOR STUDENTS OF
HOLY CHILD ACADEMY OF BIEN UNIDO, BOHOL, INC.; ASSESSING
EFFICIENCY IN TRANSFORMING SUNLIGHT INTO EFFECTIVE CAMPUS
COOLING”, has been prepared and submitted by MA. JOCITTE AMIMITA,
MORRIS MAUREEN C. BON, JASON H. COCA, JOHN REY M. HOYLAR,
JANNAH MARIA L. LIMACO, MARK JOHN S. ORNOPIA, GIAN KARL MARIE N.
PREJAN, JILLIAN O. SALDANA, CLAIRENZ JAMES A. SUBRIO, PRINCESS
MAE P. TABIGUE, JAMAICA ROSE T. VILLAVER, who are hereby
recommended for admission to the pre-oral examination.

FACULTY REVIEW COMMITTEE

MARRY ROSE T. AUTENTICO, LPT

Chairman

JHULIE KHRYSS DELA CRUZ, LPT ERICA B. CIFRA, LPT

Member Member

ANGELIE JANE B. DIGAO, LPT

Member

Related Literature

On the basis of collected fan-use models, profit regression models of fan-

use rates and ambient environments were obtained and indicate that the

essential trigger of fan-use is a warm environment rather than building types.

This result helps us to understand the control behaviors and comfort

requirements of occupants. Also, fans could provide benefits in three aspects:

widening neutral temperatures, saving energy, and improving occupants’

productivity. First, using fans in buildings elevates the neutral temperature and

the upper limit of neutral zone (0.5 thermal sensation scale) averages by about

3 K in ranges from 25.7°C to 28.7°C and 27.5°C to 30.7°C, respectively. Second,

fan-use reduces AC-use rates in MM buildings in summer. The regression

models based on the collected AC-use rate models illustrate that, on average,

AC-use is expected to be reduced by about 15% in summer when fans are used.

Third, providing occupants access to fans could improve occupants’

productivity. (He, Y., Chen, W., Wang, Z., & Zhang, H., 2019)

Furthermore, innovations in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

(HVAC) systems are continuously required to provide a better, healthier and

more productive and sustainable built environment for building occupants with

minimized energy or cost consumption. This paper provides an overview of the

HVAC technologies and systems used in 212 solar-powered houses developed

through 13 U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon (SD) competitions. wide

range of energy technologies such as phase change materials, night-time

radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, desiccant dehumidification, and

energy/heat recovery ventilators have been used to reduce the electricity

consumption of the HVAC systems. (Ma, Z., Ren, H., & Lin, W., 2019)

Similarly, Solar Air Collectors integrated with Phase-Change Material

(SAC-PCM) were widely used for wintery heating with the superiority of

overcoming the mismatch shortcoming between supply and demand time from
solar heating. However, the traditional SAC-PCM had the low-efficiency heat

output due to the low air flow of natural convection. Based on this, a fan was

proposed to enhance air flow and thereby, increase the heat output from SAC, so

an experiment was built to compare the thermal performance between SAC-PCM

and SAC-PCM with a fan (SAC-PCM-F). (Fan, J., Wu, L., Zhang, F., Cai, H.,

Zeng, W., Wang, X., & Zou, H., 2019).

Significantly, conventional resources of energy production by

burning fossil fuels are detrimental to the earth's atmosphere leading to serious

problems such as global warming and acid rain. As a result, renewable and

green energy technologies have gained lot of attention in the recent years. In

particular, the improvement of solar panel efficiency has grabbed a significant

domain of researchers’ interest since sun is the year-round available source of

energy that can be efficiently utilized for energy generation. However, a

significant part of the incident solar energy is being lost due to the reflection at

the air/glass interface as well as the accumulation of dusts. (Mozumder, M. S.,

Mourad, A. H. I., Pervez, H., & Surkatti, R., 2019)

The fact that, suitability of solar energy to the environment, minimal cost

in the long ran, and its versatility are few to mention among other significant

advantages of this energy source to get noticeable attention in an effort to

substitute fossil fuels. The expected cost reduction through time with the

technology advancement is also taken as opportunity to use solar energy.

However, using solar energy has also weaknesses and threats which yet require

further attentions. The low efficiency, high initial cost, energy storage requirement
are some of the challenges. In addition, shifting the energy source for industries

from fossil fuel to solar energy remains as a challenge due to the utilities which

are already in place and working with conventional fuels. Although some of the

weaknesses and threats to solar energy application still exist, through technology

advancement most of the problems would be addressed in the future. (Guangul,

F. M., & Chala, G. T., 2019)

For instance, End-of-life (EOL) solar panels may become a source of

hazardous waste although there are enormous benefits globally from the growth

in solar power generation. However, further improvements in the economic

viability, practicality, high recovery rate and environmental performance of the PV

industry with respect to recycling its products are indispensable. It also provided

recommendations for future improvements in technology and policy making.

(Chowdhury, M. S., Rahman, K. S., Chowdhury, T., Nuthammachot, N.,

Techato, K., Akhtaruzzaman, M., & Amin, N., 2020)

Whereas, one of the possibilities to reduce the primary energy

consumption is through the use of solar energy for driving the thermal driven

absorption or adsorption refrigeration systems, or desiccant cooling. Another

possibility is using solar energy to produce electrical energy and this can be used

to drive the conventional refrigeration systems. The energy demand for cooling

and air conditioning systems is increasing worldwide, especially in regions with

high solar radiation intensity. One of the reasons for this is the increase of

comfort demands worldwide. The most cooling and air conditioning systems are
the conventional electrically driven one type such as compression refrigeration

machines and air conditioning systems. (Alahmer, A., & Ajib, S., 2020)

In addition, when they were first conceived, solar cooling systems were

designed to be cost-effective and environmentally safe alternatives for the

majority of the developing nations that are characterised by their hot climates in

contrast with the traditional air conditioning systems powered by electricity that is

produced from fossil fuel resources. Nevertheless, developments in photovoltaic

(PV) and air-conditioning technologies have impacted on the prospects of solar

cooling systems. (Albatayneh, A., Jaradat, M., Al-Omary, M., & Zaquot, M. ,

2021)

Nonetheless, the feed-in tariff of surplus photovoltaic electricity, which has

the potential to increase the benefit of solar electric cooling, did not receive

significant attention in the research. An analogous study was performed that

involved the investigation of the solar thermal and photovoltaic alternatives for an

office structure according to the climates of two regions in Europe. Extensive

technical and economic research of solar cooling was conducted, including 25

feasible amalgamations of cooling technologies and solar energy collection. It

was shown by the analysis that the solar fraction and storage capacity were

critical when designing systems of solar cooling. Furthermore, if the relationship

between the cooling demand and the availability of solar resources is not

considered, this can cause the solar cooling potential to be overestimated..

(Albatayneh, A., Jaradat, M., Al-Omary, M., & Zaquot, M. , 2021)

 Notably, renewable energy technological innovation (RETI) is an important

way to reduce carbon emissions and achieve sustainable development.

Exploring whether RETI is beneficial to the improvement of carbon emission

efficiency and how the market environment affects the role of RETI on carbon

emission efficiency is critical to the design of effective policies. Therefore, based

on the data from 25 provinces in China from 2002 to 2015, the Tobit fixed-effect

model and the panel threshold model are used to investigate the impact and the

mechanism of RETI on total factor carbon performance index (TCPI) from a

market perspective. ( He, A., Xue, Q., Zhao, R., & Wang, D., 2021)

Related Studies

Particularly, the experimental result showed that the fan enhanced the

outlet wind speed from 0.8 m/s-1.55 m/s to 2.15 m/s-2.3 m/s and by employing

the fan, the heat output was easier from SAC-PCM and the average

temperatures of outlet air were increased 4.18 °C in all day with the average

temperature difference of outlet and inlet air increased by 1.17 °C. Employing the

fan could improve indoor average temperature by 1.17 °C, while the daily heat

output was increased by 146.02% by employing the fan and the heat collecting

efficiency was increased from 24.92% to 61.32%. (Fan, J., Wu, L., Zhang, F.,

Cai, H., Zeng, W., Wang, X., & Zou, H. ,2019).

In the traditional heating systems, heated water in the boiler is circulated

in the home radiators to warm up the ambient temperature as an air conditioning

system. Generally, in the mentioned systems, the natural convection has a key
role in the heat transfer from the radiator to the surroundings. The forced

convection can be also applied by using air fans, and consequently the Nusselt

number will be increased, which means an increase in the efficiency and heat

transfer. In this work, the air fans were placed in a sample radiator to improve the

thermal efficiency. The used fans are powered by batteries, and the battery

supply is charged by solar cells. The fans will be able to operate at nights when

the electric energy of the solar cells has been stored in the accumulator. The

problem was simulated using the ANSYS Fluent software to compare the

obtained numerical results to those recorded experimentally. In numerical and

experimental results, an increase in heat transfer was observed. The obtained

results showed that the average heat transfer rate was improved by about 21%

by using forced convention . (Afshari, F. ,2020).

However, an umbrella prototype is designed, which can drive a fan to

provide cooling effect for persons who work outside in tropical regions. The

designed umbrella uses solar cell attached on the above surface of the umbrella

to convert solar energy into electricity, which is used to drive a fan or charge a

battery. Moreover, the battery can also drive the fan when sunshine intensity is

weak, or provide a charging port with 5 voltages for portable devices, such as

mobile phones. The key component to realize these functions is an electronic

control module, which includes charging circuit and discharging circuit. The

former increases output voltage from the solar cell to the desired voltage to

charge the battery; the latter can control electricity from the battery to drive the
DC motor fan, LED indicator, and charging port. (Khaula Nurul, H., Yuniarto

Wimbo, N., & Liu, H. , 2021)

On the other hand, this study aimed to establish an experimental system

to strengthen the popularization of flat-plate solar air collectors. Flat-plate solar

collectors have been studied for years, but economic researches based on

energy grade are insufficient. Using the analogical principle of fan, the

relationship between the air mass flow rate and the power consumption of a fan

was built. Taking net heat production and economy as the criteria, the influence

of air mass flow rate on the collector system was studied. The relative coefficient

of the energy grade, which can provide a balance point between the power and

the heat for the net production analysis of the system, was defined. The heat

production benefits and the power consumption costs were used to evaluate the

experimental system using four cities as examples. On the basis of this

evaluation method, the impact of energy grade on the economics of the system

was studied.(Dong, Z., Chang, L., Jianjun, Z., Jinlong, J., Zhoujian, A., &

Linjun, W., 2021)

Primarily, the proposed PV/T solar panel converts 73.5 % of solar energy

with 13.0 % power generation efficiency and 60.5 % heat collection efficiency at

a 40 °C hot water supply in Yokohama, Japan. The efficiency is higher than the

previous experimental panel. The proposed panel also can suppress heat

radiation at about 50 °C even in the case of 60 °C hot water supply. The

proposed PV/T solar panel can supply all residential heat demands, such as

domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating or cooling, using solar heat with a

lower environmental thermal load. (Terashima, K., Sato, H., & Ikaga, T., 2023)

Subsequently, the STEAM integrated solar panel fan used the ADDIE

Model, the trial was carried out at the researcher’s house by manipulating the

weather, time of day, and the magnitude of sunlight. Based on the research, it

was found that the STEAM integrated solar panel fan can be used properly. Fans

using energy sources from sunlight can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels

and are environmentally friendly. The speed of the fan blades constantly changes

based on weather conditions and time of use. Fans can work optimally in sunny

weather and high magnitudes of sunlight, usually during the day. (Lestari, S. A.,

Sunarti, T., Suprapto, N., Hariyono, E., Prahani, B. K., Wibowo, F. C., &

Sanjaya, L. A. , 2024)

Over time, the use of fossil energy in everyday life is increasing. One effort

can be made to replace fossil fuels with other renewable fuels, such as solar

energy. The STEAM integrated solar panel fan development aims to analyze the

STEAM concept in solar panel fans, analyze solar panel fans to reduce the use

of fossil fuels and analyze the fan propeller speed obtained from the solar panels

used. (Lestari, S. A., Sunarti, T., Suprapto, N., Hariyono, E., Prahani, B. K.,

Wibowo, F. C., & Sanjaya, L. A. , 2024)

Although, the new system can efficiently utilize solar energy to partially

produce cooling energy. And this cooling energy is much less than driven heat
and close to ambient temperature, reducing thermal storage device size and heat

loss. A theoretical model was established with the ejector model experimentally

validated. Results show that the maximum cooling storage mode has better

performance, with maximum COPoe and COPog of 10.72 and 3.25 respectively,

which are 16.9 % and 13.3 % higher than no cooling storage mode, respectively.

with COPoe improvement of 19.7 % and 14.5 %, and COPog improving by 21.5 %

and 17.0 %, for maximum and partial cooling storage modes, respectively. (Xu,

Y., Wang, Z., Jin, H., Shen, X., Mao, J., & Chen, G., 2024)

Similarly, a Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) is a unique energy-saving

and environment-friendly horticultural facility in Northern China which mainly

relies on solar energy as the heat source. This facility can achieve the

overwintering production of vegetables without or with less heating in the winter.

CSGs generally adopt the form of closed management during the winter to

ensure a suitable interior temperature, which leads to airflow stagnation. The

airflow organization can break the boundary layer of the leaves to promote

photosynthesis and makes the temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration in

the greenhouse uniformly distributed, which facilitates crop growth . The suitable

airflow range for crop growth is 0.2–1.0 m/s. Therefore, the greenhouse air

circulation is an important part of improving the growth environment and

increasing the crop yield. (Lu, J., Li, H., He, X., Zong, C., Song, W., & Zhao, S.

, 2023)

Additionally, few studies have emphasized the distribution regularities of

temperature and relative humidity when using a fan pad system in South China.
Temperature and humidity are significant factors in crop growth. Temperature is

mainly affected by solar radiation, and humidity is mainly affected by the

transpiration and evaporation of irrigation water, proposed that high temperatures

significantly impact sexual reproduction in crop plants, affecting seed sets and

yields, highlighting the need for heat-tolerant and high temperature-resilient crops

found that high temperature reduces fruit firmness and size, and affects fruit

composition. Another factor that affects plant growth and yield is the

concentration of water vapor in the air, and over 80% for long periods, especially

at night, causes serious problems in crops, suggested that high humidity around

crop plants encourages plant diseases and physiological disorders. (Wei, X., Li,

B., Lu, H., Guo, J., Dong, Z., Yang, F.,& Liu, Y., 2024).

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