CHAPTER — II
REVIEW OF RELATED
— LITERATURE
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
Related literature means those books, journals, magazines, published and unpublished
research works by which the researcher delimits and defines his problem. He takes the help of
knowledge which is already accumulated in the field. This review of the study of related
literature not only acquaint the researcher with the current knowledge but serves many other
purposes. Avoidance of unnecessary duplication in the selection of the problem suggest
library procedures that should provide the setting for the investigation under consideration
and an overview of the related studies. Detailed information concerning use of the
appropriate library guides and illustrative review of the literature in particular area given the
worker is obligated to make critical examination of such related studies. Literature may come
hypotheses, suggestive methods of research and comparative data useful in the interpretation
on the results.
IMPORTANCE OF RELATED LITERATURE
A brief summary of previous research should be given so that the researcher and the
reader may be familiar with what is already known and with what is still unknown and
intested. The effective research is based upon past knowledge, this help to eliminate
replication of what has been done and provides useful basis for the formulation of hypotheses
and deciding the methodology of study. A review of the literature should include with a
comment of area of agreement and disagreement in findings. It is essential in most of
research studies. It indicates what has already been studied by others, which has a bearing
upon the present study.
The related literature make assumptions related to problems scientific and reasonable. A
survey of the related literature constitutes a very important step not only in identification of
the problem but also in formulating the hypotheses. It helps to know the recommendation of
previous researcher for the further research.
The review of the literature is ‘an-essential aspect of the research project such a review is a
step of the scientific method_and the serious study of research finds an exhaustive survey of
what has already been done on the problem. The literature in field from the foundation upon
which all future work is built. If we fail to build the formation of knowledge provide by the
review of literature our work is likely to b shallow It is very necessary that we should know
the part of the subject. The review the previous literature bridges the gap between new and
knowledge and the researche will not feel that he has jumped from one share yo another but
feels that he is doing h work systematically and correctly. The review of the literature
provides comparative da on the basis of which it is to evaluate and interpret the significance
of one's findings capitalizing on the success and errors of other is certainly a more intelligent
approach problem.
Moully (1964) states the review of the related a deep in sight is a clear perspective of the
overall field. The review of related literature promotes greater understanding of the problems
and its crucial aspect and ensures the avoidance of unnecessary duplication the published
material is a fruitful source of hypotheses.
In the words of Brid (1978) the literature in any field forms of the foundation upor which
are further work will be built, if we fail to built the foundation of knowleder provided by the
review of literature our work is likely to be shallow and will ofter duplicate someone else.
Furthermore "the related literature may provide source of significant problems, explanation,
hypotheses and helpful orientation for definitions."
According to John W. Best, "All human knowledge can be found upon the books and
libraries. Men builds upon the accumulated and recorded knowledge of the post. He further
writes," the related literature may provide source of significant problems explanation,
hypotheses and helpful orientation for definition."
The review of literature serves the following purposes:
a) It enables the researcher to define and delimit his problem.
b) It brings the researcher update on the work which others have done and thus he is able to
state the objectives clearly and concisely.
c) It helps in avoiding unfruitful and useless problems areas. The researcher can select those
areas in Which his endeavors would add to the knowledge in meaningful way.
d) Through the review relate literature, the researcher can avoid unintentional duplication of
well established findings.
e) It gives research understanding of the research methodology tools instruments and
Statistical methods to be used.
f) It helps to know the recommendation of previous researcher for the further
research.
STUDIES IN INDIA:
Rajendran Susai, Raji A., Sumathi P., (2009), habit is something that is acquired through
repetitions. It is semi mechanical and automatic. Cultivation of proper study habits is the role
aim of education. In this work, the study habits of high school students in Dindigul area.
Tamil Nadu with respect to home environment, reading, note taking, planning of subjects,
habits of high concentration, general habits and school environment, have been investigated.
A standardized tool was used for this purpose. The major findings of study are as under:
Boys and girls do not differ significantly in their study habits with respect to home
environment, reading, note taking, concentration and preparation for examination
In general, boys have better study habits than girls.
The nature of the family, namely, nuclear or joint, does not have any influence on the
study habits of students with respect to home environment, reading, note taking,
planning, concentration, general habits and attitudes.
Nalini H.K. & Bhatta (2009), in this study aimed at found the relationship between study
habits and students achievement in relation to socio-economic status, learning environment,
school adjustment and intelligence, the investigator finds significant relationship between
study habits and these influencing factors. The major findings of the study are as follows:
There is significant relationship between socio-economic status and study habits of X
class students.
There is significant relationship between learning environment and study habits of
class students.
There is significant relationship between intelligence and study habits of X Class
students.
Kumar V. and Aggarwal N.M. (2010), conduced a study was carried out to determine the
difference in study habits of secondary level arts and science students, This study was
conducted on a sample of 140 students randomly selected from different schools of Hardwar
district. The result indicates that secondary level students of Arts and Science streams differ
significantly on their study habits. It is also clear that male and female students of science
stream had significantly superior study habits than male and female students of Arts.
Puri Prerna and Kumari Leena (2010), this study was undertaken to investigate the
relationship of personality patterns, optimism and study habits of students appearing in
competitive exams. The sample comprised of 100 students appearing of RAS prelims. The
findings show that no significant correlation was found between personality patterns and
optimism level of students. Only one dimension was found to be negatively correlated with
optimism that was agreeableness.
The result also reveal significant correlation of optimism and drilling while a negative
significant correlation was found with supports and language.
Dr. Abdullahi, O., E. (2010), The thrust of the study was to compare Kwara State Secondary
School Students' study habits in English using some variables in their home background and
personal factors, so as to examine the implication for counselling purposes. 200 male and
female students aged between 15 and 20 years were involved in the study. Results from
students t-test statistical procedure revealed that there is significant difference between the
various categories of students in the study habits variables of home-work and assignment,
time allocation to study, reading and notetaking. Concentration and teacher [Link]
counselling implications were examined and suggestions were made to these effects.
Ahuja Pushphata & Ahuja K.K. (2011), in this study researcher makes an attempt to
examine the relationship between the study habits and academic achievements of the boys
and girls. The sample of the study consisted of 189 students studying in class 10+2 of four
schools of Gurgaon district. The cluster random sampling technique was used in this study.
‘t’ ratio has calculated for the analysis of data. The major findings of the study indicated that,
the study habits possessed by the boys and girls were found to be similar. In other words it
can be said that there is no significant difference between the study habits of students of
Govt. school and female students of private school.
Sobha V.K. (2011), the major findings of the study are as under:
Academic achievement of intellectual superior students is highly correlated with their
study habit. Students with good study skills achieve more than the students with poor
study skills.
There is significant difference between study skills of students with respect to their
SES, gender and stream of study.
Kumari Manoj (2011), study habits are important factors influencing academic achievement
of students. Teachers must replace ineffective modals and habits of study with more fruitful
skills in order to gain better learning. This study investigates the study skills and habits of
mathematics students and their educational achievement. The sample £200 students drawn
from govt. girls school Rewari by random habit inventory by M. Mukhopadhyay Dr.
Sansalwal and achievement test in Mathematics by Dr. Nagappa & Dr. K.M. Aslam Khar.
The major findings of study that there is significant difference in low scores and high score of
girls students of study habit inventory (SHI).
There is significant difference in low scores and high scores of girl student achievement test
in mathematics(ATM).
STUDIES IN ABROAD:
ABUJ Journal of Education (2003)-“ Relatjonship between study habits & attitudes of
Secondary school Students Towards Examination mal practice in Kwara State.” The prime
objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between secondary schools’study habits
their attitudes towards exmination malpractice. Finding revealed that there was no significant
relationship students’ study habits and their attitudes towards examination mal practice. Male
and Female students were significantly differ in their attitudes towards examination mal
practice while two groups were not significantly different in their study habits. It was
recommended that school counsellor should utilize guidance services and counselling
techniques in promoting effective study habits and in secondary Schools.
CH. Hussain Abid (2006)-“Effect of Guidance Services on Study Attitudes, Study Habits
and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students.” The substantive aim of the study
was to examine the effect of guidance services on students’ study attitudes, Study habits and
academic achievement. An experimental study was devised for the purpose. A guidance
programme for secondary school students was developed by the researcher. An experiment
was conducted to explore the effectiveness of guidance services in terms of improvement in
students’ study attitudes, study habits and academic achievement. Ten null hypotheses were
tested to explore the effect of guidance services on students’ study habits, study attitudes and
academic achievement in five subjects. All the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of
significance. The results of the study indicated that the guidance services have significant
effect on the students’ study attitude, study habits and academic achievement
Journal of Research in Rural Education, 2006, This study linked gender, family [Link]
grade level to 5 features of homework management reported by 238 rural middle school
students. The 5 features studied were setting an appropriate work environment managing
time; and controlling attention, motivation, and potentially interferinemotions. No significant
differences were found across grade levels on any of the 5 homework management indices.
Compared with boys, girls reported more frequently working to budget time, to be self-
motivating during homework, and to control potentially interfering emotions. Students who
received family help, compared to those who did not, reported more frequently working to
manage their workspace, to be self motivating ring homework, and to control potentially
interfering emotions. The article discusses these findings in the context of recent theoretical
frameworks and empirical studies. In addition, it suggests directions for future research and
practice related to homework management for rural middle school students
Ozsoy Gokhan,Memis Aysel,Temur Turun(2009)-“Metacognition, Study Habits and
Attitudes” This study is conducted to investigate the relationship between fifth grade
student's metacognition levels and their study habits &attitudes. The results revealed that
there is a medium positive relationship between metacognitive knowledge and skills and
study habits. study attitudes and study orientation. Addtionally, the results of the study
showed that there is no significant relationship between metacognition and study habits &
attitudes for low and medium achievers but, there is a significant relationship for high
achievers.
Aluja Amton & Blanch Angel (2010), It was found that the scholastic aptitudes were the
most predictive variables of achievement, while the personality traits had a low direct
contribution to academic achievement, although the students with higher scores on socialized
personality traits showed better study habits than those students with lower scores on
personality socialization traits. The relationship between personality and academic
achievement seems to be mediated by study habits. Moreover, females obtained higher
academic achievement scores than males. These differences could be explained by the fact
that females showed a more socialized personality pattern and better study habits.
Department of Psychology, Missouri Western State University (2011), Children’s study
habits have been related to parental involvement for many years. Parental involvement
includes many different situational factors, such as, how much time a parent studies with their
child, how much time a parent allows a child to watch television, and if the parents smoke. In
this study fourth grade children were given a survey as situational factors in relationship to
their parents. The demographic information that was included was their age and gender.
There were some significant differences of situational factors parents participate in compared
to the study habits a child retains.
Irene Ong Pooi Fong (2011), a study of the reading habits and interests of urban working
professionals, executives and managers, This study was undertaken to examine the reading
habits and interests of urban working professionals, executives and managers in the Klang
Valley. With an overall insight into the reading behaviour of this group, it is greatly hoped
that there will be a greater awareness among corporate individuals and organizations as
regards the importance of reading in knowledge acquisition and knowledge management.
Reading is a vital behavioural factor in a knowledge-based society and an emerging
knowledge economy. A total of 299 responses were collected in this study. Generally, the
reading attitude is very encouraging and a wide variety of materials was read, ranging from
local newspapers, magazines, journals and books to foreign publications. There are also
significant relationships between the gender, race and level of management of respondents
and their reading pattern. The results of this study indicated that seniority plays quite a major
role in influencing the reading pattern. It was also revealed that there is a strong possibility of
the presence of five major categories of readers based on the attitudes and intensity of their
reading activities.
Dr. Owoyele, J.W. (2011), This study is an investigation of the relationship between study
habits and students’ academic achievement in core subjects at the junior secondary school
level. The aim was to determine the relationship between various aspects of study habits
including Homework and Assignments, Time Allocation, Reading and note taking, Study
period procedures, Concentration, Written Work, Examination and Teacher Consultation and
students’ achievement in English language, Mathematics, Integrated Science and Art. This
was meant to provide clearer understanding of the phenomenon. The descriptive research
design of an ex post facto approach was used in the study. A sample of 300 JS2 students was
drawn using simple random sampling technique. A major hypothesis was raised leading to
the application of correlation and stepwise linear regression analysis. Findings reveal that of
all the study habits’ subscales, ‘teacher consultation’ was most influential while the ‘time
allocation’ exercise, concentration, no taking reading and assignments were regarded as less
integral to students’ academic performances. Therefore, regular counseling services to train
students on study skills strategies were advocated in order to boost their study habit and
enhance their academic achievement.