اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ
اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮرﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻮم رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ
ﻣﺒﺮهﻨﺔ
ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ^ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ \ و ﺗﺤﻘﻖ:
(iﻳﺤﺘﻮي ^ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ iو ﻳﺤﻘﻖ i 2 = −1
( a ;b ) ∈ \ 2 (iiآﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ^ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ و ﺣﻴﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ a + ib :ﺑﺤﻴﺚ
(iiiاﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ^ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ و اﻟﻀﺮب ﺗﻤﺪدان ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ \ و ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ
اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺎت
' a = a ' ⇔ a + ib = a '+ ibو ' b = b \ ∈ )' ( a ';b 2
ﻟﻴﻜﻦ \ ∈ ) ( a;bو
2
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
( a ;b ) ∈ \ 2 ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻋﻘﺪي z = a + ibﺣﻴﺚ
اﻟﻌﺪد aﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ، Re ( z ) = aو اﻟﻌﺪد bﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ Im ( z ) = b
ﺟﺴﻢ ﺗﺒﺎدﻟﻲ )× ;( ^; + ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
-1اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻋﻘﺪي
G G
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ) . (O ;e1 ;e 2 اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ( P
آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ) M ( a;b ) ∈ ( Pهﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﻋﺪد ﻋﻘﺪي وﺣﻴﺪ z = a + ibوهﺬا اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻟﺤﻖ Mوﻧﻜﺘﺐ)M(z
z = aff ( M ) أو
G G JJJJG
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺤﻖ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ u = OMﻧﻜﺘﺐ ) z = aff (u ( a; b ) ∈ \ 2 اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﻘﺪي z = a + ibﺣﻴﺚ
JJJG
هﻮ z B − z Aﺣﻴﺚ ) A ( z Aو ) B ( z B * ﻟﺤﻖ AB
zB −zA
* ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) A ( z Aو ) B ( z Bو ) C ( z Cﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ إذا و ﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎن \ ∈
zC − z A
* اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ) M ( z ) → M ' ( z + aﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ( Pﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ( Pهﻮ اﻻزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ
G G
uﺣﻴﺚ aff ( u ) = a
-2اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ و اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎر
. ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻋﻘﺪي z = a + ibﺣﻴﺚ \ ∈ ) ( a;b
2
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ﻟﻪ ﺑـ . z = a − ib * اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﻘﺪي z = a − ibﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﻘﺪي z = a + ibوﻧﺮﻣﺰ
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﻘﺪي . z = a + ibﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑـ z = zz = a 2 + b 2 * اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ zz
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ( z ; z ') ∈ ^ 2و \ ∈ αو *] ∈ n
* z + z = 2 Re ( z ) ; z − z = 2 Im ( z ) i
z z n
= z '≠0 α z = α .z zn =z ' z .z ' = z .z * ' z +z '=z +z
' z ' z
i =m i =m
*` ∈ m * ∑ zi ≤ ∑ zi
i =1 i =1
* z ∈\ ⇔ z = z
* z ∈ i \ ⇔ z = −z
z z n
z '≠0 = zn = z * ' z .z ' = z z
'z' z
JJJG
AB = AB = z B − z A *
-3اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻋﻘﺪي واﻟﻌﻤﺪة
G G
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ) (O ;e1 ;e 2 اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ( P
ﻟﻴﻜﻦ z = a + ibﺣﻴﺚ ( a;b ) ∈ \ 2ﻋﺪدا ﻋﻘﺪﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪم و اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ Mﺻﻮرﺗﻪ ,وﻟﻴﻜﻦ αﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎ
G JJJJG
(
n
. e1 ,OM ) ﻟﻠﺰاوﻳﺔ
. arg z ≡ α ] [ 2π اﻟﻌﺪد αﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﺪة ﻟﻠﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﻘﺪي zو ﻧﻜﺘﺐ
* -ﻟﻴﻜﻦ z = a + ibﺣﻴﺚ ( a;b ) ∈ \ 2ﻋﺪدا ﻋﻘﺪﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪم و rﻋﺪدا ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ و α
ﻧﻀﻊ z = r = a 2 + b 2 ﻋﺪدا ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ
arg z ≡ α إذن ] [ 2π z = r( cosα +isinαﺣﻴﺚ cosα = a ; sinα = b
r r
) وﻣﻨﻪ
z = r( cosα +isinαﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﻘﺪي zو ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ] z=[r,α ) اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت
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z r
و = , α − α ' ]' zz ' = [ rr ', α + α ﻓﺎن + * -اذا آﺎن ] z=[r,αو ]'z'=[r',α
' z ' r
و ] −z = [ r ,α + π ] z = [ r , −α +
1 1
= ; −α z n = r n ; n α +
z r
) ( cosα + i sin α
n
\ ∈ ∀α *] ∈ ∀n = cos nα + i sin nα ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻮاﻓﺮ
G JJJG
(
arg ( z B − z A ) = e1 ; AB ) ﻓﺎن ] [ 2π و ) D (z D ) ≠ C (z C إذا آﺎن ) A ( z A ) ≠ B ( z B
z − z A JJJG JJJJG
arg C
zB −zA
≡ AB ; AC ( ) ] [ 2π و
-4اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻻﺳﻴﺔ
iα −i α iα −i α
e +e e −e
= cos α = sin α z = [ r ,α ] = re i α
2 2i
-5اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﻨﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻋﻘﺪي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪم
zﺣﻴﺚ ` ∈ ( nهﻲ * n
اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﻨﻮﻧﻴﺔ ] ) a = [ r , αﺟﺬور اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ = a
α 2k π
}k ∈ {0;1;2........, n − 1 z k = n r ; +
n n
2k π
}k ∈ {0;1;2;..........; n − 1 ;z k = 1 هﻲ اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﻨﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة أي اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﻨﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟـ 1
n
-6اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﺒﺔ
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ aو bو cأﻋﺪادا ﻋﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ aﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪم .
−b − d −b + d
ﺣﻴﺚ dﺟﺪر = z2 = ; z1 اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ az 2 + bz + c = 0ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ^ هﻤﺎ
2a 2a
ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰ . b 2 − 4ac
-7ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
ﻟﻴﻜﻦ z Aو z Bﻋﺪدﻳﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺻﻮرﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ Aو . B
OM BM
= اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ) M ( z A × z Bﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ OMBﻣﻨﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ OAIﺣﻴﺚ = OB
OA IA
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
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آﻞ دوران ﻣﺮآﺰﻩ Ωذات اﻟﻠﺤﻖ ωو ﻗﻴﺎس زاوﻳﺘﻪ θهﻮ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﻘﺪي اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﺑﻂ آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ
(
z ' = zeiθ + ω 1 − eiθ ﺣﻴﺚ ) ) M ( zﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ )' M ' ( z
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
ﻟﻴﻜﻦ aو bﻋﺪدﻳﻦ ﻋﻘﺪﺑﻦ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ a = 1 ; a ≠ 1
اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ Fﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﺑﻂ آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ) M ( zﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ) ' M ' ( zﺣﻴﺚ z ' = az + bهﻮ اﻟﺪوران اﻟﺬي ﻣﺮآﺰﻩ
b
Ω و زاوﻳﺘﻪ ) arg ( a
1− a
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