BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES STRUCTURAL

[Link] C. QUIZANA,MSCM, UAP

 “
3 MAJOR PARTS OF A
STRUCTURE FOR BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

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 3 MAJOR PARTS OF STRUCTURE FOR
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

• SUPERSTRUCTURE – WHICH IS THE ABOVE

GROUND PORTION OF THE BUILDING.

• SUBSTRUCTURE – WHICH IS THE HABITABLE

BELOW-GROUND PORTION.

• FOUNDATION – WHICH ARE THE

COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING THAT
TRANSFER ITS LOAD INTO THE SOIL.

FOUNDATION
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 1. Load of
plus any
roof coverings
rain and wind
loads transferred to roof
membrane
2. Load accepted by roof
members transferred to
walls

3.
4.
STRUCTURE-
COMPONENTS PARTS
5.
AND FUNCTION

6.
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 FOUNDATION AND FOOTING

• THE FUNCTION OF A FOUNDATION IS TO TRANSFER THE STRUCTURAL

LOADS FROM A BUILDING SAFELY INTO THE GROUND.

• ALL FOUNDATIONS SETTLE TO SOME EXTENT AS THE SOIL

AROUND BENEATH THEM ADJUST ITSELF TO THESE LOADS.

• UNIFORM SETTLEMENT IS USUALLY OF LITTLE

CONSEQUENCES IN A BUILDING, BUT A DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
CAN CAUSE SEVERE STRUCTURAL DAMAGE.

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 FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION IS THAT PORTION OF THE STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS THAT CARRY OR SUPPORT THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
OF THE BUILDING.

2 BASIC TYPES OF
FOUNDATIONS:

1. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
 WALL/ STRIPPED FOOTING
ARE THOSE THAT TRANSFER THE
LOAD TO THE EARTH AT THE A. STEPPED FOOTING
BASE OF THE COLUMN OR
 COMBINED FOOTING
WALL OF THE
SUBSTRUCTURE. A. COMBINED FOOTINGS

 INDIVIDUAL OR ISOLATED B. CANTILIVERED

FOOTING
C. CONTINOUS FOOTINGS
A. BLOCK OR SQUARE
 MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATIONS
FOOTINGS
 STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
B. STEPPED FOOTING

C. SLOPED OR PYRAMIDAL

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 FOUNDATION

2. DEEP FOUNDATIONS

TRANSFER THE LOAD AT A

POINT FAR BELOW THE
SUBSTRUCTURE.

 PILE FOUNDATIONS

 CAISSON
FAOUNDATIONS

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 FOOTING

PORTION OF THE FOUNDATION OF

THE STRUCTURE WHICH DIRECTLY
TRANSMIT THE COLUMN LOAD TO THE
UNDERLYING SOIL OR ROCK, FOOTING IS
THE LOWER PORTION OF THE FOUNDATION
STRUCTURE.

FOUNDATION/ FOOTING
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 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

The types of shallow or spread footings are:

 Individual or isolated footings – are spread footings supporting free-standing

columns and piers. – IS A KIND OF FOOTING REPRESENTS THE SIMPLEST
AND MOST ECONOMICAL TYPE, IN THE FORM OF:

[Link] or square footings b. Stepped footings c. Slope or pyramidal footings

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 SIZES OF STEELBARS

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 SIZES OF STEELBARS

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 SIZES AND NUMBER OF STEELBARS FOOTING
.30X.30

Pounds to Kips- 100,000/1000

psf-pounds per square foot 1 Kip:
f’c- compressive strength concrete
f’s- tensile strength steel
A kip is equal to 1000 pounds
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 FOOTING

psf-pounds per square foot

f’c- compressive strength concrete
COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS f’s- tensile strength steel
 POST AND COLUMN
POST – REFERS TO A PIECE OF TIMBER
OF EITHER CYLINDRICAL, SQUARE OR
OTHER GEOMETRICAL CROSS SECTION
PLACED VERTICALLY TO SUPPORT A
BUILDING.
COLUMN – REFERS TO VERTICAL
STRUCTURE USE TO SUPPORT A
BUILDING MADE OF STONE,
CONCRETE, STEEL OR
COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE
MATERIALS. WHICH IS THE ABOVE
GROUND PORTION OF THE
BUILDING.

PRIMARY ELEMENTS
SECONDARY ELEMENTS

FOUNDATION/ FOOTING
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 SIZES OF STEELBARS COLUMNS
No.5 vertical reinforcement TIES- FOR COLUMNS

30 STIRRUPS- FOR BEAMS

concrete protection covering

1 ½ or 4cm
30
No.4 lateral ties
Min. No.3 for lateral ties
(lintel columns)ex. Property wall
No.4 vertical reinforcement

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 SIZES OF STEELBARS COLUMNS
No. 11, 14, 18 vertical reinforcement
30
concrete protection covering
1 ½ or 4cm
30 No. 4 lateral ties

Bundled bars

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 SIZES OF STEELBARS COLUMNS
30cm
No. 10 OR smaller
vertical bars

No. 3 lateral ties

30cm

No. 11,14,18
vertical bars
including bundle
bars
No. 4 lateral ties
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 SPACING OF STEELBARS COLUMNS
Example:
30cm

20mm

10mm
30cm

20mm
?

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 SPACING OF STEELBARS COLUMNS
Example:
30cm
20mm

30cm 10mm

20mm
30cm ?

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 FLOOR SYSTEMS
BEAM - IS A STRUCTURAL GIRDER AND BEAM
MEMBER THAT SUPPORTS THE SLAB
TRANSVERSE LOAD WHICH
USUALLY REST ON SUPPORTS AT
(JOIST) GIRDER IS A TYPE OF BEAM
ITS END. BEAM FOUNDATION

GIRDER – IS THE TERM APPLIED GIRDER MORE

GIRDER CARRY
LOAD THAN
TO A BEAM THAT SUPPORTS
ONE OR MORE SMALLER BEAM.
COLUMN BEAM
FOOTING
BEAM ARE CLASSIFIED AS :
• SIMPLE BEAM
• CONTINUOUS BEAM
• SEMI – CONTINUOUS

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 TIES- FOR COLUMNS
STIRRUPS- FOR BEAMS
WEB REINFORCEMENT
WEB REINFORCEMENT IS THE SAME AS THEIR
STIRRUPS USED IN THE BEAM TO HOLD THE
REINFORCEMENT IN ITS DESIGNED POSITION.

THE WEB REINFORCEMENT IS NOT ONLY

INTENDED TO HOLD THE REINFORCEMENT
AND PROVIDE LATERAL SUPPORT BUT ALSO
SERVES TO RESIST DIAGONAL TENSION AND
COUNTERACT THE SHEAR ACTION ON THE
STRUCTURE.

THE VERTICAL STIRRUPS SHOULD ENCIRCLE

THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT AND HOOK BENT
WITH A DIAMETER NOT LESS THAN 5 TIMES
THE DIAMETER OF THE STIRRUPS AT ITS END
AND SECURED PROPERLY TO PREVENT
SLIPPING OF THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT IN
THE CONCRETE.
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 RULES OF BEAM DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
BENDING MOMENT
REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE BEAM
CONCRETE –STRONG IN SUPPORTING LOAD BUT WEAK
IN RESISTING TENSION

STEEL- POSSESSES THE STRENGTH QUALITY TO RESIST

BOTH COMPRESSION AND TENSION FORCES.

The combination of concrete and steel producing

“REINFORCED CONCRETE”

The principle behind the design of reinforced

concrete is to avail of the strength of concrete in its capacity to carry the compression load and the steel to resist
tension loads or forces.
When the area of the concrete and steel are just enough to carry the compression and tension forces
simultaneously, the designs called "Balance Reinforcement or Balance Beam".
The building Code on balanced reinforcement so provides that the cross sectional area of steel reinforcement
shall be equal to .005 times the cross sectional product of the width and the depth of the beam.

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ROOF TRUSSES
TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
A truss is a structural framework composed of a series of straight
members so arranged and fastened together that external loads
applied to it will cause only direct stress in the members. The
upper and lower members of a truss are called the top chord and
bottom chord respectively. The members of the truss which are
framed between and join the top and bottom members are called
web members.

When the external loads act downward and the truss is supported
at the ends, the top chord is always in compression and the lower
chord always in tension, similar to the upper and lower flanges of a
beam. The web-members are subjected to stresses of either
tension or compression. Web-members subjected to tensile
stresses are called tension web-members; those which are
subjected to compression are called compression web-members.
In certain positions, a web-member may be subjected to tension
through the action of a load applied at one point, and when applied
at another point that load may produce compression in the member
so that at one time it will be subjected to tension and at another
time to compression. Such a member, design to resist either
tension or compression, is called a counterbrace. A member of a
truss system which acts only for a particular partial loading, and
which has a zero stress when the truss is completely loaded is FOUNDATION
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 When a truss is supported at its ends by columns, the truss together with its
columns, considered as a unit, is called a bent.

The intersection between two or more members of the truss is called a joint or
panel joint and the distance between two adjacent joints along either the top
or bottom chords is known as the panel or panel length. The quadrangular
space, crossed by an inclined web-member, is also referred to as a panel. The
axes of all members at each joint should always meet in a common point.

The span of a roof truss is the distance between the centers of the supports
and its rise is the distance between the apex of the truss and the line joining
the points of support. The pitch of a roof truss is the ratio of the rise to the
span for a truss symmetrical about its center line. The slope of an inclined
member is the tangent of the angle of inclination with the horizontal, usually
specified in inches rise per 12” run.

The portion of the roof between two adjacent trusses is called a bay.

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 REFERENCES

Building Construction Illustrated Francis D.K. Ching 2014

Roy Chudley & Roger 2014
Building Construction Handbook 10th Edition
Greeno
2001
Simplified Methods on Building Construction Max Fajardo

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THANK
YOU!