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Physical Education for Primary Years

UNIT-1: Role of Physical Education in Child
Development

1.1 Introduction
Physical education is evolving beyond traditional sports to include a wider range of
activities. Introducing activities like football, basketball, bowling, walking, hiking, or
even frisbee early on can help students develop lasting healthy habits. Some
educators are incorporating stress-reduction techniques such as yoga, deep-
breathing exercises, and martial arts.

Studies show that physical activity has numerous benefits:

Enhances muscular strength and endurance

Improves cardiovascular endurance
Boosts mental health, concentration, and awareness
Promotes a positive mood

Physical education is suitable for students of all ages and abilities and can be a great
way to introduce students to different cultures through non-traditional sports.
Research also indicates a positive correlation between brain development and
exercise. Physical activity is key to a successful physical education program, helping
students gain the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values needed for a lifelong
active and healthy lifestyle.

1.2 Physical and Emotional Needs of Children

Physical activity is essential for maintaining good health and reduces the risk of
diseases while improving overall quality of life.

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Physical fitness means your body organs are functioning efficiently.

Fitness impacts both physical and mental health, including mental alertness and
emotional stability. Combining physical activity with good nutrition helps control
weight and prevent obesity by building muscle mass and improving the body's ability
to use calories. Experts recommend at least one hour of regular physical activity
daily.

Regular exercise can:

Tone muscles
Increase cardiovascular capacity
Improve flexibility
Reduce stress
Lift mood
Improve sleep

Physical activity helps in:

Developing and maintaining good health

Preventing disease
Improving mental and physiological strength and physical fitness
Improving mental concentration
Building self-esteem

It's crucial to understand the difference between physical activity and overall health.

The Health Triangle

The Health Triangle, also known as the Wellness Triangle, represents three
interconnected aspects of health:

Physical well-being
Social well-being
Mental well-being

Optimal health is achieved by balancing all three areas. The World

Health Organization introduced this concept in 1948.

When one side of the triangle is unbalanced, the other two suffer. Physical health is
the foundation, affecting emotional (mental) and social health.

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Physical Health

A physically healthy person is healthy both externally (healthy BMI) and

internally (efficiently functioning internal organs).

Mental Health

Mental health involves cognitive and emotional well-being. A mentally healthy

person is:

Free of stress
Able to think clearly and positively
Able to focus
Has reasonable memory
Has control over emotions
Free from depression and mental disorders

A mentally healthy person learns well, which is key to developing skills, behaviors,
and knowledge.

Social Health

Social health is the ability to live harmoniously in a society.

It involves investing in relationships with family, friends, and the community,

understanding one's role in society, and respecting social norms. This includes:

Respect for self and others

Effective communication skills
Empathy
Responsibility towards the environment

Caring about others' needs and responding positively are essential for good social
health.

Achieving Social, Physical, and Mental Health

Here's a step-by-step approach:

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Step Action

1 Play your favorite game with friends for 30-40 minutes.

2 List activities performed and skills learned (e.g., kicking, throwing).
List feelings experienced during activities in terms of social, physical, and
3
mental health.
4 Write a short note (50 words) on what you gained from the activities.

1.3 Factors Influencing Physical Activities

Let's explore factors beyond the basics of sports, including societal influences on
physical activity and sports culture.

Physical fitness is the ability to perform daily activities without undue

fatigue, divided into health-related and skill-related fitness.

Fitness levels vary and are trainable. Key components of physical fitness include:

Muscular strength
Explosive strength
Muscular endurance
Speed
Agility
Flexibility
Cardiovascular endurance
Body composition

Factors Affecting Physical Fitness

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1. Age: Physical fitness is measured by physiological and physical performance,

which varies with age due to the growth and development of muscles, bones,
the nervous system, and internal organs.

2. Gender: Differences in body composition and physiological functioning affect

physical fitness.

3. Body Composition: Refers to the percentage of body weight composed of fat

versus lean tissue (muscles). Somatotyping divides people into body types:

Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph

Each body type has advantages and disadvantages in achieving physical fitness.
For example, it's unrealistic for an ectomorph to achieve the same muscular
strength as an endomorph.

4. Nutrition: Physical fitness is affected by the balance of energy input (food

intake) and output (physical exercise). Water intake is also vital.

5. Climatic Conditions: Climate influences fitness levels, food patterns, and

activity levels, affecting the fitness level of an individual.

6. Lifestyle Habits: Factors like desk jobs, city life, lack of walking, air-conditioned
environments, and habits like smoking and eating out all play a role.

7. Physical Activity: Lack of physical activity is a major factor affecting physical

fitness.

Influence of Society on Sports

A society significantly impacts sports.

A society is a group sharing a defined territory and culture. Culture

includes agreed norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors.

Culture is affected by the environment, economy, political system, and technology.

Societies can be culturally oriented towards sports if these factors contribute to a
sporting culture.

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Environmental Factors

Geographical location and infrastructure influence sports preferences.

Adventure sports (mountaineering, skiing) are common in northern and north-

eastern India.
Water sports are more common in coastal areas.

People from these regions are often naturally fitter due to more physically
demanding activities. States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Manipur excel in sports like
football and boxing due to environmental advantages.

Economic Factors

Economy plays a key role in sports development. Countries investing in sports

infrastructure often lead in Olympic medals. Sports are now infrastructure-
dependent.

High-quality tournaments attract top athletes.

The Indian Premier League (IPL) attracts top cricket athletes.
The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is among the richest sporting
bodies.

A growing economy and middle class contribute to media growth and interest in
sports content. Bollywood's involvement increases public awareness of sports like
Kabaddi and Hockey.

Technological Factors

Economy and technology are correlated; technological advancement is key for

performance-oriented sports.

The decline of Indian hockey reflected slow progress in technology.

The introduction of artificial playing fields (astro-turf) benefited countries like
Australia and Germany.

Political Factors

Political stability impacts sports.

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Kashmir's political situation has affected participation in sports.

The Olympic Games were intended to unite fragmented Greek states, but
modern Olympics have been affected by wars.

The 1916 Olympics were canceled due to World War I.

The 1940 and 1944 Olympics were canceled due to World War II.
Various countries were banned or withdrew from Olympics due to political
issues.

1.4 Plan Physical Activities for Children

Sports and games foster all-round development and channel children's energy.

Play is training for the future.

Without play, children engage in sedentary activities, leading to obesity and health
issues.

The Secondary Education Commission mandates playing fields in schools. A

structured physical activity program is essential for holistic development.

Physical education should:

Be fun and encourage participation

Teach skills according to a structured approach
Use age-appropriate activities and equipment
Be well-planned
Involve all children
Map progress and provide remedial measures

Identifying Physical Activity Sessions

At this age, children experiment and explore, making it ideal for introducing various
sports skills. Their movement skills are well-tuned. Provide additional learning for
those needing improvement. Practice makes perfect.

Fitness activities are increasingly important. Involvement in sports now ensures

continued participation through adolescence. Encourage participation in moderate to
vigorous activities for about an hour, three to four days a week.

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Avoid specializing in one sport; encourage learning and participation in different

activities for holistic development. Children develop self-reliance and can work
independently. Encourage personal fitness goals and self-monitoring. They enjoy
team sports and competition.

Structuring Physical Activity Sessions

Physical activity should introduce the basics of major sports and develop fitness
levels.

Planning
1. Macro-planning:

Provides a short, concise overview of the overall goal.

Example: The goal is for a child to be able to play basic football.

2. Meso-planning:

Involves breaking down the plan into weekly or bi-weekly segments.

Focuses on improving one or two specific skills during each period.
Example: Identify basic football skills like passing and implement them in
the planning.

3. Micro-planning:

Breaks down the plan into daily or couple-day segments.

Focuses on specific skills or activities to build upon each other.
Example: Plan a session to teach the fundamental skill of football.

4. Weekly Planning:

Focus on 2-3 sets of lesson plans to be completed.

Provides confidence and a short-term goal.
Follow with visual assessments to check progress.

Football Lessons on Ball Control

Objective: Children will learn ball control in challenging situations.
Equipment: Footballs, marking cones, saucer cones.

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Time Activity Description

2 min EduQuette Discuss the importance of ball control and touch.

Divide children into groups of ten with one ball each. Perform
5 min Warm-Up activities like pulling the ball with the sole of the foot in standing
position.
10 Team
Divide into 6-8 teams and compete in relay races.
min Activity
15
Game Play Play a game that emphasizes ball control skills.
min
3 min Cool-Down Perform stretching exercises.

Lecture Notes
Football: Ball Control
The focus is on maintaining ball control with every step, avoiding kicking it
away.
Short passes are emphasized to improve individual ball control and team ball
possession.

EduQuette (2 mins)
Discuss the importance of ball control.
The first touch is crucial in various situations like receiving, moves, and
dribbling.

Warm-Up (5 mins)
Divide children into Dribblers and Taggers.
Dribblers dribble the ball within a grid, avoiding Taggers.
Taggers walk and try to snatch/touch the ball from Dribblers.
When a Tagger snatches/touches the ball, they become the Dribbler.
Include stretching exercises.

Team Activity (10 mins)

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Divide the group into teams of 6-8, each with one ball.
Teams compete in a dribbling relay.
If the ball touches a cone, the individual restarts.
The first team to finish wins.

Game Play (15 mins)

Divide children into teams for a 5-a-side or 3-a-side game.
Create small-sided grounds using cones.
Encourage short passes for better ball control and team possession.

Cool-Down (3 mins)
Perform stretching exercises in a circle, semi-circle, or loose formation.

Basketball: Ball Handling

EduQuette (2 mins)
Discuss the significance of ball control and touch.

Touch: The most important factor of ball control. Mastery of touch

enhances ball control ability.

Examples:
Michael Jordan's unique touch with the basketball.
Mother Teresa's touch that impacted people's hearts.

Warm-Up (5 mins)

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Divide children into four groups (A, B, C, D).

Groups A and B:
Dribble from the touchline to the center line and pass the ball back.
Groups C and D:
Dribble around the body: Move the ball around the body, switching
hands.
Make Figure 8: Pass the ball under and around each leg in a figure-8
pattern.
Crab Walk: Pass the ball under each leg while stepping forward,
minimizing foot movement.
Rotate activities between Group A, B and Group C, D.
Incorporate stretching exercises.

Team Activity (10 mins)

Divide children into groups of 4, each with one ball.
Dribble up and down the court as quickly as possible and pass the ball to the
next teammate upon return.
The team that finishes first wins.

Game Play (15 mins)

Divide the class into four groups and play a modified passing game on half-
courts.
Allow only two-step dribbles.
10 passes among the team equal 1 point.
Use fingertips, not the palm, while dribbling, and keep the head up.

Cool-Down (3 mins)
Perform stretching exercises in a circle, semi-circle, or loose formation.

Ball Handling - 2

EduQuette (2 mins)

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Emphasize the importance of ball control and touch in basketball.

Touch is what separates great personalities and talented people from the rest.

Warm-Up (5 mins)
Divide children into groups of three, each with one ball, and scatter them on the
court.
Play Simon Says with dribbling skills:
Dribble with the left hand.
Pass the ball to your partner.
Run with the ball.
Change hands.
Stop dribbling.
Circle the ball around the hip.
Dribble under the legs.
Rotate the child within the group after each command.
Children without a ball should do stretching exercises.

Team Activity (10 mins)

Divide children into groups of 2-4, each with one ball.
Create a winding line resembling a snake.
The last person in line dribbles the ball through the snake to the front and
stops.
Repeat, with each child dribbling to the front when they become the tail.
The team that finishes first wins.

Game Play (15 mins)

Divide the class into four groups and play a modified passing game using half-
courts.
Allow dribbling for only two steps.
10 passes among the team earn 1 point.
Use fingertips, not the palm, while dribbling.
Keep your head up while dribbling.

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Cool-Down (3 mins)
Do stretching exercises in a circle, semi-circle, or loose formation.

Volleyball Basics

EduQuette (2 mins)
Discuss the importance of rules in sports and daily life.
Following rules is essential for the benefit and well-being of everyone.

Warm-Up (5 mins)
Divide children into groups of four, each forming a file.
Throw the ball to the other end using both hands and an overhead throw.
After each throw, return to one's own file and throw again on the turn.
Include stretching exercises.

Team Activity (10 mins)

Divide children into groups of 8-10.
Play a game of throwball.
Modify the rule to allow one drop.

Game Play (15 mins)

Divide the children into teams of 6.
Two teams play volleyball to 10 points, then switch teams.
Modify the rule to allow one drop.
Pay attention to the rules and movements of the game.

Cool-Down (3 mins)
Perform stretching exercises in a circle, semi-circle, or loose formation.

Volleyball Basics - 2

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EduQuette (2 mins)
Reinforce the importance of rules in sports and daily life.
Respecting and following rules is crucial for everyone's benefit.

Warm-Up (5 mins)
Divide children into groups of four, each forming a file.
Throw the ball to the other end with both hands, hitting the ground with force.
The ball should reach the other end after a hard bounce.
After each throw, return to one's own file and throw again on the turn.
Include stretching exercises.

Team Activity (10 mins)

Divide children into groups of 8-10.
Play a game of throwball.
Modify the rule to allow one drop.

Game Play (15 mins)

Divide the children into teams of 6.
Play volleyball to 10 points, allowing one drop to volley and pass the ball.
Modify the rule to allow one drop.
Pay attention to the rules and the movements as per the game.

Cool-Down (3 mins)
Perform stretching exercises in a circle, semi-circle, or loose formation.

Cricket Basics

EduQuette (2 mins)
Discuss the importance of rules in sports and daily life.
Following rules is necessary for everyone's well-being.

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Warm-Up (5 mins)
Have children move around the activity area, gradually increasing their speed.
Lead a stretching routine.

Team Activity (10 mins)

Divide the class into groups of five, each with one bat and two balls.
Each child bats 6 balls, focusing on grip and stance, and can play any shot.
The bowler throws the ball underarm full-toss to knee level.
Others in the group do fielding.
Rotate the batsman and bowler every six deliveries.

Game Play (15 mins)

Divide the class into two groups and play a match of six overs with three balls
per over.
Shorten the boundary based on space.
Implement a modified rule of one-drop one-hand catch as an out.
Focus on the correct grip and stance.

Cool-Down (3 mins)
Do stretching exercises in a circle, semi-circle, or loose formation.

Sprinting

Coaching Points
Sprinting is fundamental to athletics, requiring fast reactions, good acceleration,
and an efficient running style.
Keep the head steady and avoid wobbly movements.
The upper body should be inclined forward.
Arms should be bent at 90 degrees at the elbows and swing without stiffness.
Run on the balls of the feet.

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Warm-Up (5 mins)
Easy walking, jogging, and gentle stretching exercises.

Activity (25 mins)

Introduction and Sprint Practice (5 mins):
Divide students into groups of 10.
Perform shuttle runs between cones 15 meters apart, repeating 3 times.
Discuss the use of arms and push from the back foot for effective running.
Sprint Start:
On your marks: Assume a crouch position with body weight equally
distributed on the rear knee and hands. Arms should be shoulder-width
apart. Do not touch the start line. Keep shoulders forward, slightly ahead
of the hands. Keep the stronger leg in front.
Set: Raise the seat, becoming like a coiled spring. Body weight should be
equally supported by arms and legs. The back and head form a straight
line; look at the ground.
Go/Clap/Fire: Vigorously extend the forward leg, drive the rear knee
forward, and swing arms vigorously. Maintain forward inclination for the
first few steps.
Gold Rush (15 mins):
Mark a rectangular field and divide students into teams A and B.
Divide the field in half using saucer cones.
Each team has a hoop at their end containing swimming rings or marking
cones.
The objective is to run to the other team's side, take a ring, and return
without being tagged.
Players can be tagged on the opponent's side and are then frozen.
Free players can link arms with frozen players to free them (linked players
cannot be tagged but must return to their side immediately).
A guard protects the hoop, but no team member is allowed inside their
own hoop.
Players who reach the opponent's hoop can stand inside without being
tagged but must still return with the ring.
If tagged on the way back with a ring, the player freezes and returns the
ring.

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Cool-Down (5 mins)
Slowly move around the activity area (e.g., slow jog, brisk walk).
Lead a stretching routine.

Yoga: A Preview
Yoga is a systematic process to control and develop the mind and body for good
health and balance.
It improves concentration, increases flexibility, and strengthens willpower.
Regular practice is recommended.

Yoga is a disciplined method utilized for attaining a goal. The

ultimate goal of Yoga is moksha though the exact definition of what
form this takes depends on the philosophical or theological system
with which it is conjugated.

Physical postures can alleviate health problems, reduce stress, and make the
spine supple.

Health is a state of complete harmony of the body, mind and spirit.

When one is free from physical disabilities and mental distractions,
the gates of the soul open. - B.K.S. Iyengar

Yoga Benefits

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All-round fitness: Balances physical, mental, and emotional health.

Weight loss: Increases sensitivity to the body’s food needs.
Stress relief: Yoga postures, breathing techniques, and meditation release
stress.
Inner peace: Calms a disturbed mind and provides a sense of peace.
Improved immunity: Strengthens muscles, releases stress, and improves
immunity.
Living with greater awareness: Brings the mind back to the present moment.
Better relationships: Facilitates a relaxed, happy mind for dealing with
relationship matters.
Increased energy: Provides freshness and energy even after a long day.
Better flexibility & posture: Stretches and tones muscles, improving posture.
Better intuition: Enhances intuitive ability for positive results.
Best time to perform yoga is early morning, as it boosts mental clarity,
relaxation, increases the release of endorphins and makes the body physically
comfortable.

Asanas
Standing Asanas
Sitting Asanas
Asanas in lying position

Shavasana
Performed after all yogic exercises.
Lie on the back, arms alongside the body (slightly separated), palms facing
upwards.
Close your eyes, relax the whole body, and breathe naturally for 2-3 minutes.

Sun Salutation (Surya Namaskar)

A worship to Sun.
Best done in the morning on an empty stomach.
Benefits include fat reduction, improved blood circulation, and good digestive
system.

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12 Steps of Surya Namaskar

1. Pranamasana: Stand with feet together, palms together at chest level.
2. Hasta Uttanasana: Inhale, raise arms upward and stretch backwards.
3. Paadahastasana: Exhale, bend forward, touch feet or ground with hands.
4. Ashwa Sanchalasana: Inhale, move right leg back into a lunge, look up.
5. Chaturanga Dandasana: Exhale, bring left foot back to push-up position.
6. Ashtanga Namaskara: Exhale, lower body to floor (feet, knees, palms, chest,
forehead touching).
7. Bhujangasana: Inhale, stretch forward and up, lift torso (Kobra position).
8. Adho Mukha Shvanasana: Exhale, raise buttocks, push head down, heels
touching the ground.
9. Ashwa Sanchalasana: Inhale, step right foot forward into the lunge.
10. Paadahastasana: Exhale, bring feet together, head to knees.
11. Hasta Uttanasana: Inhale, raise arms above head, lean back.
12. Exhale, bring arms to sides, end in prayer position.

Checklist for Assessment Activity

Part A: Differentiate between:
Fundamental skills and sports-specific skills.
Standing and sitting asanas.
Steps of Surya Namaskar.
Part B: Subjective Questions:
1. What are the teaching points for children of the age group 8 to 11 years?
2. Why is it important to teach fundamental skills before teaching any
sports-specific skills?
3. Why should specialization not start at the age group of 8 to 11 years?
4. What are those fundamental skills that cut across football, basketball,
and cricket?
5. Why is it important to learn fundamental skills before learning any
sports-specific skills?
6. Why is specialization not recommended for children of the age group 8 to
11 years?
7. Explain the benefits of yoga.

Props and Equipment

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Purpose of a Sports Facility

A sports facility is a building, structure, or place where sports training or
competition is held.
The purpose can vary from a community recreation center to a facility for
competitions.
Success depends on usage, requiring good equipment and maintenance.

Props vs. Equipment

Props:
Tools/learning aides used to mark play spaces, learn/practice skills, and
improve fitness.
Make activities colorful, create drills, age-appropriate challenges, and
increase engagement.
Equipment:
Materials needed to play a sport.

Factors Affecting Selection

Age appropriateness: Must suit the age of the learners.
Industry Standard: Manufactured per industry guidelines.
Sports type: Selected based on the sport.
Infrastructure: Determined by indoor/outdoor play and type of sport.
Mobile (makeshift) and permanent play spaces influence equipment type.
Group size: Calculated as per the number of learners, with smaller groups
given adequate props.
Budget: Influences the quality of equipment, with leading brands offering
premium quality and price.

Why Props and Equipment Must Be Age Appropriate

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Physical development happens in stages:

1. Toddlers (one to three years old)
2. Early Childhood (two to six years old)
3. Elementary school (six to twelve years old)
4. Pre-adolescence (nine to fourteen years old)
5. Adolescence (from fourteen years to twenty-one years)
Appropriate choices ensure engagement and challenge, preventing boredom.
Inappropriate choices can lead to:
Injury: If props are for a higher age bracket and being used for a younger
group
Lack of interest: if props are for a lower age bracket and are being used
for an older group

Commonly Used Props and Equipment

Equipment/Prop Usage

Parachute Teaching space awareness, coordination

Agility ladder Jumping, hopping, twist, and turn
Hula hoop Jumping, hopping, waist rotation
Flat ring Jumping, hopping, hand-eye coordination
Saucer cone Marking boundaries
Marking cone Marking boundaries
Basket Throwing & target practice
Bean bags Throwing & catching, hand-eye coordination, bean bag balance
Frog bean bag Throwing

Sports Equipment and Facility Maintenance

Sports Props and Equipment

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Prop/Equipment Usage

Bean bag Throwing, catching, bean bag balance

Flexi pole To set target and marking base
Step hurdle Jumping activities
Training Arch Jumping activities (without crawling base)
Gym Mat Front roll, back roll, crawling
Balance beam Balancing activities
Plastic Ball Throwing & catching and striking
Plastic racquet Striking with plastic ball
Relay baton Relay races for exchanging batons
Skipping rope Skipping
Soft Ball Throwing, catching, and dribbling
Sponge ring Throwing and catching
Basketball Basketball game and related activities
Football Football game and related activities
Volleyball Volleyball game and related activities
Volleyball net Volleyball game play
Rugby ball Rugby game and related activities
Medicine ball Upper body strength by throwing
Mesh bag Storage of props/balls
Duffle bag / Tote bag Storage of props
Used in team games as jersey to differentiate from the
Bib
opponent
Tennis ball Throwing, catching, cricket and tennis game
Plastic cricket bat Cricket game play (for junior students)
Wooden cricket bat Cricket game play (for senior students)
Stumps set Target practice and cricket
Alphabet cards set Puzzle game
Number cards set (0 -
Puzzle game
9)
Foot pump Inflating the balls
First-aid box Basic first-aid
Lagori Lagori game
Sit and Reach box To measure back flexibility
Stopwatch Time keeping

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Weighing scale To measure weight

Height chart To measure height
Measuring tape To measure distance

Field Inspection and Maintenance

Inspections
Low Frequency Inspections:
Performed quarterly or semi-annually.
In-depth investigations for wear and tear.
Requires staff with mechanical knowledge.
Involves preventive maintenance, repairs, or removal of damaged
equipment.
Replacing heavily worn chains.
High Frequency Inspections:
Performed daily or weekly.
Checks for conditions caused by use, weather, or vandalism.
Staff checks for loose-fill surfacing depths, sanitation issues, and trash.
Hazards require documentation and correction.

Checklist for Play Area Inspection

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General

Is the playground generally clean and well-maintained?

Can the playground be safely reached by pedestrians or those on
bicycles?
Are automobile parking areas physically separated from the playground?
Are fencing and gate in good condition?
Are informational signs concerning the use of the playground and the
equipment provided?
Are signs presented in both written and graphic formats?
Is the playground surface provided with proper drainage to prevent water
from forming puddles?
Are restrooms clean and well maintained?
Are the playground areas free from utility boxes, drainage ditches, sewer
covers, and other items that could cause tripping?
Are trees free from cracked or loose limbs?
Are pesticides/herbicides used on shrubs and trees?
Are there any indications of damage caused by vandalism?
Are areas where playground equipment is used separated from areas
where running games are played?
Is playground equipment suitably separated to prevent collisions?
Are walkways located away from the equipment in active use?
Are walkways free from loose surface materials, irregularities, and
slippery substances that could cause slips?
Is at least one primary entrance provided for persons in wheelchairs?
Are sharp inclines and abrupt changes in levels avoided at entrances?
Are walkways clearly defined?
Are pathways at least 1.22 m wide?

Supervision

Is the playground actively supervised?

Is the supervisor trained to perform the required duties?
Are records kept of playground and equipment repairs?

Maintenance

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Is the area under and around playground equipment equipped with shock
absorbent material?
Is all equipment when in use visibly stable?
Are wooden structural components free of rot, major cracks, and
splinters?
Is equipment free of protrusions and projections that may entangle
children's clothing?
Is equipment free of pinch, crush, and shearing points that could injure
children?
Is equipment fabricated to eliminate areas that may entrap children's
heads?
Do adjacent structural elements form a vertex angle greater than 55
degrees?
Are the bases of equipment free of tripping hazards?
Are the areas above and around equipment free of suspended hazards?
Are the ladders, stairways, and ramps built in accordance with the
requirements listed in Table 2 of this report?

Sports Surface Maintenance

Remove leaves, stones, pebbles, flints, and sharp objects.
Swipe the floor daily (cemented floor).
Allow only recommended footwear on the court.
Maintain cleanliness of pitch and surroundings.
Maintain cleanliness and quality of props and equipment.
Periodically check goal posts, volleyball poles, basketball posts, etc.
Keep sufficient dustbins.
Annual special maintenance:
Check level and slope for water logging.
Repair and check drainage systems.
Special brushing with professional machinery (cemented floor).
Follow maintenance instructions for artificial turf.

Props and Equipment Maintenance Examples

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Ball Pressure:
Football: 5.5-16 PSI
Basketball: 7-9 PSI
Volleyball: 5.8-6.5 PSI
Before Using Balls:
Inflate to correct pressures.
Moisten the needle.
Squeeze balls while gradually adding air.
Avoid inflating with machines to prevent over-inflation.
After Using Balls:
Deflate a little air to prevent expansion.
Wipe the surface with a soft cloth.
Use a moistened cloth for dirt.
Use water-diluted mild detergent if needed, then wipe off any detergent.
Dry balls out of direct sunlight in a well-ventilated place.
Ball Storage:
Avoid direct sunlight, hot, or damp places.
Store in a well-ventilated place.
Inflate regularly.
General Maintenance:
1. Wipe props/equipment with a dry cloth after activity and store in a well-
ventilated place out of direct sunlight.
2. Regularly check the condition of props/equipment.
3. Avoid leaving props/equipment in direct sunlight.
4. Do not store iron/metal equipment in a damp place.
5. Do not apply water on leather props; use a dry cloth to clean.

Hygiene and Safety

General Hygiene Rules

Hygiene is the practice of keeping yourself and your surroundings clean,
especially in order to prevent the spread of disease.

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Take a bath every day.

Wash hands before and after meals with water and soap.
Wash hands, face, and feet after playing a game.
Comb and wash hair regularly.
Change clothes and undergarments frequently.
Cut hand and foot nails regularly.
Wash feet before going to sleep.
Never go to bed in daily clothes.
Do not eat unwashed fruits and vegetables.
Always carry a handkerchief.

Play Area Hygiene

Don't litter; carry a bag for waste and dispose of it in a dustbin.
Throw garbage only in a dustbin.
Don't spit in public places or on the ground.
Keep changing rooms clean.
Don't destroy plants; don't pluck flowers and leaves.
Segregate waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable categories.
Use disinfecting and cleaning agents.
Ensure no broken equipment or props.
Wooden equipment should not be cracked or splintered.
Metal equipment should not be rusted.
Children should be aware of unsafe areas.
Surface materials should be maintained regularly.
Use durable materials that withstand weather.
Ensure enough free space in front of equipment.
Check for hazardous debris and sharp edges.
Secure hardware with no loose parts.
Check plastic and wood for weakening.
Cover sand pits when not in use.
Report any safety-related problems.

First Aid

First Aid Principles

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First Aid is a combination of simple but quite effective and active

measures to prevent possible complications.

1. Do first things first quickly, quietly, and without panic.

2. Guard against or treat for shock by moving the patient as little as possible.
3. Do not attempt too much.
4. Reassure the patient and those around to reduce tension.
5. Stop any bleeding.
6. Give artificial respiration if breathing has stopped.

Cuts and Bruises

Rinse the wound clean with water.
Apply pressure to stop blood flow using a sterile gauze or bandage.
Raise the injured part above the heart level.
Cover the wound with a clean bandage.
Prevention: Teach children to handle sharp objects and supervise them.

Heat Exhaustion
Symptoms:
Severe thirst
Muscle weakness
Nausea, sometimes vomiting
Headache
Increased sweating
Decreased responsiveness or loss of consciousness
Difficulty in breathing
Treatment:
Bring the child under shade, undress, and elevate their feet.
Use a cold sponge on their head if alert.
Give sips of cool water or sports drinks.
Turn them to the side if vomiting to prevent choking.
Seek medical help immediately in case of heatstroke.

Breathing Difficulties ‍

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1. Place the person on their back.

2. Tilt the head back to open the airway.
3. Check for breathing for 10 seconds.
4. If no normal breathing, start basic life support.

Bleeding
Small cuts: Wash and apply a plaster.
Deeper cuts: Apply gentle pressure with a sterile cloth, followed by a bandage.
Medical treatment may be necessary.

Choking
First Aid:
Perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver):
1. Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around their waist.
2. Tip them forward slightly.
3. Make a fist and position it slightly above the navel.
4. Grasp the fist with the other hand.
5. Press hard into the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust.
6. Repeat up to 5 times.
Unconscious Person:
1. Lower the person to the floor on their back.
2. Clear the airway by sweeping out any visible blockage with a finger.
3. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if the object remains lodged.

Basic Sports Injuries

Sprain: Injury to a ligament.
Muscle Strain: Injury to muscle.
First Aid (R.I.C.E.):
1. Rest the injured limb.
2. Ice the area for 15-20 minutes, four to eight times a day, for the first 48
hours.
3. Compress the area with an elastic wrap or bandage.
4. Elevate the injured limb above the heart.

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First Aid Kit Essentials

First-aid manual
Sterile gauze pads of different sizes
Adhesive/glue tape
Adhesive bandages in several sizes
Elastic bandage
A splint
Antiseptic wipes
Soap
Antibiotic ointment
Antiseptic solution (like hydrogen peroxide)
Hydrocortisone cream (1%)
Acetaminophen and ibuprofen
Tweezers
Sharp scissors
Safety pins
Disposable instant cold packs (if available)
Calamine lotion
Dettol or savolin lotion
Thermometer
Plastic non-latex gloves (at least 2 pairs)
Touch and extra batteries
A blanket
Mouthpiece for administering CPR (can be obtained from your local medical
shop)
A list of emergency phone numbers nearest hospital, school principal, a reliable
taxi driver
Blanket (stored nearby)

Emergency Response and Causality

Management

Types of Sports Injuries

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Type of Injury Symptoms

Ankle Sprain Pain, swelling, and stiffness

Bruises Small bleeding spots on the skin
Cuts & Mild to severe bleeding, knees, and elbows are prone to this type of
Abrasions injury
Heat exhaustion and heat stroke due to too much water loss from the
Dehydration
body
Groin Strain Pain and swelling at the groin area
Hamstring
Pain, swelling, and bruising
Strain
Knee Joint Pain, swelling, and stiffness
Stress Severe pain, this injury is usually due to the impact of repeated
Fractures jumping or running on a hard surface. Shin bone pain.

First Aid Techniques

R.I.C.E. + Referral

Rest: Keep the injured area supported and avoid using it for 48-72 hours.
Ice: Apply ice to the injured area for 20 minutes every two hours for the
first 48-72 hours.
Compression: Apply a firm elastic bandage over the area, extending
above and below the painful site.
Elevation: Raise the injured area above the level of the heart at all times.
Referral: As soon as possible, see a doctor.

Avoid H.P.M

No Heat: Do not apply heat; it will increase bleeding.

No Playing or Running: Increases blood flow, delaying healing.
No Massage: Increases swelling and bleeding, also delaying healing.

Preventing Sports Injuries

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Warm up thoroughly.
Wear appropriate footwear.
Tape or strap vulnerable and injured joints, if necessary.
Use appropriate safety equipment.
Drink plenty of fluids before, during, and after the game.
Avoid exercising in the hottest part of the day.
Maintain a good level of overall fitness.
Ensure training includes appropriate speed and impact work.
Don't exert beyond the level of fitness.
Gradually increase intensity and duration of training.
Use good form and learn or teach correct technique of performing skills.
Cool down after the training session with gentle, sustained stretches.
Allow adequate recovery time between sessions and repetitions.
Have regular health and sports specific assessments to know the level of
fitness.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Compression-Only CPR Steps:

1. Check for Breathing: Look for signs of breathing.

2. Call for Help: If the person is not breathing or is gasping, call 112.
3. Adjust Body Position: Kneel next to the victim. Locate the end of the
breastbone with your fingers. Place two fingers at the tip of the
breastbone.
4. Perform Chest Compressions: Push hard and fast in the center of the
chest. Use your body weight to add strength to your pushes. Push at a
rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. For adult and teenage
victims, compress at least 2 inches (5 cm), while avoiding depths greater
than 2.4 inches (6 cm).

CPR Steps
CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is a life-saving procedure used when
someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. Here's a breakdown of the steps:

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1. Check for responsiveness: Tap the person firmly and ask, "Are you okay?" to
determine if they are conscious.

2. Call for help: If the person is unresponsive, immediately call emergency

services (like 911). If there's someone nearby, ask them to call while you begin
CPR.

3. Position the person: Lay the person on their back on a firm surface.

4. Begin chest compressions:

Place the heel of one hand in the center of the person's chest.
Put your other hand on top of the first, interlacing your fingers.
Position yourself directly over the person's chest.
Push hard and fast, compressing the chest at least 2 inches deep at a rate
of 100-120 compressions per minute. It's more effective to use just your
weight and avoid leaning.
Allow the chest to fully recoil (return to its normal position) between
compressions.

5. Continue compressions: Keep performing compressions until help arrives.

Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries

Treatment and rehabilitation are vital for recovery, and it's essential to avoid self-
treatment that can worsen the injury.

Key Points
If pain persists beyond 24 hours, consult a doctor.
Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in rehabilitation, incorporating exercises to
enhance strength and flexibility.
Returning to sports prematurely can cause further damage and delay recovery.
A previous injury is a significant risk factor for soft tissue injuries.
Maintain overall fitness by engaging in exercises that don't stress the injured
area (e.g., stationary cycling for a sprained wrist).

Stages of Rehabilitation

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Rehabilitation programs typically progress through distinct stages:

1. Acute Stage: Immediately following the injury.

2. Rehabilitation Stage: Focuses on regaining normal movement and strength.
3. Functional (Sports-Specific) Stage: Exercises tailored to the specific demands
of the sport.

Stage-Specific Considerations

Stage Points to Note

Initial movements post-treatment to build necessary strength and

flexibility. Very low intensity exercises designed to develop sufficient
Functional
muscular endurance to start training. Bracing or taping the injured area
Activities
to provide additional support and protection. Increase in intensity of
movement to increase loadbearing capacity.
Sports-
Ability to perform activities at full intensity. The injured area is ready to
Specific
bear optimum training load.
Exercise

Common Exercises for Rehabilitation

Ankle Exercises: Target calf muscles, Achilles tendon injuries, and ankle
sprains.
Arm and Elbow Exercises: Focus on biceps, triceps, and muscles involved in
forearm pronation and supination.
Back Exercises: Strengthen back muscles.
Core and Abdominal Exercises: Work the trunk to prevent back pain.
Hip and Groin Exercises: Target adductor and hip muscles.
Knee Exercises: Address early, middle, and late-stage rehabilitation for thigh
injuries, including hamstring strains, quadriceps strains, jumper's knee, iliotibial
band friction syndrome, and knee ligament injuries.
Shoulder Exercises: Provide a general approach to shoulder rehabilitation.
Wrist and Hand Exercises: Aid recovery from wrist sprains and other hand
injuries.

Sports and Fitness

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Defining Health
Health, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is "a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an
absence of disease or infirmity."

Physical Fitness Defined

Physical fitness is the ability to perform daily tasks vigorously, with
energy left over for enjoying leisure-time activities and meeting
emergency demands.

Benefits of Physical Fitness

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Improved Health:
Increased efficiency of heart and lungs
Increased muscle strength
Reduced risk of major illnesses (diabetes, heart disease)
Weight loss
Reduced cholesterol levels
Reduced blood pressure
Improved Sense of Well-Being:
Increased energy levels
Improved quality of sleep
Increased mental sharpness
Reduction of stress
Improved ability to cope with stress
Improved Appearance:
Weight loss
Improved posture
Toned muscles
Enhanced Social Life:
Improved self-image
Increased opportunities to share activities with friends or family
Increased opportunities to make new friends
Increased Stamina:
Increased productivity
Less frequent injuries
Increased physical capabilities
Improved immunity to minor illnesses

Selecting Yearly Sports Activities

Yearly sports activities should be planned at the start of each academic year, aligning
with the school's vision and mission.

Factors Influencing Activity Selection

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Infrastructure available
PE teachers/coaches and their specializations
Past achievements in sports
Type of school (boys, girls, co-education)
Student level in different sports
Sports popularity in the region

Stages of Team Selection

1. Talent Detection: Exposure to various sports to identify interest and skills.
2. Talent Identification: Recognizing current participants with the potential to
excel.
3. Talent Development: Providing a suitable learning environment to realize
sporting talent.

Talent can be improved beyond expectations through deliberate practice, and

individuals can exceed their perceived potential with appropriate training methods.

Talent Definitions

Term Definition

Discovery of potential performers who are not currently involved in

Talent Detection
the sports in question.
Recognizing current participants who are already playing the
Talent
sports of their choice, with the potential to become elite
Identification
performers.
Talent Providing students a suitable learning environment so that talent
Development can be realized.

Talent Detection, Identification, and Development:

Football Example

Talent Detection
Assessments include:

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Space Awareness: Ability to run safely while maintaining distance from other
players.
Ball Control: Ability to control the ball upon receiving it.
Use of Foot: Ability to use both feet.
Sense of Direction: Ability to dribble the ball across the field.
Contact with the Ball: Proper contact with different parts of the foot.
Passing Ability: Ability to pass to teammates.
Shooting: Ability to take a shot towards the goal.
Endurance: Ability to play continuously for an hour.

Talent Identification
Assessments after 3 months include:

Ball Control: Ability to juggle the ball continuously with both feet.
Dribbling: Ability to keep the ball close while dribbling in different directions.
Passing: Accurate passing using the inside of the foot.
Attacking: Ability to beat an opponent in a 1v1 situation.
Defending: Ability to disturb the opponent and recover the ball.
Team Building: Ability to kick the ball on the ground and in the air for long
passes.
Shooting: Ability to shoot at the goal with force and accuracy.
Sprint: Ability to sprint with quick changes in direction.
Endurance: Ability to jog/run continuously for an hour.

Talent Development
An indicative weekly training plan for after-school coaching sessions:

Day Activity

Mon Warm-up, aerobic fitness, strength and power development, skill drill
Tue Warm-up, aerobic fitness, strength and power development, skill drill
Wed Warm-up, technical (moves/formations/individual practice), tactical session
Thu Warm-up, technical (moves/formations/individual practice), tactical session
Fri Warm-up, match practice (small-sided, modified games)
Sat Match Play
Sun Rest

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After-school coaching should cover skills for different age groups:

Skill Under 10 Under 13 Under 16

Ball Control X X
Passing & Receiving X
Receiving X X
Dribbling X X X
Kicking/Shooting X X
Heading X
Ball Possession X X
Free Kick X
Penalty Kick X
Corner Kick & Moves X X
Goal Keeping
Attacking & Defending Moves X X
Playing Ability

Team Selection Parameters

Parameter Description

Ball
Ability to control the ball with different parts of the body.
Control
Dribbling Ability to dribble with speed and quick changes in direction.
Ability to pass with consistent accuracy, pressure, and force while
Passing
running.
Ability to beat an opponent and maintain possession, move into open
Attacking
space, and create space to receive a pass.
Timely tackles, covering the designated zone, and supporting
Defending
teammates.
Kicking Accurate long passes both on the ground and in the air.
Shooting Forceful and accurate shots at the goal with consistent finishing.
Sprint Ability to sprint with quick changes in direction.
Endurance Ability to jog/run continuously for an hour.

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Basketball Talent Detection, Identification, and

Development

Talent Detection
Assessments include:

Space Awareness: Ability to run safely while maintaining distance from other
players.
Ball Control: Firm grip when passing and receiving.
Use of Hand: Use of both hands to dribble.
Sense of Direction: Ability to dribble continuously.
Stance: Comfortable with feet slightly apart, distributing weight evenly.
Passing Ability: Ability to pass to teammates.
Shooting: Ability to take free shots, 2-pointers.
Endurance: Ability to play for 10 minutes continuously.

Talent Identification
Assessments after 3 months include:

Ball Control: Ability to dribble while moving in different directions.

Passing: Accurate passing to teammates.
Attacking: Moving towards open space when available.
Defending: Disturbing the opponent and recovering the ball.
Team Building: Free shots, 2-pointers with accuracy.
Shooting: Consistent shots.
Sprint: Quick movement into open spaces.
Endurance: Ability to jog/run continuously for 10 minutes.

Talent Development
An indicative weekly training plan for after-school coaching sessions:

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Day Activity

Mon Warm-up, aerobic fitness, strength and power development, skill drill
Tue Warm-up, aerobic fitness, strength and power development, skill drill
Wed Warm-up, technical, tactical session
Thu Warm-up, technical, tactical session
Fri Warm-up, match practice (small-sided, modified games)
Sat Match Play
Sun Off

After-school coaching should cover skills for different age groups:

Skill Under 10 Under 13 Under 16

Ball Handling X
Ball Control X
Dribbling X X
Passes X X
Pivoting X
Shooting X X
Rebounding X
Basketball-specific Fitness X
Rules of the Game X X

Team Selection Parameters

Parameter Description

Dribbling Ability to dribble with speed and change direction with both hands.
Passing Accurate and forceful passing while running.
Attacking Ability to beat opponents and move into open space to receive passes.
Defending Timely tackles, zone coverage, and teammate support.
Shooting Accurate shots at the basket with consistent finishing.
Sprint Quick movement into open spaces to receive passes.
Endurance Ability to jog/run continuously for 10 minutes.

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Volleyball Talent Detection, Identification, and

Development

Talent Detection
Assessments include:

Space Awareness: Safe movement while maintaining distance.

Ball Control: Firm grip when passing and receiving.
Use of Hand: Using both hands to contact the ball.
Stance: Comfortable stance with feet apart, weight evenly distributed.
Passing Ability: Ability to pass to teammates.
Endurance: Ability to play for 15 minutes continuously.
Agility: Ability to change direction quickly.

Talent Identification
Assessments after 3 months include:

Passing: Setting the ball to teammates for attacking.

Spiking: Jumping and making contact with the ball to drive it.
Endurance: Ability to play for 15 minutes continuously.
Agility: Ability to change direction quickly.
Jumping: Ability to jump high enough to drive the ball.

Talent Development
An indicative weekly training plan for after-school coaching sessions:

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Day Activity

Mon Warm-up, aerobic fitness, strength and power development, skill drill
Tue Warm-up, aerobic fitness, strength and power development, skill drill
Wed Warm-up, technical, tactical session
Thu Warm-up, technical, tactical session
Fri Warm-up, match practice (small-sided, modified games)
Sat Match Play
Sun Off

After-school coaching should cover skills for different age groups:

Skill Under 13 Under 16

Ball Contact and Handling X

Service X
Passing X X
Setting X X
Spiking X
Blocking X
Digging X

Team Selection Parameters

Parameter Description

Passing Accurate finger-tip setting for teammates.

Spiking/Digging Ability to jump and drive the ball forcefully.
Endurance Ability to play continuously for 15 minutes.
Agility Ability to change direction quickly.
Jumping Jumping with precise timing.

Organizing Sports Competitions

Key Events

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Sports Day
Intramural & Extramural Tournaments
Independence Day/Republic Day Celebrations
Summer/Winter Camps
Father's Day/Mother's Day/Grandparents Day/Children's Day

Sports Day Organization

Sports Day involves the entire school community: management, teachers, staff,
students, and parents. Proper planning is essential, divided into three phases:

1. Pre-Sports Day (Preparation)

2. Sports Day (Execution)
3. Post-Sports Day (Winding Up)

A. Pre-Sports Day Phase

Begins at least one month before the event.

Setting Up the Agenda: Defining the schedule of events.

Assigning Duties: Allocating tasks to different departments.
Inviting Guests: Extending invitations to chief guests and parents.

Example of a Sports Day Agenda:

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Time Activity

8:50 AM Assembly
9:00 AM Arrival of Chief Guest
9:00 AM Welcome Speech
9:05 AM Lighting Flame
9:10 AM Sports Day Declared Open
9:10 AM Balloons Release
9:15 AM Chief Guest Speech
9:20 AM March Past
9:45 AM Flag Hoisting
10:00 AM Mass Demonstration
10:15 AM Activities Begin
12:00 PM Prize Distribution
12:15 PM Vote of Thanks
12:25 PM National Anthem
Dismissal

Assigning duties involves preparing students for mass drills, selecting athletes,
managing facilities, procuring materials, assigning a master of ceremony, and sending
invitations.

Facility Management Checklist

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Item Details

Marking Lime powder/POP

Groundsmen As required
Ground Preparation Watering/leveling/stones/safety/cleanliness
Demarcation/Barricading Elevated rope boundary
Track & Field Equipment Hurdles, starting blocks
Stopwatch As required
Clapper/Whistle/Gun As required
Tables As required
Chairs As required
Water Dispenser As required
PA System As required
First-Aid Kit As required
Medical Facility Medicines/ORS/Glucose
Restrooms Check cleanliness
Shamiana/Chairs As required
School Flag, House Flags As required
Balloons, Pigeons, Torch, Bouquets As required
Certificates, Medals, Trophies As required
Invitation Cards As required

Theme Selection
A theme can guide mass displays, costumes, and music, requiring synchronized
practice sessions.

B. Sports Day Phase

Proper execution relies on well-defined duties and responsibilities. A dress rehearsal
is recommended a day or two prior.

Day-of-Event Checklist:

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Item Yes/No/NA

March Past
Mass Drill
Athletic Events
Prize Ceremony
Facility Arrangement
First-Aid
Others

March Past
Involves marching troops on parade past a reviewing person. Essential rules include
maintaining a steady heel beat, upright posture, and arm movements.

Mass Drill
Theme-based synchronized actions with lively music, colorful costumes, and a clear
entry and exit strategy.

C. Post-Sports Day Phase

Task Process: Collect props and equipment.
Handover: Return borrowed items.
Report: Prepare and send a report.
Settlement of Accounts: Payment and submission of bills.
Team Meeting & Feedback: Evaluate the event for improvements.

Organizing Tournaments
A tournament is a competition involving a relatively large number of
competitors, all participating in a sport or game.

Tournament Organization

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Tournament Stages
Tournaments typically involve three key stages:

Pre-Tournament: Planning phase.

Tournament Day: Execution of the tournament.
Post-Tournament: Wrap-up and review.

Pre-Tournament Phase
The pre-tournament phase involves addressing crucial questions:

1. Venue: Where will the tournament be held?

2. Timeline: When will the tournament take place?
3. Entries: How many teams are expected to participate?
4. Infrastructure: What facilities and equipment are available?
5. Resources: How many people are needed to organize the tournament?

Constraints such as limited grounds, few available teachers, or lack of

accommodation can influence the scale and duration of the tournament.

Checklists
A checklist is a tool that helps ensure that you do not forget or miss out
on anything important while organizing an event. It is a working document
that is updated as one learns.

Advantages of using checklists:

1. Advance Planning: Facilitates thorough preparation.

2. Comprehensive Listing: Ensures no item is forgotten.
3. Easy Task Delegation: Simplifies handover to new team members.
4. Stress-Free Organization: Reduces reliance on specific individuals.
5. Effective Team Management: Enables supervision of large teams.

Tournament Day
On the tournament day:

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The entire team should be present at least one hour before the start.
Review checklists and prepare for individual responsibilities.
The tournament manager should emphasize the communication structure and
agenda.
The event list should include start and end times, along with assigned
responsible persons.

It's important for team members to maintain composure, trust each other, and resolve
issues without blame, as unforeseen problems may arise.

Post-Tournament Phase
Key steps in the post-tournament phase:

Step Action Timing

Gather all equipment, scoreboards, and

Event day
Props Collection stationery and return them to their designated
collection
place.
Ensure the venue is tidy by clearing all packets Event day
Grounds Cleanup
and papers. collection
Send a comprehensive report and thank-you
Report to School letter to the school, including details on
Within +3 days
Principal participants, talented players, winning team,
etc.
Request the principal to allocate 5 minutes
Prize Distribution during the next assembly to distribute prizes to
Next assembly
(Assembly) runners-up, the winning team, the best player,
and the highest scorer.
Display photos of winners and participants, and Within +4 days
Photos &
update the feedback chart for the open from the
Feedback
tournament. tournament
Documentation of Document all experiences and learnings for
Ongoing
Learnings future tournaments.

Fitness Sessions

Importance of Training

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Training is crucial for:

Increasing cardiovascular capacity.

Converting more fat to energy.
Strengthening muscles for prolonged exertion.
Strengthening connective tissues (tendons and ligaments).
Improving sport-specific performance.

Health-Related Components
1. Aerobic Capacity

The maximum amount of oxygen that the body can utilize during an
exercise session.

Examples: Running long distances, jogging, swimming, cycling.

2. Anaerobic Capacity

The ability to complete or perform a task, routine, activity in presence of

less oxygen or reserve oxygen.

Examples: 30m run, 50m run, 100m run, weight lifting.

3. Strength

The maximum force that can be developed in a muscle or group of

muscles during a single maximal contraction.

Examples: Standing broad jump, medicine ball throw.

4. Flexibility

The range of movement possible at a joint.

Examples: Sit & reach, splits, gymnastics, yoga asanas.

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Fitness Activities
Here are a few activities that can develop different components of fitness:

Activity 1: Cooperative Games for Fitness

Aim: To develop agility, strength, balance, and flexibility.
Props: Saucers, cones, softballs, volleyballs, basketballs, and footballs.

1. Flip the Saucer:

Divide children into two teams.

Scatter saucer cones with half facing upwards and half downwards.
Teams flip opponent's cones while protecting their own.

2. Touch the Dragon's Tail:

Divide children into groups of 10-12.

Nine children form a line, holding each other's waist.
The tenth child tries to touch the tail of the dragon (last child in line).

3. Bombardment:

Divide participants into a running team and a bombardment team.

The bombardment team throws balls at the running team (below the
knee).
The running team tries to cross the finish line without being hit.

4. Fire Throw:

Divide children into two teams.

Teams throw a ball to each other's zone, trying to make it difficult for the
other team to catch.

Activity 2: Lower Body Strength Development

Aim: To develop lower body strength.
Infrastructure: Playground.
Props: Cones/saucers, flat rings, beanbags.

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1. Hopscotch Relay:

Divide children into four groups.

Create hopscotch pathways using flat rings.
Children throw a beanbag into a ring and hop to collect it.

2. Chicken Ball Race:

Divide children into four groups.

Children hold a ball between their knees and jump towards their partner.

Activity 3: Cooperative Games for Fitness

Aim: To develop agility, strength, balance, and flexibility.
Props: Saucers/cones, volleyballs, softballs, footballs, basketballs.

1. Circle Race:

Divide children into teams of five.

Teams form a circle, holding hands, and run towards the finish line
without breaking the circle.

2. King and Pawn:

Participants form a circle with a ball in the center.

Participants try to hit each other below the knee with the ball.

3. Ballwich:

Divide children into teams of six.

Teams sandwich balls between their chests and the backs of the child
ahead of them.
Teams move from the start line to the finish line without dropping the
ball.

Warm-up and Cool-down Exercises

Benefits of a Proper Warm-Up

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Increased muscle temperature.

Increased body temperature.
Blood vessels dilate.
Increased blood temperature.
Improved range of motion.
Hormonal changes.
Mental preparation.

Examples of Warm-Up Exercises

Marching on the spot.
Walking on tip toes.
Shadow boxing.
Shivering and shaking.
Bending over to touch feet.

Examples of Stretching Exercises

Neck stretches (side, front, and back).
Shoulder stretches (posterior, extension, overhead).
Side trunk stretch.
Chest stretch.
Wrist stretches (flexion and extension).
Calf stretch.
Quadriceps stretch (standing).
Hamstring stretch (standing and sitting).

What Happens When You Stretch?

Stretching optimizes the supply of synovial fluid to the cartilage, enhancing cartilage
nutrition and loosening connective tissues.

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