Chapter 5: Descriptive Statistics
1 / 24 Chapter 5: Descriptive Statistics
Content
1 Numerical Summaries of data
2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
3 Frequency Distributions and Histograms
4 Box Plots
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Numerical Summaries of data
Sample Mean
If the n observations in a sample are denoted by x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , the
sample mean is
n
P
xi
x1 + x2 + . . . + xn i=1
x̄ = =
n n
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Numerical Summaries of data
Example
The eight observations are x1 = 12.6, x2 = 12.9, x3 = 13.4, x4 =
12.3, x5 = 13.6, x6 = 13.5, x7 = 12.6, and x8 = 13.1. What is The
sample mean?
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Numerical Summaries of data
Example
The eight observations are x1 = 12.6, x2 = 12.9, x3 = 13.4, x4 =
12.3, x5 = 13.6, x6 = 13.5, x7 = 12.6, and x8 = 13.1. What is The
sample mean?
Hình 1.1: The sample mean as a balance point for a system of weights.
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Numerical Summaries of data
Population Mean
For a finite population with N equally likely values, the probability
1
mass function is f (xi ) = and the mean is
N
N
P
N xi
i=1
X
µ= xi f (xi ) = .
N
i=1
The sample mean is a reasonable estimate of the population mean.
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Numerical Summaries of data
Sample Variance
If x1 , x2 , . . . , xn is a sample of n observations, the sample variance is
n
(xi − x̄)2
P
i=1
s2 = .
n−1
The sample standard deviation, s, is the positive square root of the
sample. variance.
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Numerical Summaries of data
Hình 1.2: How the sample variance measures variability through the
deviations xi − x̄.
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Numerical Summaries of data
Example
The eight observations are x1 = 12.6, x2 = 12.9, x3 = 13.4, x4 =
12.3, x5 = 13.6, x6 = 13.5, x7 = 12.6, and x8 = 13.1. What is the sample
variance?
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Numerical Summaries of data
Example
The eight observations are x1 = 12.6, x2 = 12.9, x3 = 13.4, x4 =
12.3, x5 = 13.6, x6 = 13.5, x7 = 12.6, and x8 = 13.1. What is the sample
variance?
Hình 1.3: Calculation of Terms for the Sample Variance and Sample Standard
Deviation.
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Numerical Summaries of data
Computation of s2
n
2
P
n xi
2 1
X 2 i=1
s = xi −
n−1 n
i=1
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Numerical Summaries of data
Population Variance
When the population is finite and consists of N values, we may define
the population variance as
N
(xi − µ)2
P
2 i=1
σ = .
N
The sample variance is a reasonable estimate of the population
variance.
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Numerical Summaries of data
Sample Range
If the n observations in a sample are denoted by x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , the
sample range is
r = max xi − min xi .
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Numerical Summaries of data
Sample Range
If the n observations in a sample are denoted by x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , the
sample range is
r = max xi − min xi .
Example
Preventing fatigue crack propagation in aircraft structures is an
important element of aircraft safety. An engineering study to
investigate fatigue crack in n = 9 cyclically loaded wing boxes reported
the following crack lengths (in mm): 2.13, 2.96, 3.02, 1.82, 1.15, 1.37,
2.04, 2.47, 2.60. Calculate the sample mean, sample standard deviation
and sample range?
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Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
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Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
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Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
Steps to Construct a Stem-and-Leaf Diagram
1. Divide each number xi into two parts: a stem, consisting of one or
more of the leading digits, and a leaf, consisting of the remaining
digit.
2. List the stem values in a vertical column.
3. Record the leaf for each observation beside its stem.
4. Write the units for stems and leaves on the display.
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Example
The listening scores of 17 students in a TOEIC test are listed below
55 115 225 240 330 335
385 400 405 405 495 495
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Example
The listening scores of 17 students in a TOEIC test are listed below
55 115 225 240 330 335
385 400 405 405 495 495
Stem Leaves
5 5
11 5
22 5
The stem-and-leaf diagram:
24 0
33 0 5
38 5
40 0 5 5
49 5 5
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Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
Data Features
1. The median is a measure of central tendency that divides the
data into two equal parts, half below the median and half above. If
the number of observations is even, the median is halfway between
the two central values. The sample mode is the most frequently
occurring data value.
2. The range is a measure of variability that can be easily computed
from the ordered stem-and-leaf display. It is the maximum minus
the minimum measurement
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Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
Data Features
3. When an ordered set of data is divided into four equal parts, the
division points are called quartiles.
3.1 The first or lower quartile, q1 , is a value that has approximately
one-fourth (25%) of the observations below it and approximately
75% of the observations above.
3.2 The second quartile, q2 , has approximately one-half (50%) of the
observations below its value. The second quartile is exactly equal to
the median.
3.3 The third or upper quartile, q3 , has approximately three-fourths
(75%) of the observations below its value. As in the case of the
median, the quartiles may not be unique.
4. The interquartile range, IQR = q3 − q1 .
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Example
Use the given sample data to find the sample quartiles, the sample
mode and the IQR.
55, 52, 52, 52, 49, 74, 67, 55.
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Example
Use the given sample data to find the sample quartiles, the sample
mode and the IQR.
55, 52, 52, 52, 49, 74, 67, 55.
Answer: We rearrange the increasing data:
49, 52, 52, 52, 55, 55, 67, 74.
We the size of sample n = 8.
n+1 x4 +x5
(1) 2 = 4.5, hence the sample median Q2 = 2 = 52+55
2 = 53.5.
n+1 x +x
(2) 4 = 2.25, hence the first quartile Q1 =
2
2
3
= 52+52
2 = 52.
3(n+1) x6 +x7 55+67
(3) 4 = 6.75, hence the third quartile Q3 = 2 = 2 = 61.
(4) The sample modes: 52.
(5) IQR = Q3 − Q1 = 61 − 52 = 9.
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Frequency Distributions and Histograms
Frequency Distributions
A frequency distribution is a more compact summary of data
than a stem-and-leaf diagram.
To construct a frequency distribution, we must divide the range of
the data into intervals, which are usually called class intervals,
cells, or bins.
Constructing a Histogram (Equal Bin Widths)
Label the bin (class interval) boundaries on a horizontal scale.
Mark and label the vertical scale with the frequencies or the
relative frequencies.
Above each bin, draw a rectangle where height is equal to the
frequency (or relative frequency) corresponding to that bin.
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Frequency Distributions and Histograms
Hình 3.1: A histogram of the compressive strength data from Minitab with 17
bins.
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Frequency Distributions and Histograms
Hình 3.2: A histogram of the compressive strength data from Minitab with
nine bins.
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Frequency Distributions and Histograms
Hình 3.3: Histograms for symmetric and skewed distributions.
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Box Plots
Box Plots
The box plot is a graphical display that simultaneously describes
several important features of a data set, such as center, spread,
departure from symmetry, and identification of observations that
lie unusually far from the bulk of the data.
Hình 4.1: Description of a box plot.
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Box Plots
Hình 4.2: Comparative box plots of a quality index at three plants.
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