LINKING

AGRICULTURE
TO DIFFERENT
SECTORS FOR
RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
BADINO, D.A.
 Module 8
LINKING AGRICULTURE TO DIFFERENT SECTORS FOR RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
By: Derilyn A. Badino

I. Overview
Development is more closely associated with some form of action or
intervention to influence the entire process of social change. It is a dynamic
concept which suggests a change in, or a movement away from, a previous
situation. Rural development usually relates to the method of enhancing the quality
of life and financial well-being of an individual specifically living in populated and
remote areas. Collaboration with other government sector is necessary so
extension activity/ies will be effectively and efficiently implemented.

II. Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the session, the student should be able to:
1. Identify the different agencies to collaborate with;
2. Reflect on the importance of linkages; and;
3. Determine possible agencies to collaborate with.

III. Take Off

On the blanks provided below, list down government agencies you are
familiar with.

1.____________________
2.____________________
3._____________________
4._____________________
5. _____________________
6. _____________________
7. _____________________
8. _____________________
9. _____________________
10. _____________________
IV. Learning Focus

LINGKING AGRICULTURE TO DIFFERENT SECTORS FOR RURAL

DEVELOPMENT

Economic resource planners have continued to harness proven empirical link

amongst various sectors of the economy for effective policy formulation and
implementation of successful growth and development strategies. The Agricultural sector
is one of the sectors that have consistently contributed to other sectors of the economy
in terms of provision of raw materials, food and employment to the growing population.
Farming is the fabric of rural society and, in many countries of the world, it is
the main economic activity. Any sudden and profound changes which impacted on the
farm sector could have severe consequences in terms of social and political stability in
economically developing countries.

THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT

All rural extension work takes place within a process of development, and cannot
be considered as an isolated activity. Extension programmes and projects and extension
agents are part of the development of rural societies. It is, therefore, important to
understand the term development, and to see how its interpretation can affect the course
of rural extension work.

The term development does not refer to one single phenomenon or activity nor
does it mean a general process of social change. All societies, rural and urban, are
changing all the time. This change affects, for example, the society's norms and values,
its institutions, its methods of production, the attitudes of its people and the way in which
it distributes its resources. A rural society's people, customs and practices are never static
but are continually evolving into new and different forms. There are different theories
which seek to explain this process of social change (as evolution, as cultural adaptation
or even as the resolution of conflicting interests) and examples of each explanation can
be found in different parts of the world.

Development is more closely associated with some form of action or intervention

to influence the entire process of social change. It is a dynamic concept which suggests
a change in, or a movement away from, a previous situation. All societies are changing,
and rural extension attempts to develop certain aspects of society in order to influence
the nature and speed of the change. In the past few decades, different nations have been
studied and their level of development has been determined; this has given rise to the
use of terms such as developed as opposed to developing nations. In other words, it is
assumed that some nations have advanced or changed more than others, and indeed
these nations are often used as the model for other, developing, nations to follow.

This process of development can take different forms and have a variety of objectives.
The following statements illustrate this:

 Development involves the introduction of new ideas into a social system in order
to produce higher per caput incomes and levels of living through modern
production methods and improved social organization.
 Development implies a total transformation of a traditional or pre-modern society
into types of technology and associated social organization that characterize the
advanced stable nations of the Western world.
 Development is building up the people so that they can build a future for
themselves. Development is an experience of freedom in deciding what people
choose to do. To decide to do something brings dignity and self-respect.
Development efforts therefore start with the people's potential and proceed to
their enhancement and growth.

Much has been written about the process of development, and the approaches which
developing nations should adopt in order to develop. Reviewing this literature it can be
concluded that a process of development should contain three main elements.

 Economic. The development of the economic or productive base of any society,

which will produce the goods and materials required for life.
 Social. The provision of a range of social amenities and services (i.e., health,
education, welfare) which care for the non-productive needs of a society.
 Human. The development of the people themselves, both individually and
communally, to realize their full potential, to use their skills and talents, and to
play a constructive part in shaping their own society.

Development has to do with the above three elements. It should not concentrate upon
one to the exclusion of the others. The economic base of any society is critical, for it must
produce the resources required for livelihood. But we must also think of people and
ensure their active participation in the process of development.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Rural development is understood primarily in the economic sense of the process

of assuring a progressive improvement in economic security of people in rural areas.
Rural areas are usually defined in terms of maximum population density, with figures
varying from 150 to 500 inhabitants per square kilometre, depending on the structure of
society. While any economic activity in rural areas will have the potential to contribute to
rural development, the particular roles farming may play fall into four broad categories:

 Employment. In countries whose share of overall employment in agriculture is

at high levels, for example where farmers represent over 50% of the workforce,
farming is likely to be the key economic activity determining the progress of rural
development. With such a substantial proportion of the labour force engaged in
agriculture, any policy which led to a swift and artificial reduction in employment
could have disastrous consequences for the labour-force and dependants, leading
to social and political instability.
 Related economy. The farm sector in every country supports a range of ancillary
and service industries, generating economic activity in supply and distribution
chains as well as processing industries. Where farming is the primary economic
activity, the entire rural economy, including services such as health care, education
and basic infrastructure, may depend on the profitability of the sector.
 In remote and peripheral areas, where society has identified a legitimate
priority to prevent depopulation, farming is likely to be one of a limited range of
economic activities possible to maintain the economic viability of the region.
 Throughout rural areas, farming may contribute to rural development by
providing environmental and cultural services to society.
The following are the list of government departments that can be collaborated and linked
with in conducting extension work:

1. Department of Agrarian Reform

Mandate

The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) leads the implementation of the

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) through land tenure
improvement, agrarian justice, and coordinated delivery of essential support
services to client-beneficiaries.

The following agencies are attached to the DAR:

 Bureau of Land Acquisition and Distribution

 Bureau of Land Tenure Development
 Bureau of Agrarian Legal Assistance
 Bureau of Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Development
 Bureau of Agrarian Reform Information and Education

Legal Basis

 Republic Act no. 6389 (September 10, 1971), An Act Amending 3844. Otherwise
known as the Agricultural Land Reform Code, created a Department of Agrarian
Reform (DAR) with the authority and responsibility to implement the policies of
the State on agrarian reform.
 Republic Act NO. 6657 (June 10, 1988), or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law of 1988, mandated DAR, in coordination with the Presidential Agrarian Reform
Council (PARC) to plan and program the acquisition and distribution of all
agricultural lands through a period of 10 years from the effectivity of the said Act
(1988). It vested DAR with the quasi-judicial powers to determine and adjudicate
agrarian reform matters.
 Executive Order 129-A (July 26, 1987) provided for the organizational structure
of DAR and the respective functions of each office. It created an Agrarian Reform
Adjudication Board under the Office of the Secretary.
 Republic Act No. 8532 (February 23, 1998) extended the implementation of the
CARP Law of 1988 to 2008.
  Executive Order 364 (September 27, 2004) transformed the Department of
Agrarian Reform into the Department of Land Reform (renamed back to DAR by
EO 456, August 23, 2005) and stipulated that the Department shall be responsible
for all land reform in the country, i.e., agrarian, urban land, and ancestral domain
reform.

LOGICAL FRAMEWORK (DAR)

Societal Goal Poverty Reduction

Agrarian Peace Suztainable

Countryzide Stability

Sectoral Goals
Social Juztice Induztrialization
(for ARBz)

Organizational Outcome Improved Land Tenure Security

and Empowered ARBz
(Implementation of CARP)

Major Final
Outputs (MFOs) 3
2
Land tenure zecurity provided Legal intervention provided to ARBz Support zervice implemented, facilitated
to landlezz farmerz through land (Agrarian Juztice Delivery) & coordinated for delivery to ARBz
(Support Servicez Delivery)
diztribution & leazehold arrangementz
(Land Tenure Improvement)
 2. Department of Agriculture

Mandate

The Department of Agriculture (DA) promotes agriculture development growth. In

pursuit of this mandate, the DA provides the policy framework, helps direct public
investments, and, in partnership with local government units, provides the support
services necessary to male agriculture and agri-based enterprises profitable and
help spread the benefits of development to the poor, particularly in the rural areas.

The following agencies are attached to the DA:

 Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR)

 Bureau of Animal Industry
 Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
 Bureau of Soils and Water Management
 Mindanao Rural Development Program
 Philippine Carabao Center
 Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization
 Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation
 Philippine Rice Research Institute
 Sugar Regulatory Board

Legal Basis:

 Presidential Decree No. 461 (May 17, 1974) reorganized the Department of
Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) into a Department of Agriculture (DA)
and a Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and provided for the functional and
structural configuration of the two departments.
 Executive Order No. 967 (June 30, 1984) renamed the Ministry of Agriculture
(then Department, in view of the presidential form of the Government) into a
Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF).
 Executive Order No. 116 (January 30, 1987) reorganized the MAF into a Ministry
of Agriculture, integrating into it all offices and agencies whose functions relate to
agriculture and fisheries.
 Republic Act No. 8435 (December 22, 1997), “The Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act of 1997”, mandated the Department of Agriculture (in keeping
with the presidential form of government) to formulate and implement a medium
and long-term comprehensive Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan.
3. Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Mandate

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is responsible for

the conservation, management, and development of the country’s environment
and natural resources. It shall ensure the proper use of these resources and the
protection of the environment within the framework of sustainable development.

Legal Basis:

Presidential Decree 461 (May 17, 1974) reorganized the Department of Agriculture
and Natural Resources (DANR) into a Department of Agriculture (DA) and a
Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and provided the functional and structural of
the two Departments.

Executive Order 131 (January 30, 1987) created the Department of Environment,
Energy and Natural Resources (DEENR).

Executive Order 192 (June 10, 1987) reorganized the DEENR and renamed it as
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). It established DENR’s
mandate and defined the structure and functions/concerns of its various offices, staff
bureaus, and attached agencies, including the Pollution Adjudication Board created
under the Office of the Secretary, and field offices consisting of Regional, Provincial,
and Community Offices.

Societal Goal

The DENR aligns its concerns and strategies with two-pronged societal goal of
poverty reduction and sustainable development. Development achieved in
various dimensions (specifically social and economic), designed to reduce poverty,
should not compromise the state of the environment and the needs of future
generation where availability and the quality resources (particularly natural resources)
are concerned. Along this line, proper resource management (purposeful utilization
balanced with conservation and protection and appropriate handling), taken in the
context of sustainable development, should be a partner goal of poverty reduction.
Sector Goal

In the Agriculture, Agrarian Reform, and Natural Resource Sector (AARENR), the
sustainable management of environment and natural resources is the
primary goal of the DENR. This covers the conservation, development, proper use of
the country’s resources in the three elements – air, land, water – and, environment
protection. Among the resources referred to are forest and grazing lands, mineral
resources, terrestrial and marine species/areas, reservation and watershed areas, and
lands od public domain. Environmental protection would refer to policies, programs
and mechanisms/systems designed to prevent further degradation, depletion, and
pollution of the air, land, and water environment and resources resulting from
development or utilization activities. It also includes management of wastes and their
conversion to recyclable resource.
4. Department of Interior and Local Government

Mandate

The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) promoted peace and
order, ensures public safety, and strengthens local government capability to
effectively deliver services to the citizenry.

Sector Goals

Responsive and Accountable Local Government Units

Responsive and accountable LGUs are the products of improved policy
environment promoting the implementation of decentralization and devolution. In
the exercise of their powers, LGUs serve the interest of all stakeholders and
become answerable decision-makers, which ideal situation may be considered one
of the instruments of poverty reduction and sustainable development.

Peaceful, Self-Reliant, and Progressive Communities

LGUs need to deliver more efficient, effective, and responsive basic services,
among others, to help create peaceful, self-reliant, and progressive communities.
With the maintenance of peace and order through effective law enforcement,
development of self-reliant communities with the power to create their own source
 of revenue and more entrepreneurial activities, LGUs will be able to attain their
goals and poverty reduction and sustainable development.

5. Department of Labor and Employment

Mandate

The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) promotes gainful employment

opportunities and optimizes the development and utilization of the country’s
manpower resources; advances the welfare of workers by providing just and
humane conditions and terms of employment; and maintains industrial peace by
promoting harmonious, equitable, and stable employment relations. It has
exclusive authority in the administration and enforcement of labor and
employment laws.
6. Department of Science and Technology

Mandate

The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) provides direction, leadership,

and coordination of all scientific and technological efforts/activities in the
Philippines and ensures that the results therefrom are geared and utilized in areas
of maximum economic and social benefits for the people.
7. Department of Social Welfare and Development

Mandate

The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) provides assistance

to other national government agencies (NGAs), local government units (LGUs),
non-government organizations (NGOs), people’s organizations (POs), and
members of civil society in the implementation of programs, projects, and services
that will alleviate poverty and empower disadvantaged individuals, families, and
communities to improve their quality of life. It implements statutory and
specialized social welfare programs and projects.
8. Department of Tourism

Mandate

The Department of Tourism (DOT) is mandated to encourage, promote, and

develop tourism as a major socio-economic activity to generate foreign currency
and local employment and to spread the benefits of tourism to wider segment of
the population with the support, assistance, and cooperation of both the private
and public sectors. The DOT assures the safe, convenient, enjoyable stay and
travel of foreign and local tourists in the country.
9. Department of Trade and Industry

Mandate

The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) serves as the primary coordinative,
promotive, facilitative, and regulatory arm of the government for the country’s
trade, industry, and investment activities. It act as catalyst for intensified private
sector activity to accelerate and sustain economic growth through a
comprehensive industrial growth strategy, a progressive and socially responsible
liberalization and deregulation program, and policies designed for the expansion
and diversification of both domestic and foreign trade.
10. National Economic and Development Authority

Mandate

The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) serves as

National and Regional Development Plan and Program Coordinator (by issuing
planning guidelines and conducting multisectoral/regional consultations); Public
Investment Evaluator and Programmer (by coordinating the Official Development
Assistance and appraising programs and projects); Development Plan, Program
and Project Monitor (by conducting program/project evaluation and on-site
reviews and consultations); and Technical Assistance Provider (by providing
technical/secretariat services to the NEDA Board and its Committees, Regional
Development Councils, Philippinne Council for Sustainable Development,
National Land Use Committee, interagency bodies, and other clients, including
local government units).
11. Department of Health

Mandate

The Department of Health (DOH) provides assistance to local government

units (LGUs), people’s organizations (POs), and other members of civil
society in effectively implementing programs, projects and services that
promote the health and well-being of every Filipino; prevent and control
diseases among populations at risks; protect individuals, families and
communities exposed to hazards and risks; and treat, manage, rehabilitate
individuals affected by disease and disability.
 Module 8.1

DIFFERENT RESEARCH CENTERS AND INSTITUTES AT UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES (USTP)

I. Overview

The University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines (USTP) is

a state university established on August 16, 2016 by virtue of Republic Act 10919
through the amalgamation of the Mindanao University of Science and Technology
(MUST) in Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental and the Misamis Oriental State
College of Agriculture and Technology (MOSCAT) in Claveria, Misamis Oriental.
Both campuses are located in Northern Mindanao, the Gateway to Mindanao,
which offers a strategic locational advantage for the institution to train and develop
students from all the other regions of Mindanao.

In a range of fields, USTP raises the bar for research excellence. We’ve
taken an interdisciplinary approach, bringing together experts from various
disciplines. There are various research institutes and centers in our university.

Research Centers and Institutes

Through collaboration with different industrial sectors, both locally and

globally, the university research centers and institutes stay on top of industry
practices, trends, and objectives. They provide reference guides in order to
establish best practices:

1. Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology

2. Center for Artificial Intelligence
3. Center for Natural Products Research
4. Design and Engineering Center / Metals and Engineering Innovation
Center
5. Center for Advanced Plant Science and Phytotechnologies
6. Center for Biomass Energy
7. Center for Inclusive Development Studies
8. Center for Human Development Studies
9. Center for High Value Crops
10. Precision Agriculture / Smart Farming Center
11. Center for Agricultural and Biosystems Technology
 12. Center for Dairy Research and Innovation
13. Bamboo Research and Innovation Center
14. Power Institute
15. Mindanao Institute for Water Research
16. Institute for Material Science and Nanotechnology

1. Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology

The Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology of USTP will service not
only the institution but also the neighboring HEIs in the region. The Center is
designed as the Hub where regional innovation and entrepreneurship converge
and foster, while strengthening the linkage between the industry and the academe

2. Center for Artificial Intelligence

The general objective of the Center is to primarily provide Artificial

Intelligence education to faculty and student researchers, conduct related
researches, provide AI-related solutions to industries and the communities.
3. Center for Natural Products Research

The Center for Natural Products Research of the University of Science and
Technology of Southern Philippines will serve as a regional resource and provide
a leading role for the advancement of innovative methods for natural products
research. As such, the Center will conduct basic and applied multidisciplinary
research in the discovery of natural products for use as pharmaceutical agents and
to understand the chemical properties and biological potential, and importance of
medicinal plants endemic to Mindanao.

4. Design and Engineering Center / Metals and Engineering Innovation Center

The general objective of the Center is to primarily address the economic

needs of the food processing industry, such as the food processing equipment and
its users (the MSMEs), and the mechanization of the agriculture sector.
5. Center for Advanced Plant Science and Phytotechnologies

The Center for Advanced Plant Science and Phytotechnologies is the

university’s research arm dedicated to developing technologies, making discoveries
and seeking to understand the plants biological design to feed the people, improve
the health and rehabilitate the environment. It seeks to improve the quality of life
of the people in the society by fostering product and technology development.

6. Center for Biomass Energy

The Center for Biomass Energy is developing sustainable solutions for our
future. It is working to bridge the divide across scientific, engineering, industry
and bringing the experts that will focus on renewable energy technologies,
especially biomass and the rational use of energy and efficiency. The Center will
also serve as a platform for the researchers to work with it peers and offer solutions
to industries/companies through innovative researches in the field of biomass
energy.
7. Center for Inclusive Development Studies

In consonance with the university’s mandate to contribute to the economic

and social development of the country through knowledge generation and
application, the Center for Inclusive Development Studies (CIDS) was
conceptualized. The center is committed in providing development planners,
implementers, and policy makers significant research-based recommendations for
inclusive development. It primarily focuses on the development of the marginal
sectors of society.

8. Center for Human Development Studies

The Center for Human Development Studies, covering policy, culture and
creative studies, will be the harmonizing division of the University in advancing
human development. It will be a programmatic and thematic Center that will focus
issues, among others, poverty, Gender and Development, Sustainable
Development, social inclusion and exclusion, education, economic growth and
development, multi-sectoral governance, environment and development, conflict
resolution, peace and development.
9. Center for High Value Crops

CHVC envisions being the leading center for scientific and innovative
approaches to support growers and entrepreneurs focusing on high-valued
commodities in the region. A hub for a sustainable development of various
products and services and a stable training ecosystem for researchers, scientists
and extensionists.

10. Precision Agriculture / Smart Farming Center

The Precision Agriculture/Smart Farming Center develop methodologies

that will create a spatial and temporal database of various existing agricultural
commodities, develop relevant methodologies to document the optimum
productivity yield, develop knowledge products that will help empower the farmers
learn how to optimize the impact of various production resources on the yield and
acquire/adapt/fabricate/conceptualize the needed equipment and sensors to
collect data that are necessary for the development of precision agriculture/smart
farming-based knowledge products.
11. Center for Agricultural and Biosystems Technology

CABTech seeks to promote bio-resource technology and sustainability for

countryside development, particularly in Northern Mindanao. It applies to both
rural and urban agriculture including soil and water resources development and
utilization, irrigation and drainage technology, development of post-harvest tools,
equipment and machinery. This will also cater the field of aquaculture engineering,
biological and bio-systems engineering as embodied in the Agricultural and
Fisheries Mechanization and the Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering law

[Link] for Dairy Research and Innovation

The center will focus on research and innovations concerning forage and
pasture development, dairy nutrition and feeding, health and disease
management, smart agriculture and production systems. It will provide
researchers, faculty, students, industry and producers with a broad-based platform
for research, teaching and extension activities. It
 will promote new research links and synergies across the commercial supply chain.
The center will lead in developing research, teaching and technology transfer
programs that provide the dairy and forage industries with new tools and
techniques for healthy, sustainable and efficient production. CDRI’s main emphasis
is dairy cattle production. The center will serve as the heart of USTP Dairy farm,
the dairy farmers in the region, the faculty and the agriculture students harnessing
their skills in doing research.

13. Bamboo Research and Innovation Center

BRIC envisions to be the leading center for scientific, innovation and

commercialization aspects of bamboo in Mindanao. Meanwhile, the institution
similarly aspires to be an active partner to the various industry stakeholders and
sustainably pursue the still unsaturated potential of bamboo in local, national and
global markets, respectively. Bamboo products are globally recognized as
environmental friendly which also exhibited an excellent quality. The Bamboo
Research and Innovation Center is guided by the principle of product innovation
and good manufacturing practices.
14. Power Institute

The Power Institute is working to bridge the divide across scientific,

engineering, business and public policy arenas, bringing the experts together to
find solutions to complex energy problems across the globe. By leveraging the
USTP’s tools and resources, PI is able to integrate, enhance and collaborate in a
wide variety of energy-related fields via key centers and partner. The institute
strengthens the utilization of research, extension, innovation and training
programs for economic development.

15. Mindanao Institute for Water Research

The Mindanao Institute for Water Research is an academe-based research

institution, the major focus of which is the preservation of Mindanao’s water
resources. Mindanao has long traditions in utilizing its freshwater resources
provided by both surface waters and ground waters. The management of these
 water resources should therefore be comprehensive and science and ecosystems-
based.

16. Institute for Material Science and Nanotechnology

One pillar in the overall framework of the Philippine Development Plan

2017-2022 is increasing the growth potential through vigorously advancing the
science, technology, and innovation (STI) in the country. The main strategies
include the strengthening of tripartite collaboration among the government, the
academe, and the industry. As a higher education institution situated at the so-
called, “the industrial hub of Mindanao”, USTP-CDO offers an advantage of
promoting this collaboration through conducting multidisciplinary research. To
ensure that the university is serving its purpose to the continued national
sustainable growth and development, adopting recent advances in basic and
applied research trends across the many disciplines is vital.
VII. References

FAO, (n.d). The concept of development. The framework of development.

[Link]/3/t0060e/[Link]

IATP, 2000. Agriculture’s Contribution to Rural Development. International Conference

on Non-Trade Concerns in Agriculture
Ullensvang, Norway, 2-4 July 2000.
[Link]
[Link]

Kelikume, I., & Nwani, S. E. (2020). Agricultural Sector Linkage with Other Sectors of
the Economy: Evidence from Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and
Economics, 7(1), 1-23. [Link]
Official Gazette, (n.d). Department of Agriculture. Official Gazette of the Republic of the
Philippines. [Link]
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