8/15/24, 9:35 PM Chapter Summary - Elementary Programming
CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY
ELEMENTARY PROGRAMMING
Identifiers are names for naming elements such as variables, constants,
methods, classes, packages in a program.
An identifier is a sequence of characters that consists of letters, digits,
underscores (_), and dollar signs ($). An identifier must start with a letter
or an underscore. It cannot start with a digit. An identifier cannot be a
reserved word. An identifier can be of any length.
Variables are used to store data in a program. To declare a variable is to tell
the compiler what type of data a variable can hold.
There are two types of import statements: specific import and wildcard
import. The specific import specifies a single class in the import
statement; the wildcard import imports all the classes in a package.
In Java, the equal sign (=) is used as the assignment operator.
A variable declared in a method must be assigned a value before it can be
used.
A named constant (or simply a constant) represents permanent data that
never changes.
A named constant is declared by using the keyword final.
Java provides four integer types (byte, short, int, and long) that
represent integers of four different sizes.
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8/15/24, 9:35 PM Chapter Summary - Elementary Programming
Java provides two floating-point types (float and double) that represent
floating-point numbers of two different precisions.
Java provides operators that perform numeric operations: + (addition), –
(subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division), and % (remainder).
Integer arithmetic (/) yields an integer result.
The numeric operators in a Java expression are applied the same way as in
an arithmetic expression.
Java provides the augmented assignment operators += (addition
assignment), –= (subtraction assignment), *= (multiplication
assignment), /= (division assignment), and %= (remainder
assignment).
The increment operator (++) and the decrement operator (––)
increment or decrement a variable by 1.
When evaluating an expression with values of mixed types, Java
automatically converts the operands to appropriate types.
You can explicitly convert a value from one type to another using the
(type)value notation.
Casting a variable of a type with a small range to a variable of a type with a
larger range is known as widening a type.
Casting a variable of a type with a large range to a variable of a type with a
smaller range is known as narrowing a type.
Widening a type can be performed automatically without explicit casting.
Narrowing a type must be performed explicitly.
In computer science, midnight of January 1, 1970, is known as the UNIX
epoch.
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