Introduction Introduction to Wireless Channel Models Introduction Introduction to Wireless Channel Models
Wireless channel modeling Multipath wireless propagation Wireless channel modeling Multipath wireless propagation
RF link budget analysis Path loss, shadowing and fading RF link budget analysis Path loss, shadowing and fading
Multipath wireless propagation Path loss, shadowing and fading
For Small-scale fading :
Question: Why do both constructive and destructive intereference
happen?
→ Different multipath components arrive at the receiver with
Wireless communication systems rely on the transmission of signals different time delays and phase shifts.
through the air, where the environment between the transmitter and → When the phase shifts are aligned, the multipath components add
receiver can significantly impact signal quality. constructively; when they are not aligned, they add destructively.
→ This constructive and destructive addition of multipath
To design and analyze these systems effectively, it’s crucial to
components leads to significant variations in the received signal
understand the different phenomena that affect signal propagation.
power.
The received power variations due to constructive and destructive
addition of multipath components occur over very short distances,
on the order of the signal wavelength, since each component’s phase
rotates 360 degrees over that distance.
→ Power variations due to multipath are sometimes referred to as
small-scale propagation effects.
Wireless Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Channel models 2 Wireless Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Channel models 5
Path loss models Path loss models
Introduction Introduction
The COST231- model for higher frequency range The COST231- model for higher frequency range
Wireless channel modeling Wireless channel modeling
Shadowing Shadowing
RF link budget analysis RF link budget analysis
Small-Scale Fading (Multipath Fading) Small-Scale Fading (Multipath Fading)
Path loss models Fading channel model
Definition: Path loss refers to the reduction in signal power as it Defifinition: Small-scale fading occurs due to multiple signal paths
propagates through space from the transmitter to the receiver. It is a reaching the receiver at slightly different times, resulting in interference
fundamental aspect of wireless communication and is primarily caused by and causing signal strength to vary rapidly over small distances.
the distance between the transmitter and receiver, as well as the nature Classification:
of the propagation environment. Fast vs. Slow Fading: Based on how rapidly the channel changes
It is well known that the received signal power decays with the with respect to the symbol period.
square of the path length in free space. Flat vs. Frequency-Selective Fading: Based on how the signal
More specifically, the received envelope power is introduced by Friis: bandwidth compares to the coherence bandwidth of the channel.
λc 2
Pr = Pt Gt Gr 4πd , (1)
where:
Pt is the transmitted power,
Gt and Gr are the transmitter and receiver antenna gains,
respectively
d is the radio path length.
Wireless Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Channel models 10 Wireless Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Channel models 30
Path loss models
Introduction
The COST231- model for higher frequency range
Wireless channel modeling
Shadowing
RF link budget analysis
Small-Scale Fading (Multipath Fading)
Fading channel model: Baseband vs. passband signals
Local
Scattering
Two Main
Multipaths
In communication systems, signals are often transmitted in two different
forms: baseband and passband. Understanding the difference between
these two and how baseband signals are processed in discrete-time is
fundamental for digital communication.
Baseband Signal x(t): The signal occupies the frequency spectrum
from near zero to some maximum frequency fb . It does not undergo
carrier modulation. Example: digital signals such as binary bits or
multi-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM).
Passband Signal s(t): The signal is modulated to a higher
frequency range for transmission, typically centered around a carrier
frequency fc .
Wireless Communications Chapter 2: Wireless Channel models 31