PHILIPPINE MERCHANT MARINE SCHOOL- Senior

High School

FEASIBILITY OF GOAT MANURE AS

PAPER SUSTAINABLY

A Capstone Project Presented to the Faculty

of Senior High School Department of
Philippine Merchant Marine School
Las Piñas City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the

course Capstone Project for the Second
Semester, School Year 2019-2020

Rezzamae B. Bambao
Jayson M. Aguilar
Jonas A. De Guzman
Mark Niel B. Bonto
Stephen Xyrus C. Valdueza
Fernando Bong E. Marquez

April, 2020

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APPROVAL SHEET

This Research entitled “FEASIBILITY OF GOAT MANURE

AS PAPER SUSTAINABLY” Prepared and Submitted by
Rezzamae B. Bambao, Jayson M. Aguilar, Jonas A. De
Guzman, Mark Niel B. Bonto, Stephen Xyrus C. Valdueza,
Fernando Bong E. Marquez in Partial fulfillment In Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements of the course Capstone Project,
has been examined and is recommended for ORAL EXAMINATION.

CHRSTAN MARU B. GARCIA

Adviser

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ii

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Capstone Project is like a bridge between theoretical and

practical working, it requires a lot of effort, patience, and

perseverance. Thus in this section, we would like to express our

gratitude to one's how helped us throughout the ride while

accomplishing this project. First and foremost, we would like to

thank the supreme power Almighty God for his showers of

blessings throughout our research journey, for obviously guiding

us since the beginning, and for the complete succession of this

project.

Next to him, we would like to express our deep and sincere

gratitude for our research adviser Mr. Christian Maru B. Garcia for

giving us this opportunity to work out on this project, and for all

the supports and invaluable guidance since the day one. We also

like to express our deep gratitude to our parents for their love,

support, deep understanding, and prayers.

At last but not the least we are thankful for our teachers and

classmates who helped and believed that we could accomplish this

kind of project. We had no valuable words to express our deep

gratitude, but our heart is still full of favors received from every

person who bring out the best in ourselves within this journey.

ABSTRACT
iii

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The declination of numbers of trees has been the leading

problem throughout the country; trees are critically threatened

due to their uses in industry especially in paper companies. While,

in areas where goats are abound in livelihood use, the goat

manure is one of the abundant solid wastes. In response, this

study intends to make an alternative material in making paper, the

researchers utilized the usage of goat manure for it was requires

low cost budget, ecologically sound, and freely available into the

community. The study was conducted at Philippine Merchant

Marine School during the months of November 2019 to April 2020.

The experiment was conducted by preparing raw goat

manure, and application of various procedures; Preliminary

Mechanical Treatment, Chemical Pulping, Rinsing, Bleaching,

Binding, Sheet forming, and Pressing. The sheets were then tested

for physical properties such as; basis weight, density, and

thickness at Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

It was concluded that usage of goat manure was suitable for

alternative source of paper aside from woods. Moreover, it also

resulted that goat manure affects the physical property of paper

since the fibers used was digested, it resulted to a thicker, denser,

iv
and greater weight type of paper as compared to common papers.

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Thus, researchers recommended to explore the composition of

goat manure, and to seek for some chemicals and substance that

could improve and enhance the physical property of paper.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
v
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

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I. THE PROJECT AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1
Conceptual Framework 2
The Scientific Problem 3
Scope and Limitations of the Project 4
Significance of the Study 4
II. THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Paper 6
Role of Paper Products 7
Paper Production: Deforestation 7
Grazing Animals 8
Grazing Animal’s manure as Paper 9
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Materials 11
Procedures 11
Data Collection 15
Statistical Techniques 15
IV. RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS
Physical Properties of Paper from Goat Manure 17
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions 18
Recommendations 18

REFERENCES 20
APPENDICES 22
A. DOST Test Result for Paper’s Physical Properties 23
B. DOST Job Order (Receipt) 25

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C. Budget Allocation 26
D. Research Plan 27
E. Student’s Checklist 28
F. Approval Form 29

G. Risk Assessment 30

H. Curriculum Vitae 31

CHAPTER I
vii
The Project and Its Background

1.1 Introduction

Nowadays, paper is mostly made from fibres derived from

woods. However, the declination of numbers of trees has been the

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leading problem throughout the country, 70% of earth's oxygen

are coming from trees and plants. The carbon cycle is one of the

cycles of which is greatly affected by trees, and lack of trees would

have a very bad effect in many ways. With cutting down trees

there would be less photosynthesis and therefore there would be

less oxygen produced.

On the other side, an average adult goat is capable of

producing 138 kg dry manure per year which would contain 3.4 kg

N, 0.5 kg P and 1.1 kg K. Waste from herbivore animals are said to

be rich in the same cellulose that's required to make paper

products. The cellulose in manure has been broken down by

digestion, making it easier for paper manufacturers to process.

Therefore, goat manure is one of good source of fibre, which

is the main ingredie nt for papermaking.

The researchers used goat manure because it is a low cost

material, ecologically sound, and freely available in the community

because of improper defecation of goats. Hence, researchers aim

1
to develop a cheap and ecologically friendly paper out of goat

manure to advocate innovation and changes, primarily to decrease

the number of wood loggings.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

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Input Process Output

• Gathering of
goat manure • Determination
• Sanitizing and of feasibility of
cleaning of goat manure as
• Goat Manure
goat's manure an alternative
(Capra hircus L.) • Pulping of substance for
goat's manure making paper
• Paper Testing through Paper
and Ink Testing and Pulp
for goat manure testing.
as paper fiber.

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of the Project

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of this project.

This figure shows the potential of goat manure as alternative fibres

for production of paper as it developed, and tested through paper

and pulp testing. The researchers used the input-process-output 2

framework.

As indicated above, the study was comprised of three

different phases: the planning, the developing, and the testing.

For the planning, all the necessary materials and principles

to conduct this study was considered. In the developing process,

the gathering and procedures were applied. Then, after completing

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all the methods, the researchers conducted a test to determine the

feasibility and effectiveness of the paper produced.

1.3 The Scientific Problem

The researchers' study would like to investigate the

feasibility of goat manure as the alternative substance for making

paper. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1.) Does goat manure have the potential to be an alternative

material for making papers?

2.) Does the goat manure affect the physical properties of

paper?

1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Project 3

This study assessed the effectively of the goat manure as

an alternative paper material to form fibers. It covered the making

and production of paper out of goat manure. This research was

conducted and prepared at Biology Laboratory in Philippine

Merchant Marine School to assure the safeness of the researchers

while making the project. The study's duration ranged from

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November 2019 to March 2020. This limits the production of paper

by only using goat manure. The paper testing was tested under

the personnel of Department of Science and Technology.

1.5 Significance of the Project

This study will be beneficial to the students, teachers,

residents of the community, barangay officials, and the future

researchers.

Students. This research project will benefit the students for they

could gain new ideas and knowledge upon creating paper.

Teachers. This research study will benefit the teachers for they

can use this as one of the basis of creating papers. Moreover, they

could use this project as one of the good research examples for

the future generations.

Residents of the community. This research study will give the 4

residents of the community an idea to be efficient in creating

paper; they could use this idea to improve their daily way of living.

Barangay officials. This study will serve as an instrumental

material for one community to produce eco-friendly and low cost

papers. Furthermore, barangay officials could learn new

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information that they could use to implement for the development

of innovative community.

Future researches. This research project will serve as the guide

and basis for the future researchers to explore and broaden their

knowledge with the same field of study.

Chapter II

The Scientific Literature

5

Paper

In the study made by Cabardo, et al. (2013) cited from The

New Book of Knowledge (2007) emphasized that the word "paper"

is derived from the word "papyrus". It refers to the Egyptians fibers

coming from papyrus plant. The paper is made and composed of

tiny fibers called cellulose coming from cell wall of plants. The

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length of cellulose fibers is about 1.3mm. Cabardo, et al. (2013) as

cited to Plowman (2001) also revealed that a sheet of paper is

made up of interlocking fibers that held together by cellulose by

which naturally be found in plant fibers. To break down the fibers,

first task is to look the plant fibers into alkaline solution.

Additionally, According to him, as cited from the New Books of

Knowledge (2007), the fiber source that could make a sheet of

paper is called "pulp". Fibrous plants could really make a good

type of paper and it could also have mixed up or digested. As a tip,

when adding fibers, it requires to stir and leave for a while to

separate the fibers and disperse equally, specially to avoid lumps

of pulp embedded in the surface.

Role of Paper Products

The study of Cabardo, et al. (2013) indicated that paper plays

an important role and contribution to history, science, literature,

and other branches of knowledge. It is commonly used by people

in their daily living such as, making researches, communication

medium, even in decorating and packaging. Aside from that it also

connects the past and present events. Additionally, Cox, et al

(2011) narrated that Paper is used for writing and printing. Books,

magazines and newspapers are printed on paper. It also often

used for money. Paper used for money is made in special ways. It

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does not use wood fiber. It is mostly cotton with additives to make

it hard for people to print their own money. A piece of paper

money is called a banknote, a bill or a note. Paper can be used for

cleaning. Special forms of paper are used, such as paper towels,

facial tissues or toilet paper.

Paper Production: Deforestation

Bhett (2017), realized that the major reason of deforestation

in Indonesia are coming from the production of paper products, the

majority of logging since mid-1990 is recorded and continuously

happening in Indonesia. Similarly, Madakadze, et al. (2010)

showed that renew interest for non-wood fibers are increasing over

the last decade, in reason of the shortage of conventional raw

materials for the pulp and paper production together with the
7
increasing demands for paper. It also revealed that crops grown

for biomass, like switch grass, are good examples of plants with

potential for pulp productions.

Laurel (2019) claimed that manufacturing paper out of

sundried grass consumes less than half of the resources using

chemical cellulose source from wood.

Johnson (2018) showed in his study that using less paper will

not help to reduce burden on trees, but help to make the planet

habitable for people.

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Grazing animals

In a study conducted by Cabardo, et al. (2013), as cited from

Starr, et al. (1987) narrated that the cattle, sheep, horse, deer, and

other herbivores has a special group of bacteria. They have a large

digestive organ where tough cellulose fibers and other plant

materials are being digested. Moreover, according to him, as cited

from the New Book of Knowledge (2007), Herbivore animals only

take herbaceous and fibrous plants as their food. In relation, these

plants that they have eaten will pass through their digestive

system and secrete undigested fiber.

Grazing animals’ manure as paper

In research conducted by Cabardo, et al. (2013), as cited from

8
Plowman (2007) narrated that alkaline solution when using plant

fibers as source was great factor when creating paper. Alkaline

solution can be made by soaking pulp into sodium hydroxide or

dissolving sodium carbonate with water.

According to Ertz (2020) Alexander Bismark of University of

Vienna, Austria stated that both elephant and cow manure can be

used as primary source of cellulose to produce paper. In reason

that these animals breakdown cellulose in their stomachs, it only

requires fewer chemical treatment and much less energy to turn

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the materials into cellulose nanofibers, and these materials could

be an alternative material to raw wood in order to produce papers.

Staedter (2018) revealed that in America, there is a great

problem with cow dung. In 94 million head of cattle, farmers face

staggering 2 billion tons of manure a year, resulting to the

methane and ammonia to pollute the air, phosphorus and nitrogen

to contaminate rivers and lakes. However, Debczak (2018) found

out in his study that waste from cows and elephants rich in same

cellulose that is required in paper production. Similarly, Motivans

(2018) stated that grazing animals who eat a lot of grass and other

plants has a waste that contains a lot of cellulose. In areas of

9
forums where grazing animals are being taken care, reusing their

waste is a good way to get rid of agricultural wastes and produce a

cheap and environmentally friendly paper. Furthermore, According

to Food and Agriculture Organization (2020) Goats play an

important role in Philippine agriculture. They provide secondary

income to farmers with minimum investment. More than 99% of

goats are raised in the backyard. This has been the trend for many

years. Goats account for a mere 2.2% of the total livestock and

poultry population. Goats are type of grazing animals. Therefore,

the numerous growing number of goat farm in the Philippines

leads to an innovative way of creating a paper.

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CHAPTER III
Methodology `10

This chapter presents the materials used in the construction

of paper using goat manure. It also covers the variables that were

measured as part of the function of the project, and the statistical

techniques used to interpret the data obtained from testing.

3.1 Materials to be used

Strainer -It was used to separate the fibres into unwanted

materials.

Blender or Grinder -It used to chopped and minced the

fibres.

Mold and deckle -It was used to dry the product and

formed it as sheets.

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Iron and rolling pin -It used as the pressing device to

form thin papers.

3.2 Procedures:

Figure 2. Preliminary Mechanical Treatment on Fibrous

Material. The goat manure was initially cut and washed for about
11
3-4 times to remove dirt, nodes, waxes and other foreign bodies

that can interfere with succeeding operations.

Figure 3. Chemical Pulping. Cook the manure for 2-3 hours

with 15-40% of cooking solution made from mixture of caustic

soda and water depending on the amount of manure.

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Figure 4. Washing, Rinsing, and Sieving. Rinse and wash

the manure to remove the uncooked fibres and other non-

12
cellulosic materials.

Figure 5. Bleaching. Soak the manure with chlorine solution

for 6 hours to whiten the fibres and create a lighter color shades.

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Figure 6. Binding. Made a solution using starch then beat it

with the fibrous pulps to bind the fibres together.

13

Figure 7. Sheet forming. Put the pulped manure into the

mold and deckle and leave it for about 1 day to form thin sheets.

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Figure 8. Pressing. Use the rolling pin and iron to press

the paper into thin sheets.

Possible Risks

In making the project, the following risks may be 14

encountered:

1.) Goat manure- contamination and irritation may arise

with handling goat manure. Thus, it is advisable to wear

mask and gloves while doing the experiment.

2.) Bleach and chlorine- skin irritation may occur due to

high substance caused by bleach and chlorine. Thus,

usage of rubber gloves must be observed.

3.) Caustic soda- skin burns and irritation may occur due to

high concentration of caustic soda. Thus, the usage of

rubber gloves while handling caustic soda must be

observed.

3.3 Data Collection: Variables Measured

The variables measured for the project were the physical

property of produced paper such as; basis weight, thickness, and

density.

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The paper physical property testing was done by the

Department of Science and Technology (DOST) under the

supervision of Paper and Pulp Testing after it was evaluated and

passed on the paper standard. The tests were done on March 05,

2020. Results of these tests are in Appendix A.

3.4 Statistical Techniques

The following statistical techniques were used to interpret

15
the data collected for the project:

1.) Statistical mean- This was used to measure the physical

properties and define the basis weight, the thickness, and the

density of paper that has been produced.

2.) Welch's T-test- This was applied to compare and differentiate

the quality and characteristics of commercial paper into the paper

that was produced from goat manure.

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CHAPTER IV 16
Results and Data Analysis

Table 1
Physical Properties of Paper from Goat Manure

Physical Test Values

Test Method
Properties (Average)
Basis Weight/ g/m2 429.60 ISO 536

Thickness, mm 0.321 ISO 534

Density, g/m2 1.34 ISO 534 and 536

This chapter presents the data obtained in the measurement

of the variables of the project, and the corresponding

interpretation of the data obtained from testing.

Table 1 presents the physical properties of the paper that

has been made. Samples were tested according to TAPPI/ISO

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Standard Procedures under the following room conditions: Dry bulb

temperature, 23±1.0 °C, Relative Humidity, 50±2.0%.

CHAPTER V 17
Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter presents the conclusions drawn from the results

of the tests done on the project. It also covers the

recommendations from the researchers which may help improve

the effectiveness of the product.

5.1 Conclusions

Based from the results, the following are concluded:

1) The goat manure has the full potential to be an

alternative material for making papers.

2) Based on the results, the usage of goat manure affects

the physical properties of paper. Since the fibre that has

been used was digested, the paper becomes a little bit

thicker, denser, and has a greater weight as to compare

into common commercial papers.

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5.2 Recommendations

The researchers recommend the following to better improve

the quality and properties of paper:

1) Explore the composition of goat manure, and seek for

another material that could substitute for making papers.

18
2) Add and explore some chemicals that could improve and

enhance the physical properties of paper.

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REFERENCES 19

Brunner, L. (2019). Paper made from grass. Retrieved on

January 28, 2020 from
[Link]
grass.

Butler, B. (2017). Paper and Rainforests. Mongabay. Retrieved

on January 28, 2020 from
[Link]

Cabardo, R. G., et al. (2013), as cited from The New Book of

Knowledge, (2007). The Feasibility of Horse (Equus ferus caballus)
manure as an alternative source of paper, (pp. 04-07).

Cabardo, R. G., et al. (2013), as cited to Plowman, I.(2007). The

Feasibility of Horse (Equus ferus caballus) manure as an
alternative source of paper, (pp. 08-09).

Cabardo, R. G., et al. (2013), as cited to Starr, G. (2007). The

Feasibility of Horse (Equus ferus caballus) manure as an
alternative source of paper, (p. 03).

Cabardo, R. G., et al. (2013). The Feasibility of Horse (Equus

ferus caballus) manure as an alternative source of paper, (p. 02).

Debczak, M. (2018). Cow manure and Elephant Dung could be

used to make Paper of the future. Mental Floss. Retrieved on
January 28, 2020 from
[Link]
elephant-dung-could-be-used-make-paper-future.

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Ertz, C. (2020). Manure can be used to make paper sustainably

of trees scarce. Retrieved on January 28, 2020 from
[Link]
Kepler, J. (2018). Fabric Science. Bloomsbury. Retrieved on
January 28, 2020 from [Link]
science-9th-edition-9781563678554/.
20

Motivans, E. (2018). From poop to paper: A new way to produce

paper sustainably. ZME Science. Retrieved on January 28, 2020
from [Link]
paper-new-way-produce-paper-sustainably.

Madakadze, I., et al. (2010). Evaluation of pulp and paper

making characterisitcs of elephant grass (Pennisetum Purpureum
Schum) and switch grass (Panicum Virgatum L.). Journal Home.
Vol. 04(07).

Staedter, T. (2018). Making Paper from poop offers a solution to

World’s Manure Problem. Retrieved on January 28, 2020 from
[Link]
solution-to-the-worlds-manure-problem.

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21

APPENDICE
S

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APPENDIX A
22
DOST Test Result for Paper’s Physical Properties

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APPENDIX B
24
DOST Job Order (Receipt)

APPENDIX C
25
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Budget Allocation

EXPENSES: PRICE:

PRINT P300.00

TRANSPORTATION P400.00

LBC P160.00

MATERIALS P500.00

DOST PAPER AND PULP TESTING P1,260.00

CAUSTIC SODA P1,500.00

SODIUM CARBONATE P360.00

STARCH AND CHLORINE P200.00

TOTAL:
P4,680.00

APPENDIX D 26

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Research Plan

APPENDIX E
27
Student’s Checklist

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APPENDIX F
28
Approval Form

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APPENDIX G
29
Risk Assessment

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APPENDIX H

CURRICULU
M VITAE

31

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