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Leadership Skills and Project Management for Health and
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School of Health Sciences September 2018

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School of Health Sciences September 2018

Marking Criteria

The marking criteria relating to this assessment is detailed below. Please study this page carefully to see the criteria by which
your assessment is marked.

Marking Criteria for LBR 7399 (Leadership and Project Management for Health and Healthcare)
Postgraduate bands
0 – 39% 40 – 49% 50 – 59% 60 – 69% 70 – 79% 80 – 100%
Fail Fail Pass Strong Pass Very Strong Exceptionally
(merit) Pass Strong Pass
(distinction) (distinction)
LO #1 Critically appraise and examine theories, concepts and processes of leadership,
with application to today’s challenges in an ever-changing health and healthcare
environment.
No or extremely Inadequate Sufficient 1) Good 1) critical Comprehensive 1) Outstanding 1)
limited evidence of evidence of 1) evidence of critical insight and critical insight and critical insight and
1) critical insight critical insight and insight and awareness of the awareness of the awareness of the
and awareness of awareness of the awareness of the interface between interface between interface between
the interface interface between interface between leadership leadership leadership
between leadership leadership approaches approaches approaches adopted
leadership approaches approaches adopted and the adopted and the and the
approaches adopted and the adopted and the opportunities and opportunities and opportunities and
adopted and the opportunities and opportunities and challenges of the challenges of the challenges of the
opportunities and challenges of the challenges of the project delivery; project delivery; project delivery; and
challenges of the project delivery; project delivery; and 2) the use of and 2) the use of 2) the use of
project delivery; and 2) limited use and 2) the use of adequate sources broad sources extensive sources
and 2) inadequate of sources some sources clearly supporting clearly supporting clearly supporting
use of sources clearly supporting arguments arguments arguments
arguments

LO #2 Explore theories and types of change and explain the social, political and
economic factors that may influence the process and speed of a pragmatic
change, including key ethical and legal issues within the student’s area of study.
No or extremely Inadequate Sufficient Good critical Comprehensive Outstanding critical
evidence of critical evidence of critical evidence of critical analysis of critical analysis of analysis of relevant
analysis of analysis of analysis of relevant change relevant change change theories and
relevant change relevant change relevant change theories and theories and assumptions to
theories and theories and theories and assumptions to assumptions to respond effectively
assumptions to assumptions to assumptions to respond effectively respond effectively to related change
respond effectively respond effectively respond effectively to related change to related change drivers (i.e.,
to change drivers to change drivers to change drivers drivers (i.e., drivers (i.e., organisational,
(i.e., (i.e., (i.e., organisational, organisational, social, political, &
organisational, organisational, organisational, social, political, & social, political, & economic) and
social, political, & social, political, & social, political, & economic) and economic) and ethical and legal
economic) and economic) and economic) and ethical and legal ethical and legal issues, thus
ethical and legal ethical and legal ethical and legal issues, thus issues, thus influencing the
issues, having no issues, having little issue having some influencing the influencing the process and speed
influence on influence on the influence on the process and process and of the change
process and process and process and speed of the speed of the process
speed of the speed of the speed of the change process change process
change process change process change process

LO #3 Demonstrate an understanding and rigorous application of skills, techniques and

planning tools required in working through the steps and phases of project
management.
No or extremely Inadequate Sufficient 1) Good 1) Substantial 1) Outstanding 1)
limited understanding of understanding of understanding of understanding of understanding of
understanding of project project project project project management
management management management management governance
project
governance governance governance governance structure and 2)
management
structure of structure and 2) structure, and 2) structure and 2) creativity in working
governance
working through some creativity in creativity in creativity in through the project’s
structure of
the project’s working through working through working through interconnected
working through
interconnected the project’s the project’s the project’s initiation, planning,
the project’s
initiation, planning, interconnected interconnected interconnected implementation and
interconnected
implementation initiation, planning, initiation, planning, initiation, planning, evaluation phases
initiation, planning,
and evaluation implementation implementation implementation
implementation
phases and evaluation and evaluation and evaluation
and evaluation
phases phases phases
phases

School of Health Sciences September 2018

 LO #4 Demonstrate abilities and competencies in creating appropriate and unique
solutions while managing and working with the challenges of project delivery.
No or extremely Inadequate 1) Sufficient 1) Good 1) Substantial 1) Outstanding 1)
limited 1) integration of integration of integration of integration of integration of
integration of relevant relevant relevant relevant relevant leadership
relevant leadership and leadership and leadership and leadership and and change theories
leadership and change theories to change theories to change theories to change theories to to the student’s own
change theories to the student’s own the student’s own the student’s own the student’s own project; and 2)
the student’s own project; and 2) project; and 2) project; and 2) project; and 2) creative use of
project; and 2) no little creative use some creative use adequate creative creative use of abilities and
creative use of of abilities and of abilities and use of abilities and abilities and competencies in
abilities and competencies in competencies in competencies in competencies in managing and
competencies in managing and managing and managing and managing and working with the
managing and working with the working with the working with the working with the challenges (e.g.,
working with the challenges (e.g., challenges (e.g., challenges (e.g., challenges (e.g., relationships across
challenges (e.g., relationships relationships relationships relationships different phases,
relationships across different across different across different across different difficult and untried
across different phases, difficult phases, difficult phases, difficult phases, difficult situations, working
phases, difficult and untried and untried and untried and untried with resistance) of
and untried situations, working situations, working situations, working situations, working project delivery
situations, working with resistance) of with resistance) of with resistance) of with resistance) of
with resistance) of project delivery project delivery project delivery project delivery
project delivery

Students - please copy & paste your work below

School of Health Sciences September 2018

 Reducing Smoking among Young Adults in England

INTRODUCTION
Smoking is one of the most significant causes of over 50 serious health conditions, resulting in
fatal or long-term damage to both smokers and passive smokers (NHS, 2023). Additionally, it is
one of the leading causes, contributing to over 78,000 deaths each year globally.
Research has shown some of both the most significant negative consequences and factors of
smoking during young adulthood, which are briefly shown in Table 1 below:

Figure 1 Smoking Outcomes and Factors

Consequences Factors
An increased risk of health problems such as lung The tobacco industry's advertising and marketing
cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses efforts, making young adults more susceptible to
(Barrington-Trimis et al., 2018) smoking initiation and maintenance (Wakefield et
al., 2013).
Significant financial costs associated with Peer pressure and social norms (Borsari and
purchasing cigarettes and healthcare costs Carey, 2003)
related to smoking-related illnesses (Shi et al.,
2020)
Lower educational attainment, lower income, and Mental health issues (Bandiera et al., 2015)
poorer job prospects (Halpern-Felsher et al.,
2004)
Mental health issues (Breslau et al., 2011) Easy access to cigarettes (Fowles et al., 2002)

Poorer cognitive functioning (Iasevoli et al., 2013) Lower socioeconomic backgrounds (Jarvis, 2004)
Engagement in risky behaviours (Kassel et al.,
2003)

The prevalence of smoking among young adults in England, Scotland, and Wales is dramatically
high, reported as 15.8%, 20.6%, and 14.7% respectively (Office for National Statistics, 2021; The
Scottish Government, 2019; The Welsh Government, 2020). According to Office for National
Statistics (2021), smoking among individuals aged 25 to 34 has also been reported as the highest
percentage of current smokers in the UK (figure 1).

School of Health Sciences September 2018

 Figure 2 Annual Population Survey, Office for National Statistics

Despite concerning statistics, there is still hope since more than half of smokers aged 16 and
above in the UK express a desire to quit, with a significant success rate of 62.5% among ex-
smokers (Ben Windsor-Shellard, 2020), which indicates a great potential and opportunity for a
change that can be used to reduce young adult smoking.
Overall, it can be concluded that smoking is not only a threat to individual health but also a public
health issue that requires effective action. Therefore, the project manager intends to leverage a
proposed invention by implementing change theory, leadership, and management skills to reduce
tobacco use among young adults in England.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

PROJECT INITIATION

In project management, the project initiation phase plays a vital role in determining project value
and stakeholder satisfaction (Rado & Nistor, 2013). It involves selecting a project manager, who
holds a critical position for project success. Moreover, stakeholders, including sponsors, owners,
and teams, evaluate and define project objectives.

CHANGE PROCESS

In order to ensure the successful implementation of a new initiative, it is critical for project
managers to adopt change theory as a framework for understanding the process and rationale
behind the initiative. Connell and Kubisch (1998) highlight the importance of change theory in
achieving positive outcomes. Developing plausible, achievable, and testable theories of change
based on diverse sources of information is crucial. Additionally, considering the external
environment allows for strategic planning and evaluation, increasing the likelihood of desired
outcomes.
Therefore, change theory, by providing a framework to understand behaviour change and
implement effective interventions tailored to their needs and motivations, is crucial for this project.
Furthermore, it will help address underlying factors, promote behaviour change, and foster
healthier habits in this target population.
According to Lewin's Change Management Model, successful implementation involves three
stages: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing (Lewin, 1951).

Figure 3 Lewin's Change Model (2021)

In the unfreezing stage, force field analysis is used to identify driving and restraining forces
impacting the initiative's success (Cummings & Worley, 2014). Positive driving forces, such as
health benefits and stakeholder/government support, can leverage change (McCambridge et al.,
2014). On the other hand, negative restraining forces, like opposition from tobacco companies
and individual resistance, must also be addressed (Lee et al., 2015; Hawkins et al., 2016). The
changing stage requires implementing programs, and policies, and allocating resources (Grol et

School of Health Sciences September 2018

al., 2013). In the refreezing stage, changes are solidified, and adjustments are made for
sustained success (Kotter, 1996).
By applying change theory and utilizing FFA and Fishbone analysis, the PM will assess the
feasibility of reducing tobacco use among young adults in England and develop strategies to
overcome barriers.

FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS

FFA is a problem-solving tool that helps identify and analyse the driving and restraining forces
influencing behaviour (Lewin, 1951). It has been assumed as a patient-centred approach which
can be used to facilitate behavioural change in patients with long-term illnesses, such as smoking
(Vanetzian, 1988). By unfreezing and refreezing behaviours, it provides hope and support to
patients while offering valuable insights into decision-making and effective behaviour change
strategies. The study conducted by Chang et al. (2014) on smoking cessation among high school
students in Taiwan demonstrates the significance of understanding and addressing these forces
for designing interventions.
Table 1 Force Field Analysis

Driving Forces Score* Score* Restraining Forces

Increased awareness of health
risks through public campaigns 5 5 Addiction to nicotine
and education
Personal desire to quit 5 4 Easy access to cigarettes
Availability of cessation programs 4 3 Social pressure to smoke
and medication
Strict smoking bans in public 4 2 Negative emotions and stress
places
Improved access to nicotine 3 2 Low self-efficacy
replacement therapy
High taxes on cigarettes 3 2 Lack of social support

Support from friends and family 2

Total 26 18
*These forces were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 indicating the Weak impact and 5 indicating the Strong impact.

The above Table highlights strong driving forces supporting the proposed change, such as
increased health awareness, personal motivation, and accessible cessation programs,
contributing to a total score of 26, indicating a favourable environment for change. However, there
are also restraining forces, such as nicotine addiction, easy access to cigarettes, and social
pressure, resulting in a total score of 18. Understanding the impact of these driving and restraining

School of Health Sciences September 2018

forces is crucial for designing effective interventions. While the table provides a comprehensive
overview, focusing on the most significant forces, allowed the project manager to prioritize efforts
and address key factors that will influence the success of the proposed change.

The Fishbone Analysis

According to Ishikawa (1985), Fishbone Analysis, also known as the Ishikawa diagram or cause-
and-effect diagram, is a tool used to identify and analyse potential causes of a problem or effect.
By brainstorming potential causes within each category, the analysis helps teams explore the root
causes of the problem.

Figure 3 Fishbone Analysis diagram

Education and awareness are key factors identified in studies by Tang et al. (2013), Lee et al.
(2022), and Xu et al. (2015) that influence smoking-related challenges. Tang et al. found that
physicians with greater awareness were more likely to initiate smoking cessation programs. Lee
et al. discovered that awareness of cessation policies and living environment affected female
smokers' intention to quit. However, Xu et al. revealed that higher education didn't guarantee
higher quitting rates among young male smokers. Therefore, the PM assumes that addressing
education and awareness gaps is crucial to combat smoking, requiring interventions that
empower individuals and integrate comprehensive cessation programs into education and
healthcare systems.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

Goal Statement of Project

To effectively reduce smoking among young adults in England.

Objectives of Project

The objective of the PM is to implement evidence-based initiatives that effectively reduce tobacco
use among young adults in England by up to 10% by 2033. The objective aligns with the findings
of the analyses, emphasizing the importance of innovative educational strategies, such as social
media interventions and peer education programs, in addressing smoking behaviour (WHO,
2019).
The target of a 10% reduction was set based on the need to achieve a significant decrease in
smoking prevalence among young adults, considering the baseline rate and the desired impact
of the project. Drawing lessons from successful anti-smoking campaigns like the "Quit" campaign
in the UK and other countries, and the Gateshead smoking reduction project, PM aims to
implement evidence-based strategies and best practices to increase the likelihood of achieving
the objectives over the next 10 years (WHO, 2019; Khan, 2022).

Implementing targeted social media campaigns and educational initiatives to raise awareness about
the harmful effects of smoking among young adults in England.

Establishing peer education programs in schools and communities to empower young adults with
knowledge and skills to resist smoking and promote a smoke-free environment.

Collaborating with healthcare professionals and policymakers to enhance tailored smoking cessation
services, including counselling, medication, and support programs, for young adults.

Conducting research and evaluation studies to inform evidence-based strategies and track progress
towards reducing smoking rates among young adults.

Figure 4 Chart, describing the process to reach the objective

School of Health Sciences September 2018

Stakeholders

The stakeholders involved in a project can greatly impact its success, and it is important to
differentiate between those who will benefit from the project and those who are invested in it.

Table 2 Stakeholder Analysis

stakeholders Involvement

Young Adults Beneficiary

Families and Friends of Young Adults Beneficiary

Wider England Community Beneficiary

Public Health Officials Participant

Policymakers Participant

Educational Institutions Participant

Peer education volunteers Participant

Youth Organizations Participant

Healthcare Providers Participant

NGOs Participant

Funding Agencies Participant

According to WHO (2004) in its European Strategy for Smoking Cessation Policy, conflicting
views and challenges among stakeholders have been anticipated. As such, varying approaches,
such as education campaigns versus regulatory policies, may give rise to tensions and
disagreements. Moreover, studies conducted by Dobbins et al. (2015) suggest that stakeholders,
including tobacco companies and retailers, may have vested interests in maintaining high tobacco
consumption, further complicating efforts to reduce tobacco use among young adults.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

PROJECT PLANNING & FEASIBILITY

PM believes that educating individuals is crucial for preventing harmful behaviours like smoking;
Since innovative strategies such as social media interventions and peer education have emerged
as promising approaches, he has decided to engage them as a suitable way to deliver educational
purpose (Haines-Saah et al., 2015; Ayaz & Açıl, 2015; Orsal & Ergun, 2021). Therefore,
policymakers, public health officials, and stakeholders will be prioritized for implementing these
approaches to effectively reduce smoking among young adults.
Additionally, research is supporting such an approach. For instance, social media interventions,
like the "Picture Me Smokefree" study on Facebook, engaged young adults aged 19-24, promoted
self-reflection on tobacco use, and encouraged quitting (Haines-Saah et al., 2015). This highlights
the importance of using social media as a platform for delivering educational messages,
understanding quitting benefits, and identifying effective strategies. Combining social media
interventions with other educational approaches, such as peer education programs, workshops,
school-based initiatives, and targeted campaigns, can create comprehensive strategies to reduce
smoking rates among young adults (Ayaz & Açıl, 2015; Orsal & Ergun, 2021). These approaches
provide accurate information about smoking's harmful effects, promote healthy behaviours, and
empower young adults to make informed decisions. Furthermore, peer education has proven
effective in informing young individuals about smoking dangers and countering negative
influences (Ayaz & Açıl, 2015). Peer educators, who have personal experiences with smoking,
can significantly influence their peers' behaviour and advocate for a smoke-free environment
(Orsal & Ergun, 2021).
In light of the above, PM and his team will use suggested approaches to effectively combat the
smoking epidemic among young adults in England by developing a comprehensive
communication and engagement plan, which will include key aspects such as identifying specific
information, determining appropriate timing, and utilizing targeted delivery methods for each
stakeholder group and by implementing it, significant progress will be achieved.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

RESOURCES AND EXPERTISE NEEDED

Based on the number of young adult smokers in England which has been reported smoking
prevalence of 15.8% (Office for National Statistics, 2021), and the population size of this age
range, it is crucial to allocate the necessary resources and expertise to effectively address this
issue within the targeted community. Below are the resources needed:

1. Planning Team: 5 individuals

2. Communication Team: 8 individuals
3. Fundraising/Financial Team: 5 individuals
4. Media Team: 5 individuals
5. Welfare Team: 10 individuals
6. Transport and Logistics Team: 3 individuals
7. Volunteer Recruitment: Minimum of 200 volunteers

Furthermore, the PM estimated cost at approximately £1.1 million each year (£750,000 for
implementation and intervention, and £350,000 for operational expenses) based on information
from previous efforts (Khan, 2022). This funding will be secured through a combination of funding
from the UK Department of Health and Social Care, grants from the Research Councils UK
(RCUK), sponsorships from the University College London (UCL), and public donations facilitated
by the British Heart Foundation.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

GANTT CHART

A Gantt chart is a visual representation that shows the timeline, tasks, and dependencies of a
project, providing a clear overview of project progress and helping to manage and organise
activities effectively (Nahmias, 2013).

The Gantt chart below presents an overview of the key tasks, milestones, and responsible teams
involved in the project. These tasks were developed based on the data obtained from the force
field analysis and fishbone analysis conducted during the initiation phase.

Table 3 Gantt Chart

Reducing Smoking among young adults in England

Start
date:
May 1, Nov Apr May 1, July 1, April May 1, 2025 May 1, 2026 May 1, 2032
1 May
2023 2023 1, 30, 2024 2024 2024 30, to to to
NO 2023
2025 April 30, 2026 April 30, 2032 April 30, 2033
Year
Project 1
Initiation Phase

Research and 6m
Planning

Social Media 1
Campaign
Peer Education 10
Program
m
School-Based 1
Initiatives
Targeted 1
Campaigns
Evaluation and 6
Monitoring

Collaboration 6
and
Partnerships
Continuation 1
and
Sustainability

Milestone 1

Milestone 2

Milestone 3

School of Health Sciences September 2018

The Table below briefly expresses details about the chart:

Table 4 Gantt Chart Brief Description

Time objectives
Year 1 Assessing needs, setting objectives, conducting research, developing a
1 May 2023 – 30 Apr 2024
plan, and securing funding
Year 2 Developing social media strategy, recruiting/training peer educators, and
1 May 2024 – 30 Apr 2025
implementing campaigns
Year 3 Collaborating with schools, organising workshops, and targeting specific
1 May 2025 – 30 Apr 2026
groups with campaigns
Year 4-9 Evaluating impact, adjusting as needed, collaborating with stakeholders,
1 May 2026 – 30 Apr 2032
and seeking partnerships
Year 10 Focusing on sustainability, expanding the project, seeking funding, and
1 May 2032 – 30 Apr 2033
planning for post-project impact
Milestone 1
Baseline Assessment Conducting needs assessment, setting objectives, and developing the
and Planning (By
project plan
April 2024)

Milestone 2
Implementation and Executing social media campaigns, evaluating effectiveness, and
Impact Assessment
assessing impact
(By April 2026)

Milestone 3
Sustainability and Continuously reviewing progress, collaborating, seeking funding, and
Long-Term Impact
planning for post-project impact
(Ongoing throughout
Years 4-10)

School of Health Sciences September 2018

RISK ASSESSMENT

A risk assessment is a systematic process that helps identify, evaluate, and manage risks in a
project.

Table 5 The Risk Assessment Table

Risk Description Association Likelihood Impact Risk Response

Score

Risk of limited involvement and

cooperation from stakeholders,
Stakeholder which can result in misalignment Moderate Medium High 6 Mitigate
Engagement
and lack of support.

Risk of insufficient funding to meet

Inadequate project requirements and support Moderate High Medium 6 Mitigate
Funding key activities.

Risk of low awareness and

Limited involvement among the target
Awareness and audience, affecting project reach Low Medium Medium 4 Mitigate
Participation
and impact.

Risk of stakeholders or external

parties opposing project initiatives,
Resistance and leading to conflicts and challenges in Moderate Medium High 6 Mitigate
Opposition
implementation.

Risk of project strategies or

Program interventions not being effective in
Ineffectiveness achieving project goals. Moderate Medium Medium 4 Mitigate

Risk of encountering ethical

dilemmas during project
implementation, requiring careful
Ethical
consideration and adherence to Low Low Low 3 Accept
Considerations
ethical standards.

The project team conducted a thorough risk identification session and identified several risks
specific to the project. The risk assessment table above presents the identified risks, their
association with project implementation, likelihood, impact, and risk scores. Responses of accept,
avoid, or mitigate controllable risks, have been assigned. This comprehensive risk assessment
process enabled the PM to proactively address potential challenges and ensure project success.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

Effective communication management involves the transfer of information within or between

businesses. It focuses on utilizing diverse communication strategies to effectively engage specific
target audiences, including customers, employees, suppliers, and media outlets (Raupp and
Hoffjann, 2012).

Table 6 Stakeholders description table

Level Level
Stakeholder of of Influence Communication Engagement
Interest Level

Young Adults High High Regular updates through social media, Active
surveys, and forums

Public Health High High Meetings, reports, and consultations Active

Officials

Policymakers High High Briefings, presentations, and policy Active

discussions

Educational High Medium Meetings, workshops, and educational Involved

Institutions materials

Youth Organizations Medium Medium Workshops, events, and collaborative Involved

projects

Healthcare Providers Medium High Meetings, training sessions, and health Informed
campaigns

Non-Governmental
Organizations High Medium Partnerships, meetings, and joint Involved
(NGOs) initiatives

Funding Agencies High High Grant applications, progress reports, Active

and meetings

The project's communication plan, presented in the table above, outlines the communication
methods and levels to be employed during the implementation phase. It identifies the
stakeholders with whom the project manager will interact, considering their level of interest,
influence, and respective roles.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

COMMUNICATION AND ENGAGEMENT PLAN

A strong and accurate communication and engagement plan is vital to the success of the project,
which can enable efficient and meaningful interaction with diverse stakeholder groups.
This plan outlines the key aspects of communication, including What information will be
communicated, When it will be shared, and the methods employed to engage each stakeholder
group effectively (Who and How?).

Table 7 Stakeholder communication table

Who? What? When? How?

(Stakeholder) (Communication Content) (Timing) (Communication Channels)

Harmful effects of smoking,

Young Adults benefits of quitting, available Regular updates Social media platforms,
support programs, progress surveys, interactive forums
updates

Public Health Project objectives, strategies, Key project Meetings, presentations,

Officials outcomes, seeking expert input, milestones, progress consultations
guidance, support reviews

Policymakers Project goals, strategies, Project planning, Briefings, policy discussions,

anticipated impact, seeking implementation, presentations
endorsement, policy alignment, evaluation stages
resource allocation

Educational Collaborative opportunities, Before implementing Meetings, workshops

Institutions workshops, educational school-based
resources for smoking cessation initiatives
and prevention among students

Youth Partnership opportunities, joint Throughout the Collaborative meetings, events,

Organizations initiatives, resource sharing for project timeline project-specific engagements
anti-smoking campaigns

Healthcare Training programs, awareness Ongoing Meetings, training sessions,

Providers campaigns, resources for health campaigns
supporting smoking cessation
efforts

Non-Governmental Partnership opportunities, Throughout the Joint meetings, project-specific

Organizations collaboration on initiatives, project timeline engagements
(NGOs) resource sharing for enhanced
project impact

Funding Agencies Project proposals, grant As per funding Proposal submission, progress
applications, progress reports, agency's guidelines updates, final reports
financial accountability

School of Health Sciences September 2018

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
To effectively describe the transition phase from the planning phase to the implementation phase,
the project manager integrates plans, assigns tasks, and closely monitors progress. This crucial
phase ensures the successful achievement of objectives by carefully transitioning from the
planning stage to the actual implementation process. For this purpose, effective leadership
qualities, such as motivation, charisma, and influence, which will play an essential role in
establishing and developing relationships, while also balancing individual and group demands,
are essential (Northouse, 2018).
In the tobacco reduction project, the project manager acknowledges the significance of
transformational leadership and employee engagement for success. Transformational leadership,
known for inspiring and motivating team members through a compelling vision and supportive
work environment, has been extensively studied and proven effective (O'Brien & Cooper, 2022).
Furthermore, Fulwiler and Gerlach's (2014) research supports the importance of embracing
transformational leadership and fostering engagement for continuous improvement,
sustainability, and excellence in health and safety practices. By emphasizing these approaches,
the project manager aims to inspire the team, encourage innovation, and create a supportive work
environment tailored to tobacco reduction efforts among young adult smokers in England.
The project manager will utilize the data from the Gantt chart and communication plan to monitor
and report the progress of the selected major activity throughout the project. The Gantt chart,
providing a visual representation of the timeline and tasks at each stage, will play a crucial role in
effectively monitoring the activities. Additionally, the communication plan will ensure regular
updates and information sharing with stakeholders, including young adults, public health officials,
policymakers, educational institutions, and funding agencies. By utilizing targeted communication
channels and maintaining timely interactions, the project team will report progress, gather
feedback, and foster collaborative efforts, ultimately contributing to the successful implementation
of the project.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

SCENARIO

Based on the analysis of the risks discussed in Table 6, two scenarios have been considered:

• In Scenario 1, a problem arose during the implementation phase, which required an

extension of the project timeline. The PM identified that the original timeframe did not allow
sufficient time to conduct in-depth research on the target audience. To address this issue,
the PM updated the Gantt chart by adding an additional two months to the research phase.
This adjustment allowed the team to gather comprehensive data and insights, leading to
more informed decision-making and a higher likelihood of project success. Despite the
extended timeline, the PM's leadership style remained consistent, emphasizing effective
project management and collaboration. The outcome was a well-informed project plan and
improved chances of achieving the desired outcomes.

• In Scenario 2, The project faced the challenge of limited awareness and participation
among the target audience. To address this, the PM collaborated with influential social
media influencers and local celebrities to increase project visibility. Community events in
partnership with youth organizations were organized to encourage active participation.
These interventions successfully raised awareness and increased engagement, resulting
in positive outcomes for the project. The PM's strategic decisions showcased effective
leadership and adaptability in mitigating the risk.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

PROJECT EVALUATION

Evaluation plays a vital role in the project by systematically assessing intervention effectiveness,
target population relevance, contextual factors, mechanisms of success, and potential adverse
effects (Denford et al., 2018). It is crucial for building an evidence base supporting effective
interventions in public health policy and practice. Conducting rigorous evaluations, despite their
challenges, generates reliable evidence for informed decision-making and improved public health
outcomes.

Table 8 Project Evaluation

Resources &
Objective Expected Outcomes Information Needed Data Source

Implement targeted social Increased engagement, Social media platforms, Social media
media campaigns and improved knowledge, and educational materials, analytics,
educational initiatives to raise increased willingness to and communication surveys,
awareness about the harmful quit smoking. channels. website analytics.
effects of smoking among
young adults in England.
Increased participation,
Establish peer education enhanced knowledge, and Training materials, Program records,
programs in schools and
increased adoption of educational resources, assessments, and
communities to empower
young adults with knowledge smoke-free behaviours. and collaborations. surveys.
and skills to resist smoking.

Improved availability, Collaboration with

Collaborate with healthcare accessibility, and healthcare providers, Service utilization
professionals and
utilization of tailored development of tailored records, feedback
policymakers to enhance
smoking cessation services cessation services, programs, counselling forms, and quit rate
for young adults. resulting in higher quit resources, and data.
rates. medications.

Conduct research and Data-driven insights, Research publications, Research findings,

evaluation studies to inform identification of barriers evaluation frameworks, evaluation reports,
evidence-based strategies and
and facilitators, ongoing and data collection progress reports on
monitor progress
tracking of progress. tools. smoking rates.

The table above presents a brief overview of the evaluation section, outlining the main objectives,
expected outcomes, required resources, and data sources for assessing the progress and impact
of the project.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

PROJECT ASSESSMENT

Following the successful implementation of the project, the PM conducted an assessment to

evaluate the effectiveness of communication and leadership styles used throughout the change
process. Stakeholder feedback was collected from team members, young adults, public health
officials, and community partners to gain valuable insights.
Additionally, the Project Manager used the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), a
recognized assessment tool, to evaluate communication and leadership styles (Jankelová &
Joniaková, 2021). Using a Likert scale, the MLQ measured transformational leadership
behaviours, providing valuable insights into the perception of leadership within the project. This
assessment facilitated reflection and enabled potential adjustments to enhance outcomes. The
MLQ played an essential role in conducting a comprehensive evaluation, informing future
decision-making, and driving continuous improvement efforts.
The assessment revealed strengths and areas for improvement in communication and leadership
strategies. While the PM confirmed the project's successful achievement of its objective, these
findings will inform future decision-making, enhance project effectiveness, and contribute to long-
term success in reducing tobacco use among young adults in England.

LIMITATIONS

Throughout our project, PM and his team faced limitations that influenced their effectiveness in
reaching the target population. One notable limitation was the unequal access to the internet and
digital devices, particularly in deprived areas. This hindered their ability to engage with young
adults who lacked internet connectivity or could not afford the necessary devices. As a result, the
project's reach and impact on this specific group were limited.
This limitation provided valuable insights into the barriers faced by specific segments of the target
population and highlighted the need for tailored strategies to ensure inclusivity and address
underlying factors. Future initiatives should carefully consider these limitations and develop
targeted interventions that are responsive to these challenges.

School of Health Sciences September 2018

CONCLUSION

Throughout the project, PM has acquired valuable experiences that will greatly contribute to his
current and future professional roles. As the project manager, he has successfully developed and
improved his leadership and communication skills through extensive collaboration with
stakeholders, utilization of effective analysis techniques such as force field analysis and fishbone
diagrams, and careful implementation of structured project plans using tools like Gantt charts.
Additionally, PM has gained essential expertise in risk assessment, communication and
engagement planning, and assessment and evaluation methodologies, which have significantly
enhanced his professional toolkit.

Applying the invaluable lessons learned from this project to PM’s area of study, He is poised to
engage his experienced leadership and communication skills to inspire and motivate teams,
establish clear objectives, and foster a collaborative working environment. Furthermore, PM is
eager to assist and guide his colleagues in their own change initiatives by sharing best practices,
providing support in overcoming challenges and facilitating effective communication channels for
project success.

Moreover, the impact of this project extends beyond the PM’s immediate work environment, as
the strategies and approaches implemented, such as targeted social media campaigns, peer
education and collaboration with healthcare professionals and policymakers, hold relevance and
applicability in various fields. Hence, these transferable practices can be adapted and
implemented to address diverse public health concerns or applied to initiatives targeting different
age groups or behaviour modifications.

Word count: 3166, including in-text citations

School of Health Sciences September 2018

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