Summary

Quadratic Functions, Equations and

CHAPTER A1 ^Inequalities
A Quadratic Functions
Maximum and minimum values
Any quadratic function in gereral form ax2 + bx + c can be transformed to
completed square form a(x - h)2 + k.
x = h (line of symmetry) 1 (/z, k), maximum point

/i V
/i\ y = a(x - h)2 + k,
y = a(x - h)2 + k,
a>0
I
I (/?, k), minimum point x = h (line of symmetry)

B Simultaneous Equations by Substitution method

By solving the simultaneous equations of two graphs, we can find the
coordinates of their points of intersection.

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 Nature of Roots of Quadratic Equations in the Form of
c ax2 + bx + c = 0

For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c - 0, we have

Discriminant Nature of Roots

b2 - 4ac > 0 2 real and distinct roots

b2 - 4ac = 0 2 real and repeated roots

b2 - 4ac < 0 no real roots

D Discriminant and Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c

b2 - 4ac > 0 b2 — 4ac — 0 b2 - 4ac < 0

a>0

ax2 + bx + c is
always positive

A
■r

■x
a<0

ax2 + bx + c\s
always negative

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 Conditions for the Intersection of a Line and a
E Quadratic Curve
Discriminant Nature of Point of Intersection
b2 — 4ac > 0 Line intersects/cuts curve at 2 points
Line touches curve at 1 point/
b2 — 4ac = 0 Line is a tangent to curve
b2 — 4ac < 0 Line does not intersect curve

F Quadratic Inequalities
Steps to solve a quadratic inequality.
(a) Rearrage the terms such that the LHS is in the form ar+bx + c^
RHS is zero.
(b) Solve ax2 + bx + c to find the roots.
(c) Sketch the quadratic graph, indicating the roots.
(d) Identify the range of values of x.

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 CHAPTER A2 ^Surds

A Surds

A surd is an irrational number involving the nth root such as -j~5 and ^4.
Laws of Surds
i. = Jo" x b
7

3. /a" x /a” = (Ja)2 = a

mj~a ± nj~a = (m ±
4. mJa

B Rationalisation of Surds
The product of irrational conjugate surds,/? + qj~a and p — qyj~a, is a rational
number.
Rationalisation is the process of eliminating a surd from the denominator of
an expression.

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 CHAPTER A3 ^Polynomials and Partial Fractions

A Polynomials
A polynomial in x is an algebraic expression consisting of terms with
non-negative powers of x only in the form of
ax" + + an_2x^2 + • • • + azx2 + a\x + ao'
If an± 0, the highest power of x in the polynomial, n, is the degree of the
polynomial.
The constants aIV, an-P,, a> ... a2, a{, a0 are called coefficients.

B Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Polynomials

Polynomials can be added or subtracted by combining the like terms. Two

polynomials can be multiplied using the distributive law.

C Long Division

The long division algorithm can be written as:

Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder.

» Remainder Theorem

If a polynomial P(x) is divided by a linear divisor ax + b, the remainder is

p(4)-a

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 E Factor Theorem
If ax + b is a factor of P(x), then p (-—)= 0.

F Factorisation of Polynomials
To factorise a cubic polynomial, we first use trial and error to find a factor,
and then apply long division to find the other two factors.

G Sum and Difference of Cubes

a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 -ab + b2)
a3 -b3 = (a- b)(a2 + ab + b2')

H Cubic Equations
To solve a cubic equation, we first use trial and error to find a root, and then
apply long division to find the other two roots.

I Partial Fractions

Distinct Linear Factors in Denominator

px + q A B
+ „+where and Bare constants.
Repeated Linear Factors in Denominator
px + q A B C
(ax + b)(cx + d)2 ax + b
+ cx + d
+ (ex + d)2 ’
where A, B and C are
constants.
Quadratic Factor that Cannot be Factorised in Denominator
px + q A Bx+ C
&Tw^r^b + where A'B and c are constants-

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 CHAPTER A4 ^Binomal Expansions*
* This chapter is not in NA A Math Syllabus

A Binomial Theorem
(a + &)" = ( " " jif-'b' + ... +

(l+&)'’=l + (;)& + (")&2..

■+(.”>,+O-
n
where ( ” ) = n! n(n-l)(n-2)...(w-r+l)
(n - r)!r! r!

B General Term In Binomial Expansion

In the binomial expansion of (a + b)n, where n is a positive integer, the

(r + l),h term is given by

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 Indices, Exponential and
CHAPTER A5 L Logarithmic Functions*
* This chapter is not in NA A Math Syllabus

A Laws of Indices
1. a'"^an = am+n 6. a°=l,a/0
n -n 1
2. am + an = an'-" 7. a"~ —
1 a"^~
3. (om)n = offln 8.
4. a" x b" = (a x by 9. a'" = (^yn =
5. ?
bn
-(!)■

B Logarithms

Ifj = a\ then x = logay, where a > 0, a / 1 andj > 0.

C Laws of Logarithm

1. Power Law logay, = nlogax

2. Product Law loga xy = loga x + loga y

3. Quotient Law log07 = logax-logaj/

logc&
4. Change of Base Law loga/> = logca

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 D Common Logarithms and Natural Logarithms
Common logarithms are logarithms to base 10.
We have log10 x = 1g x.

Natural logarithms are logarithms to base e where e = 2.718...

We have loge x = In x.

Trigonometric Functions, Identities and

CHAPTER G1 ^Equations
A Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Ratios of Acute Angles

r
1) y
o X

sin 9 = — tan 9 = —
1 r
r cosec 0=
x sin 9 y
1 r 1_ X
cos 9 = — sec 9 = cot# =
r cos 9 x tan 9 y

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Trigonometric Ratios of Angles in Four Quadrants

sin 6 > 0 y sin 3 > 0

Only Sine ratio All trigo ratios
cos 0 < 0 is positive are positive cos 9 > 0
tan 0 < 0 tan 0 > 0
0= 180°-a 0=a
r
y if y
.a x
-y r -y
0=180°+ a 0 = 36O°-a
sin 0 < 0 sin 0 < 0
cos 0 < 0 Only Tangent Only Cosine cos 6 > 0
tan 0 > 0 ratio is positive ratio is positive tan 0 < 0

Complementary Angles

sin (90° - 0) = cos 0

cos (90° - 0) = sin 0
1
tan (90° - 0) = tan 0 = cot 9

Negative Angles

sin (-0) = -sin 6

cos (-0) = cos 6
tan (-9) = - tan 6

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 B Principal Values of sin1 x, cos1 xand tan1 x
Principal value of sin-1 k = sin-1 k for -90° < sin-1 k < 90°.
Principal value of cos-1 k = cos-1 k for 0° < cos-1 k < 180°.
Principal value of tan-1 k = tan-1 k for -90° < tan-1 k < 90°.

C Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles

Principal value of sin-1 k = sin-1 k for -90° < sin-1 k < 90°.

X
sinx cosx tanx
0° 0 1 0

30° 2 /3 /3
2 2 3

45° /2 /2
2 1
2

/3
60°
2
2 3
2
90° 1 0 undefined

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D Graph Of y = a sm(bx) + c

lfll Amplitude = |a|

270° 360°
b b
X
„ . J 360° 2n
Period = —-— =
O 90° 180°
b b
b T
-|o|

E Graph of y = a cos(bx) + c

l«l Amplitude = |a|

180°
b „ . , 360° 2n
9CT
X Period = —— = ~b
O 270° 360° b
b b b
t
-|a|

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 F Graph Of y = a tan(bx) + c

• 1 180° it
360° Period = —j—
b ~b
b
■X
O

G Basic Trigonometric Identities

sin 0
tan 0 =
cos 0

sin2 6 + cos2 0=1

tan2 0 + 1 = sec2 0
cot2 0 + 1 = cosec2 0

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 T

H Addition Formula/Compound Angle Formula

sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A ± tan B
tan (A ± B) =
1 + tan A tan B

I Double Angle Formula

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
cos 2A = 2 cos2 A - 1
= 1-2 sin2 A
= cos2 A - sin2 A
2 tan J
tan 2/4 = 1 - tan2 A

R Formula

a sin 0 ± b cos 0 = R sin (0 ± a)

a cos 6 ± b sin 0 = R cos (0 + a)
where R = ^a2 + b2 and a = tan'1 —
a

R, b

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 Coordinate Geometry in Two
CHAPTER G2 ^Dimensions

A Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

For two lines l} and Z, with gradient and m2 respectively, if Zt is
perpendicular to l2, then x m2 = 1.

B Midpoint of Line Segment

The midpoint of P(xx,y^ and Q(x„y^ is ( Xi+*2 V-b’t
2’2?

a Perpendicular Bisector
The perpendicular bisector of a line AB is perpendicular to AB and passes
through the midpoint of AB.

D Area of Rectilinear Figures

The area of an n-sided polygon with vertices B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3)>
Mx„,yn)is
x
5A
2 ~y?<y>

= y [(x,y2 + X2y3 + ... + X,y,) - (x,yn+x^, + ... + x/,)]

where A, B, C, ...,N are taken in an anticlockwise direction.

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 E Equation of Circles
Equation of a circle in the standard form is (x - a)1 + (y - b)2 = r2, where
(a, b) is the centre and r is the radius.
The equation of a circle in the general form is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,
where (-g,-f) is the centre and 7g2+/2-c is the radius.

F Application of Straight Line Graphs (linear Law)*

Linear law is used to determine the equations of non-linear graphs by
converting them to a straight line.

CHAPTER G3 LProofs in Plane Geometry*

* This chapter is not in NA A Math Syllabus

A Recall from E Math

Properties of Parallel Lines

If AB is parallel to CD, then we have

1. Ax = Ay (corr. As, AB H CD)
A z t
B
2. Ay = Az (alt. As, AB II CD) ’7
C D
3. Aw + Ay = 180° (int. As, AB II CD)

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Perpendicular Bisector and Angle Bisector

1. Any point on the perpendicular bisector perpendicular

of a line segment is equidistant from bisector of AB
the two end points of the line segment.

A B

angle bisector
2. Any point on the angle bisector of an B of LBAC
angle is equidistant from the two
sides of the angle.

A C

Properties of Triangles

In triangle ABC, we have

A

1. ABAC + AABC + Z_ACB = 180° (Asum of A)

2. AABD = ABAC + AACB (ext. A of A)

D B C

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 I

Special Quadrilaterals

Name of Quadrilateral Properties

Trapezium One pair of opposite sides are parallel.

1. Two pairs of equal adjacent sides.

Kite I
2. Diagonals are perpendicular to each other.

1. Two pairs of parallel and equal opposite sides.

Parallelogram
2. Diagonals bisect each other.

1. Two pairs of parallel and equal opposite sides.

2. All interior angles are right angles.
Rectangle
3. Diagonals are equal in length and bisect each
other.

1. All sides are equal in length.

2. Opposite sides are parallel to each other.
Rhombus
3. Diagonals are perpendicular to each other and
bisect each other.

1. All sides are equal in length.

2. Opposite sides are parallel to each other.
Square 3. All interior angles are right angles.
4. Diagonals are equal in length, perpendicular to
each other and bisect each other.

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Properties of Triangles

Symmetrical Properties of Circles

1. Perpendicular from the centre bisects the chord.
2. Equal chords are equidistant from centre.

Angle Properties of Circles

1. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
2. Angle at centre is twice the angle at the circumference.
3. Angles in the same segment are equal.
4. Angles in opposite segments are supplementary.

Properties Involving Tangents to Circles

1. Tangent is perpendicular to the radius.
2. Tangents from the external point to the same circle are equal in length.
3. Line connecting centre to external point bisects angle between the tangents.

Congruent Triangles

Properties of Congruent Triangles

1. All corresponding sides are equal in length.
2. All corresponding angles are equal.

SSS Test for Congruence

Two triangles are congruent if all three pairs of sides are equal.

SAS Test for Congruence

Two triangles are congruent if two pairs of sides and the included angles are
equal.

AAS Test for Congruence

Two triangles are congruent if two pairs of angles and one pair of sides are equal.

RHS Test for Congruence

Two right-angled triangles are congruent if their hypotenuse and one pair of
sides are equal.

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Similar Triangles

Properties of Similar Triangles

1. Ratio of all corresponding sides are equal.
2. All corresponding angles are equal.

AA Test for Similarity

Two triangles are similar if they have two pairs of equal angles.

SSS Test for Similarity

Two triangles are similar if the ratios of all three pairs of sides are equal.

SAS Test for Similarity

Two triangles are similar if the ratios of two pairs of sides and the included
angles are equal.

B Midpoint Theorem

In /\ABC, if the midpoints of AB and AC A

are D and E respectively, then we have

1. DE is parallel to BC,
1
2. DE = -^BC.
2
B C

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c Tangent-Chord Theorem (Alternate Segment Theorem)

If TB is a tangent to the circle at A, and D

C and D are on the circumference of
the circle, then we have

C
Z-CAT = [Link] (Z.s in alt. segment)

T A B

CHAPTER C1 ^Differentiation and Integration

A Derivative of y= f(x)

dy
The derivative ofjy = f(x) is or f'(x).
dx
It is also called the gradient function of_y = f(x).

Derivative of Power Functions

d
-7- (X") = MAJ'-1
dx v 7

Basic Rules of Differentiation

d
-^[K(x)] = K'(x)
d
-^7 [f(x) ± g(x)] = f'(x) ± g'(x)

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B Chain Rule

d
— [f(x)]" = »f'(x)[f(x)]"-'

C Product Rule

[ffr)g(*)] = f(x)g'W + g(x)f ’(x)

D Quotient Rule

d rf(x)i = g(x)f'(x) - ftog'CO

dx Lg(x>J [g(x)]2

E Derivative of Trigonometric Functions*

d , . , d
—(sin x) = cos x —[sin f(x)] = f'(x)cos[f(x)]
dx
d ,
—(cos x) = -sin x
d I
—[cos f(x)] =-f'(x)sm[f(x)]
dx
d d
—(tanx) = sec2x —[tan f(x)] = f'(x)sec2[f(x)]
dx

F Derivative of Exponential Functions*

d z x

=f'(x)e«

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r

G Derivative of Logarithmic Functions*

-£-(lnx) = —
d n[In rz
— f'«
f xm = —
dx f(x)

H Equation of Tangent and Normal to a Curve

If the value of — at x = x. is m, then

dx 1
equation of tangent to the curve at (Xpjj) is I y=fW
I I tangent
y-yt = m(x-xxy,

Equation of normal to the curve at (xp is ■X

0
normal

I Increasing and Decreasing Functions

y = f(x) is an increasing function for a given interval if > 0 in the interval.

y = f(x) is a decreasing function for a given interval if < 0 in the interval.

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J Stationary Points
O at points on a curvey = f(x), then/4 is a stationary point.
dx

K First Derivative Test

x x = x} Conclusion

dy
dr
4^=o
dx
dj> > o
dx
minimum point

4^>o
dx
4^=o
dx
dy
dr
maximum point

^<0 dy dy < o point of inflexion

0
dr dr dx
dv ^>0 point of inflexion
-r->0
dx dx dx

L Second Derivative Test

dy d2y
Conclusion
dr d?
=0 >0 minimum point
=0 <0 maximum point
i
=0 =0 inconclusive, use first derivative test

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r

M Rate of Change
dx
The rate of change of a variable x is given by —.

N Connected Rate of Change

Ify = f(x), then - = — xx —
dr dr

0 Integration

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

If -^-[F(x)] = f(x), then Jf(x) dx = F(x) + c.

Integral of Power Functions

p _vn +1
x" dx = ——+ c
J n+ 1
+ c, where n ± -1 and c is a constant

Basic Rules of Integration

j&f(x) dx = Ajf(x) dx
J[f(x) ± g(x)] dr = Jf(x) dr ± jg(x) dr

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P Integral of Trigonometric Functions*

Jsin x dx = - cos x + c cos (ax + b)

Jsin {ax + b) dx = ----------------- f- c
a
Jcos {ax + b) dx sin (ax + b)
Jcos x dx = sin x + c
a
Jsec2 x dx = tan x + c Jsec2 {ax + b) dx tan (ax + b)
+c
a

Q Integral of Exponential Functions*

eax+b
J?* dx = + c ar+l>dx = --------- 1- c
a

i
____ *
Integral of
■ ax + b

JJ dx = In x + c f_L_ dx- =-------------

Jax + b
In (ax + b)
a
+c

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s Definite Integral

IfJf(x) dx = F(x) + c, then

J'*f(x)dx = F(&)-F(o)
£wdx=o
pm pb pb
J\f(x) dx + J\f(x) dx =J flf(x) dx
pa pb
Jdf(x)dx = -Jflf(x)dx

■ Area Under a Curve

Area of shaded region

y
J' = Rx)

■X
O\ a b

Area of shaded region bounded by f(x) and g(x) y

y=W
=Jo fU) - g(*) dx

■X
0\ a b

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 u Kinematics*
v= a= and s = Jv dr, v = Jcr dr, where
s = displacement, v = velocity and a = acceleration.

Common Terms Interpretation

initial Z=0

fixed point 5 =0

at rest / stationary ds
v=d7 = 0

maximum / minimum displacement ds

—=v=0
dr

maximum / minimum velocity ds

d7“o = 0

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