Science, Grade 11
Rese arch
Design
Research Design
is a plan which structures a study to ensure that the
data collected and generated will contain the
information
Science, Grade 11
Methods used in Qualitative
Research ......
DESCRIPTIVE
OBSERVATIONAL
CONCEPTUAL
ANALYTICAL
Objective of
Re search Inappropriate Research
Design
Design
the data they gather may be
to ensure that the data extraneous or irrelevant to the
collection and generation problem at hand, and they
methods are geared towards might not be able to
gathering the specific adequately answer the
information which will help research problem.
answer the initial inquiry as
clearly and fully as possible.
Research Design
PROVIDES DIRECTION FOR PROCEDURES
includes collection of data, research timeline and respondents used
MAJOR RESEARCH DESIGNS
Ethnography Grounded Theory Case Study
Phenomenological Historical Narrative Inquiry
What is Example
Ethnographic
In the study of Peter Gill (2008) entitled "
Research Design THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF MEN: AN
ETHNOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF
YOUNG ADULT MALE IDENTITY" wherein
constructing the issue of men's identities,
men's health and well-being. The
researcher describe in details the ways
Study of cultural patterns of
which masculinities were observed
people and their perspective everyday.
as a group. It also involves their
beliefs, values and attitudes.
The researcher took two years as participant in observing the pattern within
the two groups engaging men9s social worlds, belongingness and sex
relationships.
What is Example
Ethnographic
In the study of Peter Gill (2008) entitled "
Research Design THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF MEN: AN
ETHNOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF
YOUNG ADULT MALE IDENTITY" wherein
constructing the issue of men's identities,
it has been broadened to men's health and well-being. The
include virtually any group or researcher describe in details the ways
organization. That is, we can which masculinities were observed
study the “culture” of a everyday.
business or defined group
(e.g.,a Rotary club). (Trochim,
2006)
The researcher took two years as participant in observing the pattern within
the two groups engaging men9s social worlds, belongingness and sex
relationships.
What is Phenomenological
Phenomenology
It examines human experiences (lived
Research Design experiences) through the descriptions
provided by subjects or respondents
comes from academic
The goal of this study is to describe the
disciplines of philosophy and
meaning that experiences hold for each
psychology, and it is based subject.
upon the work of the 20th-
century philosopher Edmund
Husserl, which was then later
developed by Heidegger. (Van
Manen, 1990)
What is Example
Phenomenology
What are the experiences of a student
Research Design who failed in his or her subject?
Feelings and expectations The researcher may have their own
may hinder the researcher notions regarding this problem due to
first-hand or second-hand experience.
from seeing the experience
During the data collection, the researcher
through the subjects9 must put aside the assumptions in order
perspectives. This process is to identify the real essence of the
called bracketing. answers of the respondents.
Example To interpret their experiences, clusters of
themes were then generated using the
Colaizzi's (1978) method of Phenomenological
Vapor, Victor Rey Cui (2009) explored a new
Philippine phenomenon that emerged involving Inquiry. The results of the study revealed that
Filipino physicians who went back to school to the experiences of Filipino physician-turned
take up nursing in the Philippines in order to nurses involved multidimensional issues, both
migrate to foreign countries to work as nurses. in the contexts of emigration and a professional
The purpose of his study was to describe and to shift from physician to nurse. Being the first of
interpret the lived experiences of Filipino
its kind, this study will enlighten society of the
physicianturned nurses in the United States.
Phenomenology was used as research design, lived experiences of Filipino physicians who
with data obtained from a purposive sample of compromise professional integrity by working
eight (8) self-identified physician-turned nurses in as nurses just to emigrate to the United States.
Las Vegas, Nevada. Furthermore, this research study will contribute
to the existing literature on cross-cultural
Participants were interviewed using a single,
adaptation, particularly involving role
open-ended central question. The audio taped
responses that described their lived experiences compromise in an unfamiliar social and cultural
were eventually transcribed verbatim. context.
What is
Grounded
Theory
In a deductive grounded theory, a
Research Design theory is formulated, then the collection
of data follows. In an inductive
approach, collection of data is
a qualitative research approach that
conducted first, and then through the
was originally developed by Glaser and
Strauss in the 1960s. The self-defined analysis of these data, the synthesized
purpose of grounded theory is to form is the theory itself.
develop a theory about phenomena of
interest. But it is not just abstract
theorizing they’re talking about.
Instead , the theory needs to be
grounded or rooted in observation-
hence the term. (Trochim, 2006)
Example The study revealed a rich and
contextualized overview that lay a foundation
for understanding the perceptions and
Ilagan, Perla R. (2011) acquired an in
experiences of Filipino women and men living
depth understanding of the meaning of
with intimate partner violence. The data point
intimate partner violence from the
to recurrent themes of poverty, gambling,
perceptions of Filipino men and women. A
sample consisted of 37 Filipino women and 2 alcohol and drug use, poor communication skills,
Filipino men who were recruited from a jealousy and philandering. Violation of the
Barangay Center (Health Center) in Manila, dignity of a person that brought with it children
Philippines. Data were collected through as victims was implicated in the cycle of
semistructured interviews. The interviews violence.
were open-ended, in-depth, and audio-taped.
The description of the study participants was
provided by the quantitative-descriptive data.
Constant comparison method was used in
categorizing the narrative data and in
examining the data for examples of similar
cases and themes.
What is A historical study must be unobtrusive,
meaning that the process of research
Historical must not involve any interventions
which will affect the results of the
sign study. This also means that there is no
Research De
way to manipulate the factors of the
study for different variables or contexts.
This design focuses on the On the other hand, this non-invasive
identification, location, evaluation, and approach is well-suited for archival
synthesis of data or evidence from the purposes, such that sources of
past to confirm or reject a hypothesis. historical data may be stored
Data for historical research may be accurately and consistently, and be
found in printed documents, such as accessed and used over and over to
official records, reports, archives, and study various research problems.
even diaries; or in non-textual artifacts,
such as relics, maps, pictures, and
audiovisual material.
The most valuable criterion for historical data sources is authenticity, and
any source to be used for historical research must undergo internal and
external criticism.
INTERNAL CRITICISM
is based on the analysis of the printed material; the ink and the type of
paper used; the layout and physical appearance; as well as its age and
texture. Carbon dating is useful in determining the age of substances in
objects such as paper.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
involves establishing the authenticity and originality of the materials by
looking at the consistency of information. Motives and possible biases
of the author must be considered in trying to determine the accuracy
of the materials.
What is Example
Case Study In the study of Acosta, Imee and
Alexander Acosta (2016) entitled "SEEING
Research Design THROUGH A MAGNIFYING LENS: A
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF K-12 READINESS
OF FACULTY MEMBERS FROM HIGHER
A case study is a comprehensive, in- EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE
depth examination of a specific PHILIPPINES", adoption of the 12-year
individual, group of people, or program of formal basic education. This is
institution. It may be used to gain the readiness of college faculty members
insights into an obscure or specific on how to deal with transition years of
problem; provide background data for having no enrollees in college since school
broader studies; or explain socio- were being added with 2 years more.
psychological and socio-cultural This research provides a real-life
processes. understanding on the issue of k-12
implementation on education.
Example The study revealed a rich and
contextualized overview that lay a foundation
for understanding the perceptions and
experiences of Filipino women and men living
In the study of Acosta, Imee and
with intimate partner violence. The data point
Alexander Acosta (2016) entitled "SEEING
THROUGH A MAGNIFYING LENS: A to recurrent themes of poverty, gambling,
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF K-12 READINESS OF alcohol and drug use, poor communication skills,
FACULTY MEMBERS FROM HIGHER jealousy and philandering. Violation of the
EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES", dignity of a person that brought with it children
adoption of the 12-year program of formal as victims was implicated in the cycle of
basic education. This is the readiness of violence.
college faculty members on how to deal with
transition years of having no enrollees in
college since school were being added with 2
years more.
This research provides a real-life
understanding on the issue of k-12
implementation on education.
What is Example
Narrative In the study of Theresa Andrea
Nugent (2007) entitled "A NARRATIVE
Research Design INQUIRY OF TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS
REGARDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES", it describes
what is happening or not from the
viewpoint of the classroom teacher
towards their teaching experience to their
These are tales of experience or students output. In this research, teachers
imagination and come naturally to then reflect how they applied their
human beings. learning to support student outcomes, the
support that students received and the
barriers encountered. So in this research,
there are stories constructed by the
researcher, respondents and the reader.