Solved Examples TYPED PROBLEMS Type 1. Based on conversation of mechanical energy. Concept If only conservative forces are acting on a system then its mechanical energy remains conserved, Otherwise, ifall surfaces are given smooth, then also, mechanical energy will be conserved. How to Solve? «It mechanical eneray is conserved then it is possible that some part of the energy may be decreasing while the other part may be increasing. Now the energy conservation equation can be writen in following two ways. * First method Magnitude of decrease of energy = magnitude cl increase of energy. + Second method 5-6, (> intial ana fina ie. write down total inital mechanical energy on one side and total final mechanical energy on the other side. While writing gravitational potential energy we choose some reference point (where f= 0), Out ‘throughout the question ths reference point should not change. Let us take a simale example, Aball of mass’ mis released from aheight has shown in figure, The velocity of particle atthe instant when it sirkes the ground can be found using energy conservation princ ple by fclloving two metnods, + Method-1 Decrease in gravitational potential energy = increase in kinetic energy + Method-2 or orChapter 9 Work, Energy and Power © 387 © Example 1 _In the figure shown, all surfaces are smooth and force constant of spring is 10N/m. Block of mass 2 kg is not attached with the spring. The spring is compressed by 2m and then released. Find the maximum distance ‘d’ travelled by the block over the inclined plane. Take g=10 mis? s0Nim 2K8 Gr Tmt ‘has only gravitational potential energy. Final Postion nal Postion Since, all surfaces are smooth, therefore mechanical energy will remain conserved, = By on Lhstmahme() whore Substituting the values we have, Ans. © Example 2A smooth narrow tube in the form of an are AB of a circle of centre O and radius r is fixed so that A is vertically above O and OB is horizontal. Particles P of mass m and Q of mass 2 m with a light inextensible string of length (mr 12) connecting them are placed inside the tube with P at A and Q at B and released from rest. Assuming the string remains taut during motion, find the speed of particles when P reaches B. Solution All surfaces are smooth, Therefore, mechanical energy of the system will remain conserved. Decrease in PE of both the blocks = inerease in KE of both the blocks (mar) ene) =3 on amu? z or Dar Ans,388 © Mechanics -I © Example 3 One end of a light spring of natural length d and spring constant k is fixed on a rigid wall and the other is attached to a smooth ring of mass m which can slide without friction on a vertical rod fixed at a distance d from the wall. Initially the spring makes an angle of 37° with the horizontal as shown in figure, When the system is released from rest, find the speed of the ring when the spring becomes horizontal. (sin 37° = 3/5) Solution If is the stretched length of the spring, then from figure 5a a So, the stretch and Now, taking point B as reference level and applying law of conservation of mechanical energy botwoen A and B, or igh + 5 ka! [At B, h=0and x=0) eee aly 3 ei or Smad Ze() (as for A,h=Zd and y=2d) or [3e Ans. 2d” 6m ‘Type 2. Based on the position of equilibrium and momentary rest. K Concept In the figure shown, block attached with the spring is released from rest natural length of the spring at A. At this position a constant force mg is acting on the block in downward direction. _(m] 8 So, block starts moving downwards and spring is stretched, So, a Variable spring force kx starts acting on the block in upward direction which keeps on increasing (e] c t A with extension ‘y’. In position B, also called equilibrium position, jx hex= mg 3 Free = 0 m9 But the block does not stop here. Rather, it has maximum velocity in this position. After crossing B the block retards, as kxr> mg/and net force is upwards. At point C(the maximum extension) block stops for a moment (v=0) and then it returns back. The block starts oscillating between A and C.Chapter 9 Work, Energy and Power * 389 Thus, From foandimg _Dweetlonofrat__Draton of Speed Awe ma >be Downwarss ___Dowrwarcs __Ieteasng ae ng Fou =0 : Marr Bic > m9 Uowerds Dowrwards —__Deereasing C18 boo ma Uowards Upwards teccasing BA mg > ke Dowrwards Upwaras Decreasing Note (i) Points A and Care the points of mamentary rest, where =0 but F.¢ #0. So the maximum extension (at point C) can be obtained by energy conservation principle but not by putting Fyg,=0. (i) Point 8 isthe point of equilibrium where Fy, =0 and speed és maxiinum. This point con be obtained by putting Kye) =0 and after that, maximum speed can be abtoined by energy canservation principle. © Example 4 In the figure shown in the concept, find (a) Equilibrium extension x4(= AB) (6) Maximum extension %4(=AC) (© Maximum speed at point B. Solution (a) At point B, ox = mg Ans. () From A to C (v= te =0) Decreasing in gravitational potential energy = inereasing in spring potential energy. mi (© From toB ‘Decrvasing in gravitational potential energy = increasing in (spring potential energy ++ kinetic energy) * ma sy = 5 Keb + Lim 2 Suttitting the ale of =! the above equation, wo gl van ((Fe Ans © Example § Consider the situation shown in figure. Mass of block A is m and that of block B is 2 m. The force constant of spring is K. Friction is absent everywhere. System is released from rest with the spring unstretched. Find (@ the maximum extension of the spring. Xn390 © Mechanics -I (0) the speed of block A when the extension in the spring is x= (©) net acceleration of block B when extension in the spring is x Solution (a) At maximum extension in the spring. ‘Therefore, applying conservation of mechanical energy: decreasing in gravitational potential energy of block B= increasing in elastic potential energy of spring, (momentarily) (say) ‘Then, decrease in gravitational potential energy of block B= increase in elastic potential energy of spring + increase in kinetic energy of both the blocks. mgex=1 Ke + : Omg + mg)ot® or 2m co (2a (208) So vomit = ont fe Ans (© Atak T eon — ET za 2ing or Ke=mg Net pulling force _ 2mg—mg Total mass om £ & (downwards) Ans. £6 )Chapter 9 Work, Energy and Power * 391 Type 3. Problems with friction Concept Mechanical energy does not remain constant if friction is there and work done by friction is not zero. So, initial mechanical energy is more than the final mechanical energy and the difference goes in the work done against friction. How to Solve? + The problem can be solved by the following simple equation: initial mechanical energy — final mechanical energy if work done against fiction. Hore, work done against tition is aqual to (a mig d) the block is moving on horizontal ground and this is ‘equal to uo! mg cos 8)if the block fs moving on an inclined plane. In these expressions "isthe distance travelled over the rough ground (7 the displacement). Iu, and w, two coefficients of friction are given, then we will have to take Hy © Example 6 Te In the figure shown, AB=BC=2m. Friction coefficient everywhere is »=0.2. Find the ‘maximum compression of the spring. Solution Let zbe the maximum extension Ina positon h=@+2)sin30°=(+052)m ‘The block has travelled d, =2m on rough horizontal ground and dy=(@ + x)m on rough inclined ground. In the initial position block has only kinetic energy and in the final position spring and. ravitational potential energy. So, applying the equation. B,-Ey * (Eom?)-(Sist oman oman) de ,-E = work done against friction 2 } = Px2x LO} J x10 xt 2410 (140.51) =O2X2x1OK2+ (.2x210% e080") 2+ 2) Solving this equation we get, x=245m Ans,392 © Mechanics -I © Example 7 A small block slides along a track with elevated ends and a flat central part as shown in figure. The flat portion BC has a length 1=3.0 m. The curved portions of the track are frictionless. For the flat part, the coefficient of Kinetic friction ist, = 0.20, the particle is released at point A which is at height h =1.5 m above the flat part of the track. Where does the block finally comes to rest? Solution As initial mechanical energy of the block is mgh and final is zero, s0 loss in mechanical energy = mgh. This mechanical energy is lost in doing work against friction in the fst part, So, loss in mechanical energy = work done against friction or mgh=pmgd i. 15m 02” After starting from B, the block will reach C and then will rise up till the remaining KE at Cis converted into potential enorgy. It will then again descend and at C will have the same value as it had when ascending, but now it will move from C to B. The same will be repeated and finally ‘the block will come to rest at H such that BC+ (B+ BE=7.6 or 3434 BE ie BE=15 ¢ the centre of the flat part. Ans. So, the block comes to rest © Example 8 A0.5 kg block slides from the point A on a horizontal track with an initial speed 3 m/s towards a weightless horizontal spring of length 1 m and force constant 2. N/m. The part AB of the track is frictionless and the part BC has the coefficient of static and kinetic friction as 0.22 and 0.20 respectively. If the distances AB and BD are 2 m and 2.14 m respectively, find the total distance through which the block moves before it comes to rest completely. (g = 10 m/s?) Ore 1983) Solution As the track AB is frietionless, the block moves this distance without loss in its ina REZ m= 0. 838"=2.284 In tho pth BD a sini pret 0 work done against friction =nyngd = 0.20.5 x10x2.14=2.14 5 So, at D the Ko the blockin=225-2:14-0113 Now: ifthe prngiseampeesed by = Datedebee thee ] ie O1L=px2x2+0.2x05x10" Ae > c or 4 x-0.11=0 ‘which on solving gives positive value of ¢=0.1 m. ‘After moving the distance =0.1 m the block comes to rest.Chapter 9 Work, Energy and Power * 393 Now the compressed spring exerts a force: F x0.1=0.2N on the block while limiting frictional force between block and track is f, =uyng =0.22%0.5x10=1.1N. Since, F « fj, The block will not move back. So, the total distance moved by the block AB+ BD+0.1=2+2.14+0.1 =4.24m Ans. Type 4. Dependent and path independent works Concept W=]rde Here, dr=dxi+dyj+dzk Inthe following threo eases work done is path independent @) Fis a constant force. (Gi) Fis of the type F=A@hOith@k (iii) F-dr is in the form d (function of x, y and 2) e.g. d(ay), so that, Wase=[pPar=['dGy)= bolt In all other cases, we will have to mention the path. Along different paths work done will be different. © Example 9 A body is displaced from origin to (2m, 4m) under the following two forces () F=( () F=(ri+3y? DN Find work done by the given forces in both cases. Solution (@) F=@i+6)N +6D.N, a constant force arated + dy) Fedra2drs6dy (m4) mtoy We [Padre [@dr+edy) “oo = x= 6y |G)" = @x2+6x1) 284 Ans. Note Here, Fis constant, so the work done is path independent. WF-@xi+ay?)N dr=(axi+dyi) F dr=@xde+89%ds)394 © Mechanics -I Conta) atm) fPadr= f exdes aya) oo Go =k P= e+ a 8 Ans. Note Here the given force is of ype wis boi So, the work done is path independent. © Example 10 A force F =— k(yi + xj) (where k is a positive constant) acts on a particle moving in the x-y plane. Starting from the origin, the particle is taken along the positive x-axis to the point (a,0) and then parallel to the y-axis to the point (a,a) The total work done by the force F on the particle is (WEE 1998), (a) -2ka® (®) 2ka® (©) -ka® (d) kea* Solution dW =P-dr, where de= dei + dyj+ dak and ROI +a) dW ~~ k (yd + xdy) ~— kd (xy) ee fo We 0.05 aw loot @) kbs ka® The correct option is (e). Alternate Method While moving from (0, 0) to (a, 0) along positive x-axis, y=0 ‘kaj i.e foree is in negative y-direction while the displacement is in positive x-direction, ‘Therefore, W; 0 (Foree 1 displacement). y ‘aa We ool ay ‘Then, it moves from (a, 0) to (a, a) along a line parallel to y-axis (x= +). During this oe pe koi +a) ‘The fret component of force, fyi will not contribute any work, because this component is along negative x-direction (i) while displacement is in positive y-direction (a,0) to (a, a). The second component of force Le. oj wil perform negative work as Fe ka} and $=a3 Note For the given force, werk done is path independent. t depends only on intial and final positions.Chapter 9 Work, Energy and Power * 395. © Example 11 A body is displaced from origin to(1m,1m) by a force F=(2 yi +8.x* j) along two paths @) x= ) y=? Find the work done along both paths. Solution F=@yi+3s*j) des(aci tay F dr=(Qydx+3x" dy) ‘We cannot integrate F-dr or yy dx+ 8x" dy) as such to find the work done. But along the given paths we can change this expression, (a) Along the path x= y, Gy des axidy)= Cx des 8% Ws JPdr= fexdr+ aya) eo ao ape areaye2s Ans. () Along the path y=? Qyde+ 3x%dy)= x" dx+ 3y dy) Wye [Pare [exae+aydy) wo Go =By ‘Ans, Note We can see that W%; #W, or work done is path dependent inthis case Type 5. Based on relation between conservative force (F) and potential energy (U) associated with this force Concept au ds faU=-J Fax IfU-xfunction is given, we can make F-xfunction by simple differentiation, using Eq. F-xfunction is given, then U-x function can be made by integration, using Ba. (i). In this case, some limit of U (or value of U at some given value of x) should be known to us to make complete U-x function. Otherwise an unknown constant of integration will be there in U-x equation, If no limit is given in the question and we have to select the most appropriate answer then we can take U=(at x=0. F396 © Mechanics -I © Example 12. A particle, which is constrained to move along x-axis, is subjected to a force in the same direction which varies with the distance x of the particle from the origin as F (x)= kx + ax’. Here, k and a are positive constants. For x20, the functional form of the potential energy U (x) of the particle is uke 2002) 1 ] ; 1 @ ©) © @ au. @ Solution F = dU =- Feds or U(@)=-[%C ket ax) ds 1 oy Bt ox ves U @)=0 at x=0and Further, F =0 at x=0. Therefore slope of U-x graph should be zero at x=0, Hence, the correct answer is (@. Note in this example, we have assumed a limit :U=0 at x=0. © Example 13. A particle is placed at the origin and a force F = kx is acting on it (where kis a positive constant). If U (0) =0, the graph of U(x) versus x will be (where, U is the potential energy function) WEE 2008) Up) Up, Ue ve) @ o © @ Solution From F = [{rte=-[e9 as a -© wsu@=o > © ‘Therefore, the correct option is (a).