One major purpose of well testing is to determine the ability of a formation to Produce reservoir fluids. Further, it is important to determine the underlying reason for a well's productivity. A properly designed, executed, and analyzed well test usually can Provide information about: [Link] permeability [Link] of wellbore damage or stimulation [Link] pressure, and (perhaps) reservoir boundaries and heterogeneities. RoleofWellTest The well test is indispensable in the exploration and development of oil & gas fields. Well tests are carried out during the entire phase of reservoir life cycle. During the entire process, starting from when the first discovery well is drilled, to verification of reserves of the hydrocarbon field , and to the whole history of its development and production, the well test plays very important roles in many aspects, such as confirming the existence of hydrocarbon zones, measuring the deliverability of wells,calculating the parameters of the reservoir, designing the development plan of the oil& gas field, and providing performance analysis during development. Fluid Flow in Porous Media Fluid flow models in porous media are primarily based on the mathematical equations that attempt to predict fluid pressure, flow rate and phase saturation over time and at various location within the reservoir. To develop analysis and design techniques for well testing, we first must make several simplifying assumptions about the well and reservoir that we are modelling: [Link] producing well is completed is completed across entire producing thickness thus ensuring fully radial flow. 2. The reservoir is considered homogeneous in all rock properties andisotropic with respect to permeability. 3. The formation is completely saturated with a single fluid.4.A homogeneous and isotropic reservoir [Link] fluid flow with negligible effects of gravity. 6.A single fluid phase of small and constant compressibility. [Link] viscosity of the fluid is independent of the reservoir pressure. [Link] and laminar flow of the fluid, [Link] Saturation is constant Diffusivity equation The propagation of fluid pressure in porous media is a diffusive process and the governing equation is referred to as the diffusivity equation. The diffusivity equation, shown later is a nonlinear partial differential equation, second-order in space and first-order in time. It is nonlinear, since certain parameters appearing explicitly in the equation are not constant and vary with fluid pressure. , The mathematical formulation of the diffusivity equation is based on combining three independent equation which are as follows: [Link] Equation (Law of Conservation of Mass) The continuity equation is essentially a material balance equation that accounts for every pound mass of fluid produced, injected or remaining in the reservoir. [Link]’s Law (Transport Equation) The continuity equation is combined with the equation for fluid motion (Darcy’s law) to describe the fluid flow rate “in” and “out” of the reservoir. [Link] of State (EOS) (Compressibility Equation) The fluid compressibility equation (expressed in terms of density or volume) is used in formulating the diffusivity equation with the objective of describing the changes in the fluid volume as a function of pressure.Derivation of the usivity Equation for Compressible Fluids Natural gases in the reservoir are subjected to significant variations in physical properties, including the density, viscosity and gas deviation factor with changes in reservoir pressure. In order to develop the proper mathematical function for describing the flow of compressible fluids in the reservoir, the relationship between the density of real gas with pressure, temperature and the gas deviation factor is given as: Real density equation: Gas compressibility equation st t@. Continuity equation combined with Darcy’s law is given as: da ap. =e) yor pre On substituting the real gas density in the above equation, we get: 1a) k PM ap Tor TUIRT or ~ 5 TRY Cancelling out the constant terms and applying chain rule of differentiation to RHS we obtain the following equation: Pop ag aP. Pro -—(- Tor a Fy t 9 ot. Q) Rearranging the equation: 10, P dp) _gPOP 109 2 0 tor rad ® ZK Ot ext sa Ge IApplying chain rule of differentiation to obtain the following equation: oP oP oF (1.09, a9 a _ 2 (%)y Zk at ‘p aP z \@P Substituting the values of formation compressibility and gas compressibility to the above equation we obtain following differential equation for compressible fluids: 1a P ap @P oP —_ r—— ror‘ wz a = Ct Zk at It is a non-linear partial differential equation that can be solved by three methods considering appropriate assumptions. The three basic methods are commonly adopted to account for the dependency of the fluid properties, namely 1 and z, on fluid pressure for compressible flow in porous media. These are listed as the following: Pseudo-pressure Approach, valid for all ranges of pressure Pressure aproximation Approach, valid for relatively high reservoir pressure (P > 3000 psi) Pressure-squared Approach, valid for relatively low pressure (P < 2000 psi) The various methods of analysis have their own advantages. Depending on reservoir pressure, the last two methods have limited applicability. However, they are relatively easy to implement in manual computations. The first method involves the evaluation of pseudo-pressure as a function of and z over the entire range of pressure. In Oilfield units, partial differential equation is expressed as: A GP op _ OCP ap Where, ror’ pZ ar ~ 0.000264Z k at t=time, hrPSEUDO-PRESSURE APPROACH: Al-Hussainy, Ramey, and Crawford (1966) linearize the basic flow equation by introducing the real gas potential m(p). Recall the previously defined m(p) equation: p 2P m 2P (P)=So 7, 4 Differentiating the above relation with respect to p gives: am(p) _ _ 2P. ap Zu Obtain the following relationships by applying the chair rule: om(p) _ om(p) oP am(p) _ Om(p) OP ar oP ar at —s«Psét: Rearranging the above equation: oP Zudm(p) oP _ Zp0m(p) dr 2P or at 2P at Radial diffusivity equation for compressible fluids is given as: 1 a 7) = gC P oP r ar TZ or 0.000264 Zk at 2. THE PRESSURE-APPROXIMATION METHOD: At relatively high pressure (>3,000 psia), the term (p/uz) is assumed to be constant, and the diffusivity equation can be presented in a manner very similar to the case of a slightly compressible fluid and expressed as:Pe ee r Or or 0.000264 k dt [Link] PRESSURE-SQUARED APPROXIMATION METHOD (Pp? -METHOD): We can write the following expression using simple concepts of differentiation 00 _ 5p 2? oe _ ar Por and at 2P at Substituting the above values and rearranging the above equation we obtain a simpler form of the diffusivity equation which is expressed as follows: oor ern g 4207 =o 0.000264 rae Gi At relatively low pressure (<2,000 psia), any variation in the product of gas viscosity and gas deviation factor (uz) with pressure is not significant. Under such assumption, the equation can be written as follows: 12 20%) __ 9m 9)" r Or or 0.000264k dt Conditions of flow An infinite number of solutions of diffusivity equation can be obtained depending on the initial and boundary conditions imposed. The most common and useful of these is called theconstant terminal rate solution for which the initial condition is that at some fixed time, at which the reservoir is at equilibrium pressure Pj, well is produced at a constant rate q at the wellbore, r = ry. The most common conditions of flow are:[Link] condition flow or Unsteady-state flow [Link]-steady state flow or Pseudo-steady state flow 3. Steady state flow. [Link] State or Unsteady state flow: Consider a shut-in well that is centered in a homogeneous circular reservoir of radius re with a uniform pressure P, throughout the reservoi This initial reservoir condition represents the zero producing time. If the well is allowed to e mean " flow at a constant flow rate of q, a pressure = disturbance will be created at the sand face. The = ,-_S_4__2_2_4_ #55, +. bs pressure at the wellbore(Pys), will drop instantaneously as the well is opened. The pressure disturbance will move away from the wellbore at a rate that is determined by porosity, permeability, fluid viscosity and rock & fluid Ys * "Pr Consant Few Ras ‘ compressi Transient condition is only applicable fora relatively short period after some pressure disturbance has been created in the reservoir. The underlying conditions for the validity of transient state flow P=f(r,t) and, oP Ot = g(r,t) Both pressure and pressure derivative,with respect to time, are functions of both position and time. The solution to the radial diffusivity equation is based on initial and boundary conditions: * Initial condition — Reservoir pressure is at its initial uniform value: P(r,t)=P; ,att=0