Solubility Study Packet ______________________Name

Resource Reading:

General theory

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_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)/Chapters/Chapter_7%3A_Solids%2C_Liquids%2C_and_Gases/
7.7%3A_Solubility

Solution Process Particle Diagrams

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Colloids and Suspensions

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Colloids and Suspensions—worksheets

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workbook/

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%20solutions.%20suspensions.%20colliods.%[Link]

Concentration of Solutions

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03%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/3.04%3A_Concentrations_of_Solutions#:~:text=This%20percentage%20can
%20be%20determined,the%20volume%20of%20the%20solution.

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I. Introduction:

1. Define, compare, contrast the following terms.

a. Solution, colloid, suspension

b. Dissolution

c. Solubility

d. Solute, solvent

e. Saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated

 f. Electrolyte

g. Concentration, molarity, molality, %m, %v

2. Name three factors that can influence the rate at which a solute dissolves in a solvent.

3. Name two factors that can influence the solubility (how much) of a substance in a solvent.

II. Describing the extent of dissolution

A. Identifying dissolution
A solubility of 0.1 mole solute per 100 g solvent or greater is considered “soluble”; "insoluble" means it
dissolves to a concentration less than 0.001 moles per liter. Between 0.1 mole and 0.001 mole of solute
per liter of solvent is often termed “partially” soluble. A generalization called solubility rules is a
summation of observed dissolution behavior of various salts at standard conditions.

The following are the solubility rules for common ionic solids. If there two rules appear to contradict
each other, the preceding rule takes precedence.

1. Salts containing Group I elements (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+) are soluble . There are few exceptions to this rule.
Salts containing the ammonium ion (NH4+) are also soluble.
2. Salts containing nitrate ion (NO3-) are generally soluble.
3. Salts containing Cl -, Br -, or I - are generally soluble. Important exceptions to this rule are halide salts of
Ag+, Pb2+, and (Hg2)2+. Thus, AgCl, PbBr2, and Hg2Cl2 are insoluble.
4. Most silver salts are insoluble. AgNO3 and Ag(C2H3O2) are common soluble salts of silver; virtually all
others are insoluble.
5. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Important exceptions to this rule include CaSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4, Ag2SO4 and
SrSO4 .
6. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Hydroxide salts of Group I elements are soluble. Hydroxide
salts of Group II elements (Ca, Sr, and Ba) are slightly soluble. Hydroxide salts of transition metals and
Al3+ are insoluble. Thus, Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3, Co(OH)2 are not soluble.
7. Most sulfides of transition metals are highly insoluble, including CdS, FeS, ZnS, and Ag2S. Arsenic,
antimony, bismuth, and lead sulfides are also insoluble.
8. Carbonates are frequently insoluble. Group II carbonates (CaCO3, SrCO3, and BaCO3) are insoluble, as are
FeCO3 and PbCO3.
9. Chromates are frequently insoluble. Examples include PbCrO4 and BaCrO4.
10. Phosphates such as Ca3(PO4)2 and Ag3PO4 are frequently insoluble.
11. Fluorides such as BaF2, MgF2, and PbF2 are frequently insoluble.

Reading/Using Solubility Rules

1. Classify each of the substances as being soluble or insoluble in water.

a. KBr = f. zinc carbonate =

b. PbCO3 = g. silver acetate =

c. zinc hydroxide = h. copper (II) sulfide =

d. sodium acetate = i. Mg3(PO4)2 =

e. silver iodide j. KOH =

2. Identify the two new compounds which form if the solutions, as suggested by the following table,
were mixed. CIRCLE the names of the compounds which would precipitate from the solutions.

KBr Na2CO3 CaS NH4OH

AgNO3

BaCl2

Al(NO3)3

CuSO4

B. The graph below is known as a solubility curve and can be used to determine the extent to
which a solute has dissolved in a solvent at a given/variable set of conditions. A solubility of 0.1 g solute
per 100 g solvent or greater is considered
“soluble”. Whenever you are given a graph to
analyze, the first thing you should do is look at
each axis to determine what information the
graph is showing.

X- axis, variable and unit:

___________________________

Y-axis, variable and unit

____________________________

Each line represents the maximum amount of

solute that can be dissolved in 100 g of H2O at
a particular temperature.
Reading Solubility Curves

Use the graph to answer the following questions. REMEMBER UNITS!

1. What mass of solute will dissolve in 100mL of water at the following temperatures?

a. KNO3 at 70°C ____________

b. NaCl at 100°C ____________

c. NH4Cl at 90°C ____________

d. Which of the above three substances is most soluble in water at 15°C. ____________

e. On the graph, sketch the solubility curve for three common substances: table sugar,

sucrose; carbon dioxide and oxygen. Solubility data can be found in the resource reading.
Describe these substances as soluble or insoluble

2. Use the solubility curve on the second page to label the following solutions as saturated or
unsaturated. If unsaturated, write how much more solute can be dissolved in the solution.

Solution Saturated (S) or Unsaturated If unsaturated: How much

(U)? more solute can dissolve in the
solution?

a solution that contains 70g of

NaNO3 at 30°C (in 100 mL H2O)
a solution that contains 50g of
NH4Cl at 50°C (in 100 mL H2O)
a solution that contains 20g of
KClO3 at 50°C (in 100 mL H2O)
a solution that contains 70g of KI
at 0°C (in 100 mL H2O)
Additional Practice:

1. A mass of 100 g of NaNO3 is dissolved in 100 g of water at 80ºC.

a. Is the solution saturated or unsaturated? ______________________________

 b. As the solution is cooled, at what temperature should solid first appear in the solution?
Explain.

2. Use the graph to answer the following two questions:

a. Which compound is most soluble at 20 ºC? ________

b. Which is the least soluble at 40 ºC? ________

c. Which substance on the graph is least soluble at 10C? __________

3. A mass of 80 g of KNO3 is dissolved in 100 g of water at 50 ºC. The solution is heated to 70ºC. How
many more grams of potassium nitrate must be added to make the solution saturated? Explain your
reasoning.

4. 200. g of NH4Cl solution is saturated at 80o C. It is then cooled to 25o C and excess solute precipitates.
How many grams of NH4Cl could precipitate from the solution? Is the solution above the precipitate
saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated?

5. Which is more concentrated 34 g of salt dissolved in 100 ml of water or 100 g of salt in 1500 ml of
water?

C. Specifying the extent of dissolution

In quantitative studies such as chemical synthesis, actual quantities and/or ratios of solutes and solvents
are required. Concentration terms such as molarity-M, percent by mass-%m, or percent by volume-%v
are common to an introductory chemistry course, but several other concentration terms are found in
different areas of science. Calculations with these terms can be made algebraically or through
dimensional analysis.

M-molarity = mol solute = mol  dm-3

dm3 or L

%m = mass solute_ X 100

mass solution

%v = volume one component_ X 100

volume of solution
When solutions are diluted or concentrated, i.e., the concentration is changed, the total number of moles of solute
does not change but the volume of solvent changes. Therefore, the dilution relationship can be expressed
mathematically as McVc = MDVD

Practice Set
1. How many grams of magnesium cyanide are needed to make 275 mL of a 0.075 M solution?
2. What is the molarity of a solution made when 52 grams of potassium sulfate are diluted to a volume of 4100
mL?

3. Find the volume of a 0.75 M solution if it contains 39 grams of potassium hydroxide.

4. Determine the volume percent of toluene in a solution made by mixing 40.0 mL toluene with 75.0 mL of
benzene.

5. Glucose is a sugar that is found abundantly in nature. What is the percent by mass of a solution made by
dissolving 163 g of glucose in 755 g of water?

6. What is the mass percent sucrose in a solution obtained by mixing 225 g of an aqueous solution that is 6.25%
sucrose by mass with 135 g of an aqueous solution that is 8.20% sucrose by mass?

7. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 125 mL of pure methanol, CH3OH, (density = 0.791
g/mL) into 275 g of ethanol, C2H5OH. Assume volumes are additive.

8. Convert 0.0035% NaCl by mass into parts per million of NaCl.

9. Convert 2.4 ppm F- into molarity of fluoride ion.

10. 7 x 10-2 grams of Pb(C2H3O2)4 are dissolved to make 3.5 mL of solution.

11. I have two solutions. In the first solution, 1.0 moles of sodium chloride is dissolved to make 1.0 liters of
solution. In the second one, 1.0 moles of sodium chloride is added to 1.0 liters of water. Is the molarity of each
solution the same? Explain your answer.

12. If I add water to 100.0 mL of a 0.15 M NaOH solution until the final volume is 150 mL, what will the molarity of
the diluted solution be?

13. How much 0.05 M HCl solution can be made by diluting 250 mL of 10 M HCl?

14. I have 345 mL of a 1.5 M NaCl solution. If I boil the water until the volume of the solution is 250 mL, what will
the molarity of the solution be?
15. How much water would I need to add to 500 mL of a 2.4 M KCl solution to make a 1.0 M solution?

Picturing the Solution Process

Each beaker originally contains 100.0 mL of water; the identity of the solute, the mass of the solute and
the temperature is given for each beaker. Illustrate the appearance of the solution in the beaker at each
step and “magnify” the appearance the solution particles in the solvent in the rectangular boxes.
Particulate diagrams should be accurate in relative size and charge; if particles are not individually
labeled, an identification “key” should be provided.
Honor statement:

I have read and studied the materials at the links listed above.
_________________________________

Optional—I have read associated material on solutions in the online text. ________________________

Answers/responses to each question /statement reflect my personal effort and understanding.

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