Manings and Concepts of History ● secondary - interpreted by the
primary sources
History → Study of the past → 4.) Significance
inquiring/science 5. Framework - political, social,
→ Historia economical, cultural
→ Greek word 6. Context / Perspective → written in
english
History is also considered scientific and ● Pangkaming Pananaw - Point of
utilizes scientific methods for it to be view of Filipino historians for
considered factual. foreigners and chosen to.
● Pansilang Pananaw - Point of
History - Study of the past view of foreigners towards us and
- Science/inquiring chosen by their fellows.
- Man - His - Stories → unswerving ● Pankayong Pananaw - POV of
narratives of the man throughout his foreigners written in english
lifetime towards us, pilipino
- Queen of social science ● Pantayong Pananaw - POV of
Filipinos and chosen to filipinos
Herodotus → Father of History 7. Empathy - Historical Imagination by
Thucydides - Peloponnesian War - putting ourselves at the event using
Spartan (Athens vs. Persia) imagination
8. Contestability
Edward Hallett Carr – Describe Facts
from Opinion Historical Method
- Historical Criticism
Nature of History 1. "Internal"
2. "External"
1.) Study of present in light of the past Synthesis
2.) Study of man
3.) Man in Time Zeus, Salazar = "Its better to write
4.) Man in Place history in Filipino" - Pantayong Pananaw
5.) Objective records of happening "Renato Constantino" - "Philippine
6.) Multicausal History is People's History"
7.) Dialogue of past, present, future Kalintian code vagueness - Side of
8.) Not a narration but also analysis William Henry Scott about Kalintions
9.) Relevant code
10.) Comprehensive
KALANTIAW CODE - pre-spanish
Concepts of History penal code. Claimed that it is written in
1433. It was discovered in "panay" in
1.) Continuity and Change 1914. Later on it is debunked by
- Kalantiaw Code was debunked historians.
- Antonio Luna was killed by Aguinaldo
2.) Cause and effect - Multiple causation - It is said that it is written by "DATU
3.) Sources and Evidences KALANTIAW" a chief on the Island of
● primary - first hand account Negros in the Philippines.
slow down and pay
William Henry Scott - He debunked the attention to the
code stating during his PhD thesis that details of what they
"There is no evidence that a Filipino are reading.
ruler by the name Kalantiaw ever
existed and for Kalantiaw penal code Contextualizing Focus on when and
existed any older than 1914. where the historical
events took place
Content of Kalantiaw code - 18 orders and the readers use
for the proper punishment of certain contextual
moral and social transgressions. (fines information to
to death). Kalantiaw code was understand the
debunked as a behavior or decision
modern forgery of the historical
actors.
CHAPTER 2: THINKING LIKE AN
HISTORIAN Corroborating Ask questions about
important details
Thinking - Understanding and across multiple
Evaluating the feasibility of sources sources to
Reading - Read between the lines with determine
Quality, credibility and Critical Thinking viewpoints of
Skills agreements and
disagreements and
2 points must be remembered: prompt students to
A. It must be factual go back and forth
B. It must be skillful between documents
and read carefully.
HISTORICAL READING SKILLS
Historical skill
HISTORICAL Description
READING A. Comprehension: Chronology,
SKILLS terms and concepts.
Sourcing Think about who Chronology - historians organize
produced the events in the order they happened.
document and use TImeline - useful way to visually
that to understand represent the scope of the time and the
the viewpoints and order of events.
reliability of the
document Pre-colonial - Before 1845-1944
Colonial - 1565-1898
Close Reading Determine what text Post-colonial - 1898-1945
says and how it 3rd Republic-1946-1971
says it. The reading 4th Republic-1972-1986
requires students to 5th Republic-1986-present
Museo Biblioteca de
Time Concepts Filpinas.
BC - Before Christ
AD - Anno Domini ● its mission is to acquire,
organize , conserve and
B. Identify and locate relevance preserve filipiniana
resources using ict and other materials that can provide
methods equitable access to library
resources through a
1. NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE system of public libraries
PHILIPPINES throughout the country.
● Organize under Republic
Act 9470 on May 21 2007 3. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE
to establish, store, PHILIPPINES
preserve, conserve and
make available of public ● It is an educational, scientific, and
records, papers cultural institution, operates as
periodicals, books, and the national museum of fine arts,
other items, articles or national museum of anthropology,
materials. national museum of natural
history, national planetarium and
● Holding about 60 million other branch museums around
archival documents with a the country with collections of fine
spanish collection arts, archaeology , ethnography
comprising an estimated and natural history.
13 million manuscripts
from the 16th to 19th C. ANALYSIS AND USE OF SOURCES
century with 400 titles on
various aspects of HISTORICAL METHOD
Philippine History under: ● Comprises the techniques and
a.) Spanish Rule, b.) guidelines by which historians
American and Japanese use primary sources and other
Occupation records and evidence to research and then
c.) recent records write histories in the form of
accounts of the past.
2. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF THE
PHILIPPINES HISTORIOGRAPHY
● repository of the printed ● The study of historical method
and recorded cultural and writing.
heritage of the country and
other intellectual, literary, According to Garraghan and Delanglez
and information sources, (1946), the historical method includes
which was established by sources of criticism which studies the
a royal decree on August internal and external validity.
12 1887 and named as
EXTERNAL - historians determine the 3 WELL KNOWN REFERENCING
authenticity of sources by examining the STYLE
date, locale, creator, analysis, and
integrity of historical sources. ● APA - AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL
INTERNAL - helps historians determine ASSOCIATION
the reliability and credibility of the
sources by the content to know its ● MLA - MODERN LANGUAGE
truthfulness, knowingly that the content ASSOCIATION
must be reasonable and historically
precise ● CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE
OR TURBIAN SYSTEM
FACT - A fact is something that can be
proven REFERENCING STYLE - dictates the
information necessary for a citation and
OPINION - based on what a person, or how the information is ordered, as well
persons may believe to be true as the punctuation and other formatting.
REFERENCING - It is the process of OXFORD METHOD - Also known as
acknowledging historians, writers, or documentary note referencing or
sources you have relied on for simply footnoting. The main feature of
information and evidences. oxford referencing is the use of
footnotes at the bottom of the page.
IN-TEXT CITATION - References that
are integrated within the text Example:
Jones, S., Oxford Referencing for
FOOTNOTES - References that are Beginners, Academic Books: 2002, p.
integrated at the bottom of the page. 12
Red - Author (Surname, First Initial)
ENDNOTES - References that are Blue - Title (Italicized)
integrated at the end of the piece. Pink - Name of Publication
Orange - Page Number
WHY IS REFERENCING IMPORTANT Bibliography entry
?
Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary
1. References is evidence that Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The
validates your argument Remarkable Story of the World’s
2. References is evidence of Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M.
effective research Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of
3. References acknowledges the Chicago Press, 2023.
works of others
Last Name, First Name. Title. Name of
Publication. Date.
HARVARD METHOD - Use in text ● It is argued that, much like the
citations rather than superscript islands of Hawaii, the Philippines
numbering. References are added in is a product of volcanic eruptions.
parentheses within the text immediately
after the relevant statement or Tectonic belt - Pacific ring of fire.
quotation. Harvard references are
usually brief listing just the author
surname and the date of publication LAND BRIDGE THEORY
and sometimes a page number is
added when referring to a specific coat - PH was part of a land mass bridging
or place of information China and the Asian mainland.
Example: - During the post-glacial age, about
250,000 ice sheets melted, some PH
Historians disagree about the level of land submerged, then archipelago
authority that hitler wielded within both changed.
parties and states. Some suggested that
hitler's image as a totalitarian - Sunda Shelf – an extension of the
mastermind was a work of propaganda coastal shelf of Australia. It covered the
dating back to the early 1920s (Smith, islands of New Guinea and the islands
2002, p. 134). of Indonesia.
________________________________
CHAPTER 3: GEOGRAPHIC Supporting evidences:
FEATURES AND PEOPLING IN THE
PHILIPPINES ● Similarity of fauna and flora.
● Similarity of rock structure.
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY ● Existence of the shallow China
Sea between the Asian mainland
A. Part of Pacific lost Continent and the Philippines.
● Sea deep at the eastern margin
● It was believed that the PH were of the Philippines indicating the
part (remnant of a vast continent archipelago was once the edge of
in the Pacific that sunk in the Asian continental platform.
prehistoric times)
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
● This last Pacific continent was
called "LEMURIA" or "MU" - King Philip II → Philippines
- Chao Ju-Kua – a trade official, gave
● The remnants of the event were details about Ma-I
the Philippines, Borneo, - Ma-I – Island of Mindoro
Celebres, Javer, Sumatra and
other islands of the Pacific. Place Names and Their Origins:
- Mindolong → Mindanao
B. Volcanic Origin - Maynila → Manila
● proposed by Prof. Bailey Willis. - Pishoye → Visayas
1521 – Ferdinand Magellan named PH THE PH HAS A STRATEGIC
as "Islas de San Lazaro" (Archipelago LOCATION
of St. Lazarus)
- Some claim of celebration of St. - Bridge between the cultures of the east
Lazarus and Malacca
- It lies at the crossroad of international
Spanish Navigator Ruy Lopez de air and sea routes ("Crossroads of the
Villalobos, in honor of Prince of Pacific")
Asturias → King Philip II - Bastion of democracy in Asia where
- Felipinas particularly as→ dictators and communism hold sway
Samar-Leyte over Asian nations.
- It is the Citadel of Christianity.
1898 – 1946 _______________________________
Geography of the Philippines
During the American colonial regime,
the Spanish name changed to The Philippines is an archipelago
PHILIPPINE ISLAND (PI) and was consisting of 7,641 islands.
renamed The Republic of the
Philippines. Its total land area is 115,707 sq. miles
(22,681 sq. km).
OTHER ATTEMPTS
The Philippines has a humid, tropical
● Katipunan General Artemio climate.
Ricarte – proposed to name the _______________________________
archipelago as the Rizaline Climate
Republic in honor of Dr. Jose
Rizal. ● The Philippines experiences a
tropical and monsoonal climate.
● President Ferdinand Marcos ● The dry season spans from
attempted to change the name to December to May.
MAHARLIKA. ● The wet season extends from
_______________________________ June to November.
Geographical Boundaries of the ● The coldest month is January.
Philippines ● The hottest month is May.
_____________________________
- North Boundary – Taiwan (above Topography
equator 4°N)
- West – South China Sea (West PH The Philippines is mountainous and
Sea / Vietnam) non-volcanic.
- South – Celebes, Solo, Indonesia Three prominent mountain ranges in
- East – Pacific Luzon include:
Coordinates: 1. Western Cordillera Mountain
- Latitude: 4°23' - 21°21' N Range
- Longitude: 116° - 127° E 2. Sierra Madre Mountain Range
________________________________ 3. Caraballo de Baler
_____________________________ of Austronesian-speaking peoples
Peopling of the Philippines (using Proto-Austronesian) throughout
Southeast Asia and Oceania.
Several explanations exist regarding the
peopling of the Philippines: Common Austronesian traits include
tattooing, outrigger canoes, a distinct
Biblical Account: Filipinos are prehistoric art style, and shared
considered part of God's creation as social structures.
described in the Bible.
Nusantao Maritime Trading Network:
Indigenous Legends and Myths:
Various tribal groups throughout the This theory proposes migration from
islands have their own unique creation Vietnam and Southern China around
stories and mythologies. 500 BC, with "Nusantao" referring to
"South People" (derived from
Scientific Theory of Evolution: This Austronesian roots).
theory posits that humans evolved from
ape-like ancestors over thousands of Core Population Theory (F.L.
years. Evidence cited includes: Jocano):
1. Tabon Man (1962): Discovered in Proposed by a Filipino anthropologist,
Palawan, this fossil is believed to this theory offers an alternative
date back to the Stone Age explanation for Filipino origins. The Core
(approximately 29,000 years Population Theory is a theory that
ago). proposes that the people who first
inhabited Southeast Asia were part of a
2. Callao Man (2007): Fossilized single ethnic group. The theory
remains found in Callao Cave, suggests that over time, environmental
Cagayan, potentially predating factors caused the group to differentiate
Tabon Man. This discovery led to into different cultures.
the naming of a new hominin
species, Homo luzonensis. Phases of Development:
_______________________________
Models of Migration Formative Phase: Characterized by
technological development and cultural
Several theories attempt to explain the adaptation during the Pleistocene
migration of people to the Philippines: epoch.
Bellwood Austronesian Diffusion Incipient Phase: Marked by the
Migration Theory (Out-of-Taiwan development of tools and pottery.
Theory):
Emergent Phase: The beginning of
Proposed by Peter Bellwood, This settlements, leading to expansion into
theory suggests migration from Oceania and the Middle East. (Note:
mainland China to Taiwan around This seems to combine migration with
500-700 BC, with subsequent dispersal later development)
________________________________ indigenous deities and social
CHAPTER 4: PRE-COLONIAL practices
FILIPINO CULTURES AND
TRADITIONS Writing
● Baybayin
Pre-Colonial Philippines
Religious Beliefs Government (Fr. Francisco Colin)
Fr. Francisco Colin was a Spanish
● Animistic (Worshipping Stars Jesuit historian and missionary in the
(Tala), Sun, Moon, etc.) Philippines during the Spanish colonial
● Bathala period. He is best known for his work:
● Simbanan
● Pancot (Worship) "Labor Evangelica: Ministerios
● Nag-aanitos Apostolicos de los Obreros de la
● Catalonan (Priest) Compañía de Jesús en las Islas
Filipinas" (1663). This book provides an
Idols: extensive account of the history, culture,
governance, and religious beliefs of
● Pleaides (7 little goat) Filipinos during the early Spanish
● Balatic (The Great Bear) period. It also details the Jesuit missions
● Lic-ha (Something created to in the Philippines and their efforts in
become an idol) converting indigenous peoples to
● Dian Masalanta (Love and Christianity.
Patronage)
● Lacapati and Idiamale Barangay System
(Agriculture, Animal Husbandry)
● Datu / Maginoo
BELIEF ● Council of Elders
● TIGMAMANUGUIN - (BIRD that
dictates Good and Bad Luck) Trial and Punishment
● BOSAW - Bad Spirit
Ordeal
Civilities (Fr. Chirino) ● Boiling Water
● Fr. Pedro Chirino was a Spanish ● River
Jesuit historian and missionary ● Candle
who wrote the book "Relacion
de las Islas Filipinas" (1604). Social Class (Miguel Loarca)
This book is one of the earliest
historical accounts of the Miguel de Loarca was a Spanish soldier
Philippines during the early and writer who arrived in the Philippines
Spanish colonial period. It in the late 16th century. He is best
provides valuable insights into known for writing Relación de las Yslas
pre-colonial Filipino culture, Filipinas (1582), one of the earliest
customs, traditions, governance, Spanish accounts of the Philippines. His
and religious beliefs, including work provides valuable historical
information about pre-colonial Filipino
society, including social classes,
customs, governance, and economy.
According to Loarca, pre-colonial
Filipino society was divided into several
social classes:
- Datu – the ruling class or chieftains
- Timaguas – the freemen who served
the datu but were not slaves
- Oripun (slaves) – divided into
categories like ayuey (who worked
three days a week, with payment of 2
gold), tumanampoc (who worked one
day a week, payment of 2 gold), and
tumataban (on-call slaves, with 1 gold)
His writings, along with the Boxer
Codex, provide some of the earliest
descriptions of Filipino life before
Spanish colonization.
BOXER CODEX
The Boxer Codex is a late 16th-century
Spanish manuscript that provides
detailed descriptions and illustrations of
the peoples and cultures of the
Philippines and other parts of Asia
under Spanish rule.
Written around 1590, it includes colorful
depictions of indigenous groups,
including the Pintados (tattooed
Visayans), social classes like the Datu,
Timaguas, and Oripun, as well as
pre-colonial clothing, customs, and
beliefs. Named after historian Charles
Ralph Boxer, who acquired it in the
20th century, the codex is a valuable
resource for understanding pre-Hispanic
Filipino society and early Spanish
impressions of Asia.