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The document discusses Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's opposition to various demands of the Indian National Congress (INC) and his advocacy for the rights of Muslims in India, leading to the formulation of the Two Nation Theory. He founded the Muhammadan Defence Association to counter INC policies and emphasized the need for modern education among Muslims to improve their socio-economic status. Sir Syed's efforts laid the groundwork for the Pakistan Movement and highlighted the cultural and political divide between Hindus and Muslims in India.

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8 views6 pages

SSAK Questions

The document discusses Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's opposition to various demands of the Indian National Congress (INC) and his advocacy for the rights of Muslims in India, leading to the formulation of the Two Nation Theory. He founded the Muhammadan Defence Association to counter INC policies and emphasized the need for modern education among Muslims to improve their socio-economic status. Sir Syed's efforts laid the groundwork for the Pakistan Movement and highlighted the cultural and political divide between Hindus and Muslims in India.

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+ INC demanded: Joint electorates for the council elections, along democratic pattern oy England Sir Syed opposed this because of numerical majority and better political organization of Hindus * Competitive examinations for the civil services in India; Sir Syed opposed this because of visible educational disparity betweern Hindus and Muslims; Hindus might sweep all seats causing further problems for Muslims, * 1867, Hindus demanded Hindi to be official language replacing Urdu; Sir Syed opposed this because of Arabic / Persian script of Urdu and its association with Muslims; Hindi reflected Hindu aim of ruling India iry future + To counter the INC politics, Sir Syed founded the United Patriotic Alliance — in 1893, it became the Muhammaden Defence Association. Importance / Results: ‘© Founder of the Two Nation Theory * Predicted the separation of Hindus and Muslims in future, after the 1867 language controversy, and after the other demands of INC. ‘+ Two Nation theory would gradually become valid and lay the basis of the struggle for separate Muslim homeland - the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s. Q. What was the Aligarh Movement? [4] Ans. The efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and his colleagues for the collective social economic and political uplift of the Indian Muslims is called the Aligarh Movement. Sir Syed established the MAO School in 1876 which became a college in 1877. This was the nursery for several future Muslim leaders of the Pakistan Movement. His Ghazipore Scientific Society transiated the modem English writings into Persian and Urdu. Q. What was Sir Syed’s Two Nation Theory? [4] Ans. Sir Syed's opposition to various Hindu demands became known as his theory. He opposed their demand of replacing Urdu with Hindi, and holding of, the basis of joint electorate. He also opposed the idea of competitive exam services in India. He proposed a quota system in civil services, and separ ‘Muslims. Q. What was the “Essay on the Causes of Indian | [4] Ans. It was a pamphlet written by Sir Syed in 1859 translated into English. In this, Sir Syed analysed that the/fri for the 1857 War of Independence, but many policies ol uprising. It was circulated freely among the British of British Pariament and members of the Royal family iat many read it with sympathy. GS ee) By Dr Iftikhar-ul-Haq 2 0333-4257013 }-Baghawat-i-Hind”, ne were not to blame ish also led to the tragic , and was also sent to the ered some British officials but Scanned wth G camscanner Q. What was the Muhammadan Educational Conference/MEC? [4] S. : nS a as etabished i 1866 by Sir Syed in Aligarh. its primary aim was to spread the westem/modern education among the Muslims. It also observed the stale of religious education in the English medium schools founded by the Muslims. All India Muslim League ‘was founded on 30 December 1908, a day after the conclusion of the 20” session of the MEC. Q. What was the Muhammadan Defence Association? [4] Ans, It was founded in 1888 as the United Patriotic Alliance by Sir Syed, and was renamed as the Muhammadan Defence Association in 1893. It was established as a political party to counter the policies of the INC. It was aimed at developing close ties between the Muslims and the British. By that time, the rivalry between the Hindus and Muslims had started developing visibly. Q. What was the Scientific Society? [4] Ans. It was established by Sir Syed as a translation society at Ghazipore in January 1864, but shifted to Aligarh in April the same year. It was assigned the task of translating scientific books of English and other European languages into Urdu and Persian. The society sought to promote liberal and modem education and scientific knowledge among the Indian Muslims. Sir Syed gathered Muslim scholars from different parts of India to work for the society, Q. What was the Indian National Congress/INC? 4] Ans, It was set up as a poltical organization founded by Sir A.O. Hume and Sir Henry Cotton in 1885. It claimed to represent all Indians, and convey their concems to the British. However, since its formation, it was dominated by the Hindu majority. In 1920, under the leadership of Gandhi, it became a more organized political party. Jinnah joined it in 1906, but feeling disappointed by its pro-Hindu agenda, and left it in 1920. Q. Why did Sir Syed present his Two Nation Theory? m Ans. Sir Syed opposed a number of Hindu demands. In 1867, Hindus demanded that Hindi should be declared the official language of India in place of Urdu that the same status since 1825. Urdu, written in Persian-Arabic script was one of rks of cultural identity of Muslims. Hindi, with its Devanagri script, reflected the plans of Hindu Raj over India. Sir Syed strongly opposed this demand and predicted Yhat in future there might be separation between Hindus and Muslims. In the 1880's, the Hindu-dominated INC (Indian National demands that were apparently democratic but in reality again demanded that elections of the councils in India should Westem democracy. Sir Syed countered this demar majority, and politically more vibrant, might win ona ) made two more interest of Muslims. It ‘on the basis of modern ing that Hindus, being a ‘seats. He suggested the idea of separate electorates for Muslims. Finally, he opposed another demand of theSongress that asked for the competitive examinations for the Civil Services in Indi aw that Hindus were far more educated than Muslims and therefore, there was li for Muslims to get any seat in the Civil Services. He argued that only when equal al opportunities were provided to both — 0a3%.4757009 Scanned wth G camscanner the communities could such an idea work. Changing his political views in the late 1890, he advised Muslims to participate in politics. He founded the Pattiotic Alliance in 1888 with the assistance of Mr. Theodor Beck. It was renamed Muhammadan Defence Association in 1893. Q. Why did Sir Syed try to improve relations between the Muslims and the British? 7 Ans. ‘Muslims became the target of the British anger and wrath after the 1857 War. Hindus had very cleverly put the blame on Muslims and it was easier for the British to punish a minority. British had replaced Muslims as the new rulers of India but Muslims still carried a sense of imperial pride due to their glorious past. It was important for them to accept the drastically changed political scenario of India, He also tried to change the British mind in favour of Muslims. For this he wrote two pamphlets: “Essays on the Causes of Indian Revolt” and ‘Loyal Muhammadans of India’ Sir Syed knew that Muslims could hope for an improved socio-economic status only by making friends with the British who had complete political control of India. If Muslims distanced themselves from the British, they would continue to remain a backward and poor community. By improving relations with the British, Muslims had a better opportunity to get better jobs. Therefore, he tried to convince the Musiims about improving relations with the British. He wrote an incomplete translation of the Bible, ‘Taba'een al Kalam’ in which he highlighted the similarities between Islam and Christianity. He corrected errors in book by Sir Wiliam Muir, ‘Life of Muhammad’ so that the British could realize the sensitivity of the religious sentiments of the Muslims. Moreover, Hindus had already started improving their relations with the British because for them it was only a matter of changed rulers. They began to acquire modem British education which most of the Muslims considered un-\slamic, Sir Syed knew that this would cause a growing social and economic disparity between Hindus and Muslims and this would bring more troubles for the Muslims. He wanted Muslims to change their rigid views ‘about the British and their modern education system Q. Why did Sir Syed advise Muslims to acquire modern British education? m7 Ans. British had replaced the old Indian education system by their modem education in English. Sir Syed knew that all modern scientific research work was in English, therefore, English was going to dominate the world. Unless Muslims acquired ‘education, they could not get better jobs, and therefore, could not hope fc socio-economic condition, After the War, they had been denied any ay ost in India and this further added to their miseries. He, therefore, set up a sch 1859, and another school in Ghazipore, in 1864. ‘Muslims also lagged behind Hindus in almost all walks ff started equipping themselves with the modem educatior ea becoming prosperous, rich and advanced, They were dor ce p-tife post-War India acting in a clever and wise way by accepting the culture angcuXfapsJof the new rulers. Muslims, therefore, needed to compet with Hindus in order € their survival and dignity in India, Educated Muslims had a better chance of be he good books of the British who hardly trusted them. He set up the Ghazipor Society in 1863 where moder English writings were translated into Persian Sir Syed also told Muslims that it wa get modem education if they wanted to develop political awareness and insight. Though in the beginning Sir Syed discouraged By Dr Iftikhar-u-Haq 64 0333-4257013 ‘Scanned with |CamScanner i i in poltics, wi of the Hindu-dominated INC and Mustims from participating in poitics, with the emergence its pro-Hindu policies, he had to change his views. Therefore, he wanted Muslims to beware of the clever policies of the INC and realized that they too had to be political alert and vibrant inthe Britsh India, Q. Was the Two Nation Theory the most important contribution of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan towards the welfare of Muslims? (14) ‘ns: m Sir Syed was a great reformer. His views about the possibilty of the parting of ways of Hindus and Muslims became known as the Two Nation Theory’. In 1867, he was shocked ‘over the Hindu demand of making Hindi as the official language of India. Being a far-sighted leader, he opposed it as he could sense the Hindu aims about the future political scenario of India, Urdu, written in Persian/Arabic script reflected the past Muslim rule over India. Hindi, with the Devanagri script, on the other hand, represented the Hindu plans of ruling India. He ‘also opposed two more demands of INC in the 1880's: competitive examinations for the civil services and the joint electorate for the elections of the legislative councils. Sir Syed knew that Muslims, being less educated and politically less organized, would not be able to compete with the Hindus in the examinations and elections. He, therefore, advocated a system of separate electorates for Muslims and a fixed quota for Muslims in the competitive examinations. Sir Syed initially wanted cooperation between Hindus and Muslims but his views soon changed when he realized the INC only claimed to represent all Indian communities whereas in realty it worked mainly for the Hindu interests. In order to protect the politcal rights of the Muslims he founded the United Patriotic Aliance in 1888, which was renamed as the Muhammadan Defence Alliance in 1893. Sir Syed also tried to create awareness among Muslims by convincing them to accept the British as the new rulers of India and so, it was wise to make friends with them, He highlighted the similarities between Islam and Christianity by writing "Taba'yeen-al- Kalam". In another book he proved that it was not un-Islamic to dine with the Christians. He wrote a book in response to Sir William Muir's book "Life of Muhammad” that contained some objectionable remarks about the Holy Prophet. While convincing Muslims Sir Syed worked to convince British about changing their stance regarding Muslims. He wrote two pamphlets shorlly after the War of Independence. In "Essays on the Causes of Indian Revolt” he proved that Indians alone were not responsible for the Revolt but British too were to blame for their failure to understand the Indian mindset. In "Loyal Muhammadans of India" he defended Muslims and proved that they were as loyal to the British as any other community in India, He also explai “Nadarath" by proving it was an Anglicised form of the Arabic word "Nasara" ( was derived from the root word "Nasr" (Help) and thus proved that Muslims qi word in a derogatory way. Sir Syed's educational work was also very important. He wah improve social condition of Muslims and to create political awareness among/he(h. For this, Muslims needed to acquire modem British education. He set up agenés’of institutes, issued magazines and wrote books. In 1859 he opened a school in ¥Altabad, another schoo in Ghazipore in 1864 where he had founded the Ghazipora| S¢Bhiiic Society in 1863. Init modem scientific writings of the: West were translated. torPersian and Urdu. In 1866, he issued the Aligarh Insitute Gazette from Aligarh to e Muslims to acquire modem education. He visited England in 1869 and deci up an insftue for Muslims afer observing the Cambridge and Oxford Universities. In 1875, Sir Syed set up the MAC educations were imparted. This institut ‘Aligarh where both westem and local iced many prominent leaders like Liaqat Ali Scanned wth G camscanner é erozser-ceco 88, beqnsewrns aa ha Ui SPieMo} AyuNWLIOD WISN PEMEGTELY Jo UoNUEHE ey mexP 0} BUAN S| pats alg ‘Sny,, “sjoe/gns wepou pue snorGye1 100 Si ‘A\Buproooy “uoyeNpe WwepoU! Pue o1uie|s| yjoq eunboe 0} susjsny PeAS 41g Jeu) sueaU! stu) “2Baj0q WeBnY 84) JO Poo\inogysieu eu) U! 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