UNIT 2 TYPES AND PURPOSE OF

SOCIAL SERVICE
ORGANISATIONS --

Contents
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Formal and Informal Organisations
2.3 Structured and Unstructured Organisations
2.4 Governmental and Non-Governmental Organisations
2.5 Bilateral and International Agencies
2.6 Donor Agencies
2.7 UN Bodies
2.8 Charitable Organisations
2.9 Societies and Trusts
2.10 Let Us Sum Up
2.11 Key Words
2.12 Suggested Readings
2.13 . Answers to Check Your Progress

2.0 OBJECTIVES
This unit aims to give you detailed information about different types of Social
Service Organisations and their purpose. After studying this unit you will be
able to:
understand various Social Service Organisations, its nature, significance
and functioning at the National and International levels;
study the role of these organisations in the'process of development;
know about the strategy and approach of social service organisations; and
recognize and use the specialized terms commonly used in social welfare
organisations.

A 'Service' is termed as 'Social' if its aim is the enhancement of the welfare

of [Link] or the community either through personal effort or by collective
action. Social Services are, therefore, conceived as organised philanthropic
actions to promote human welfare. However, social services are interpreted
differently in different countries. It is restricted to relief services only among
the European countries, whereas in Great Britain and Commonwealth Countries
it has a wider meaning and includes health, education, housing welfare etc.
In India, Social Services are generally understood as those activities which
are meant for furthering the people's welfare and these include education, public
health activities, social security measures, social insurance, social assistance, child
welfare, corrections, mental hygiene, recreation, labour protection, housing etc.

We have had social welfare programmes, social service organisations, social

Social Welfare Administration reformers and workers in the cause of social welfare in India from the earliest
times. Right through the centuries, commencing with the reign of King Ashoka
or going back even to the days of Buddha, there have been many rulers and
many among the common people of India who trod the path of Service to
their fellow beings and adopted it as a life mission. Mahatma Gandhi's work
in this sphere constitutes a continuance in the present century of the National
tradition. The ideal of social welfare is thus not new to us; it is an integral
part of our national character and history.

Social welfare organisations play a vital role in rendering Social Services in

every country, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. In this
unit we are discussing about various types of Social Service Organisation
and purposes.

2.2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANISATIONS

Formal Organisations refer to [Link] of well-defined jobs, each bearing
a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability. Formal Organisation
lays down the pattern of relationship between individuals and the rules and
regulations, which guide the behaviour of individuals.

Informal Organisation is an outcome of social interaction between individuals

in a formal organisation. Whenever people work together, they evolve informal
groups bound togetherby common, social, technological interests. Such groups
constitute informal organisation. Informal organisation represents relationships
between indiflduals in the organisation based on interest, personal attitudes,
emotions, prejudices, likes, dislikes, physical location, similarity of work etc.
These relations are not developed according to the procedures, rules and
regulations laid down in the formal organisational structure.

Informal Organisation comes into existence because of the limitations of the

Formal Organisation. It represents "natural grouping of people at work. The
birth of small groups in an organisation is a natural phenomenon. These groups
may also overlap because an individual may be a member of more than one
informal groups. In many cases, informal groups come in to being to support
and supplement the formal organisation.

Now we can see the differences of formal and informal organisation with the
help of a table given below:

Formal Organisation I Informal Organisation

It is created to achieve It has no predetermined
predetermined objectives. objectives.
There is an official hierarchy Its structure is based on
relationship. It refers to the human emotions and
structure of well-defined sentiments. It refers to the
authority and responsibility personal relationships, which
relationships. . develop automatically when
people work together.
Formal relations are well Informal relations are
planned and are created unplanned and they originate
deliberately. automatically.
 Types and purpose of
Formal Organisations follow Informal Organisation does Social Service
Organisations
the official chain of not have a fixed chain of
command, which can't be command. It is based on the
changed. Communication sentiments of the members.
has to flow through formal There is no fixed pattern of
channel. communication.
Formal Organisation is Informal Organisation does I
usually stable. not last long.

We may add some more important elements of formal and informal organisation.
Functions of Formal Organisation
Planning
Working out in broad outline that need to be done and the methods for
doing them to accomplish the purpose.

Establishment of the formal structure of authority through which work

subdivisions are arranged, defined, and co-ordinated for the defined objective.
Staffing
The whole personnel function of bringing in and training the staff.
Directing .
The task of making decisions and embodying them in specific and general
orders and instructions and serving as the leader of the organisation.
Co-ordinating
Major function of inter-relating the various parts of work.
Reporting
Keeping those in responsible positions informed as fo what is going on.
Budgeting
All that goes with budgeting in the form of fiscal planning, accounting
and control.

The Informal Organisation is:

Customary and not enacted.
Not written regulations.
Not portrayed in organisational charts;

It must be noted that informal organisation is based on formal structure and

cannot exist without it. The informal organisation allows an organisation a
measure of flexibility, which is a functional necessity. However, greatest
weakness of the informal organisation is its instability; its changeability and
its unpredictability.

Check Your Progress I

Note: a) Write your answer in the space provided. ,
b) Check your answer with those provided at the end of the unit.
Social Welfare Administration
1) Explain the concept of Formal and Informal Organisations.
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2) List the chief functions of a Formal Organisation.
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i) .......................ii) .......................111) .......................iv) .......................
v) ....................... vi) ....................... vii) .......................

2.3 STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED

ORGANISATIONS
We are aware that "an organisation is a group of people who are co-operating
under the direction of a leader for the accomplishment of a common end
(Ralph. C. Davis). The need for an organisation arises when two or more
persons unite together to achieve some common objectives.

Organisation is one of the basic functions of management. Its importance lies

in the systematically evolved pattern of relationships designed to set in motion
the process of managerial functions. Structured organisations are those
organisations, which are formed, and functioning with a clear structure
or framework of relationship. As structure, organisation is a network of
internal authority, responsibility, and relationships. It is the framework of
relationships of persons, operating at various levels. to accomplish common
objectives. Thus, a Structured Organisation has got three major elements:
Formal Structure
Definite Authority
Clear Responsibility

When we think about structured and unstructured organisation in a social

work context, there are a lot of organisations falling under this category. All
these organisations have a clear structural framework, be it a formal or informal
organisation. For example-registered social service organisations, social welfare
departments, co-operative societies etc.

On the other hand, unstructured organisation do not have a clear structure

or framework and may not be long-lasting. Committee Organisation, Community
Organisation, Social Action are some of the examples of unstructured organisations.
They may be formed as per the requirement or purpose in order to achieve
certain limited goals and objectives. These organisations are not formed for
a short duration.

2.4 GOVERMMENTAL AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL

ORGANISATIONS
Local, State and Central Level Organisations
The structure of welfare organisations differs in agencies which are established
under public sector from those which are of voluntary or private sector. Types and Purpose of
Social Service
Public or Government agencies are based upon a law or order, administered Organisations
within the framework of local, state and central governments and financed
by the Government. Private Agencies or Non-Governmental Organisations
are established by individuals or philanthropic, religious, fraternal or humanitarian
groups; their management is vested with a board of directors. These organisations
are supported mainly by contributions, donations, endowments or trust funds.
Public Social Service Agencies (Government Organisations)
Our country has a long tradition of Social Service. Our sovereign and democratic
republic stands committed to ensure justice social, economic and political to .
the people and usher in a welfare state. After independence, the concept of
social justice became part and parcel of our constitution and is reflected not
only in the preamble, but also in the directive principles of the state policy.

Social Welfare is defined as those services which are designed for those
weaker and vulnerable sections of community who due to some hardship -
social, economic, political, mental -are unable to make use of or are traditionally
denied the use of these services. The scope of social welfare encompasses
services relating to women, children, youth, aged, the handicapped, scheduled
castes and scheduledtribes, community welfare service, social defense, social
welfare measures and social welfare services for other weaker sections of society.

Before discussing about the administrative structures for social welfare and
the three tiers of our federal polity, let us have a look at the Non-Governmental
Organisation.
Non-Government Organisations (Voluntary Organisations)
State is not the only association working in the society; there are a large
number of voluntary associations (NGOs) which perform varied functions for
the welfare, integration and solidarity of the society.

The term "Voluntarism" is derived from the Latin word "Voluntas" which
means "will" of "freedom". Political scientists defined "freedom of association"
as a recognized legal right on the part of all persons to come together for
the promotion of a purpose in which they are interested. Article 19(1) C
of the Constitution of India confers on the Indian Citizens the right "to form
associations". In the U.N. Terminology voluntary organisations are called ,
non-government organisations (NGOs).
Definitions of Voluntary Organisations
Accordingly to Lord Beveridge, "A Voluntary organisation, properly speaking,
is an organisation which whether its workers are paid or unpaid, is initiated
and governed by its own members without external control."
Main Characteristics of Non-GovernmenWoluntary Organisations
i) It is registered under the societies Registrations Act, 1860, the Indian
Trusts Act, 1882, The Cooperative Societies Act, 1904 or Sec. 25 of
the Companies Act, 1956, depending upon-the nature and scope of its
activities to give it a legal status.
ii) It has definite aims and objectives, and programmes for their fulfillment.
iii) It has an administrative structure and duly constituted management and
executive committees.
Social Welfare Administration
iv) It is an organisation initiated and governed by its own members on
democratic principles without any external control.
v) It raises funds for its activities partly from the exchequer in the form
of grants-in-id and partly in the form of contributions or subscriptions
from members of the local community and/or the beneficiaries of the
programme.

Structure of Non-Government Organisations

General Body
(General Membership)

Executive CounselManaging CommitteeIGoverning Body

Office Bearers
(President, Vice President, General Secretary, Joint Secretary,
Assistant Secretary, Treasurer)

Paid StaffNolunteers
Social Workers
Functions of Voluntary Organisations
In a democratic, socialistic and'welfare society, voluntary1Non-Governmental
Organisations play,a very important role. They perform a number of functions
for the development of the country. We can discuss some of these functions.
i) Human beings by nature are gregarious. [Link] to act in groups is
fundamental in them. People therefore form groups and associations voluntarily
for their benefit as also of others with a view to lead a full and richer
life. This phenomenon is reflected in voluntary associations which are
formed for promotion of recreational and cultural activities, social services,
professional interest etc.
ii) A pluralistic society with a democratic system requires a multitude of
- independent, non-government organisations to serve as a buffer between
the individual and the state and thus preventing the government from
developing monopoly in various fields.
iii) Organised voluntary action helps groups and individuals with diverse
political and other interests, contributes to strengthening the feeling of
national solidarity and promotes participative democracy.
iv) The state does 'not have the requisite financial resources and manpower
to meet all the needs of its citizens. The non-government organisations
by raising additional resources locally can meet uncovered needs and
enrich local life.

In sum, "N~n~Governmental Organisations" give concrete expression to the

fundamental rights such as freedom of association and expression and by
identifying the needs of individuals, groups and communities, initiate projects
and programmes to meet their needs. The NGOs also aim at sharing the
 responsibility of the state in providing minimum needs of the citizen, covering Types and Purpose of
Social Service
the areas of uncovered and unrnet needs, preventing fie monopolistic tendencies ~rganiiations
of the governments, and educating citizen about their rights and obligations.
They further aim at raising resources through contributions and donations and
organise activities of non-partisan and non-political nature for the well being
of the society.
Local State and Central Level Organisations
Local Level: Social Welfare by Rural and Urban Local A,uthorities
Rural local authorities comprise the Panchayati Raj Institutions, which were
introduced for local governance in the rural areas of the country. The three
tier system of Panchayati Raj consisting of Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Sarniti
and Zilla Panchayat are responsible to undertake the welfare activities for
their respective areas. Infact, Panchayat Raj bodies are very much involved
in implementing and administering the welfare programme assigned to them.

The urban local authorities consisting of municipal corporations, municipal

committees, and notified area committees created by the Acts of the concerned
.
State legislature are assigned obligatory and discretionary functions in the
field of social welfare. For instance Section 43 of Delhi Municipal Corporation
Act, 1957 makes it incumbent on the Corporation to make adequate provisions
for construction and maintenance of drainage works, public latrines and urinals,
water supply, pollution control, checking of dangerous diseases, provision of
transport facilitie.~,provision of medical relief and establishment of maternity
and child welfare centers, lighting, naming and numbering of life and property
in case of fire and the like and so on. .
The concept of democratic decentralization has got much importance in the
field of development. The aspect of welfare has come to be understood as
the primary responsibility of the individuals. Therefore, through people's participations
and decentralization of power, the government is trying to achieve the goal
of total development. Besides Government efforts, there are a number of
NGOs working with the local level with more flexibility and proximity.
State Level Organisation
The State Governments and Union Territory Administrations formulate and
implement various kinds of welfare services programmes on their own in their
respective jurisdictions for the benefit of the socially and economically weaker
sections of the society.

The State GovernmentkJnion Territories Administrations carry out their welfare

obligations and programmes mainly through their departments of social welfare
and voluntary organisations. At the state level, the incharge of the Department
:
I
of Social Welfare is the Welfare Minister and secretary to government is the
administrative head of the department.
i
!
The secretariat helps, guides and advises the Minister in the formulation of
i policies of the department, in getting the legislation passed by the state legislature,
and supervises the execution of the policies, schemes, projects and programmers
undertaken by the Directorate.

The Directorate is headed by a Director who is assisted by Additional Director,

- . -. - -. . - . . --
Social Welfare Administration In the field, the Divisional and District Social Welfare Officers function at
the district level and execute the various welfare programmes in their respective
jurisdictions.

The administrative and staffing pattern at all the stages is more or less the
same and so are the kinds of welfare services provided in each state except
for some minor variations.

The functions of the State Social Welfare Boards are as follows:

i) To promote the growth of voluntary social welfare agencies, with special
reference to development of welfare service in areas uncovered at present.
ii) To administer the grant-in-aid programme.
a) on behalf of the Central Social Welfare Board for development and
capital grants and
b) on behalf of the State Governments for maintenance grants.
iii) To assist the Central Social Welfare Board in the provision of a field
counselling service for aided agencies.
iv) To administer the programmes of rural welfare projects.
v) To simulate effective co-ordination among voluntary welfare agencies at
the States and local levels and
vi) To assist the Central Social Welfare Board and State Government in
the further development of welfare services.
Central Level Organisation (Union Level)
At the central level, although the responsibility of formulating overall policy
and planning of social welfare programmes rests with the new department
of social welfare, the initiation and execution of certain welfare service and
stimulating the effective co-ordination among voluntary welfare agencies (especially
at the National Level) will rest with the Central Social Welfare Board.
Central Social Welfare Board
The important landmark in the history of voluntary social welfare was created
in 1953, with the provision of Rs. 4 crore for the social welfare sector in
the first five year plan.

The question before the planners then was whether this amount should be
utilized through government machinery or by voluntary agencies, as at that
time there was no independent department of social welfare either at the
center or in the state. Under the leadership of Pandit Jawaharlal La1 Nehru,
it was decided that social welfare needed a special kind of machinery, that
had elements of flexibility, dedications and nearness to people. It was then
felt that it should be handled not by the government machinery but by the
voluntary workers who had dedicated their service to the needy. Accordingly
an autonomous Board was created which was charged with the responsibility
of preparing plans and schemes to be funded from out of the provision made
in the first five year plan. An outstanding social worker was to be made the
Chairperson of the Central Social Welfare Board. Dr. (Mrs.) Durgabai Desmukh
was its first Chairperson.

The main function of the Board was to give grants-in-aid, technical guidance
 One of the functions of the board was also to create organisations in the v p e s and Purpose of
Social .Service
areas where these did not exist. It was found that in slums and in the rural Organisations
areas, there were no services for women and pre-school children. The Board
accordingly launched a scheme named the family and child welfare projects.
The present integrated child development services (ICDS) programme is really
the outcome of these efforts.

Central Social Welfare Board was setup on the recommendations of the

Planning Commission as a semi-autonomous body, but the power of the
I
I
administration was vested in the ministry of education. It was registered as
a company from 1" April 1969 under section 25 of the Indian companies
I
Act, 1956 in order to have greater autonomy and flexibility.
I

Objectives of the Board

Foster the health growth of voluntary social service agencies.
To assist voluntary welfare programmes for the specific groups of persons,
?
women, children and the handicapped.
To co-ordinate the welfare schemes of various central and state Government.
, To develop new programmes of welfare and organise pilot projects.
Structure of Central Administration
The ministry of welfare is headed by a Cabinet or State Minister who is
assisted by the Minister of State/Deputy Minister. The Department has two
broad divisions; one headed by the Secretary - Welfare and the other headed
by the Secretary, Dept. of Women and Child Welfare. The Secretary-welfare
is assisted by an additional secretary. The Secretary, Department of Women
and Child Welfare is assisted by two joint Secretaries. In each wing there
are Directors, Deputy Secretaries, Under Secretaries, Joint Directors and
other officers to handle the tasks. The ministry is assisted in its functions by
a number of subordinate organisations, national commissions and national
institutes over which the ministry exercises its administrative control.
Central Social Welfare Board
National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Minorities Commission
e National Institute of Social Defence
National Institute for the Visually Handicapped
National Institute for the Orthopadically Handicapped
National Institute of Rehabilitation
Activities of the Ministry
The Ministry has been taking up large number of subjects and accordingly
undertakes multi-dimensionalfunction relating to the welfare of various sections
in the society like:
Policy, planning and co-ordination of programmes
Operations of central and centrally sponsored schemes
Guidance and direction to the state
Association with Planning Commission
Convening of conferences of state minister/secretaries of social welfare.
Social Welfare Administration Constitution of commission, committees/study teams
Assistance to voluntary organisations
Informal and mass education activities
Publications
Research, education and documentation
Participation in international conferences, seminars and workshops etc.

Check Your Progress I1

Note: a) Write your answer in the space provided.
b) Check your answer with those provided at the end of the unit.
1) What is Non Govermental Organisation? Discuss its nature and
functioning.
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2) Explain the nature of Central Social Welfare Board in India.
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2.5 BILATERAL AND INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES

Bilateral Agencies
The word bilateral means, "Agreement made between two countries". In this,
agreement two countries make agreement to have duty free entry of donated
supplies for relief and rehabilitation of the poor and the needy without discrimination
of caste, creed or race. Under these agreements, commodities like food
grains, milk powder, cheese, processed food stuff, drugs. medicines, multi
vitamin tablets, hospital equipment, and supplies like ambulances, mobile
dispensaries, agricultural implements etc. are received by approved organisations,
from approved organisations, located in respective countries. Government of
India encourages such assistance. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
operates the bilateral agreements on grft deliveries entered into by the Government
of India with the Governments of Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden,
Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States of America.

The Food Corporation of India is entrusted with the responsibility of handling

the port operations work in respect of gift consignments, coming under the
agreements on payment for the services at approved rates. The expenditure
on handling clearance and inland transportation of grft deliveries to the approved
consignees' destination is borne by the Ministry as per terms of the Agreement.
 International Agencies Types and Purpose of
Social Service
Organisations
Though the well being of the people is the concern of the state, it can not
be fulfilled due to the lack of financial resources, manpower, and other resources.
Therefore the State depends upon the help and support of other nations and
countries to ameliorate the lot of its poor and needy. It is upon this recognition
that the International co-operation in social welfare is needed in order to
secure social and economic welfare of human beings everywhere. International
social welfare organisations can be classified into five groups:
9 Government Agencies of International character, e.g. United Nations,
World Health Organisation, International Labour Organisation etc.
ii) Private International Organisation, e.g. The International Conference of
Social Work, World Federation of Mental Health, The International Union
P for the Child Welfare.
iii) Private International Organisations having autonomous organisations in
each country, e.g. International Red Cross, the YMCA and YWCA.
iv) National Government Agencies extending their help to other countries,
e.g. The United States Technical Co-operation programme popularly
known as point 4 Programme.
v) National Private Agencies extending their social service to other countrjes,
e.g. The Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundations in India.
International Agencies in India
Among the International agencies which first organised their activities in India
may be included the Red Cross, the YMCA and the YWCA. These organisations
are now working in Jndia through their national organisations, which are autonomous
in all respects. After World War I, the League of Nations initiated certain
International organisations, which in due course began to work in India. Among
these, the most important was the International Labour Organisation. Then
came, after the end of the World war-11, the United Nations Economic and
Social Council, the LTNICEF, The WHO, and the FAO. Among other agencies,
which have recently established their regional offices in India, are the International
Conference of Social Work and the International Union for Child Welfare.

In addition to the agencies mentioned above, the names of some more International
Organisations may be added:
Action for Food Production (AFPRO)
Co-operative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE)
Catholic Relief Services (CRS) -
Indo-German Social Service Society (IGSSS)
International Association of Lion's Club
Rotary International
Salvation Army etc.

2.6 DONOR AGENCIES

One of the major activities of any Non Governmental Organisation is mobilizing
financial support for its activities. A number of National and International
organisations are providing funds to the social service organisations. Such
agencies are known as Donor agencies. They give support to the social
Social Administration service activities on the basis of the project proposals, submitted by the
Organisation. Generally donor agencies are providing funds and other services
to the registered organisations for their various social welfare activities for
the needy and marginalized. The amount of their support varies from project
to project according to the requirements or the gravity of the problems. The
donor agencies mainly raise funds from its Citizen and the Government. Some
of the Donor agencies are:
Cordaid, Germany
Church Auxiliary for Social Action (CASA)
Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)
Chiistian Children's F nd
P
World Vision 1
Co-operative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE)
Catholic Relief Services (CRS)
Indo-German Social Service Society (IGSSS)
Caritas India etc.

2.7 UN BODIES
- - - -
7 - - - -

The United Nations has set up various organisations for groups needing special
help. Their contributions to international welfare may be discussed as follows:
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) was established by the General
Assembly on 1l~ December 1946. Its purpose is to help developing countries
to improve the condition of their children and youth. Unicef provides assistance
in such fields as health, nutrition, social welfare, education, and vocational
training. It also helps Governments to assess the important needs of their
children and plan comprehensive programme to meet them. A large part of
Unicef aid is in the form of providing equipment, drugs, well-drilling rigs,
school garden supplies, prototype equipment for day care centers and equipment
for the production of the textbooks. Unicef was awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1965 and the Indira Peace Prize in 1989.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
was established on 1" January 1951. It provides legal protection, and at the
request of a Government, material assistance for the refugees. UNHCR's
head quarters is in Geneva. There are 40 Field Offices. UNHCR was awarded
the Nobel Prize in 1954.

There are a number of other U.N bodies wo$ing for the social welfare.
I
Some of these organisations are:
I
. United Nations Center for Regional ~ e v e l b ~ m e n t .
United Nations Development Programme.
I
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United Nations Environment Programme.
9
United National Educational, Scientific an Cultural Organisation.
I

United Nations Institute for Training and Research.

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development etc.
 Types and Purpose of
2.8 CHARITABLE ORGANISATIONS Social Service
Organisations
Charitable Organisations are those organisations established for helping the
poor or needy people. These organisations are mainly formed to serve the
needy through a charitable approach. The Missionaries of Charity (MC) is
one example of such charitable organisations. Most of its workers are fully
dedicated to service and they serve without expectifig anything back. These
institutions provide institutional care to the poor and neglected. They also
provide food, clothing, medical treatment etc. for needy people.

The Charitable Organisations are registered under the Charitable Endowment

Act -1890. Section 2 of the Charitable Endowment Act defines 'charitable
purpose' as including general relief to the poor, education, medical relief and
the advancement of any other object of general public utility.

2.9 SOCIETIES AND TRUSTS

The Voluntary Organisation can be registered under the Societies Registration
Act - 1860, Indian Trusts Act - 1882 or under Section 25 of the Indian
Companies Act - 1956. Most of the Non-Governmental Organisation8 are
registered under Societies Registratioh Act.

Societies are formed with some deliberate intention following some system
in their day-to-day affairs as well as rules for their governing and proceedings.
The following activities should be handled properly, since it is vital for better
function of any organisation.
Primary study on the attainability of the objectives stated by the organisation.
Recruitment of manpower, right people for the right job, to attain the
organisational goals. 1. %

Drafting of a constitution, which consists of memorandum of association

and rules and regulations.
Making sure of the registration of the society by appropriate legal authority.

Memorandum of Association and rules and regulations are two important

parts of a society's constitution. While memorandum of association defines
the object of the Organisation recognised and approved by the Registrar,
rules and regulations define the internal management principles, which is binding
on the members. Societies are more democratic in their setup. Usually elections
are conducted to elect the managing committee. In some cases, founder
members may be permitted to remain life members of the managing committee.

Welfare programmes are also run by charitable trusts. The Indian Trusts Act
-1882 provides room for registering and running Public, Private, Religious
and Charitable Trusts. A Trust is an obligation annexed to the ownership of
property and arising out of a confidence reposed in and accepted by the
trustee(s), for the benefit of another and the owner. The following are the
objects of a charitable trust:
Trusts for the relief of Poverty
Trusts for the advancement of Education
Trusts for the advancement of religion and
Social Welfare Administration Trusts for other purposes beneficial to the community. (Not falling under
any other three heads, e.g. renovation of roads, supply of water, repairing
of bridges etc.j

Check Your Progress 111

Note: a) Write your answer i n the space provided.
b) Check your answer with those provided at the end of the-unit.
1) Classify International Social Welfare Organisations.
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2) Enumerate some of the International Organisations and UN bodies
working in the field of Social Welfare.
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2.10 LET US SUM UP

Social welfare organisations play a vital role in rendering social services in
every country, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. In this
unit we discussed about various types of Social Service Organisations and
their purposes.

We are aware that "an organisation is a group of people who are co-operating
under the direction of leadership for the accomplishment of a common e n d .
The need for an organisation arises when two or more persons unite together
to achieve some common objectives.

Organisation is one of the basic functions of management. Its importance lies

in the systematically evolved pattern of relationships designed to set in motion
the process of managerial functions.

The Central Social Welfare Board in India was registered as a company on

1" April 1969 under section 25 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956 in order
to have greater autonomy and flexibility.

There are few Bilateral Organisations working in the field of social welfare.
[Link] bilateral means, "Agreement made between two countries". Countries
make agreement with another country to have duty free entry of donated
supplies for =lief and rehabilitation of the poor and the needy without discrimination
of caste, creed or race. Under these agreements, commodities like food
grains, milk powder, cheese, processed food stuff, drugs, medicines, multi
vitamin tablets, hospital equipment, and supplies like ambulances, mobile
 dispensaries, agricultural implements etc. are received by approved organisations, Types and Purpose of
Social Service
from approved organisations, located in the countries. Organisations

International co-operation in social welfare is needed in order to secure social

and economic security of human beings everywhere which are indispensable
for securing world peace and stability.

One of the major activities of any social service organisation is mobilizing

' financial support for its activities. A number of National and International
organisations are providing funds to the social service organisations. Such
agencies are known as Donor agencies. They give support to the social
service activities on the basis of the project proposals, submitted by the
organisation. Generally donor agencies provide funds and other services to
the registered organisations for their various social welfare activities taken
up for the needy and marginalized.

The United Nations has also set up various organisations for groups needing
special help.

2.11 KEY WORDS

Organisation : An organisation is a group of people who
are co-operating under the direction of a
leader for the accomplishment of a common
end. The need for an organisation arises
when two or more persons unite together
to achieve some common objectives.
Formal Organisation : It refers to a structure of well-defined jobs,
each bearing a definite measure of authority,
responsibility and accountability.
Informal Organisation : It is an outcome of social interaction between
individuals in a formal organisation. Whenever
people work together, they evolve informal
groups bound together by common, social,
technological and work interests. Such groups
constitute informal organisation.
Voluntary Organisation : A voluntary organisations, properly speaking,
is an organisation which whether its workers
are paid or unpaid, is initiated and governed
by its own members without external control.
Bilateral Agencies : The word bilateral means, "agreement made
between two countries". In this agency,
countries make agreement with another
country to have duty free entry of donated
supplies for relief and rehabilitation of the
poor and the needy without discrimination
of caste, creed or race.
Donor Agencies : One of the major activities of any social
service organisation is mobilizing financial
support for its activities. A number of National
and International organisations are providing
Social Welfare Administration funds to the social service organisations. Such
agencies are known as Donor agencies.
Charitable Organisations : They are those organisations established for
helping the poor or needy people. These
organisations are mainly founded to serve
the needy through a charitable approach.
Societies : Societies are formed with a deliberate intention
following some system in their day-to-day
affairs as well as rules for their governing.
'mlst : A Trust is an obligation annexed to the
ownership of property and arising out of a
confidence reposed in and accepted by the
trustee(s), for the benefit of another and
the owner.

2.12 SUGGESTED READINGS

Avasti & Maheswari, Public Administration, Lakshmi Narayan Agrawal,
Agra.
S.L. Goel and R.K. Jain, Social Welfare Administration, Vol. 11, Deep and
Deep Publication, New Delhi.

2.13 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Check Your Progress I

1) Organisations are of two types: Formal and Informal

Formal Organisation : It refers to a structure of well-defined jobs, each
bearing a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability.
The Formal Organisation lays down the pattern of relationship between
individuals and the rules and regulations, which guide the behaviour of
individuals.
Informal Organisation :It is an outcome of social interaction between
individuals in a formal organisation. Whenever people work together,
they evolve informal groups bound together by common, social, technological
and work related interests. Such groups constitute informal organisation.
Informal organisation represents relationships between individuals in the
organisation based on interest, personal attitudes, emotions, prejudices,
likes, dislikes, physical location, similarity of work etc. These relations
are not developed according to the procedures, rules and regulations laid
down in the formal organisations. Whereas informal organisation comes
into existence because of the limitations of the formal organisation. It
represents "a natural grouping of people at w o r k . The birth of small
groups in an organisation is a natural phenomenon. These groups may
also overlap because an individud may be a member of more than one
informal group. In many cases, informal groups come in to being to
support and supplement the formal organisation.
Functions of formal organisation
i) Planning
ii) Organising
 iii> Staffing Types and Purpose of
Social Service
iv) Directing Organisations

vi) Reporting
v$ Budgeting
Check Your Progress I1

I 1) In the UN terminology, voluntary organisations are called non-government

organisations (NGOs). The term "Voluntarism" is derived from the Latin
word "Voluntas" which means "will" of "freedom." Political scientists
defined "freedom of association" as a recognized legal right on the part
of all persons to come together for the promotion of a purpose in which
they are interested. Article 19(1) C of the Constitution of India confers
on the Indian Citizens the right "to form associations". According to Lord
Beveridge, "A Voluntary organisation, properly speaking, is an organisation
which whether its workers are paid or unpaid, is initiated and governed
by its own members without external control."
Non~GovernmentNoluntaryOrganisations in Indian context
Some of the features of the functioning of NGOs in Indian context are:
i) It is registered under the Societies Registrations Act, 1860, the Indian
Trusts Act, 1882, The Cooperative Societies Act, 1904 or Section
25 of the Companies Act, 1956 depending upon the nature and
scope of its activities to give it a legal status.
ii) It has defmite aims, and objectives, and programmes for their fulfiient.
iii) It has an administrative structure and duly constituted management
and executive committee.
iv) It is an organisation initiated and governed by its own members on
democratic principles without any external control.
v) It raises funds for its activities partly from the exchequer in the form
of grants-in-aid and partly in the form of the contributions or subscriptions
from the members of the local community and/or the beneficiaries
of the programme.
"Non-Governmental Organisations" identify the needs of individuals,
groups and communities and initiate projects and programme to meet
them on their own or with the grant-in-aid received from the government.
They share the responsibility of the state by partly providing for the
minimum needs of the citizen, covering the areas of uncovered and
unmet needs, preventing the monopolistic tendencies of the governments,
mobilizing public support through publicity campaigns, raising resources
through contributions and donations and finally organising activities
of non-partisan and non-political nature for the well being of the society.
2) The important landmark in the history of voluntary social welfare in India
was in 1953, when Rs. 4 crore was allocated for social welfare sector
in the first five-year plan with the following objectives:
To foster the healthy growth of voluntary social service agencies
through financial aid,
To assist voluntary welfzre programmes for there specific groups of
persons, women, children, and the handicapped,
-

Social Welfare Administration TOco-ordinate the welfare schemes of various central ministries and
state Governments,
To develop new programmes of welfare and organise pilot projects.

Under the leadership of Pandit Jawaharlal La1 Nehru, it was decided that
social welfare needed a special kind of machinery, which had elements
of flexibility, dedication, proximity to the people etc. It was also felt that
such machinery should not be handled by the government machinery but
by the voluntary workers who had the traditions of dedicated service
to the needy. Accordingly, an autonomous Board CSWB was created
which was charged with the responsibility of preparing plan and schemes
to be funded out of the provision made in the first five year plan. A
social worker of good standing was to be the Chairperson of the
Central Social Welfare Board. Dr. (Mrs.) Durgabai Desmukh was its first
Chairperson.
The main functions of the Board were to give grants-in-aid and technical
guidance to voluntary organisations engaged in different types of social
welfare activities. Another function of the board was to create organisations
in the areas where they did not exist. It was found that in slums and
in the rural areas, there were no services for women and pre-school
children. The Board accordingly launched schemes such as the family and
child welfare projects. The present Integrated Child Development Services
(ICDS) programme is an outcome of these efforts.
Central social welfare Board was set up on the recommendations of the
planning commission as a Semi-autonomous body. It was registered as
a company on 1" April 1969 under section 25 of the Indian Companies
Act, 1956, in order to have greater autonomy and flexibility in working
procedures.
Check Your Progress I11
1) International Co-operation in social welfare is needed in order to secure
the well being, social and economic security of good health for human
beings everywhere which are indispensable for securing world peace and
stability. International social welfare organisations can be classified into
five groups: .
f) Government Agencies of International character, e.g. United Nations,
World Health Organisation, International Labour Organisation etc.
ii) Private International Organisation, e.g. The international Conference
of Social Work, World Federation of Mental Health, The International
Union for the Child Welfare.
iii) Private International Organisations having autonomous organisations
in each country, e.g. International Red Cross, the YMCA and the
YWCA.
iv) National Government Agencies extending their service to other countries,
e.g. The United States Technical Co-operation programme popularly
known as Point - 4 Programme.
v) National Private Agencies extending their social service to other
countries, e.g. The Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation
in India.
The names of some International Organisations working for social welfare Types and Purpose of
Social Service
are: Organisations

Action for Food Production (AFPRO)

Co-operative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE)
Catholic Relief Services (CRS)
Indo-German Social Service Society (IGSSS)
International Association of Lion's Club
Rotary International
Salvation Army etc.

The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
was established on I" January 195 1. It provides legal protection and
at the request of a Government, material assistance for the refugees.
UNHCR's head quarters are in Geneva. There are 40 Field Offices.
UNHCR was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954. There are a number
of UN bodies working for the social welfare. Some of these organisations
are:
United Nations Center for Regional Development.
United Nations Development Programme.
United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
United Nations Environment Programme.
United Nations Institute for Training and Research.
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development etc.