Republic of the Philippines

Municipality of Sibonga
Sibonga Community College
Poblacion, Sibonga, Cebu 6020
[Link]@[Link]

TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING 1

Module 1

Lesson 1: Understanding ICT: Some Basic Concepts

EMBARK

The world has never been as complex as it is now due to the excessive growth of knowledge. ICT has
been a vital instrument for bringing people closer together. It has permeated society and the education sector
in particular. ICT did wonders for education, providing students access to vast information and simplifying
teachers' jobs.

In this lesson, students will explore various concepts related to ICT as used in education and the
interrelationship of these concepts. Specifically, at the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

 define basic concepts in understanding ICT in education; and

 determine the interrelation of concepts in ICT in education.

ENGAGE

TECHNOLOGY TERM HUNT

Look for words that could be related to technology for teaching and learning. The words are arranged either
horizontally, vertically, diagonally, or inverted. Encircle the 15 words in this task.

SCC: recognize the inalienable right of all Filipinos to quality educations…

 Republic of the Philippines
Municipality of Sibonga
Sibonga Community College
Poblacion, Sibonga, Cebu 6020
[Link]@[Link]
EXPLORE

Many people might think that technology for teaching and learning is limited to using computers
in the classroom. The phrase means more than this concept.

TECHNOLOGY

The New Book of Knowledge (2007) defines technology, from the Greek teknologia meaning
systematic treatment or craft, as the methods people develop to address their needs. Ways to improve life
are the concern of technology, and everything that satisfies man’s needs is part of technology. Thus, this
relates to the maxim, "Necessity is the mother invention."

Greenwood Dictionary of Education (2003) defines technology as the apparatus, methods, and
systems to carry out an enterprise or purpose. Technology is a medium of change, a tool, and a catalyzer.
Newby et al. (2000) posit that technology serves as a bridge between research and theoretical explorations
and real-world problems.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

ICT, or information and communication technology, refers to:

 electronic tools used in gathering, recording, storing information, and exchanging and distributing
information to others (Anderson, 2010);
 information-handling tools, which generate, store, process, spread, and share information (UNDP,
2001);
 something that allows teachers and students to create, share, connect, and reflect on their learning
and others (UNESCO, 2011);
 all electronic means to access, create, collect, store, process, receive, transmit, present, and
disseminate information (RA 10844, 2016);
 technologies associated with the transmission and exchange of data in the form of sound, text,
visual images, signals, or any other form or any combination of those forms through the use of
digital technology (TESDA, n.d.);
 a subject concerned with technology and other aspects of managing and processing information
and its impact on how knowledge is disseminated in a society (Florencio & Andong, 2008);
 all the technology used to handle telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building
management systems, audiovisual processing, and transmission systems, and network-based
control and monitoring functions; and
 a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to transmit, store, create, share, or
exchange Information, which includes computers, the internet, live and recorded broadcasting
technologies, and telephony.

SCC: recognize the inalienable right of all Filipinos to quality educations…

 Republic of the Philippines
Municipality of Sibonga
Sibonga Community College
Poblacion, Sibonga, Cebu 6020
[Link]@[Link]
There are SIX components of ICT, shown in Figure 1, to wit: Figure 1

1. Cloud computing. The term describes data centers

available to many users over the Internet.

2. Software. This refers to applications used to do tasks In

the computer. The two main categories of software are
application software, used for a specific need, and system
software, used to run the hardware.

3. Hardware. The term refers to the physical elements

comprising a computer or electronic system.

4. Digital Transactions. This can be ICT broadly defined as

"paperless," online, or automated transactions that take place
between people and organizations.

5. Digital Data. This term refers to other forms of data using

specific machine language systems that can be interpreted by
various technologies.

6. Internet Access. This refers to the process of connecting

to the internet using technology gadgets.

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Authorities define educational technology as:

 the improvement of the learning process by developing, applying, and evaluating systems,
techniques, and aids (Council for Educational Technology of the United Kingdom, as cited by
Lucido, 1997);
 the study to facilitate learning and improve performances by the creation, use, and management
of appropriate technological processes and resources (Association for Educational
Communication and Technology, 2008);
 a systematic way to design, to carry out, and to evaluate the teaching-learning process in terms
of specific objectives and to employ both human and technical resources to make instruction
effective (UNESCO, 1974);
 the practice of using methods and resources in education to facilitate the learning process
(Lucido, 1997);
 a systematic, iterative process to design instruction or training for the improvement of
performance (Encyclopedia of Educational Technology); and
 a field involved in facilitating human learning through systematic identification, development,
organization, and utilization of a full range of learning resources and managing these processes
(Association for Educational Communication and Technology).

SCC: recognize the inalienable right of all Filipinos to quality educations…

 Republic of the Philippines
Municipality of Sibonga
Sibonga Community College
Poblacion, Sibonga, Cebu 6020
[Link]@[Link]
The foregoing definitions of Educational Technology encompass the use of instructional media as
part of the complicated teaching-learning process and stress the improvement of the teaching-learning
situation as its end goal. In a narrow sense, educational technology may mean the prevalent use of
audiovisual resources, while broadly, educational technology encompasses the whole teaching and
learning process.

INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM

The classroom provides a myriad of teaching-learning situations. The teacher develops these
situations by considering the learning targets or objectives to be attained by students. Then, the teacher
organizes the learning experience by thinking of the particular topics or learning experiences. The teacher
carefully selects methods or strategies to make way for students to learn the lessons easily, utilizing
appropriate instructional materials. Eventually, the teacher finds out through the assessment tasks if the
students have learned the lesson. This scientific process is termed an instructional system.

Loughary (1968) considers an instructional system a scientific approach to education. It is an

attempt to design a curriculum and develop instructional procedures and materials, which reflect what
research has revealed about the teaching-learning process. He delineated the meaning of instructional
systems as teaching-learning packages and the use of systems concepts and procedures as tools and
models for developing instructional programs. The general steps involved in the procedures are:
1. defining learning objectives;
2. determining specifications for a system that would meet the objectives;
3. designing a system based on the specifications;
4. developing the system (e.g., instructional materials and routines, physical plant, training of
personnel);
5. system debugging (i.e., trial run and necessary corrections); and
6. system implementation and evaluation.

The design of instruction is described as systematic. Newby (2000) explains that instructional
design is a system as it is an orderly process with internal logic, resulting in a coherent plan in which the
components of the plan closely match one another. Instructional system design refers to systematically
developing instructional materials using learning theories.

Lee (1975) considers instructional system design as a five-step process for curriculum
development using the systems approach. The process includes the following steps: (1) analysis of system
requirements; (2) definition of education or training requirements; (3) development of objectives and
tests; (4) planning, development, and validation of instruction; and (5) conduct and evaluation of
instruction.

Glaser (1962) describes an instructional system as comprised of five components:

1. Instructional Goals (system objectives)
2. Entering Behavior (system input)
3. Instructional Procedures (system operator)
4. Performance Assessments (output monitor)
5. Research and Development Logistics (analysis and evaluation)

More information on the different instructional design models is presented in Chapter 4 of this book.

SCC: recognize the inalienable right of all Filipinos to quality educations…

 Republic of the Philippines
Municipality of Sibonga
Sibonga Community College
Poblacion, Sibonga, Cebu 6020
[Link]@[Link]

TECHNOLOGY TOOLS
Technology tools are software used to develop or support online course content. Chalk, posters, and
overhead projectors were considered technology tools before. Technology tools include all tools that
enhance the delivery of instruction.

Technology tools are categorized based on the uses of these tools, to wit:

 data/calculation tools, which include electronic databases and spreadsheets

 design tools, which include computer-aided designs (CAD)

 discussion tools, which include blogs, forums, and video conferencing

 communication tools, which include e-mail

 handheld devices, which include palmtops and digital cameras

 instructional tools, which include instructional software

 interactive tools, which include interactive websites

 publishing/visual tools which, include digital cameras, scanners, and graphics software used for
imaging

 multimedia tools which include presentation tools incorporating texts, sounds, and graphics; and
writing tools, which include word processing software.

Technology tools are discussed in detail in Chapter 5 of this book.

Along with the concepts earlier mentioned, Ballado (2012) lists other terms used to denote the
scope of technology in teaching and learning, to wit:

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY. The term covers educational technology concerned with

instruction rather than the management of schools.

INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA. The term highlights ways of communication between the teacher and the
learner, which carry educational purposes.

INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS. The term "aids" emphasizes that these aids provide the help to make the
teaching—learning situation effective.

AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS. The term emphasizes that these aids employ multi-sensory experiences.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS. The term emphasizes that most of the media teachers used to aid in
teaching are tangible, either tools or equipment.

SCC: recognize the inalienable right of all Filipinos to quality educations…