3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Questions
[Link].TZ0.2
A lighting system consists of two long metal rods with a potential difference
maintained between them. Identical lamps can be connected between the rods as
required.

The following data are available for the lamps when at their working temperature.

Lamp specifications 24 V, 5.0 W

Power supply emf 24 V
Power supply maximum current 8.0 A

Length of each rod 2

1 .5 m

Resistivity of rod metal 7.2 × 10–7 Ω m

A step-down transformer is used to transfer energy to the two rods. The primary coil of
this transformer is connected to an alternating mains supply that has an emf of root mean
2 V 9%
square (rms) magnitude 40 . The transformer is 5 efficient.

a.

Each rod is to have a resistance no greater than 0.10 Ω. Calculate, in m, the

minimum radius of each rod. Give your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures.

[3]

b.

Calculate the maximum number of lamps that can be connected between the
N
rods. eglect the resistance of the rods.

2
[ ]

c.

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 One advantage of this system is that if one lamp fails then the other lamps in the
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

circuit remain lit. Outline one other electrical advantage of this system compared to
one in which the lamps are connected in series.

[1]

d.i. Outline how eddy currents reduce transformer efficiency. 2

[ ]

[Link].

Determine the peak current in the primary coil when operating with the maximum
number of lamps.

[4]

[Link].TZ0.3
A chicken’s egg of mass 58 g is dropped onto grass from a height of 1.1 m. Assume that
air resistance is negligible and that the egg does not bounce or break.

a. Define impulse. [1]

b.i. Show that the kinetic energy of the egg just before impact is about 0.6 J. [1]

[Link].

D
The egg comes to rest in a time of 55 ms. etermine the magnitude of the average
decelerating force that the ground exerts on the egg.

[4]

[Link].

Explain why the egg is likely to break when dropped onto concrete from the same
height.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.6
32 P is formed when a nucleus of deuterium (2 H) collides with a nucleus of 31 P. The radius of
15 1 15
a deuterium nucleus is 1.5 fm.

a.i.

State how the density of a nucleus varies with the number of nucleons in the
nucleus.

[1]

[Link]. Show that the nuclear radius of phosphorus-31 (3115P) is about 4 fm. [1]

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b.i.

State the maximum32 distance between the centres of the nuclei for which
the production of 15 P is likely to occur.

[1]

[Link].

Determine, in J, the minimum

32
initial kinetic energy that the deuterium nucleus must
have in order to produce 15 P. Assume that the phosphorus nucleus is stationary
throughout the interaction and that only electrostatic forces act.

[ ] 2
c.
32 P undergoes beta-minus (
15 β–) decay. Explain why the energy gained by the
emitted beta particles in this decay is not the same for every beta particle.

2
[ ]

d.i. State what is meant by decay constant. [2]

[Link].

In a fresh pure sample of 32 2B

15 P the activity of the sample is 4 q. After one week the
7B
activity has become 1 q. Calculate, in s–1, the decay constant of 32 15 P.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.7
2 F
A small electric motor is used with a 1 m capacitor and a battery in a school
experiment.

X
When the switch is connected to , the capacitor is charged using the battery. When
Y
the switch is connected to , the capacitor fully discharges through the electric motor
that raises a small mass.

a.

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 7 VD
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The battery has an emf of .5 . etermine the charge that flows through the
motor when the mass is raised.

[1]

b.

The motor can transfer one-third of the electrical energy stored in the capacitor
D
into gravitational potential energy of the mass. etermine the maximum height
through which a mass of 45 g can be raised.

[ ] 2
c.

An additional identical capacitor is connected in series with the first capacitor and
the charging and discharging processes are repeated. Comment on the effect this
change has on the height and time taken to raise the 45 g mass.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.1
In an investigation to measure the acceleration of free fall a rod is suspended horizontally
by two vertical strings of equal length. The strings are a distance d apart.

When the rod is displaced by a small angle and then released, simple harmonic
oscillations take place in a horizontal plane.

The theoretical prediction for the period of oscillation T is given by the following
equation
𝑐
𝑇=𝑑
√𝑔

where c is a known numerical constant.

In one experiment d was varied. The graph shows the plotted values of T against . rror
1
𝑑
E
bars are negligibly small.

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a. State the unit of c. [1]

b.

2 E
A student records the time for 0 oscillations of the rod. xplain how this
procedure leads to a more precise measurement of the time for one oscillation T.

2
[ ]

c.i. Draw the line of best fit for these data. [1]

[Link]. Suggest whether the data are consistent with the theoretical prediction. [2]
d.

S 7D
The numerical value of the constant c in I units is 1.6 . etermine g, using
the graph.

[4]

[Link].TZ0.8
There is a proposal to place a satellite in orbit around planet Mars.
The satellite is to have an orbital time T equal to the length of a day on Mars. It can be
shown that

T2 = kR
3

where R is the orbital radius of the satellite and k is a constant.

The ratio
distance of Mars from the Sun
distance of Earth from the Sun
= 1.5.
a.i. Outline what is meant by gravitational field strength at a point. 2
[ ]
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[Link].

Newton’s law of gravitation applies to point masses. Suggest why the law can be
applied to a satellite orbiting Mars.

2
[ ]

b.i.

Mars has a mass of 6.4 × 102 kg. Show that, for Mars, k is about 9 × 10–
3 13 s 2 m–3.
[3]

[Link].

M
The time taken for ars to revolve on its axis is 8. 9 × 10 4 s. Calculate, in m s–1, the
orbital speed of the satellite.

2
[ ]

c.i.

Show that the intensity of solar radiation at the orbit of Mars is about 600 W m–2.
2
[ ]

[Link].

Determine, in K, the mean surface temperature of Mars. Assume that Mars acts as
a black body.

2
[ ]

[Link].

M
The atmosphere of ars is composed mainly of carbon dioxide and has a
% E O
pressure less than 1 of that on the arth. utline why the mean temperature
E
of arth is strongly affected by gases in its atmosphere but that of ars is not.M
[3]

[Link].TZ1.2
B 2 ×
A beam of electrons each of de roglie wavelength .4 10–15 m is incident on a thin film
of silicon-30 ( 30
14 Si ) . The variation in the electron intensity of the beam with scattering
angle is shown.

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a.i. Use the graph to show that the nuclear radius of silicon-30 is about 4 fm. [3]

[Link]. Estimate, using the result from (a)(i), the nuclear radius of thorium-232 ( 232
90 Th ) .

[2]

[Link].

Suggest one reason why a beam of electrons is better for investigating the size of a
nucleus than a beam of alpha particles of the same energy.

[1]

[Link].

Outline why deviations from Rutherford scattering are observed when high-energy
alpha particles are incident on nuclei.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.3
A beam of microwaves is incident normally on a pair of identical narrow slits 1 and S S2.

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When a microwave receiver is initially placed at W which is equidistant from the slits, a
Z
maximum in intensity is observed. The receiver is then moved towards along a line
X Y
parallel to the slits. Intensity maxima are observed at and with one minimum between
X Y
them. W, and are consecutive maxima.

a. Explain why intensity maxima are observed at X and Y. [2]

b. The distance from S1 to Y is 1.243 m and the distance from S2 to Y is 1.181 m.

Determine the frequency of the microwaves. [3]

c.

Outline one reason why the maxima observed at W, X and Y will have different
intensities from each other.

[1]

d.

The microwaves emitted by the transmitter are horizontally polarized. The

microwave receiver contains a polarizing filter. When the receiver is at position W it
detects a maximum intensity.

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 °
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The receiver is then rotated through 180 about the horizontal dotted line passing
S
through the microwave transmitter. ketch a graph on the axes provided to show
the variation of received intensity with rotation angle.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.9
Liquid oxygen at its boiling point is stored in an insulated tank. Gaseous oxygen is
produced from the tank when required using an electrical heater placed in the liquid.

The following data are available.

Mass of 1.0 mol of oxygen = 32 g

Specific latent heat of vaporization of oxygen = 2.1 × 10 J kg– 5 1

An oxygen flow rate of 0.25 mol s– is needed.

1

a.

Distinguish between the internal energy of the oxygen at the boiling point when it is
in its liquid phase and when it is in its gas phase.

2
[ ]

b.i. Calculate, in kW, the heater power required. [2]

[Link].

Calculate the volume of the oxygen produced in one second when it is allowed to
M
expand to a pressure of 0.11 Pa and to reach a temperature of 13 C. – °
2
[ ]

c.

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 State one assumption of the kinetic model of an ideal gas that does not apply
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

to oxygen.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.17
A student blows across the top of a cylinder that contains water. A first-harmonic
M
standing sound wave is produced in the air of the cylinder. ore water is then added to
the cylinder. The student blows so that a first-harmonic standing wave is produced with a
different frequency.

What is the nature of the displacement in the air at the water surface and the change in
frequency when the water is added ?

[Link].TZ2.20
A third-harmonic standing wave of wavelength 0.80 m is set up on a string fixed at both
ends. Two points on the wave are separated by a distance of 0.60 m. What is a possible
phase difference between the two points on the wave ?
𝜋
A.
4
rad

B. 𝜋2 rad
C. 𝜋rad

D. 3𝜋2 rad
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[Link].TZ2.18
A particle with a charge ne is accelerated through a potential difference .V
What is the magnitude of the work done on the particle ?
A. 𝑒𝑉

B. 𝑛𝑒𝑉
𝑛𝑉
C.
𝑒

D. 𝑒𝑉𝑛
[Link].TZ2.21
A train approaches a station and sounds a horn of constant frequency and constant
intensity. An observer waiting at the station detects a frequency fobs and an intensity Iobs.
What are the changes, if any, in Iobs and fobs as the train slows down?

[Link].TZ2.24
In an experiment to determine the resistivity of a material, a student measures the
resistance of several wires made from the pure material. The wires have the same length
but different diameters.

Which quantities should the student plot on the 𝑥-axis and the 𝑦-axis of a graph to obtain
?
a straight line

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[Link].TZ2.20
Ω Ω Ω
Three resistors of resistance 1.0 , 6.0 and 6.0 are connected as shown. The
2V
voltmeter is ideal and the cell has an emf of 1 with negligible internal resistance.

What is the reading on the voltmeter ?

A. 3.0 V
B. 4.0 V
C. 8.0 V

D. 9.0 V
[Link].TZ2.22
Two stars are viewed with a telescope using a green filter. The images of the stars are just
resolved. What is the change, if any, to the angular separation of the images of the stars
?
and to the resolution of the images when the green filter is replaced by a violet filter

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[Link].TZ2.26
2
The input to a diode bridge rectification circuit is sinusoidal with a time period of 0 ms.

Which graph shows the variation with time t of the output voltage V out between X and Y?

[Link].TZ2.27
Three identical capacitors are connected in series. The total capacitance of the
1
F
arrangement is m . The three capacitors are then connected in parallel. What is the
9
capacitance of the parallel arrangement ?
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1
A. m
3
F
B. 1 mF
C. 3 mF

D. 81 mF
[Link].TZ2.28
A transformer with 600 turns in the primary coil is used to change an alternating root
2 V
mean square (rms) potential difference of 40 rms to 1 2V
rms.

When connected to the secondary coil, a lamp labelled “1 0 W, 1 2 2 V” lights normally.

The current in the primary coil is 0.60 A when the lamp is lit.

What are the number of secondary turns and the efficiency of the transformer ?

[Link].TZ2.29
A circular coil of wire moves through a region of uniform magnetic field directed out of
the page.

What is the direction of the induced conventional current in the coil for the marked
positions ?

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[Link].TZ2.30
An electron is fixed in position in a uniform electric field. What is the position for which
the electrical potential energy of the electron is greatest ?

[Link].TZ2.31
A proton of velocity v enters a region of electric and magnetic fields. The proton is not
deflected. An electron and an alpha particle enter the same region with velocity v. Which
is correct about the paths of the electron and the alpha particle ?

[Link].TZ2.22
2
A particle of mass 0.0 kg moves in a horizontal circle of diameter 1 m with an angular
velocity of 3𝜋 rad s-1.

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 ?
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What is the magnitude and direction of the force responsible for this motion

[Link].TZ2.24
Z β
A radioactive nuclide with atomic number undergoes a process of beta-plus ( +) decay.
What is the atomic number for the nuclide produced and what is another particle emitted
during the decay ?

[Link].TZ2.34
The 𝜋+ meson contains an up (𝑢) quark. What is the quark structure of the 𝜋− meson ?
A. 𝑢𝑑

B. 𝑢𝑑¯
C. 𝑢𝑑
¯

D. 𝑢¯ 𝑑¯
[Link].TZ2.26
Three conservation laws in nuclear reactions are

I. conservation of charge

II. conservation of baryon number

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III. conservation of lepton number.

The reaction

𝑛 → 𝜋− + 𝑒+ + 𝑣¯ 𝑒
is proposed.

Which conservation laws are violated in the proposed reaction ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.34
A coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field. An alternating emf is induced in the coil.
What is a possible phase relationship between the magnetic flux through the coil and the
?
induced emf in the coil when the variations of both quantities are plotted with time

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[Link].TZ2.38
Photons of a certain frequency incident on a metal surface cause the emission of
electrons from the surface. The intensity of the light is constant and the frequency of
photons is increased. What is the effect, if any, on the number of emitted electrons and
the energy of emitted electrons ?

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[Link].TZ0.35
A capacitor of capacitance 1.0 μF μ
stores a charge of 15 C. The capacitor is discharged
2 Ω
through a 5 resistor. What is the maximum current in the resistor ?
A. 0.60 mA

B. 1.7 mA
C. 0.60 A

D. 1.7 A
[Link].TZ0.36
A diode bridge rectification circuit is constructed as shown. An alternating potential
difference is applied between and . M N

Three statements about circuits are

Q
I. when diode P conducts, does not conduct
S R
II. when diode conducts, neither P nor conducts
III. the direction of conventional current in the resistor is from left to right.

Which statements are correct for this circuit ?

A. I and II only
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B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.37
An electron of low energy is enclosed within a high potential barrier. What is the process
by which the electron can escape ?
A. Quantum tunneling
B. Energy–mass conversion
C. Diffraction

D. Barrier climbing
[Link].TZ0.38
A beam of monochromatic radiation is made up of photons each of momentum 𝑝. The
intensity of the beam is doubled without changing frequency. What is the momentum of
each photon after the change ?
𝑝
A.
2

B. 𝑝
C. 2𝑝
D. 4𝑝
[Link].TZ0.39

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Three observations of the behaviour of electrons are

I. electron emission as a result of the photoelectric effect

II. electron diffraction as an electron interacts with an atom
III. emission of radio waves as a result of electrons oscillating in a conductor.

Which observations are evidence that the electron behaves as a particle ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.40
N =
A pure sample of a radioactive nuclide contains 0 atoms at time t 0. At time t, there
N
are atoms of the nuclide remaining in the sample. The half-life of the nuclide is 𝑡 1 .
2

What is the decay rate of this sample proportional to ?

A. N
B. N – N0

C. t

D. 𝑡 1
2

[Link].TZ0.1
The graph shows the variation with time t of the horizontal force F exerted on a tennis
ball by a racket.

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The tennis ball was stationary at the instant when it was hit. The mass of the tennis ball is
×
5.8 10–2 kg. The area under the curve is 0.84 s. N
a. Calculate the speed of the ball as it leaves the racket. 2
[ ]

b. Show that the average force exerted on the ball by the racket is about 50 N.
2
[ ]

c.

Determine, with reference to the work done by the average force, the horizontal
distance travelled by the ball while it was in contact with the racket.

[3]

d.

Draw a graph to show the variation with t of the horizontal speed v of the ball while
it was in contact with the racket. Numbers are not required on the axes.

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[ ]

[Link].TZ0.3
The solid line in the graph shows the variation with distance 𝑥 of the displacement 𝑦 of a
= 2
travelling wave at t 0. The dotted line shows the wave 0. 0 ms later. The period of the
wave is longer than 0. 0 ms. 2

One end of a string is attached to an oscillator and the other is fixed to a wall. When the
frequency of the oscillator is 360 Hz the standing wave shown is formed on the string.

Point X (not shown) is a point on the string at a distance of 10 cm from the oscillator.
a(i). Calculate, in m s–1, the speed for this wave. [1]

a(ii). Calculate, in Hz, the frequency for this wave. [ ] 2

b.

Q
The graph also shows the displacement of two particles, P and , in the medium at t
= S
0. tate and explain which particle has the larger magnitude of acceleration at t =
0.

[ ] 2
c(i).

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 State the number of all other points on the string that have the same amplitude and
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

phase as X.

[1]

c(ii).

The frequency of the oscillator is reduced to 1 0 z. 2 H On the diagram, draw the

standing wave that will be formed on the string.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.7
2
A stationary nucleus of uranium- 38 undergoes alpha decay to form thorium- 34. 2
The following data are available.

Energy released in decay 4.27 MeV

Binding energy per nucleon for helium 7.07 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon for thorium 7.60 MeV
a.

Radioactive decay is said to be “random” and “spontaneous”. Outline what is meant

by each of these terms.

Random: Spontaneous: 2
[ ]

b(i). Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for uranium- 38. 2 [3]

b(ii). Calculate the ratio

kinetic energy of alpha particle
kinetic energy of thorium nucleus
. 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.10
The lens of an optical system is coated with a thin film of magnesium fluoride of thickness
M
d. onochromatic light of wavelength 656 nm in air is incident on the lens. The angle of
θ X
incidence is . Two reflected rays, and , are shown. Y

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The following refractive indices are available.

Air =
1.00
M =
agnesium fluoride 1.38
Lens =
1.58

F
The thickness of the magnesium fluoride film is d. or the case of normal incidence ( θ=
0),

Light from a point source is incident on the pupil of the eye of an observer. The diameter
of the pupil is 2.8 mm.

a. Predict whether reflected ray X undergoes a phase change. [2]

b(i). state, in terms of d, the path difference between the reflected rays X and Y.

[1]

b(ii).

calculate the smallest value of d that will result in destructive interference between
X
ray and ray . Y
2
[ ]

b(iii). discuss a practical advantage of this arrangement. [2]

c(i).

Draw, on the axes, the variation with diffraction angle of the intensity of light
incident on the retina of the observer.

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2
[ ]

c(ii).

Estimate, in rad, the smallest angular separation of two distinct point sources of
light of wavelength 656 nm that can be resolved by the eye of this observer.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.11
Monochromatic light of very low intensity is incident on a metal surface. The light causes
the emission of electrons almost instantaneously. Explain how this observation

In an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect, light of wavelength 480 nm is

incident on a metal surface.

The graph shows the variation of the current 𝐼 in the ammeter with the potential 𝑉 of the
cathode.

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a(i). does not support the wave nature of light. 2

[ ]

a(ii). does support the photon nature of light. [2]

b(i). V
Calculate, in e , the work function of the metal surface. [3]

b(ii).

The intensity of the light incident on the surface is reduced by half without changing
D
the wavelength. raw, on the graph, the variation of the current 𝐼 with potential 𝑉
after this change.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.1
A student investigates how the period T of a simple pendulum varies with the maximum
speed v of the pendulum’s bob by releasing the pendulum from rest from different initial
angles. A graph of the variation of T with v is plotted.

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a.

Suggest, by reference to the graph, why it is unlikely that the relationship between
T and v is linear.

[1]

b.

Determine the fractional uncertainty in v when T = 2.115 s, correct to one significant

figure.

2
[ ]

c.

=
The student hypothesizes that the relationship between T and v is T a + bv2,
where a and b are constants. To verify this hypothesis a graph showing the variation
of T with v2 is plotted. The graph shows the data and the line of best fit.

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Determine b, giving an appropriate unit for b. [3]

d. The lines of the minimum and maximum gradient are shown.

Estimate the absolute uncertainty in a. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ0.4

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A train is moving across a bridge with a speed v = 0.40c. Observer A is at rest in the train.
O B
bserver is at rest with respect to the bridge.

The length of the bridge LB according to observer B is 2.0 km.

B
According to observer , two lamps at opposite ends of the bridge are turned on
E X
simultaneously as observer A crosses the bridge. vent is the lamp at one end of the
E Y
bridge turning on. vent is the lamp at the other end of the bridge turning on.

Events X and Y are shown on the spacetime diagram. The space and time axes of the
reference frame for observer B are 𝑥 and ct. The line labelled ct' is the worldline of
observer A.

a(i). Calculate, for observer A, the length L

A of the bridge 2
[ ]

a(ii). Calculate, for observer A, the time taken to cross the bridge. [2]

b. Outline why LB is the proper length of the bridge. [1]

c(i).

Draw, on the spacetime diagram, the space axis for the reference frame of observer
A. Label this axis 𝑥'.

[1]

c(ii).
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Demonstrate using the diagram which lamp, according to observer A, was turned
on first.

2
[ ]

c(iii).

Demonstrate, using the diagram, which lamp observer A observes to light first. [2]
c(iv). Determine the time, according to observer A, between X and Y. [2]

[Link].TZ0.5
M
A flywheel is made of a solid disk with a mass of 5.00 kg mounted on a small radial axle.
R
The mass of the axle is negligible. The radius of the disk is 6.00 cm and the radius r of
the axle is 1. 0 cm.2
A string of negligible thickness is wound around the axle. The string is pulled by an
electric motor that exerts a vertical tension force T on the flywheel. The diagram shows
N
the forces acting on the flywheel. W is the weight and is the normal reaction force from
the support of the flywheel.

1
The moment of inertia of the flywheel about the axis is 𝐼 =
2
𝑀𝑅2 .

=
The flywheel is initially at rest. At time t 0 the motor is switched on and a time-varying
tension force acts on the flywheel. The torque 𝛤 exerted on the flywheel by the tension
force in the string varies with t as shown on the graph.

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=
At t 5.00 s the string becomes fully unwound and it disconnects from the flywheel. The
flywheel remains spinning around the axle.

a. State the torque provided by the force W about the axis of the flywheel. [1]

b(i). Identify the physical quantity represented by the area under the graph. [1]

b(ii). Show that the angular velocity of the flywheel at t = 5.00 s is 200 rad s– .
1

2
[ ]

b(iii). Calculate the maximum tension in the string. [1]

c(i).

D
The flywheel is in translational equilibrium. istinguish between translational
equilibrium and rotational equilibrium.

2
[ ]

c(ii).

= 2
At t 5.00 s the flywheel is spinning with angular velocity 00 rad s–1. The support
bearings exert a constant frictional torque on the axle. The flywheel comes to rest
×
after 8.00 103 revolutions. Calculate the magnitude of the frictional torque
exerted on the flywheel.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.3
A long straight current-carrying wire is at rest in a laboratory. A negatively-charged
particle P outside the wire moves parallel to the current with constant velocity v relative
to the laboratory.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

In the reference frame of the laboratory the particle P experiences a repulsive force away
from the wire.

a.

One of the two postulates of special relativity states that the speed of light in a
vacuum is the same for all observers in inertial reference frames. State the other
postulate of special relativity.

[1]

b(i).

State the nature of the force on the particle P in the reference frame of the
laboratory.

[1]

b(ii).

Deduce, using your answer to part (a), the nature of the force that acts on the
particle P in the rest frame of P.

2
[ ]

b(iii). Explain how the force in part (b)(ii) arises. [2]

b(iv).

The velocity of P is 0.30c relative to the laboratory. A second particle Q moves at a

velocity of 0.80c relative to the laboratory.

Calculate the speed of Q relative to P. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ0.6
BD B
An ideal gas consisting of 0.300 mol undergoes a process A C . A is an adiabatic
V V B
expansion from the initial volume A to the volume 1.5 A. C is an isothermal
D
compression. The pressures at C and are the same as at A.

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The following data are available.

= 250 kPa –
Pressure at A
V = 3.50 × 10 – m
olume at C 3 3

V D = 2.00 × 10 m
olume at 3 3

The gas at C is further compressed to D at a constant pressure. During this compression

the temperature decreases by 150 K.

For the compression CD,

a(i). Show that the pressure at B is about 130 kPa. [2]
𝑉A
a(ii). Calculate the ratio . [1]
𝑉C

b(i). determine the thermal energy removed from the system. [3]

b(ii). explain why the entropy of the gas decreases. 2

[ ]

b(iii). state and explain whether the second law of thermodynamics is violated.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.12
A substance in the gas state has a density about 1000 times less than when it is in the
liquid state. The diameter of a molecule is 𝑑. What is the best estimate of the average
distance between molecules in the gas state ?
A. 𝑑
B. 10𝑑
C. 100𝑑
D. 1000𝑑
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.13
A bicycle of mass 𝑀 comes to rest from speed 𝑣 using the back brake. The brake has a
H
specific heat capacity of 𝑐 and a mass 𝑚. alf of the kinetic energy is absorbed by the
brake.

What is the change in temperature of the brake ?

𝑀𝑣2
A.
4𝑚𝑐

B. 𝑀𝑣2
2𝑚𝑐
𝑚𝑣2
C.
4𝑀𝑐

D. 𝑚𝑣2
2𝑀𝑐

[Link].TZ0.14
An object moves with simple harmonic motion. The acceleration of the object is

A. constant.

B. always directed away from the centre of the oscillation.

C. a maximum at the centre of the oscillation.

D. a maximum at the extremes of the oscillation.

[Link].TZ0.15
A travelling wave has a frequency of 500 Hz. The closest distance between two points on
π
the wave that have a phase difference of 60° rad is 0 . 050 m. What is the speed of the
wave ? 3

A. 25 m s-1
B. 75 m s-1
C. 150 m s-1
D. 300 m s-1

[Link].TZ0.16
What changes occur to the frequency and wavelength of monochromatic light when it
?
travels from glass to air

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[Link].TZ0.17
The air in a pipe, open at both ends, vibrates in the second harmonic mode.

What is the phase difference between the motion of a particle at P and the motion of a
particle at Q?
A. 0
B. π
2

C. π
D. 2π
[Link].TZ0.21
Four resistors of 4 Ω each are connected as shown.

What is the effective resistance between P and Q?

A. 1.0 Ω
B. 2 . 4 Ω

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C. 3.4 Ω
D. 4 . 0 Ω

[Link].TZ0.22
Mass 𝑀 is attached to one end of a string. The string is passed through a hollow tube and
mass 𝑚 is attached to the other end. Friction between the tube and string is negligible.

Mass 𝑚 travels at constant speed 𝑣 in a horizontal circle of radius 𝑟. What is mass 𝑀?

𝑚𝑣2
A.
𝑟

B. 𝑚𝑣2𝑟𝑔
𝑚𝑔𝑣2
C.
𝑟

D. 𝑚𝑣2
𝑔𝑟

[Link].TZ0.23
X Y
Planet has a gravitational field strength of 18 N kg-1 at its surface. Planet has the
X X
same density as but three times the radius of . What is the gravitational field strength
at the surface of Y?
A. 6 m s-2
B. 18 m s-2
C. 54 m s-2
D. 162 m s-2

[Link].TZ0.18
A metal wire has 𝑛 free charge carriers per unit volume. The charge on the carrier is 𝑞.
What additional quantity is needed to determine the current per unit area in the wire ?
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A. Cross-sectional area of the wire

B. Drift speed of charge carriers

C. Potential difference across the wire

D. Resistivity of the metal

[Link].TZ0.19
An electric motor raises an object of weight 500 N through a vertical distance of 3 . 0 m
in 1 . 5 s. The current in the electric motor is 10 A at a potential difference of 200 V. What
is the efficiency of the electric motor ?
A. 17 %
B. 38 %
C. 50 %
D. 75 %

[Link].TZ0.20
A current in a wire lies between the poles of a magnet. What is the direction of the
electromagnetic force on the wire ?

[Link].TZ0.5
A car is driven from rest along a straight horizontal road. The car engine exerts a constant
F H
driving force. riction and air resistance are negligible. ow does the power developed
by the engine change with the distance travelled ?
A. Power does not change.

B. Power decreases linearly.

C. Power increases linearly.

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 D. Power increases non-linearly.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.27
?
Which graph shows the variation of activity 𝐴 with time 𝑡 for a radioactive nuclide

[Link].TZ0.7
What is not an assumption of the kinetic model of an ideal gas ?
A. Attractive forces between molecules are negligible.

B. Collision duration is negligible compared with time between collisions.

C. Molecules suffer negligible momentum change during wall collisions.

D. Molecular volume is negligible compared with gas volume.

[Link].TZ0.12
Wavefronts travel from air to medium Q as shown.

What is the refractive index of Q?

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test
sin30°
A.
sin45°

B. sin45°
sin30°
sin45°
C.
sin60°

D. sin60°
sin45°

[Link].TZ0.9
X Y X
Two containers and are maintained at the same temperature. has volume 4 m3 and
Y X
has volume 6 m3 . They both hold an ideal gas. The pressure in is 100 Pa and the
Y
pressure in is 50 Pa. The containers are then joined by a tube of negligible volume.
What is the final pressure in the containers ?
A. 70 Pa
B. 75 Pa
C. 80 Pa
D. 150 Pa

[Link].TZ0.28
What statement about alpha particles, beta particles and gamma radiation is true ?
A. Gamma radiation always travels faster than beta particles in a vacuum.
B. In air, beta particles produce more ions per unit length travelled than alpha particles.
C. Alpha particles are always emitted when beta particles are emitted.

D. Alpha particles are deflected in the same direction as beta particles in a magnetic
field.

[Link].TZ0.15
A cell of electromotive force (emf) 𝐸 and zero internal resistance is in the circuit shown.

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What is correct for loop W XYUW?

A. 𝐸 = 3𝐼1 𝑅 - 𝐼3 𝑅
B. 𝐸 = 𝐼3𝑅 - 𝐼2𝑅
C. 𝐸 = 𝐼3 𝑅
D. 𝐸 = 2𝐼2𝑅 - 𝐼3𝑅
[Link].TZ0.29
Four of the energy states for an atom are shown. Transition between any two states is
possible.

What is the shortest wavelength of radiation that can be emitted from these four states ?
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ℎ𝑐
A.
𝐸4 - 𝐸1

B. ℎ𝑐
𝐸4
- ℎ𝑐
𝐸1
ℎ𝑐
C.
𝐸4 - 𝐸3

D. ℎ𝑐
𝐸4
- ℎ𝑐
𝐸3

[Link].TZ0.16
What is the relationship between the resistivity 𝜌 of a uniform wire, the radius 𝑟 of the
wire and the length 𝑙 of the wire when its resistance is constant ?
A. 𝜌 ∝ 𝑟2 𝑙
B. 𝜌 ∝ 𝑟𝑙2
𝑙
C. 𝜌∝
𝑟2

D. 𝜌 ∝ 𝑟𝑙 2

[Link].TZ0.30
F –
The eynman diagram shows some of the changes in a proton proton collision.

?
What is the equation for this collision

A. p + p → p + n + π+
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B. p + p → p + n + π-
C. p + p → p + n̄ + π+
D. p + p → p + n̄ + π-
[Link].TZ0.17
A power station generates 250 kW of power at a potential difference of 25 kV. The
energy is transmitted through cables of total resistance 4 . 0 Ω.

What is the power loss in the cables ?

A. 0 . 04 kW
B. 0 . 4 kW
C. 4 kW
D. 40 kW

[Link].TZ0.18
An electrical power supply has an internal resistance. It supplies a direct current 𝐼 to an
external circuit for a time 𝑡. What is the electromotive force (emf) of the power supply ?
total energy transferred to the whole circuit
A.
𝐼×𝑡

B. total power transferred to the whole circuit

𝐼×𝑡
total energy transferred to the external circuit
C.
𝐼×𝑡

D. total power transferred to the external circuit

𝐼×𝑡

[Link].TZ0.3
A body is held in translational equilibrium by three coplanar forces of magnitude 3 N,
4 N and 5 N. Three statements about these forces are
I. all forces are perpendicular to each other
II. the forces cannot act in the same direction
III. the vector sum of the forces is equal to zero.

Which statements are true ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

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 D. I, II and III
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.24
The mass of nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor decreases at the rate of 8 mg every hour.
The overall reaction process has an efficiency of 50 %. What is the maximum power
output of the reactor ?
A. 100 MW
B. 200 MW
C. 100 GW
D. 200 GW

[Link].TZ0.34
Power 𝑃 is dissipated in a resistor of resistance 𝑅 when there is a direct current 𝐼 in the
resistor.
𝑅
What is the average power dissipation in a resistance when the alternating root-mean-
square (rms) current in the resistor is 2𝐼 ? 2

A. 𝑃
B. 2𝑃
C. 4𝑃
D. 8𝑃
[Link].TZ0.27
–
A simple pendulum and a mass spring system oscillate with the same time period. The
mass of the pendulum bob and the mass on the spring are initially identical. The masses
are halved.

What is
time period of pendulum
time period of mass – spring system
when the masses have been changed?
2
A. √
2

B. 1
C. √2
D. 2
[Link].TZ0.28
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 Light is incident on a diffraction grating. The wavelengths of two spectral lines of the light
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

differ by 0 . 59 nm and have a mean wavelength of 590 nm. The spectral lines are just
resolved in the fourth order of the grating. What is the minimum number of grating lines
that were illuminated ?
A. 25
B. 250
C. 1000
D. 4000
[Link].TZ0.29
X
White light is incident normally on separate diffraction gratings and . has a greater YY
X
number of lines per metre than . Three statements about differences between and X Y
are

X
I. adjacent slits in the gratings are further apart for than for Y
II. the angle between red and blue light in a spectral order is greater in X than in
Y
III. the total number of visible orders is greater for X than for Y.
Which statements are correct ?
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.30
X
Two satellites W and have the same mass. They have circular orbits around the same
X
planet. W is closer to the surface than . What quantity is smaller for W than for X?
A. Gravitational force from the planet
B. Angular velocity
C. Orbital speed

D. Orbital period
[Link].TZ0.35
A rectangular coil rotates at a constant angular velocity. At the instant shown, the plane
of the coil is at right angles to the line 𝑍𝑍'. A uniform magnetic field acts in the direction
𝑍𝑍'.
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What rotation of the coil about a specified axis will produce the graph of electromotive
force (emf) 𝐸 against time 𝑡 ?
π
A. Through
2
about 𝑍𝑍'

B. Through π about 𝑌𝑌'

π
C. Through about 𝑋𝑋'
2

D. Through π about 𝑋𝑋'

[Link].TZ0.36
A capacitor of capacitance 𝐶 has initial charge 𝑄. The capacitor is discharged through a
resistor of resistance 𝑅. The potential difference 𝑉 across the capacitor varies with time.

What is true for this capacitor ?

𝑅𝐶
A. After time the potential difference across the capacitor is halved.
2

B. The capacitor discharges more quickly when the resistance is changed to 2𝑅.
C. The rate of change of charge on the capacitor is proportional to 𝑉.

D. The time for the capacitor to lose half its charge is ln2𝑅𝐶 .
[Link].TZ0.31
S
P and are two points on a gravitational equipotential surface around a planet. andQ R
are two points on a different gravitational equipotential surface at a greater distance from
the planet.

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The greatest work done by the gravitational force is when moving a mass from

S
A. P to .

B. Q to R.
C. R to P.

D. S to R.
[Link].TZ0.37
Monochromatic light is incident on a metal surface and electrons are released. The
intensity of the incident light is increased. What changes, if any, occur to the rate of
emission of electrons and to the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons?

[Link].TZ1.5
A device sends an impulse of electrical energy to maintain a regular heartbeat in a
person. The device is powered by an alternating current (ac) supply connected to a step-
up transformer that charges a capacitor of capacitance 30 . μF

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

22 V
The voltage across the primary coil of the transformer is 0 . The number of turns
on the secondary coil is 15 times greater than the number of turns on the primary coil.

The switch is moved to position . B

a. Explain the role of the diode in the circuit when the switch is at position A. [2]
b.i. Show that the maximum energy stored by the capacitor is about 160 J. [2]

[Link]. Calculate the maximum charge Q stored in the capacitor.

0 [1]

[Link]. Identify, using the label + on the diagram, the polarity of the capacitor. [1]

c.i.

Describe what happens to the energy stored in the capacitor when the switch
is moved to position B.

[1]

[Link].

Show that the charge remaining in the capacitor after a time equal to one
time constant 𝜏 of the circuit will be 0.37 Q .0

[1]

[Link].

The graph shows the variation with time of the charge in the capacitor as it is being
discharged through the heart.

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 Determine the electrical resistance of the closed circuit with the switch in position
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

B.
[ ] 2
d.

In practice, two electrodes connect the heart to the circuit. These electrodes
introduce an additional capacitance.

Explain the effect of the electrode capacitance on the discharge time. [ ] 2

[Link].TZ0.32
The graph shows the variation of electric field strength 𝐸 with distance 𝑟 from a point
charge.

The shaded area X is the area under the graph between two separations 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 from
the charge.

What is X?
A. The electric field average between 𝑟1 and 𝑟2

B. The electric potential difference between 𝑟1 and 𝑟2

C. The work done in moving a charge from 𝑟1 to 𝑟2

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 D. The work done in moving a charge from 𝑟2 to 𝑟1
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.38
The diameter of a nucleus of a particular nuclide X is 12 fm. What is the nucleon number
of X?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 125
D. 155
[Link].TZ0.33
Why are high voltages and low currents used when electricity is transmitted over long
distances ?
A. Cables can be closer to the ground.

B. Electrons have a greater drift speed.

C. Energy losses are reduced.

D. Resistance of the power lines is reduced.

[Link].TZ0.39
A photon has a wavelength 𝜆. What are the energy and momentum of the photon ?

[Link].TZ0.40
R G M
The utherford- eiger- arsden experiment shows that

A. alpha particles do not obey Coulomb’s law.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

B. there is a fixed nuclear radius for each nucleus.

C. a large proportion of alpha particles are undeflected.

D. the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom is confirmed.

[Link].TZ1.6
A painting is protected behind a transparent glass sheet of refractive index nglass. A
coating of thickness w is added to the glass sheet to reduce reflection. The refractive
>
index of the coating ncoating is such that nglass ncoating 1. >
The diagram illustrates rays normally incident on the coating. Incident angles on the
diagram are drawn away from the normal for clarity.

a. State the phase change when a ray is reflected at B. [1]

b.

Explain the condition for w that eliminates reflection for a particular light
wavelength in air 𝜆air .

[3]

c.i. State the Rayleigh criterion for resolution. [1]

[Link].

The painting contains a pattern of red dots with a spacing of 3 mm. Assume
7
the wavelength of red light is 00 nm. The average diameter of the pupil of a
human eye is 4 mm. Calculate the maximum possible distance at which these red
dots are distinguished.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.4

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 E E
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A spaceship is travelling at 0 . 80𝑐, away from arth. It launches a probe away from arth,
at 0 . 50𝑐 relative to the spaceship. An observer on the probe measures the length of the
probe to be 8 . 0 m.

a.

L
The orentz transformations assume that the speed of light is constant. Outline what
G
the alilean transformations assume.

[1]

b(i). Deduce the length of the probe as measured by an observer in the spaceship.
[2]

b(ii). Explain which of the lengths is the proper length. [2]

c. Calculate the speed of the probe in terms of 𝑐, relative to Earth. [2]

[Link].TZ1.4
The graph shows the variation of speed v of an object with time t.

Which graph shows how the distance s travelled by the object varies with t ?

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[Link].TZ0.1
A company delivers packages to customers using a small unmanned aircraft. otating R
horizontal blades exert a force on the surrounding air. The air above the aircraft is initially
stationary.

The air is propelled vertically downwards with speed 𝑣. The aircraft hovers motionless
above the ground. A package is suspended from the aircraft on a string. The mass of the
aircraft is 0 . 95 kg and the combined mass of the package and string is 0 . 45 kg. The mass
of air pushed downwards by the blades in one second is 1 . 7 kg.

a(i). State the value of the resultant force on the aircraft when hovering. [1]

a(ii).

Outline, by reference to Newton’s third law, how the upward lift force on the aircraft
is achieved.

2
[ ]

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a(iii).

Determine 𝑣. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. [3]

b.

The package and string are now released and fall to the ground. The lift force on the
aircraft remains unchanged. Calculate the initial acceleration of the aircraft.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.5
F
Two boxes in contact are pushed along a floor with a force . The boxes move at a
B X Y
constant speed. ox has a mass m and box has a mass m. 2

What is the resultant force acting on Y?

A. 0
B 2
.
𝐹

C. F
D. 2F
[Link].TZ1.6
7
An elevator (lift) and its load have a total mass of 50 kg and accelerate vertically
downwards at .0 m s–2.2

What is the tension in the elevator cable ?

A. 1.5 k N
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 B. 6.0 kN
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

C. 7.5 kN
D. 9.0 kN
[Link].TZ1.7
A graph shows the variation of force acting on an object moving in a straight line with
distance moved by the object. Which area represents the work done on the object
during its motion from P to Q?

A.X
B Y
.
C.Y+Z
D X+Y+Z
.

[Link].TZ1.5
Radioactive uranium-238 23892U produces a series of decays ending with a stable nuclide
of lead. The nuclides in the series decay by either alpha (α) or beta-minus (β ) processes.
−
The graph shows the variation with the nucleon number A of the binding energy per
nucleon.

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a. 2 2
Uranium- 38 decays into a nuclide of thorium- 34 (Th).

Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay.

[1]

b. 2
Thallium- 06 206 2 206
81Tl decays into lead- 06 82Pb.

Identify the quark changes for this decay. [1]

c.i. Outline why high temperatures are required for fusion to occur 2
[ ]

[Link].

Outline, with reference to the graph, why energy is released both in fusion and
in fission.

[1]

[Link].

2
Uranium- 35 ( 235 2
92U) is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium- 35 can produce
9
krypton-8 and barium-144.

Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission. 2
[ ]

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[Link].TZ1.8
A car travelling at a constant velocity covers a distance of 100 m in 5.0 s. The thrust of
N
the engine is 1.5 k . What is the power of the car ?
A. 0. 5 kW 7
B. 3.0 kW
7
C. .5 kW
D. 30 kW

[Link].TZ1.9
An inelastic collision occurs between two bodies in the absence of external forces.

What must be true about the total momentum of the two bodies and the total kinetic
energy of the two bodies during this interaction ?
A. Only momentum is conserved.
B. Only kinetic energy is conserved.
C. Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
D. Neither momentum nor kinetic energy are conserved.
[Link].TZ1.7
Conservation of energy and conservation of momentum are two examples of
conservation laws.

a. Outline the significance of conservation laws for physics. [1]

b.

π
When a pi meson - (du̅) and a proton (uud) collide, a possible outcome is a
Σ
sigma baryon 0 (uds) and a kaon meson 0 (ds̅). Κ
[3]
Apply three conservation laws to show that this interaction is possible.

[Link].TZ1.10
E
A liquid is initially at its freezing point. nergy is removed at a uniform rate from the liquid
until it freezes completely.
Which graph shows how the temperature T of the liquid varies with the energy Q
removed from the liquid ?

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[Link].TZ1.11
A thin-walled cylinder of weight W, open at both ends, rests on a flat surface. The
L R R
cylinder has a height , an average radius and a thickness x where is much greater
than x.

?
What is the pressure exerted by the cylinder walls on the flat surface
𝑊
A.
2𝜋𝑅𝑥

B. 𝑊
𝜋𝑅2 𝑥
𝑊
C.
𝜋𝑅2

D. 𝑊
𝜋𝑅2 𝐿

[Link].TZ1.10
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

In an electric circuit used to investigate the photoelectric effect, the voltage is varied
until the reading in the ammeter is zero. The stopping voltage that produces this reading
is 1.40 . V

a. Describe the photoelectric effect. 2

[ ]

b. Show that the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons is 700 km s-1 . [2]

c.

S
The photoelectrons are emitted from a sodium surface. odium has a work function
2 V
of .3 e .

S
Calculate the wavelength of the radiation incident on the sodium. tate an
appropriate unit for your answer.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.12
A fixed mass of an ideal gas in a closed container with a movable piston initially occupies
V
a volume . The position of the piston is changed, so that the mean kinetic energy of the
particles in the gas is doubled and the pressure remains constant.

What is the new volume of the gas ?

𝑉
A.
4

B. 𝑉
2

C. 2V
D. 4V
[Link].TZ2.5
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A vertical tube, open at both ends, is completely immersed in a container of water. A

loudspeaker above the container connected to a signal generator emits sound. As the
tube is raised the loudness of the sound heard reaches a maximum because a standing
wave has formed in the tube.

a. Describe two ways in which standing waves differ from travelling waves. 2
[ ]

b.i. Outline how a standing wave forms in the tube. [2]

[Link].

The tube is raised until the loudness of the sound reaches a maximum for a second
time.
Draw, on the following diagram, the position of the nodes in the tube when
the second maximum is heard.

[1]

[Link].

Between the first and second positions of maximum loudness, the tube is raised
through 0.37 m. The speed of sound in the air in the tube is 320 m s− . Determine the
1

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frequency of the sound emitted by the loudspeaker.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.2
The graph shows the variation with temperature T of the pressure P of a fixed mass of
helium gas trapped in a container with a fixed volume of 1.0 10−3 m3. ×

a.

Deduce whether helium behaves as an ideal gas over the temperature range 250
K to 500 K.
2
[ ]

b. Helium has a molar mass of 4.0 g. Calculate the mass of gas in the container.
2
[ ]

c.

A second container, of the same volume as the original container, contains twice
as many helium atoms. The graph of the variation of P with T is determined for the
gas in the second container.

Predict how the graph for the second container will differ from the graph for the
first container.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.13
A particle undergoes simple harmonic motion ( SHM). The graph shows the variation of
velocity v of the particle with time t.
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What is the variation with time of the acceleration a of the particle ?

[Link].TZ1.14
X
What statement about -rays and ultraviolet radiation is correct ?
A. X-rays travel faster in a vacuum than ultraviolet waves.
B. X-rays have a higher frequency than ultraviolet waves.
C. X-rays cannot be diffracted unlike ultraviolet waves.

D. Microwaves lie between X-rays and ultraviolet in the electromagnetic spectrum.

[Link].TZ2.6
A photovoltaic cell is supplying energy to an external circuit. The photovoltaic cell can
be modelled as a practical electrical cell with internal resistance.

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The intensity of solar radiation incident on the photovoltaic cell at a particular time is at
a maximum for the place where the cell is positioned.

The following data are available for this particular time :

Operating current = 0.90 A
Output potential difference to external circuit = 14.5 V
Output emf of photovoltaic cell = 21.0 V
Area of panel = 350 mm × 450 mm

a.

Explain why the output potential difference to the external circuit and the output
emf of the photovoltaic cell are different.

2
[ ]

b.

Calculate the internal resistance of the photovoltaic cell for the maximum
intensity condition using the model for the cell.

[3]

c.

The maximum intensity of sunlight incident on the photovoltaic cell at the place on
E
the arth’s surface is 680 W m−2.

A measure of the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is the ratio

energy available every second to the external circuit
.
energy arriving every second at the photovoltaic cell surface

Determine the efficiency of this photovoltaic cell when the intensity incident upon it
is at a maximum.

[3]

d.

State two reasons why future energy demands will be increasingly reliant on
sources such as photovoltaic cells.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.15
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Two pulses are travelling towards each other.

What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses overlap ?

[Link].TZ1.16
Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident on the first of two polarizing sheets. Initially
the planes of polarization of the sheets are perpendicular.
𝐼0
Which sheet must be rotated and by what angle so that light of intensity can emerge
from the second sheet ? 4

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[Link].TZ1.17
When a sound wave travels from a region of hot air to a region of cold air, it refracts as
shown.

What changes occur in the frequency and wavelength of the sound as it passes from the
?
hot air to the cold air

[Link].TZ2.26
The diagram below shows four energy levels for the atoms of a gas. The diagram is
drawn to scale. The wavelengths of the photons emitted by the energy transitions
between levels are shown.
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What are the wavelengths of spectral lines, emitted by the gas, in order of decreasing
frequency ?
A. 𝜆3 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆1 , 𝜆4
B. 𝜆4, 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3
C. 𝜆4 , 𝜆3 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆1
D. 𝜆4, 𝜆2 , 𝜆1 , 𝜆3

[Link].TZ1.18

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The graph shows the variation of current with potential difference for a filament lamp.

What is the resistance of the filament when the potential difference across it is 6.0 V?
Ω
A. 0.5 m
B Ω
. 1.5 m
7 Ω
C. 6 0
D 2 Ω
. 000

[Link].TZ2.25
9
When a high-energy 𝛼-particle collides with a beryllium- ( 94Be) nucleus, a nucleus of
carbon Z = 6 may be produced. What are the products of this reaction ?

[Link].TZ1.19
An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of .5 2 MV. What is the change in
kinetic energy of the electron?
A. 0.4μJ
B. 0.4 nJ
C. 0.4 pJ
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D. 0.4 fJ
[Link].TZ2.27
A kaon is made up of two quarks. What is the particle classification of a kaon ?
E
A. xchange boson

B. Baryon
C. Lepton

D. Meson
[Link].TZ1.20
A cell is connected in series with a resistor and supplies a current of 4.0 A for a time of
D J 2 J
500 s. uring this time, 1.5 k of energy is dissipated in the cell and .5 k of energy is
dissipated in the resistor.

What is the emf of the cell?

A. 0.50 V
B. 0.75 V
C. 1.5 V

D. 2.0 V
[Link].TZ2.28
F
Consider the eynman diagram below.

What is the exchange particle X?

L
A. epton

B. Gluon
C. Meson

D. Photon
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[Link].TZ1.21
An electron travelling at speed v perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength B
experiences a force . F
2
What is the force acting on an alpha particle travelling at v parallel to a magnetic field of
strength 2B?
A. 0

B. 2F
C. 4F

D. 8F
[Link].TZ1.22
A horizontal disc rotates uniformly at a constant angular velocity about a central axis
normal to the plane of the disc.

X
Point is a distance 2L Y
from the centre of the disc. Point is a distance L from the centre
Y
of the disc. Point has a linear speed v and a centripetal acceleration a.

What is the linear speed and centripetal acceleration of point X?

[Link].TZ2.3
A block rests on a rough horizontal plane. A force P is applied to the block and the
block moves to the right.

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F
There is a coefficient of friction 𝜇d giving rise to a frictional force between the block
F
and the plane. The force P is doubled. Will 𝜇d and be unchanged or greater ?

[Link].TZ2.4
A projectile is launched at an angle above the horizontal with a horizontal component
of velocity 𝑉h and a vertical component of velocity 𝑉v . Air resistance is negligible. Which
graphs show the variation with time of 𝑉h and of 𝑉v ?

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[Link].TZ2.12
?
Which graph shows the variation of amplitude with intensity for a wave

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[Link].TZ1.23
An object of constant mass is tied to the end of a rope of length l and made to move in a
horizontal circle. The speed of the object is increased until the rope breaks at speed v.
The length of the rope is then changed. At what other combination of rope length and
speed will the rope break ?

[Link].TZ1.24
S
A nucleus of phosphorus (P) decays to a nucleus of silicon ( i) with the emission of
X
particle and particle .Y
30 P → 30
15 14 Si + X + Y

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 X and Y?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What are

[Link].TZ2.17
R
A circuit contains a variable resistor of maximum resistance and a fixed resistor, also
R
of resistance , connected in series. The emf of the battery is 6 . 0 V and its internal
resistance is negligible.

What are the initial and final voltmeter readings when the variable resistor is increased
from an initial resistance of zero to a final resistance of R?

[Link].TZ2.20
A sample of a pure radioactive nuclide initially contains 𝑁0 atoms. The initial activity of
the sample is 𝐴0 .

A second sample of the same nuclide initially contains 2𝑁0 atoms.

What is the activity of the second sample after three half lives ?
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𝐴0
A.
2

B. 𝐴0
4
𝐴0
C.
6

D. 𝐴0
8

[Link].TZ1.25
What is the definition of the unified atomic mass unit ?
A.
1
12
the mass of a neutral atom of carbon-1 2
B. The mass of a neutral atom of hydrogen-1
the mass of a nucleus of carbon-12
1
C.
12

D. The mass of a nucleus of hydrogen-1

[Link].TZ1.26
In nuclear fission, a nucleus of element X absorbs a neutron (n) to give a nucleus of
Y
element and a nucleus of element . Z
X + n → Y + Z + 2n
What is
magnitude of the binding energy per nucleon of Y
magnitude of the binding energy per nucleon of X
and
total binding energy of Y and Z
total binding energy of X
?

[Link].TZ1.27
What is the energy equivalent to the mass of one proton ?
A. 9.38 × (3 × 10 )2 × 10 J
8 6

B. 9.38 × (3 × 10 )2 × 1.6 × 10– 9 J

8 1

C.
9.38 × 10
1.6 × 10
J
8
−19

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D. 9.38 × 108 × 1.6 × 10–19 J

[Link].TZ2.22
During the nuclear fission of nucleus X into nucleus Y and nucleus Z, energy is
released. The binding energies per nucleon of X, Y and Z are 𝐵X , 𝐵Y and 𝐵Z respectively.
What is true about the binding energy per nucleon of X, Y and Z?

A. > 𝐵X and 𝐵Z > 𝐵X

𝐵Y
B. 𝐵X = 𝐵Y and 𝐵X = 𝐵Z
C. 𝐵X > 𝐵Y and 𝐵X > 𝐵Z

D. 𝐵X = 𝐵Y + 𝐵Z
[Link].TZ1.6
On a guitar, the strings played vibrate between two fixed points. The frequency of
vibration is modified by changing the string length using a finger. The different strings
have different wave speeds. When a string is plucked, a standing wave forms between
the bridge and the finger.

The string is displaced 0.4 cm at point P to sound the guitar. Point P on the string vibrates
9H
with simple harmonic motion (shm) in its first harmonic with a frequency of 1 5 z. The
sounding length of the string is 6 cm. 2
a. Outline how a standing wave is produced on the string. 2
[ ]

b.i. Show that the speed of the wave on the string is about 240 m s− .
1
[2]

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[Link].

Sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of point P varies with its displacement
from the rest position.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.26
A mass–spring system oscillates vertically with a period of 𝑇 at the surface of the
Earth. The gravitational field strength at the surface of Mars is 0 . 3 g. What is the period
of the same mass–spring system on the surface of Mars?

A. 0 . 9𝑇
B. 0 . 3𝑇
C. 𝑇
D. 3𝑇
[Link].TZ2.27
Light passes through a diffraction grating. Which quantity must be decreased to improve
the resolution of the diffraction grating?

A. The grating spacing

B. The number of grating lines illuminated by the light source

C. The number of grating lines per millimetre

D. The spectral order being observed

[Link].TZ2.28

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A train is moving in a straight line away from a stationary observer when the train horn
emits a sound of frequency 𝑓0 . The speed of the train is 0 . 10𝑣 where 𝑣 is the speed of
sound. What is the frequency of the horn as heard by the observer ?
0.9
A.
1 0
𝑓

B. 1
𝑓
1.1 0
1.1
C. 𝑓
1 0

D. 1
𝑓
0.9 0

[Link].TZ1.3
The graph shows the variation of the acceleration a of an object with time t.

What is the change in speed of the object shown by the graph ?

A. 0.5 m s–1

B. 2.0 m s– 1

C. 36 m s–1

D. 72 m s– 1

[Link].TZ2.29
Monochromatic light of wavelength 𝜆 passes through a single-slit of width 𝑏 and
produces a diffraction pattern on a screen. Which combination of changes to 𝑏 and 𝜆 will
cause the greatest decrease in the width of the central maximum?

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[Link].TZ1.5
A horizontal spring of spring constant k and negligible mass is compressed through a
distance y from its equilibrium length. An object of mass m that moves on a frictionless
surface is placed at the end of the spring. The spring is released and returns to its
equilibrium length.

What is the speed of the object just after it leaves the spring ?
A. 𝑦√ 𝑚𝑘

B. 𝑦√ 𝑚𝑘
C. 𝑦 𝑚𝑘

D. 𝑦 𝑚𝑘
[Link].TZ2.30
An object of mass 𝑚 released from rest near the surface of a planet has an
initial acceleration 𝑧. What is the gravitational field strength near the surface of the
planet ?
A. 𝑧
B. 𝑧
𝑚

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C. 𝑚𝑧
D. 𝑚
𝑧

[Link].TZ1.6
–
A mass spring system oscillates horizontally on a frictionless surface. The mass has
an acceleration 𝑎 when its displacement from its equilibrium position is 𝑥.

B
The variation of 𝑎 with 𝑥 is modelled in two different ways, A and , by the graphs shown.

a.

Outline two reasons why both models predict that the motion is simple
harmonic when 𝑎 is small.

2
[ ]

b. Determine the time period of the system when 𝑎 is small. [4]

c.

Outline, without calculation, the change to the time period of the system for the
model represented by graph B when 𝑎 is large.

2
[ ]

d.

The graph shows for model A the variation with 𝑥 of elastic potential energy E
p
stored in the spring.

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Describe the graph for model B. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ2.31
X Y
The points and are in a uniform electric field of strength 𝐸. The distance OX is 𝑥 and
the distance is 𝑦. OY

What is the magnitude of the change in electric potential between X and Y?

A. 𝐸𝑥
B. 𝐸𝑦
C. 𝐸(𝑥 + 𝑦)
D. 𝐸√𝑥2 + 𝑦2

[Link].TZ0.4
A mass is suspended from the ceiling of a train carriage by a string. The string makes an
θ
angle with the vertical when the train is accelerating along a straight horizontal track.

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What is the acceleration of the train?

A. g sin θ
B. g cos θ
C. g tan θ

D. tan⁡𝑔 𝜃
[Link].TZ2.32
A satellite orbits planet X with a speed 𝑣X at a distance r from the centre of planet X.
Another satellite orbits planet Y at a speed of 𝑣y at a distance r from the centre of planet
Y. The mass of planet X is 𝑀 and the mass of planet Y is 4𝑀. What is the ratio of X
𝑣
𝑣y
?
A. 0. 5 2
B. 0.5
C. 2.0

D. 4.0
[Link].TZ0.7
2
An object of mass kg is thrown vertically downwards with an initial kinetic energy of
J
100 . What is the distance fallen by the object at the instant when its kinetic energy has
doubled ?
A. .5m 2
B. 5.0m
C. 10m
D. 14m

[Link].TZ2.33
A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a cell of constant emf. The capacitor plates
are then moved closer together without disconnecting the cell. What are the changes in
the capacitance of the capacitor and the energy stored in the capacitor ?

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[Link].TZ1.7
Two identical positive point charges X and Y are placed 0.30 m apart on a horizontal
O
line. is the point midway between X and Y. The charge on X and the charge on Y is
+4.0 C. µ
Z
A positive charge is released from rest 0.010 m from O on the line between X and Y. Z
then begins to oscillate about point . O

a. Calculate the electric potential at O. [3]

b.

Sketch, on the axes, the variation of the electric potential V with distance
between X and Y.

2
[ ]

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 Z as it oscillates. 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

c.i. Identify the direction of the resultant force acting on [ ]

[Link]. Deduce whether the motion of Z is simple harmonic. [2]

[Link].TZ0.3
A student draws a graph to show the variation with time t of the acceleration a of an
object.

What can the student deduce from this graph only, and what quantity from the graph is
used to make this deduction ?

[Link].TZ0.14
A point source of light of amplitude A0 gives rise to a particular light intensity when
viewed at a distance from the source. When the amplitude is increased and the viewing
distance is doubled, the light intensity is doubled. What is the new amplitude of the
source ?
2
A. A0

B. 2√2 A0

C. 4A0

D. 8A 0

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[Link].TZ2.34
The graph shows the variation of an alternating current with time in a 4 . 0 Ω resistor.

What is the average power dissipated in the resistor ?

A. 4 W
B. 8 W
C. 16 W
D. 32 W

[Link].TZ0.15
Which diagram shows the shape of the wavefront as a result of the diffraction of plane
waves by an object ?

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[Link].TZ1.7
A cyclist accelerates in a straight line. At one instant, when the cyclist is exerting a
N
forward force of 40 , the air resistance acting on the cyclist is 10 . N
What is the rate of change of momentum of the cyclist at this instant ?
A. 10 kg m s–2

B. 30 kg m s–2
C. 40 kg m s–2

D. 50 kg m s–2
[Link].TZ2.35
2
A magnet connected to a spring oscillates above a solenoid with a 40 turn coil as
shown.

The graph below shows the variation with time 𝑡 of the emf across the solenoid with the
period, 𝑇, of the system shown.

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The spring is replaced with one that allows the magnet to oscillate with a higher
frequency. Which graph shows the new variation with time 𝑡 of the current 𝐼 in the
?
resistor for this new set-up

[Link].TZ1.1
The diagram below shows part of a downhill ski course which starts at point A, 50 m
B 2
above level ground. Point is 0 m above level ground.

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A skier of mass 65 kg starts from rest at point A and during the ski course some of
the gravitational potential energy transferred to kinetic energy.

7
At the side of the course flexible safety nets are used. Another skier of mass 6 kg falls
9
normally into the safety net with speed .6 m s–1.

a.i.

From A to B, 24 % of the gravitational– potential energy transferred to kinetic energy.

Show that the velocity at B is 12 m s .1

[2]

[Link].

Some of the gravitational potential energy transferred into internal energy of

the skis, slightly increasing their temperature. Distinguish between internal
energy and temperature.

2
[ ]

b.i. B
The dot on the following diagram represents the skier as she passes point .
Draw and label the vertical forces acting on the skier.

2
[ ]

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[Link].

B 2 D
The hill at point has a circular shape with a radius of 0 m. etermine whether the
skier will lose contact with the ground at point . B
[3]

c.

2 S
The skier reaches point C with a speed of 8. m s–1. he stops after a distance of 4 2
D
m at point .

Determine the coefficient of dynamic friction between the base of the skis and the
snow. Assume that the frictional force is constant and that air resistance can be
neglected.

[3]

d.i.

Calculate the impulse required from the net to stop the skier and state an
appropriate unit for your answer.

[ ] 2
[Link].

Explain, with reference to change in momentum, why a flexible safety net is less
likely to harm the skier than a rigid barrier.

[ ] 2
[Link].TZ2.36
A capacitor is charged with a constant current 𝐼. The graph shows the variation of
potential difference 𝑉 across the capacitor with time 𝑡. The gradient of the graph is 𝐺.
What is the capacitance of the capacitor ?

𝐼
A.
𝐺

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B .
𝐺
𝐼

C. 𝐺×𝐼
D. 1
𝐺×𝐼

[Link].TZ0.17
A1 2V 2 Ω
battery has an internal resistance of .0 . A load of variable resistance is connected
across the battery and adjusted to have resistance equal to that of the internal resistance
of the battery. Which statement is correct for this circuit ?
A. The current in the battery is 6A.
B 2V.
. The potential difference across the load is 1
C. The power dissipated in the battery is 18W.
D Ω
. The resistance in the circuit is 1.0 .

[Link].TZ1.12
A travelling wave of period 5.0 ms travels along a stretched string at a speed of 40 m s–
1. Two points on the string are 0.050 m apart.

What is the phase difference between the two points ?

A. 0

B. 𝜋
2

C. 𝜋
D. 2𝜋
[Link].TZ0.20
Which of the following lists the particles emitted during radioactive decay in order of
increasing ionizing power ?
A.γ, β, α
B β, α, γ
.
C.α, γ, β
D α, β, γ
.

[Link].TZ1.13
Properties of waves are

I. polarization
II. diffraction
III. refraction

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 ?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Which of these properties apply to sound waves

A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. I, II and III

[Link].TZ1.8
Two capacitors C1 and C2 of capacitance 8 2 µF and 22 µF
respectively are connected in a
V
circuit with a two-way switch and a cell of emf 1.5 with a negligible internal
resistance. The capacitors are initially uncharged. The switch is then connected to
position A.

The switch is moved to position .B

X Y
A cell is now connected by a switch to a coil . A second coil of cross-sectional
X
area 6.4 cm2 with 5 turns is looped around coil and connected to an ideal voltmeter.

The graph shows the variation with t of the magnetic flux density B in coil Y.

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a. Show that the charge stored on C 1 is about 0.04 mC. [1]

b.i. Calculate the energy transferred from capacitor C1. [4]

[Link].

Explain why the energy gained by capacitor C2 differs from your answer in (b)(i).
[1]

c.i.

The switch is closed at time t = 0. Explain how the voltmeter reading varies after the
switch is closed.

2
[ ]

[Link]. Determine the average emf induced across coil Y in the first 3.0 ms. [3]

[Link].TZ2.37
A particle of energy 𝐸 is incident upon a barrier and has a certain probability of
quantum tunnelling through the barrier. Assuming 𝐸 remains constant, which combination
of changes in particle mass and barrier length will increase the probability of the particle
tunnelling through the barrier ?

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[Link].TZ2.38
Element X has a nucleon number 𝐴X and a nuclear density 𝜌X. Element Y has a
nucleon number of 2𝐴X . What is an estimate of the nuclear density of element Y?
1
A. 𝜌
2 X

B. 𝜌X
C. 2𝜌X
D. 8𝜌X
[Link].TZ2.3
A vertical wall carries a uniform positive charge on its surface. This produces a
uniform horizontal electric field perpendicular to the wall. A small, positively-charged ball
is suspended in equilibrium from the vertical wall by a thread of negligible mass.

a.

σ
The charge per unit area on the surface of the wall is . It can be shown that
E
the electric field strength due to the charge on the wall is given by the equation

𝐸 = 2𝜀𝜎 .
0
Demonstrate that the units of the quantities in this equation are consistent.
[2]

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b.i.

°
The thread makes an angle of 30 with the vertical wall. The ball has a mass of
2
0.0 5 kg.

Determine the horizontal force that acts on the ball. [3]

[Link]. The charge on the ball is 1.2 × 10− C. Determine σ.

6
2
[ ]

c.

The centre of the ball, still carrying a charge of 1 . 2 × 10-6 C, is now placed 0 . 40 m
Q
from a point charge . The charge on the ball acts as a point charge at the centre of
the ball.

P is the point on the line joining the charges where the electric field strength is zero.
Q
The distance P is 0 . 22 m.

Calculate the charge on Q. State your answer to an appropriate number

of significant figures.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.15
Water is draining from a vertical tube that was initially full. A vibrating tuning fork is held
F
near the top of the tube. or two positions of the water surface only, the sound is at its
maximum loudness.

The distance between the two positions of maximum loudness is x.

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What is the wavelength of the sound emitted by the tuning fork ?

𝑥
A.
2

B. x
3𝑥
C.
2

D. 2x
[Link].TZ1.17
Electrons, each with a charge e, move with speed v along a metal wire. The electric
current in the wire is I.

Plane P is perpendicular to the wire. How many electrons pass through plane P in each
second ?
𝑒
A.
𝐼

B. 𝑣𝑒
𝐼
𝐼
C.
𝑣𝑒

D. 𝐼
𝑒

[Link].TZ2.39
B
What is true for the ohr model for the hydrogen atom ?
A. Angular momentum of electrons is quantized.

B. Electrons are described by wave functions.

C. Electrons never exist in fixed orbitals.

D. Electrons will continuously emit radiation.

[Link].TZ0.26
A particle is oscillating with simple harmonic motion (shm) of amplitude x0 and maximum
E
kinetic energy k. What is the potential energy of the system when the particle is a
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 2 ?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

distance 0. 0x0 from its maximum displacement

2E
A. 0. 0 k

B. 0.36E k

C. 0.64E k

D. 0.80E k

[Link].TZ1.20
B
A pure sample of nuclide A and a pure sample of nuclide have the same activity at time
= N B
t 0. uclide A has a half-life of T, nuclide has a half-life of T. 2
What is
activity of A
activity of B
when t = 4T?
A. 4

B. 2
1
C.
2

D. 1
4

[Link].TZ0.27
Monochromatic light is incident on a double slit. Both slits have a finite width. The light
then forms an interference pattern on a screen some distance away. Which graph shows
the variation of intensity with distance from the centre of the pattern?

[Link].TZ2.40
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An electron of non-relativistic speed 𝑣 interacts with an atom. All the energy of the
electron is transferred to an emitted photon of frequency 𝑓 . An electron of speed 2𝑣 now
interacts with the same atom and all its energy is transmitted to a second photon. What
is the frequency of the second photon ?
𝑓
A.
4

B. 𝑓
2

C. 2𝑓
D. 4𝑓
[Link].TZ0.28
Light of wavelength
7𝜆
λ is incident normally on a diffraction grating that has a slit
separation of . What is the greatest number of maxima that can be observed using this
arrangement?
2

A. 4
B.6
C.7
D9
.

[Link].TZ2.4
During electron capture, an atomic electron is captured by a proton in the nucleus. The
stable nuclide thallium-205 ( 81Tl) can be formed when an unstable lead (Pb) nuclide
205

captures an electron.

a. Write down the equation to represent this decay.

2
[ ]

b.

N Z
The neutron number and the proton number are not equal for the nuclide 205 81Tl
E
. xplain, with reference to the forces acting within the nucleus, the reason for this.

2
[ ]

c.

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 2 α
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Thallium- 05 ( 205
81Tl) can also form from successive alpha ( ) and beta-minus
(β−) decays of an unstable nuclide. The decays follow the sequence α β− β− α. The
diagram shows the position of 205
81Tl on a chart of neutron number against proton
number.

D205raw four arrows to show the sequence of changes to N and Z that occur as the
81Tl forms from the unstable nuclide.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.26
E
A pendulum oscillating near the surface of the arth swings with a time period T. What is
M
the time period of the same pendulum near the surface of the planet ercury where the
gravitational field strength is 0.4g ?
A. 0.4T

B. 0.6T
C. 1.6T

D. 2.5T
[Link].TZ1.2
a.

Outline what is meant by the principle of superposition of waves.

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[ ]

b. Red laser light is incident on a double slit with a slit separation of 0.35 mm.
A double-slit interference pattern is observed on a screen 2.4 m from the slits.
The distance between successive maxima on the screen is 4.7 mm.

Calculate the wavelength of the light. Give your answer to an appropriate number
of significant figures.

[3]

c.

Explain the change to the appearance of the interference pattern when the red-light
laser is replaced by one that emits green light.

[ ] 2
d. One of the slits is now covered.
Describe the appearance of the pattern on the screen. [ ] 2
[Link].TZ0.29
A diffraction grating is used to observe light of wavelength 400 nm. The light illuminates
100 slits of the grating. What is the minimum wavelength difference that can be resolved
when the second order of diffraction is viewed ?
A. 1 nm

B. 2 nm
C. 4 nm

D. 8 nm
[Link].TZ1.9
Potassium-40 40
19K decays by two processes.

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 The first process is that of beta-minus (β−) decay to form a calcium (Ca) nuclide.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Potassium-40 decays by a second process to argon-40. This decay accounts for 11 % of

the total decay of the potassium-40.

Rocks can be dated by measuring the quantity of argon-40 gas trapped in them.
One rock sample contains 340 µmol of potassium-40 and 12 µmol of argon-40.
a. Write down the equation for this decay. 2
[ ]

b.i.

Show that the initial quantity of potassium-40 in the rock sample was about 450
µmol.
2
[ ]

[Link].

The half-life of potassium-40 is 1.3 × 109 years. Estimate the age of the rock sample.
[3]

c.

Outline how the decay constant of potassium-40 was determined in the laboratory
for a pure sample of the nuclide.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.27
For fringes to be observed in a double-slit interference experiment, the slits must emit
waves that are coherent.

What conditions are required for the frequency of the waves and for the phase difference
between the waves so that the waves are coherent ?

[Link].TZ1.28

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A train moving at speed u relative to the ground, sounds a whistle of constant frequency f
as it moves towards a vertical cliff face.

The sound from the whistle reaches the cliff face and is reflected back to the train. The
speed of sound in stationary air is c.

What whistle frequency is observed on the train after the reflection ?

(𝑐 + 𝑢)
A.
(𝑐 − 𝑢)
𝑓

B. (c + u)f
C. (c – u)f

D. (𝑐(𝑐 −+ 𝑢)𝑢) 𝑓
[Link].TZ0.30
What is the unit of Gε , where G is the gravitational constant and ε is the permittivity of
?
0 0
free space

A. C kg–1

B. C2 kg–2
C. C kg

D. C2 kg2
[Link].TZ0.31
Two parallel metal plates are connected to a dc power supply. An electric field forms in
the space between the plates as shown.

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What is the shape of the equipotentials surfaces that result from this arrangement ?

[Link].TZ1.29
An electric field acts in the space between two charged parallel plates. One plate is at
V
zero potential and the other is at potential + .

The distance x is measured from point P in the direction perpendicular to the plate.

What is the dependence of the electric field strength E on x and what is the dependence
V
of the electric potential on x?

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[Link].TZ2.16
Four particles, two of charge +Q and two of charge −Q, are positioned on the 𝑥-axis as
shown. A particle P with a positive charge is placed on the 𝑦-axis. What is the direction of
the net electrostatic force on this particle?

[Link].TZ1.30
A satellite at the surface of the Earth has a weight W and gravitational potential energy
Ep. The satellite is then placed in a circular orbit with a radius twice that of the Earth.
What is the weight of the satellite and the gravitational potential energy of the satellite
when placed in orbit ?

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[Link].TZ0.32
E
A satellite of mass 1500 kg is in the arth’s gravitational field. It moves from a point where
– MJ
the gravitational potential is 30 kg–1 to a point where the gravitational potential is–
2 MJ
0 –1
kg . What is the direction of movement of the satellite and the change in its
gravitational potential energy?

[Link].TZ1.31
Two point charges are at rest as shown.

At which position is the electric field strength greatest ?

[Link].TZ0.33
Which of the following reduces the energy losses in a transformer ?
A. Using thinner wires for the windings.

B. Using a solid core instead of a laminated core.

C. Using a core made of steel instead of iron.

D. Linking more flux from the primary to the secondary core.

[Link].TZ1.32

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A direct current (dc) of 5A dissipates a power P in a resistor. Which peak value of the
alternating current (ac) will dissipate an average power P in the same resistor?
A. 5A

B. 5
2
A
5
C. A
√2

D. 5√2 A
[Link].TZ0.34
The secondary coil of an alternating current (ac) transformer is connected to two diodes
as shown.

Which graph shows the variation with time of the potential difference VXY between X and
Y?

[Link].TZ0.35

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A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a battery. What happens when a sheet of

?
dielectric material is inserted between the plates without disconnecting the battery

A. The capacitance is unchanged.

B. The charge stored decreases.

C. The energy stored increases.

D. The potential difference between the plates decreases.

[Link].TZ0.36
Three capacitors are arranged as shown.

What is the total capacitance of the arrangement ?

A. 1.0F
B. 2.5F
C. 3.0F

D. 4.0F
[Link].TZ1.4
A heater in an electric shower has a power of 8.5 kW when connected to a 40 2 V
electrical supply. It is connected to the electrical supply by a copper cable.

The following data are available :

Length of cable = 10 m
Cross-sectional area of cable = 6.0 mm2
Resistivity of copper = 1.7 × 10– Ω m
8

a.i. Calculate the current in the copper cable. [1]

[Link]. Calculate the resistance of the cable. 2

[ ]

b.

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 Explain, in terms of electrons, what happens to the resistance of the cable as the
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

temperature of the cable increases.

[3]

c.

K
The heater changes the temperature of the water by 35 . The specific heat
2 J K
capacity of water is 4 00 kg–1 –1.

Determine the rate at which water flows through the shower. State an appropriate
unit for your answer.

[4]

[Link].TZ0.37
F
Pair production by a photon occurs in the presence of a nucleus. or this process, which
of momentum and energy are conserved ?

[Link].TZ0.4
An object of weight W is falling vertically at a constant speed in a fluid. What is the
magnitude of the drag force acting on the object ?
A. 0
B2
.
𝑊

C. W
D. 2W
[Link].TZ0.38
An electron of mass m has an uncertainty in its position r. What is the uncertainty in the
speed of this electron ?
ℎ
A.
4𝜋𝑟

B. 4𝜋𝑚
ℎ𝑟

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ℎ𝑚
C.
4𝜋𝑟

D. 4𝜋𝑚𝑟
ℎ

[Link].TZ0.5
An object, initially at rest, is accelerated by a constant force. Which graphs show the
variation with time t of the kinetic energy and the variation with time t of the speed of the
object ?

[Link].TZ0.39
Which of the following, observed during a radioactive-decay experiment, provide
evidence for the existence of nuclear energy levels ?
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I. The spectrum of alpha particle energies

II. The spectrum of beta particle energies
III. The spectrum of gamma ray energies

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.40
What is the charge on an electron antineutrino and during what process is an electron
antineutrino produced ?

[Link].TZ0.6
2
Two stationary objects of mass 1kg and kg are connected by a thread and suspended
from a spring.

The thread is cut. Immediately after the cut, what are the magnitudes of the accelerations
of the objects in terms of the acceleration due to gravity g ?

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[Link].TZ1.33
What are the units of magnetic flux and magnetic field strength ?

[Link].TZ1.8
The diagram shows a sketch of an ideal step-down transformer.

9
The number of turns in the primary coil is 1800 and that in the secondary coil is 0.

a. State Faraday’s law of induction. 2

[ ]

b.i.

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 Explain, using Faraday’s law of induction, how the transformer steps down the
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

voltage.

[4]

[Link]. 2 V
The input voltage is 40 . Calculate the output voltage. 2
[ ]

c. Outline how energy losses are reduced in the core of a practical transformer.
2
[ ]

d.

Step-up transformers are used in power stations to increase the voltage at which
the electricity is transmitted. Explain why this is done.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.7
N
A student of weight 600 climbs a vertical ladder 6.0m tall in a time of 8.0s. What is the
power developed by the student against gravity ?
22
A. W
B. 45W
22
C. 0W
D. 450W

[Link].TZ1.34
R
A battery is used to charge a capacitor fully through a resistor of resistance . The energy
E
supplied by the battery is b. The energy stored by the capacitor is c. E
What is the relationship between E b and E?
c

A. E <E b c

B. E = E b c

C. E > E b c

D. The relationship depends on R.

[Link].TZ0.8
θ
A ball of mass m strikes a vertical wall with a speed v at an angle of to the wall. The ball
rebounds at the same speed and angle. What is the change in the magnitude of the
momentum of the ball ?

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A. 2 mv sin θ
B. 2 mv cos θ
C. 2 mv
D. zero
[Link].TZ1.35
2 μ
A capacitor is charged by a constant current of .5 A for 100 s. As a result the potential
V
difference across the capacitor increases by 5.0 .

What is the capacitance of the capacitor ?

A. 20 μF
B. 50 μF
C. 20 mF

D. 50 mF
[Link].TZ0.9
Two objects m1 and m2 approach each other along a straight line with speeds v1 and v2
as shown. The objects collide and stick together.

?
What is the total change of linear momentum of the objects as a result of the collision

A. m1v1 + m2v2
B –
. m1 v 1 m2 v 2
C. m2v2 m1v1–
D. zero

[Link].TZ0.10
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Energy is supplied at a constant rate to a fixed mass of a material. The material begins as
a solid. The graph shows the variation of the temperature of the material with time.

The specific heat capacities of the solid, liquid and gaseous forms of the material are cs cl
and cg respectively. What can be deduced about the values of cs cl and cg ?
>
A. cs cg cl >
B >
. c l cs cg>
>
C. cl cg cs >
D >
. c g cs cl >
[Link].TZ1.9
Two observations about the photoelectric effect are

Observation 1: For light below the threshold frequency no electrons are emitted from the
metal surface.

Observation 2: For light above the threshold frequency, the emission of electrons is
almost instantaneous.

E
The graph shows how the maximum kinetic energy max of electrons emitted from a
surface of barium metal varies with the frequency f of the incident radiation.

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a.

Explain how each observation provides support for the particle theory but not the
wave theory of light.

[4]

b.i. Determine a value for Planck’s constant. [ ] 2

[Link]. State what is meant by the work function of a metal. [1]

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[Link]. V
Calculate the work function of barium in e . 2
[ ]

c.

The experiment is repeated with a metal surface of cadmium, which has a greater
D
work function. raw a second line on the graph to represent the results of this
experiment.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.3
a.

Define internal energy.

2
[ ]

b.

0.46 mole of an ideal monatomic gas is trapped in a cylinder. The gas has a volume
2
of 1 m3 and a pressure of 1.4 Pa.

(i) State how the internal energy of an ideal gas differs from that of a real gas.

(ii) Determine, in kelvin, the temperature of the gas in the cylinder.

(iii) The kinetic theory of ideal gases is one example of a scientific model. Identify
one reason why scientists find such models useful.
[4]

[Link].TZ1.36

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A conducting square coil is placed in a region where there is a uniform magnetic

field. The magnetic field is directed into the page. There is a clockwise current in the coil.

What is a correct force that acts on a side of the coil ?

[Link].TZ2.5
A tennis ball is released from rest at a height h above the ground. At each bounce 50 %
of its kinetic energy is lost to its surroundings. What is the height reached by the ball
after its second bounce ?
ℎ
A.
8

B. ℎ
4
ℎ
C.
2

D. zero
[Link].TZ0.11
N
An ideal gas of molecules is maintained at a constant pressure p. The graph shows how
V
the volume of the gas varies with absolute temperature T.

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 ?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What is the gradient of the graph

𝑁
A.
𝑝

B. 𝑁𝑅𝑝
𝑁𝑘B
C.
𝑝

D. 𝑅𝑝𝑁
[Link].TZ0.4
a.

A particular K meson has a quark structure ūs. State the charge on this meson.
[1]

b.

F
The eynman diagram shows the changes that occur during beta minus ( β–) decay.

Label the diagram by inserting the four missing particle symbols. 2

[ ]

c.

β
Carbon-14 (C-14) is a radioactive isotope which undergoes beta minus ( –) decay to
N E E
the stable isotope nitrogen-14 ( -14). nergy is released during this decay. xplain
N
why the mass of a C-14 nucleus and the mass of a -14 nucleus are slightly different
even though they have the same nucleon number.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.37
The diameter of a silver-108 (108
47 𝐴𝑔) nucleus is approximately three times that of the
diameter of a nucleus of

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A. 42 𝐻𝑒 .

B. 73𝐿𝑖 .
C. 11
5 𝐵.

D. 2010𝑁𝑒 .
[Link].TZ1.4
A heater in an electric shower has a power of 8.5 kW when connected to a 40 2 V
electrical supply. It is connected to the electrical supply by a copper cable.

The following data are available :

Length of cable = 10 m
Cross-sectional area of cable = 6.0 mm2
Resistivity of copper = 1.7 × 10– Ω m
8

Calculate the power dissipated in the cable.

[Link].TZ0.12
The pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal gas in a container is decreased at constant
F
temperature. or the molecules of the gas there will be a decrease in

A. the mean square speed.

B. the number striking the container walls every second.
C. the force between them.
D. their diameter.

[Link].TZ1.38
What can be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron in a particular region
of space ?
Planck's constant
A.
4𝜋 × uncertainty in energy

B. Planck's constant
4𝜋 × uncertainty in speed

C. The magnitude of the wave function

D. The magnitude of the (wave function)2

[Link].TZ2.6
J
The initial kinetic energy of a block moving on a horizontal floor is 48 . A constant
2
frictional force acts on the block bringing it to rest over a distance of m. What is the
frictional force on the block ?
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A. 24 N
B. 48 N
C. 96 N

D. 192 N
[Link].TZ0.13
A body undergoes one oscillation of simple harmonic motion (shm). What is correct for
the direction of the acceleration of the body and the direction of its velocity?
A. Always opposite
BO
. pposite for half a period
O
C. pposite for a quarter of a period
DN
. ever opposite

[Link].TZ2.7
2 %
The efficiency of an electric motor is 0 . When lifting a body 500 J of energy are
wasted. What is the useful work done by the motor ?
A. 100 J
B. 125 J
C. 250 J

D. 400 J
[Link].TZ1.39
A photon of energy E and wavelength λ is scattered from an electron initially at rest.
What is the energy of the photon and the wavelength of the photon when the
electron moves away ?

[Link].TZ0.5

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a.

X Y 2
Two microwave transmitters, and , are placed 1 cm apart and are connected to
the same source. A single receiver is placed 54 cm away and moves along a line A B
X
that is parallel to the line joining and .Y

Maxima and minima of intensity are detected at several points along AB.
(i) Explain the formation of the intensity minima.

(ii) The distance between the central maximum and the first minimum is 7.2 cm.
Calculate the wavelength of the microwaves.

[4]

b.

Radio waves are emitted by a straight conducting rod antenna (aerial). The plane of
polarization of these waves is parallel to the transmitting antenna.

S
An identical antenna is used for reception. uggest why the receiving antenna
needs to be be parallel to the transmitting antenna.

2
[ ]

c. °
The receiving antenna becomes misaligned by 30 to its original position.

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The power of the received signal in this new position is 1 2 μW.

(i) Calculate the power that was received in the original position.

(ii) Calculate the minimum time between the wave leaving the transmitting antenna
and its reception.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.14
A particle oscillates with simple harmonic motion (shm) of period T. Which graph shows
the variation with time of the kinetic energy of the particle ?

[Link].TZ1.40

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 Electron capture can be represented by the equation
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

p + e– → X + Y.

What are X and Y?

[Link].TZ2.8
?
A net force acts on a body. Which characteristic of the body will definitely change

A. Speed
B. Momentum
C. Kinetic energy

D. Direction of motion
[Link].TZ0.15
–
A light ray is incident on an air diamond boundary. The refractive index of diamond is
greater than 1. Which diagram shows the correct path of the light ray ?

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[Link].TZ0.6
a.

D
(i) efine gravitational field strength.

(ii) State the SI unit for gravitational field strength.

2
[ ]

b.

S R
A planet orbits the un in a circular orbit with orbital period T and orbital radius .
S
The mass of the un is . M
S
(i) how that 𝑇 =
4𝜋2 𝑅3
√ 𝐺𝑀
.

E S ×
(ii) The arth’s orbit around the un is almost circular with radius 1.5 1011 m.
E stimate the mass of the un. S
[4]

[Link].TZ2.9
2 J
A ball of mass 0. kg strikes a force sensor and sticks to it. ust before impact the ball is
travelling horizontally at a speed of 4.0 m s–1. The graph shows the variation with time t
F
of the force recorded by the sensor.

What is F ?
max

A. 2N
B. 4 N
C. 20 N

D. 40 N
[Link].TZ0.7
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The graph shows how current I varies with potential difference V for a resistor R and a
non-ohmic component T.

a. S
(i) tate how the resistance of T varies with the current going through T.

D
(ii) educe, without a numerical calculation, whether R or T has the greater
=
resistance at I 0.40 A.

[3]

b. Components R and T are placed in a circuit. Both meters are ideal.

Slider Z of the potentiometer is moved from Y to X.

(i) State what happens to the magnitude of the current in the ammeter.

(ii) Estimate, with an explanation, the voltmeter reading when the ammeter reads
0.20 A.
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[3]

[Link].TZ0.16
A spring XY lies on a frictionless table with the end Y free.

A horizontal pulse travels along the spring from X to Y. What happens when the pulse
reaches Y?
A. The pulse will be reflected towards X and inverted.
B. The pulse will be reflected towards X and not be inverted.
C. Y will move and the pulse will disappear.
D. Y will not move and the pulse will disappear.
[Link].TZ2.10
The graph shows the variation with time t of the temperature T of two samples, and X
YX Y
. and have the same mass and are initially in the solid phase. Thermal energy is
X Y
being provided to and at the same constant rate.

What is the correct comparison of the specific latent heats LX and LY and specific heat
capacities in the liquid phase cX and cY of andX Y?

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[Link].TZ2.11
– °
A mass m of ice at a temperature of 5 C is changed into water at a temperature of 50
°C.

Specific heat capacity of ice = c

Specific heat capacity of water = c
i

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = L

w

Which expression gives the energy needed for this change to occur ?
A. 55 m cw + m L
B. 55 m c + 5 m L
i

C. 5 m ci + 50 m cw + m L
D. 5 m c + 50 m c
i w +5m L
[Link].TZ2.7
Yellow light of photon energy 3.5 x 10– 9 J is incident on the surface of a
1

particular photocell.

The photocell is connected to a cell as shown. The photoelectric current is at

its maximum value (the saturation current).

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Radiation with a greater photon energy than that in (b) is now incident on the
photocell. The intensity of this radiation is the same as that in (b).

a.i. Calculate the wavelength of the light. [1]

[Link].

Electrons emitted from the surface of the photocell have almost no kinetic
energy. Explain why this does not contradict the law of conservation of energy.

2
[ ]

b.

Radiation of photon energy 5.2 x 10– 9 J is now incident on the photocell. Calculate
1

the maximum velocity of the emitted electrons.

2
[ ]

c.i.

Describe the change in the number of photons per second incident on the surface
of the photocell.

[1]

[Link].

State and explain the effect on the maximum photoelectric current as a result
of increasing the photon energy in this way.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.17
L
A student stands a distance from a wall and claps her hands. Immediately on hearing
S
the reflection from the wall she claps her hands again. he continues to do this, so that

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successive claps and the sound of reflected claps coincide. The frequency at which she
claps her hands is f. What is the speed of sound in air ?
𝐿
A.
2𝑓

B. 𝑓𝐿
C. Lf

D. 2Lf
[Link].TZ2.12
A sealed container contains a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas.
mass of an oxygen molecule 8
The ratio is .
mass of a nitrogen molecule 7
average kinetic energy of oxygen molecules
The ratio is
average kinetic energy of nitrogen molecules

A. 1.

B. 7
8
.

8
C. .
7

D. dependent on the concentration of each gas.

[Link].TZ2.13
In simple harmonic oscillations which two quantities always have opposite directions?
A. Kinetic energy and potential energy
B. Velocity and acceleration
C. Velocity and displacement

D. Acceleration and displacement

[Link].TZ1.2

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a.

In a simple pendulum experiment, a student measures the period T of the pendulum

=2 ±
many times and obtains an average value T ( .540 0.005) s. The length of the L
pendulum is measured to be L= ±
(1.60 0.01) m.
4𝜋2 𝐿
Calculate, using 𝑔 = , the value of the acceleration of free fall, including
S 𝑇2
its uncertainty. tate the value of the uncertainty to one significant figure.

[3]

b.

In a different experiment a student investigates the dependence of the period T of a

θ
simple pendulum on the amplitude of oscillations . The graph shows the variation
𝑇
θ
of with , where T0 is the period for small amplitude oscillations.
𝑇0

The period may be considered to be independent of the amplitude as long as θ

𝑇 − 𝑇0
𝑇0
D θ
< 0.01. etermine the maximum value of for which the period is
independent of the amplitude.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.18
–µ µ
A 5 C charge and a +10 C charge are a fixed distance apart.

Where can the electric field be zero ?

A. position I only
B. position II only
C. position III only
D. positions I, II and III

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[Link].TZ2.14
A girl in a stationary boat observes that 10 wave crests pass the boat every minute. What
is the period of the water waves ?
1
A. min
10

B. 1
10
–
min 1

C. 10 min

D. 10 min– 1

[Link].TZ0.19
An electrical circuit is shown with loop X and junction Y.

K
What is the correct expression of irchhoff’s circuit laws for loop X and junction Y?

[Link].TZ2.15
The graph shows the variation with distance x of the displacement of the particles of a
D
medium in which a longitudinal wave is travelling from left to right. isplacements to the
right of equilibrium positions are positive.

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Which point is at the centre of a compression ?

A. x =0
B. x = 1 m
C. x = 2 m

D. x = 3 m
[Link].TZ1.3
S
A long current-carrying wire is at rest in the reference frame of the laboratory. A
S
positively charged particle P outside the wire moves with velocity v relative to . The
electrons making up the current in the wire move with the same velocity v relative to . S

a. State what is meant by a reference frame. [1]

b.i.

State and explain whether the force experienced by P is magnetic, electric or both,
in reference frame S.

[2]

[Link].
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State and explain whether the force experienced by P is magnetic, electric or both,
in the rest frame of P.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.16
A beam of unpolarized light is incident on the first of two parallel polarizers. The
transmission axes of the two polarizers are initially parallel.

The first polarizer is now rotated about the direction of the incident beam by an angle
9°
smaller than 0 . Which gives the changes, if any, in the intensity and polarization of the
transmitted light ?

[Link].TZ2.17
The frequency of the first harmonic standing wave in a pipe that is open at both ends is
2 H
00 z. What is the frequency of the first harmonic in a pipe of the same length that is
open at one end and closed at the other ?
A. 50 Hz
B. 75 Hz
C. 100 Hz

D. 400 Hz
[Link].TZ0.20
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V
A cell of emf 4 and negligible internal resistance is connected to three resistors as
shown. Two resistors of resistance 2Ω are connected in parallel and are in series with a
Ω
resistor of resistance 1 .

What power is dissipated in one of the 2Ω resistors and in the whole circuit?

[Link].TZ2.18
The diagram shows two equal and opposite charges that are fixed in place.

At which points is the net electric field directed to the right ?

A. X and Y only
B. Z and Y only
C. X and Z only

D. X, Y and Z
[Link].TZ0.21

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 B
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A wire carrying a current 𝐼 is at right angles to a uniform magnetic field of strength . A

F
magnetic force is exerted on the wire. Which force acts when the same wire is placed
at right angles to a uniform magnetic field of strength 2Bwhen the current is
𝐼
4
?
𝐹
A.
4

B. 𝐹2
C. F

D. 2F
[Link].TZ2.19
A wire has variable cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area at Y is double that at X.

X
At , the current in the wire is I and the electron drift speed is v. What is the current and
the electron drift speed atY?

[Link].TZ0.10

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The following data are available for a natural gas power station that has a high efficiency.

Rate of consumption of natural gas = 14.6 kg s– –

1

Specific energy of natural gas = 55.5 MJ kg 1

Efficiency of electrical power generation = 59.0 %

Mass of CO2 generated per kg of natural = 2.75 kg
gas
One year = 3.16 × 107 s
b.

Electrical power output is produced by several alternating current (ac) generators

which use transformers to deliver energy to the national electricity grid.

R
The following data are available. oot mean square (rms) values are given.

ac generator output voltage to a transformer =2 V

5 k ac generator output current to
= 9 =
a transformer 3. kA Transformer output voltage to the grid 330 k Transformer V
efficiency=9 %
6

(i) Calculate the current output by the transformer to the grid. Give your answer to
an appropriate number of significant figures.

E V
(ii) lectrical energy is often delivered across large distances at 330 k . Identify the
main advantage of using this very high potential difference.

[4]

c.

BD
In an alternating current (ac) generator, a square coil A C rotates in a magnetic
field.

The ends of the coil are connected to slip rings and brushes. The plane of the coil is
O
shown at the instant when it is parallel to the magnetic field. nly one coil is shown
for clarity.

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The following data are available.

Dimensions of the coil = 8.5 cm×8.5 cm Number of turns on the coil = 80 Speed of
edge AB = 2.0 ms
–
Uniform magnetic field strength = 0.34 T
1

(i) Explain, with reference to the diagram, how the rotation of the generator
produces an electromotive force (emf ) between the brushes.

(ii) Calculate, for the position in the diagram, the magnitude of the instantaneous
B
emf generated by a single wire between A and of the coil.

(iii) Hence, calculate the total instantaneous peak emf between the brushes. [5]

[Link].TZ0.2
Curling is a game played on a horizontal ice surface. A player pushes a large smooth
stone across the ice for several seconds and then releases it. The stone moves until
friction brings it to rest. The graph shows the variation of speed of the stone with time.

7
The total distance travelled by the stone in 1 .5 s is 29.8 m.
b.

Determine the coefficient of dynamic friction between the stone and the ice during
the last 14.0 s of the stone’s motion.

[3]

c. The diagram shows the stone during its motion after release.

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Label the diagram to show the forces acting on the stone. Your answer should
include the name, the direction and point of application of each force.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.20
9 V
A circuit contains a cell of electromotive force (emf) .0 and internal resistance 1.0 Ω
Ω
together with a resistor of resistance 4.0 as shown. The ammeter is ideal. XY
is a
connecting wire.

What is the reading of the ammeter ?

A. 0 A

B. 1.8 A
C. 9.0 A

D. 11 A
[Link].TZ1.4

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An observer P sitting in a train moving at a speed v measures that his journey takes a time
Δ Q
tP. An observer at rest with respect to the ground measures that the journey takes a
time tQ. Δ
According to Q there is an instant at which the train is completely within the tunnel.
At that instant two lights at the front and the back of the train are turned on
simultaneously according to . Q

The spacetime diagram according to observer Q shows event B (back light turns on) and
F
event (front light turns on).

a. State which of the two time intervals is a proper time. [1]

b. Calculate the speed v of the train for the ratio

Δ𝑡P
Δ𝑡Q
= 0.30. 2
[ ]

c.

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 Later the train is travelling at a speed of 0.60c. Observer P measures the length of
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

the train to be 125 m. The train enters a tunnel of length 100 m according to
observer Q.

Show that the length of the train according to observer Q is 100 m. [2]

d.i.

Draw the time 𝑐𝑡′ and space 𝑥′ axes for observer P’s reference frame on the
spacetime diagram.

[1]

[Link].

Deduce, using the spacetime diagram, which light was turned on first according to
observer P.

[3]

[Link].

L
Apply a orentz transformation to show that the time difference between events B
F 2 ×
and according to observer P is .5 10–7 s.

[1]

[Link]. Demonstrate that the spacetime interval between events B and F is invariant.
[2]

e. A second train is moving at a velocity of –0.70c with respect to the ground.

Calculate the speed of the second train relative to observer P. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ0.22
An object at the end of a wooden rod rotates in a vertical circle at a constant angular
velocity. What is correct about the tension in the rod ?
A. It is greatest when the object is at the bottom of the circle.
B. It is greatest when the object is halfway up the circle.
C. It is greatest when the object is at the top of the circle.
D. It is unchanged throughout the motion.
[Link].TZ2.21
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A positively-charged particle moves parallel to a wire that carries a current upwards.

What is the direction of the magnetic force on the particle ?

A. To the left

B. To the right
C. Into the page

D. Out of the page

[Link].TZ2.1

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A glider is an aircraft with no engine. To be launched, a glider is uniformly accelerated

from rest by a cable pulled by a motor that exerts a horizontal force on the glider
throughout the launch.

a.

27
The glider reaches its launch speed of .0 m s–1 after accelerating for 11.0
s. Assume that the glider moves horizontally until it leaves the ground. Calculate
the total distance travelled by the glider before it leaves the ground.

2
[ ]

b.

92 D
The glider and pilot have a total mass of 4 kg. uring the acceleration the
ND
glider is subject to an average resistive force of 160 . etermine the average
tension in the cable as the glider accelerates.

[3]

c.

2 %.
The cable is pulled by an electric motor. The motor has an overall efficiency of 3
Determine the average power input to the motor.

[3]

d.

2
The cable is wound onto a cylinder of diameter 1. m. Calculate the angular
velocity of the cylinder at the instant when the glider has a speed of27
m s–1.
Include an appropriate unit for your answer.

2
[ ]

e.

After takeoff the cable is released and the unpowered glider moves horizontally
at constant speed. The wings of the glider provide a lift force. The diagram shows
the lift force acting on the glider and the direction of motion of the glider.

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Draw the forces acting on the glider to complete the free-body diagram. The
dotted lines show the horizontal and vertical directions.

2
[ ]

f.

Explain, using appropriate laws of motion, how the forces acting on the glider
maintain it in level flight.

2
[ ]

g.

At a particular instant in the flight the glider is losing 1.00 m of vertical height
for every 6.00 m that it goes forward horizontally. At this instant, the horizontal
2 G
speed of the glider is 1 .5 m s–1. Calculate the velocity of the glider. ive your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.23
On Mars, the gravitational field strength is about 14 of that on Earth. The mass of Earth is
approximately ten times that of Mars.

What is
radius of Earth
radius of Mars
?
A. 0.4

B. 0.6
C. 1.6

D. 2.5
[Link].TZ0.3
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0.46 mole of an ideal monatomic gas is trapped in a cylinder. The gas has a volume of 1 2
m3 and a pressure of 1.4 Pa.

S
(i) tate how the internal energy of an ideal gas differs from that of a real gas.

(ii) Determine, in kelvin, the temperature of the gas in the cylinder.

(iii) The kinetic theory of ideal gases is one example of a scientific model. Identify two
reasons why scientists find such models useful.

[Link].TZ0.24
2 V
Photons of energy .3e are incident on a low-pressure vapour. The energy levels of the
atoms in the vapour are shown

What energy transition will occur when a photon is absorbed by the vapour ?
– 9V – V
A. 3. e to 1.6e

B. –1.6eV to 0eV
C. –1.6eV to –3.9eV

D. 0eV to –1.6eV
[Link].TZ2.22
2 F
Two satellites of mass m and m orbit a planet at the same orbit radius. If is the force
exerted on the satellite of mass m by the planet and a is the centripetal acceleration of
2 ?
this satellite, what is the force and acceleration of the satellite with mass m

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[Link].TZ0.25
When an alpha particle collides with a nucleus of nitrogen-14 ( 14
7 N ) , a nucleus X can be
produced together with a proton. What is X?
A. 18
8 X

B. 178 X
C. 18
9 X

D. 179 X
[Link].TZ0.11

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An apparatus is used to investigate the photoelectric effect. A caesium cathode C is

illuminated by a variable light source. A variable power supply is connected between C
and the collecting anode A. The photoelectric current I is measured using an ammeter.

a.

A current is observed on the ammeter when violet light illuminates C. With held V
constant the current becomes zero when the violet light is replaced by red light of
E
the same intensity. xplain this observation.

[3]

b.

The graph shows the variation of photoelectric current I with potential difference V
between C and A when violet light of a particular intensity is used.

The intensity of the light source is increased without changing its wavelength.

D
(i) raw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation of I with V for the increased
intensity.

D V
(ii) The wavelength of the violet light is 400 nm. etermine, in e , the work function
of caesium.

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(iii) is adjusted to + .50 . Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the

photoelectrons just before they reach A.

[6]

[Link].TZ2.23
E
The gravitational field strength at the surface of arth is g. Another planet has double
E E
the radius of arth and the same density as arth. What is the gravitational field strength
at the surface of this planet ?
𝑔
A.
2

B. 𝑔
4

C. 2g
D. 4g
[Link].TZ0.1
A boy jumps from a wall 3m high. What is an estimate of the change in momentum of the
boy when he lands without rebounding ?
×
A. 5 100 kg m s–1

B. 5×10 kg m s–
1 1

C. 5×102 kg m s– 1

D. 5×10 kg m s–
3 1

[Link].TZ0.1
A student measures the refractive index of water by shining a light ray into a transparent
container.

O
I shows the direction of the normal at the point where the light is incident on the
X Y
container. I shows the direction of the light ray when the container is empty. I shows
the direction of the deviated light ray when the container is filled with water.

θ
The angle of incidence is varied and the student determines the position of O, X and Y
for each angle of incidence.

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The table shows the data collected by the student. The uncertainty in each measurement
±
of length is 0.1 cm.

a.

O
(i) utline why OY has a greater percentage uncertainty than OX for each pair of
data points.

(ii) The refractive index of the water is given by

OX
OY
when OX is small.
Calculate the fractional uncertainty in the value of the refractive index of water for
OX = 1.8 cm.
[3]

b.

A graph of the variation of OY with OX is plotted.

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D
(i) raw, on the graph, the error bars for OY when OX = 1.8 cm and when OY = 5.8
cm.

D
(ii) etermine, using the graph, the refractive index of the water in the container for
values of OX
less than 6.0 cm.
sin⁡𝑖
(iii) The refractive index for a material is also given by where i is the angle of
sin⁡𝑟
incidence and r is the angle of refraction.

Outline why the graph deviates from a straight line for large values of OX. [5]

[Link].TZ0.26
×
The mass defect for deuterium is 4 10–30 kg. What is the binding energy of deuterium ?
× V
A. 4 10–7 e

B. 8×10–2 eV
C. 2×10 eV 6

D. 2×10 2 eV 1

[Link].TZ0.27
As quarks separate from each other within a hadron, the interaction between them
becomes larger. What is the nature of this interaction ?
E
A. lectrostatic
BG
. ravitational
S
C. trong nuclear
D. Weak nuclear

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[Link].TZ0.2
Light of wavelength 400nm is incident on two slits separated by 1000µm. The
interference pattern from the slits is observed from a satellite orbiting 0.4Mm above the
Earth. The distance between interference maxima as detected at the satellite is
A. 0.16Mm.
B. 0.16km.
C. 0.16m.
D. 0.16mm.
[Link].TZ0.3
2
A car moves north at a constant speed of 3m s–1 for 0s and then east at a constant
2
speed of 4m s–1 for 0s. What is the average speed of the car during this motion ?
7
A. .0m s–1
B. 5.0m s–1
C. 3.5m s–1
D2
. .5m s–1

[Link].TZ2.24
Atomic spectra are caused when a certain particle makes transitions between energy
levels.
What is this particle ?
E
A. lectron

B. Proton
C. Neutron

D. Alpha particle
[Link].TZ0.6
a.

Police use radar to detect speeding cars. A police officer stands at the side of the
road and points a radar device at an approaching car. The device emits microwaves
which reflect off the car and return to the device. A change in frequency between
the emitted and received microwaves is measured at the radar device.

Δ
The frequency change f is given by
2𝑓𝑣
Δ𝑓 =
𝑐
where f is the transmitter frequency, v is the speed of the car and c is the wave
speed.
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The following data are available.

Transmitter frequency

= 40 GHz Δ
f

= 9.5 kHz Maximum speed allowed = 28 m s

–1

E
(i) xplain the reason for the frequency change.

(ii) Suggest why there is a factor of 2 in the frequency-change equation.

(iii) Determine whether the speed of the car is below the maximum speed allowed.

[6]

b.

Airports use radar to track the position of aircraft. The waves are reflected from the
aircraft and detected by a large circular receiver. The receiver must be able to
resolve the radar images of two aircraft flying close to each other.

The following data are available.

Diameter of circular radar receiver = 9.3 m Wavelength of radar = 2.5 cm Distance of

two aircraft from the airport = 31 km

Calculate the minimum distance between the two aircraft when their images can
just be resolved.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.1
A radio wave of wavelength 𝜆 is incident on a conductor. The graph shows the variation
with wavelength 𝜆 of the maximum distance d travelled inside the conductor.

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For 𝜆 = 5.0 x 10 5
m, calculate the

E
The graph shows the variation with wavelength 𝜆 of d 2. rror bars are not shown and the
line of best-fit has been drawn.

=
A student states that the equation of the line of best-fit is d 2 a + b𝜆. When d 2 and 𝜆 are
S =
expressed in terms of fundamental I units, the student finds that a 0.040 x 10–4 and b =
1.8 x 10–11.

a. Suggest why it is unlikely that the relation between d and 𝜆 is linear. [1]

b.i. fractional uncertainty in d. 2

[ ]

[Link]. percentage uncertainty in d 2. [1]

c.i. State the fundamental SI unit of the constant a and of the constant b.
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2
[ ]

[Link].

Determine the distance travelled inside the conductor by very high

frequency electromagnetic waves.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.2
An apparatus is used to verify a gas law. The glass jar contains a fixed volume of air.
Measurements can be taken using the thermometer and the pressure gauge.

The apparatus is cooled in a freezer and then placed in a water bath so that the
temperature of the gas increases slowly. The pressure and temperature of the gas are
recorded.

a. The graph shows the data recorded.

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S –
Identify the fundamental I unit for the gradient of the pressure temperature graph.

[1]

b.

The experiment is repeated using a different gas in the glass jar. The pressure for
both experiments is low and both gases can be considered to be ideal.

(i) Using the axes provided in (a), draw the expected graph for this second
experiment.

E
(ii) xplain the shape and intercept of the graph you drew in (b)(i). [3]

[Link].TZ2.7
a.i.

State what is meant by the event horizon of a black hole.

[1]

[Link].

Show that the surface area A of the sphere corresponding to the event horizon is
given by
2 2
𝐴 = 16𝜋𝐺𝑐4 𝑀 . [1]

[Link]. Suggest why the surface area of the event horizon can never decrease. [1]

b.

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The diagram shows a box that is falling freely in the gravitational field of a planet.

A photon of frequency f is emitted from the floor of the box and is received at
S
the ceiling. tate and explain the frequency of the photon measured at the ceiling.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.25
The half-life of a radioactive element is 5.0 days. A freshly-prepared sample contains 1 8 2
g of this element. After how many days will there be 16 g of this element left behind in
the sample ?
A. 5.0 days

B. 10 days
C. 15 days

D. 20 days
[Link].TZ1.5
A horizontal rigid bar of length 2R
is pivoted at its centre. The bar is free to rotate in a
horizontal plane about a vertical axis through the pivot. A point particle of mass is M
attached to one end of the bar and a container is attached to the other end of the bar.
𝑀
A point particle of mass v at right angles to the rod collides with
moving with speed
3
the container and gets stuck in the container. The system then starts to rotate about the
vertical axis.

The mass of the rod and the container can be neglected.

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A torque of 0.010 N m brings the system to rest after a number of revolutions. For this
case R=
0.50 m, M = 0.70 kg and v = 2.1 m s– .1

a.i.

M R
Write down an expression, in terms of , v and , for the angular momentum of the
system about the vertical axis just before the collision.

[1]

[Link].

Just after the collision the system begins to rotate about the vertical axis with
angular velocity ω. Show that the angular momentum of the system is equal to
4 2
3
𝑀𝑅 𝜔.

[1]

[Link]. Hence, show that 𝜔 = 4𝑅𝑣 . [1]

[Link]. Determine in terms of M and v the energy lost during the collision. [3]

b.i. Show that the angular deceleration of the system is 0.043 rads–2. [1]

[Link].

Calculate the number of revolutions made by the system before it comes to rest.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.26
The binding energy per nucleon of 11
4 𝐵𝑒 is 6 MeV. What is the energy required to separate
the nucleons of this nucleus ?
A. 24 MeV
B. 42 MeV
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C. 66MeV
D. 90 MeV
[Link].TZ0.7
a.

Explain what is meant by the gravitational potential at the surface of a planet.

2
[ ]

b.

An unpowered projectile is fired vertically upwards into deep space from the
V S
surface of planet enus. Assume that the gravitational effects of the un and the
other planets are negligible.
24
The following data are available. Mass of Venus = 4.87×10
kg Radius of Venus = 6.05×10 m Mass of projectile = 3.50×10
6 3

kg Initial speed of projectile = 1.10×escape speed

(i) Determine the initial kinetic energy of the projectile.

(ii) Describe the subsequent motion of the projectile until it is effectively beyond the
gravitational field of Venus.

[5]

[Link].TZ0.3
A student pours a canned carbonated drink into a cylindrical container after shaking the
can violently before opening. A large volume of foam is produced that fills the container.
The graph shows the variation of foam height with time.

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a. Determine the time taken for the foam to drop to (i) half its initial height.

(ii) a quarter of its initial height. 2

[ ]

b.

The change in foam height can be modelled using ideas from other areas of physics.
Identify one other situation in physics that is modelled in a similar way.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.10
A ball is moving in still air, spinning clockwise about a horizontal axis through its
centre. The diagram shows streamlines around the ball.

2 2
The surface area of the ball is .50 x 10–2 m2. The speed of air is 8.4 ms–1 under the ball
2
and 16.6 ms–1 above the ball. The density of air is 1. 0 kgm–3.

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a.i. Estimate the magnitude of the force on the ball, ignoring gravity. 2
[ ]

[Link]. On the diagram, draw an arrow to indicate the direction of this force. [1]

b. State one assumption you made in your estimate in (a)(i). [1]

[Link].TZ2.27
The reaction p+ + n0 →p + + 𝜋0 does not occur because it violates the conservation law of

A. electric charge.

B. baryon number.
C. lepton number.

D. strangeness.
[Link].TZ0.9

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A beam of electrons e– enters a uniform electric field between parallel conducting plates
RS RS
. are connected to a direct current (dc) power supply. A uniform magnetic field is B
directed into the plane of the page and is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the
electrons.

The magnetic field is adjusted until the electron beam is undeflected as shown.

a. Identify, on the diagram, the direction of the electric field between the plates.

[1]

b. The following data are available.

Separation of the plates RS = 4.0 cm Potential difference between the plates = 2.2
kV Velocity of the electrons = 5.0×10
–
Determine the strength of the magnetic field B. [2]
5 1
ms

c.

E
The velocity of the electrons is now increased. xplain the effect that this will have
on the path of the electron beam.

[ ] 2
[Link].TZ0.4
X
An electron is moving parallel to a current-carrying wire. The positive ions and the wire
are fixed in the reference frame of the laboratory. The drift speed of the free electrons in
the wire is the same as the speed of the external electron . X

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a. Define frame of reference. [1]

b. In the reference frame of the laboratory the force on X is magnetic.

S
(i) tate the nature of the force acting on X in this reference frame where X is at
rest.

E
(ii) xplain how this force arises. [4]

[Link].TZ2.11
A driven system is lightly damped. The graph shows the variation with driving frequency f
of the amplitude A of oscillation.

A mass on a spring is forced to oscillate by connecting it to a sine wave vibrator. The

graph shows the variation with time t of the resulting displacement y of the mass. The
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 –
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

sine wave vibrator has the same frequency as the natural frequency of the spring mass
system.

a.

On the graph, sketch a curve to show the variation with driving frequency of
the amplitude when the damping of the system increases.

2
[ ]

b.i. State and explain the displacement of the sine wave vibrator at t = 8.0 s. [2]

[Link].

The vibrator is switched off and the spring continues to oscillate. The Q factor is 25.
Calculate the ratio
energy stored
for the oscillations of the spring–mass system. [2]
power loss

[Link].TZ0.5
a.

Define proper length.

[1]

b.

2
A charged pion decays spontaneously in a time of 6 ns as measured in the frame of
9
reference in which it is stationary. The pion moves with a velocity of 0. 6c relative
E
to the arth. Calculate the pion’s lifetime as measured by an observer on the arth. E
2
[ ]

c.

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 E X
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In the pion reference frame, the arth moves a distance before the pion decays. In
E Y
the arth reference frame, the pion moves a distance before the pion decays.
D emonstrate, with calculations, how length contraction applies to this situation.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.3
A block of weight W is suspended by two strings of equal length. The strings are almost
horizontal.

What is correct about the tension T in one string ?

𝑊
A. 𝑇< 2

B. 𝑇 = 𝑊2
𝑊
C.
2
<𝑇⩽𝑊

D. 𝑇 > 𝑊
[Link].TZ1.6
The P –V diagram of the Carnot cycle for a monatomic ideal gas is shown.

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

The system consists of 0.150 mol of a gas initially at A. The pressure at A is 51 k Pa and
2 ×
the volume is 1. 0 10–3 m3.

At C the volume is V and the temperature is T .

C C

a. State what is meant by an adiabatic process. [1]

b. Identify the two isothermal processes. [1]

c.i. Determine the temperature of the gas at A. 2

[ ]

[Link]. The volume at B is 2.30 × 10– m . Determine the pressure at B.

3 3 [2]

Show that 𝑃𝐵𝑉𝐵 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝐶𝑉𝐶

5 2
d.i. 3 3 [1]

[Link]. The volume at C is 2.90 × 10– m . Calculate the temperature at C.

3 3 [2]

e. State a reason why a Carnot cycle is of little use for a practical heat engine. [1]

[Link].TZ2.4
A block of mass 1.0 kg rests on a trolley of mass 4.0 kg. The coefficient of dynamic
friction between the block and the trolley is 0.30.

A horizontal force F= N
5.0 acts on the block. The block slides over the trolley. What is
the acceleration of the trolley ?
A. 5.0 m s–2

B. 1.0 m s–2
C. 0.75 m s–2

D. 0.60 m s–2
[Link].TZ0.6
S E =
A spaceship leaves the arth with a speed v 0.80c. The spacetime diagram for the
E E
arth is shown. A clock on the arth and a clock on the spaceship are synchronized at the
origin of the spacetime diagram.

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a. Calculate the angle between the worldline of S and the worldline of the Earth.
[1]

b. Draw, on the diagram, the x′-axis for the reference frame of S. [1]

c.

Z L
An event is shown on the diagram. abel the co-ordinates of this event in the
reference frame of .S
[1]

[Link].TZ2.5
2 E
The cable consists of 3 copper wires each of length 35 km. ach wire has a resistance of
Ω 7
64 . The resistivity of copper is 1. x 10–8 m. Ω
A cable consisting of many copper wires is used to transfer electrical energy from a
generator to an electrical load. The copper wires are protected by an insulator.

a.

D
The copper wires and insulator are both exposed to an electric field. iscuss, with
reference to charge carriers, why there is a significant electric current only in the

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copper wires.

[3]

b.i. Calculate the radius of each wire. 2

[ ]

[Link].

7 S
There is a current of 30 A in the cable. how that the power loss in 1 m of the cable
is about 30 W.

2
[ ]

[Link].

When the current is switched on in the cable the initial rate of rise of temperature of
K
the cable is 35 m s–1. The specific heat capacity of copper is 3 0 kg–1 – 9 J K
D
1. etermine the mass of a length of one metre of the cable.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.3
a.

State one prediction of Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism that is consistent

with special relativity.

[1]

b. A current is established in a long straight wire that is at rest in a laboratory.

A proton is at rest relative to the laboratory and the wire.

Observer X is at rest in the laboratory. Observer Y moves to the right with constant
speed relative to the laboratory. Compare and contrast how observer X and
observer Y account for any non-gravitational forces on the proton.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.7
2
A stationary nucleus of polonium- 10 undergoes alpha decay to form lead- 06. The initial 2
speed of the alpha particle is v. What is the speed of the lead- 06 nucleus 2 ?
206
A. v
4

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 B. v
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

206
C. v
210

D. 4
206
v

[Link].TZ2.10
2 °
An ideal gas has a volume of 15 ml, a temperature of 0 C and a pressure of 100 kPa. The
°
volume of the gas is reduced to 5 ml and the temperature is raised to 40 C. What is the
new pressure of the gas ?
A. 600 kPa

B. 320 kPa
C. 200 kPa

D. 35 kPa
[Link].TZ2.15
Positive charge is uniformly distributed on a semi-circular plastic rod. What is the
S?
direction of the electric field strength at point

[Link].TZ2.32
Four uniform planets have masses and radii as shown. Which planet has the
smallest escape speed?

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[Link].TZ0.7
B E E
Identical twins, A and , are initially on arth. Twin A remains on arth while twin leaves B
E
the arth at a speed of 0.6c for a return journey to a point three light years from arth. E
a.

Calculate the time taken for the journey in the reference frame of twin A as
E
measured on arth.

[1]

b. Determine the time taken for the journey in the reference frame of twin B. 2
[ ]

c.

Draw, for the reference frame of twin A, a spacetime diagram that represents the
worldlines for both twins.

[1]

d. Suggest how the twin paradox arises and how it is resolved. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ2.4
Muons are unstable particles with a proper lifetime of 2.2 μs. Muons are produced 2.0
km above ground and move downwards at a speed of 0.98c relative to the ground. For
this speed 𝛾 = 5.0. Discuss, with suitable calculations, how this experiment provides
evidence for time dilation.

[Link].TZ2.17

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The diagram shows the path of a particle in a region of uniform magnetic field. The field is
directed into the plane of the page.

This particle could be

A. an alpha particle.

B. a beta particle.
C. a photon.

D. a neutron.
[Link].TZ2.33
The diagram shows a bar magnet near an aluminium ring.

The ring is supported so that it is free to move. The ring is initially at rest. In experiment 1
2
the magnet is moved towards the ring. In experiment the magnet is moved away from
F
the ring. or each experiment what is the initial direction of motion of the ring ?

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[Link].TZ2.5
A rocket of proper length 450 m is approaching a space station whose proper length
9
is .0 km. The speed of the rocket relative to the space station is 0.80c.

X is an observer at rest in the space station.

Two lamps at opposite ends of the space station turn on at the same time according to . X
L
Using a orentz transformation, determine, according to an observer at rest in the rocket,

E
The rocket carries a different lamp. vent 1 is the flash of the rocket’s lamp occurring at
E 2
the origin of both reference frames. vent is the flash of the rocket’s lamp at time ct' =
2
1.0 m according to the rocket. The coordinates for event for observers in the space
station are x and ct.

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a.i. Calculate the length of the rocket according to . X 2

[ ]

[Link].

2
A space shuttle is released from the rocket. The shuttle moves with speed 0. 0c to
X
the right according to . Calculate the velocity of the shuttle relative to the rocket.
2
[ ]

b.i. the time interval between the lamps turning on. [2]

[Link]. which lamp turns on first. [1]

c.i. On the diagram label the coordinates x and ct. 2

[ ]

[Link].

State and explain whether the ct coordinate in (c)(i) is less than, equal to or greater
than 1.0 m.

2
[ ]

[Link]. Calculate the value of c 2t 2 – x 2. [2]

[Link].TZ2.18
A small ball of weight W is attached to a string and moves in a vertical circle of radius . R

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What is the smallest kinetic energy of the ball at position X for the ball to maintain
the circular motion with radius R?
𝑊𝑅
A.
2

B. W R
C. 2 W R

D. 5𝑊𝑅2
[Link].TZ0.8
A flywheel consists of a solid cylinder, with a small radial axle protruding from its centre.

The following data are available for the flywheel.

Flywheel mass = 1.22 kg

M
Small axle = 60.0 mm
radius r
Flywheel = 240 mm
radius R
Moment of = 0.5 MR2
inertia

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An object of mass m is connected to the axle by a light string and allowed to fall
vertically from rest, exerting a torque on the flywheel.

a.

9 9
The velocity of the falling object is 1.8 m s–1 at 3. 8 s. Calculate the average
angular acceleration of the flywheel.

2
[ ]

b. Show that the torque acting on the flywheel is about 0.3 Nm. [2]

c. (i) Calculate the tension in the string.

D
(ii) etermine the mass m of the falling object. [4]

[Link].TZ2.34
XY Z
Three conducting loops, , and , are moving with the same speed from a region
of zero magnetic field to a region of uniform non-zero magnetic field.

/
Which loop(s) has have the largest induced electromotive force (emf) at the instant when
the loops enter the magnetic field ?
A. Z only
B. Y only
C. Y and Z only

D. X and Y only
[Link].TZ2.19

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 E M D
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The centre of the arth is separated from the centre of the oon by a distance . Point P
E M X
lies on a line joining the centre of the arth and the centre of the oon, a distance from
E
the centre of the arth. The gravitational field strength at P is zero.

What is the ratio

mass of the Moon
mass of the Earth
?
(𝐷 − 𝑋)2
A.
𝑋2

B. (𝐷 − 𝑋)
𝑋
𝑋2
C.
(𝐷 − 𝑋)2

D. 𝑋
𝐷−𝑋

[Link].TZ2.35
Two capacitors of different capacitance are connected in series to a source of emf of
negligible internal resistance.

What is correct about the potential difference across each capacitor and the charge
on each capacitor ?

[Link].TZ2.21
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X Y→Z
In the nuclear reaction + XYZ
+ W, involving nuclides , , and W, energy is
M BE
released. Which is correct about the masses ( ) and the binding energies ( ) of the
nuclides ?

[Link].TZ2.36
A fully charged capacitor is connected to a resistor. When the switch is closed the
capacitor will discharge through the resistor.

Which graphs correctly show how the charge on the capacitor and the current in the
circuit vary with time during the discharging of the capacitor ?

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[Link].TZ2.25
?
Which of the following leads to a paradigm shift

A. Multi-loop circuits
B. Standing waves
C. Total internal reflection

D. Atomic spectra
[Link].TZ0.9
F
The diagram shows two methods of pedalling a bicycle using a force .

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In method 1 the pedal is always horizontal to the ground. A student claims that method 2
E
is better because the pedal is always parallel to the crank arm. xplain why method is 2
more effective.

[Link].TZ2.26
A mass oscillates with simple harmonic motion ( SHM) of amplitude x . Its total energy is
J
o
16 .

What is the kinetic energy of the mass when its displacement is

𝑥0
2
?
A. 4 J
B. 8 J
C. 12 J

D. 16 J
[Link].TZ2.6
2
A cylindrical space probe of mass 8.00 x 102 kg and diameter 1 .0 m is at rest in outer
space.

Rockets at opposite points on the probe are fired so that the probe rotates about its
axis. Each rocket produces a force F = 9.60 x 10 N. The moment of inertia of the probe
3

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about its axis is 1.44 x 104 kgm2.

The diagram shows a satellite approaching the rotating probe with negligibly small
speed. The satellite is not rotating initially, but after linking to the probe they both rotate
together.

The moment of inertia of the satellite about its axis is 4.80 x 103 kgm2. The axes of
the probe and of the satellite are the same.

a.i. Deduce the linear acceleration of the centre of mass of the probe. [1]

[Link]. Calculate the resultant torque about the axis of the probe. 2
[ ]

b.

2 S
The forces act for .00 s. how that the final angular speed of the probe is about 16
rads–1.

2
[ ]

c.i. Determine the final angular speed of the probe–satellite system. [2]

[Link].

Calculate the loss of rotational kinetic energy due to the linking of the probe
with the satellite.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.37
When monochromatic light is incident on a metallic surface, electrons are emitted from
the surface. The following changes are considered.

I. Increase the intensity of the incident light

II. Increase the frequency of light
D
III. ecrease the work function of the surface
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Which changes will result in electrons of greater energy being emitted from the surface ?
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ2.27
Blue light is incident on two narrow slits. Constructive interference takes place along
the lines labelled 1 to 5.

The blue light is now replaced by red light. What additional change is needed so that the
lines of constructive interference remain in the same angular positions?
A. Make the slits wider
B. Make the slits narrower
C. Move the slits closer together

D. Move the slits further apart

[Link].TZ2.4
A student investigates how light can be used to measure the speed of a toy train.

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Light from a laser is incident on a double slit. The light from the slits is detected by a light
sensor attached to the train.

The graph shows the variation with time of the output voltage from the light sensor
as the train moves parallel to the slits. The output voltage is proportional to the intensity
of light incident on the sensor.

As the train continues to move, the first diffraction minimum is observed when the light
sensor is at a distance of 0.13 m from the centre of the fringe pattern.

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A student investigates how light can be used to measure the speed of a toy train.

Light from a laser is incident on a double slit. The light from the slits is detected by a light
sensor attached to the train.

The graph shows the variation with time of the output voltage from the light sensor
as the train moves parallel to the slits. The output voltage is proportional to the intensity
of light incident on the sensor.

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a.

Explain, with reference to the light passing through the slits, why a series of voltage
peaks occurs.

[3]

b.i.

The slits are separated by 1.5 mm and the laser light has a wavelength of 6.3 x 10–7
m. The slits are 5.0 m from the train track. Calculate the separation between two
adjacent positions of the train when the output voltage is at a maximum.

[1]

[Link]. Estimate the speed of the train. 2

[ ]

c.i. Determine the width of one of the slits. [2]

[Link].

Suggest the variation in the output voltage from the light sensor that will be
observed as the train moves beyond the first diffraction minimum.

2
[ ]

d.

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In another experiment the student replaces the light sensor with a sound
sensor. The train travels away from a loudspeaker that is emitting sound waves of
constant amplitude and frequency towards a reflecting barrier.

The graph shows the variation with time of the output voltage from the sounds
sensor.

Explain how this effect arises. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ2.38
B
In the ohr model for hydrogen an electron in the ground state has orbit radius r and
speed v. In the first excited state the electron has orbit radius 4r. What is the speed of
the electron in the first excited state ?
𝑣
A.
2

B. 𝑣
4
𝑣
C.
8

D. 𝑣
16

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[Link].TZ0.1
How many significant figures are there in the number 0.0450?
A. 2

B. 3
C. 4

D. 5
[Link].TZ2.39
A neutron of mass m is confined within a nucleus of diameter d. Ignoring numerical
constants, what is an approximate expression for the kinetic energy of the neutron?
ℎ2
A.
𝑚𝑑2

B. ℎ
𝑚𝑑
𝑚ℎ2
C.
𝑑2

D. ℎ
𝑚2 𝑑

[Link].TZ2.28
Two points illuminated by monochromatic light are separated by a small distance. The
light from the two sources passes through a small circular aperture and is detected on a
screen far away.

Two points illuminated by monochromatic light are separated by a small distance. The
light from the two sources passes through a small circular aperture and is detected on a
screen far away.

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[Link].TZ0.10
An ideal nuclear power plant can be modelled as a heat engine that operates between a
2°
hot temperature of 61 C and a cold temperature of 34 C. 9°
a. Calculate the Carnot efficiency of the nuclear power plant. 2
[ ]

b.

Explain, with a reason, why a real nuclear power plant operating between the
stated temperatures cannot reach the efficiency calculated in (a).

2
[ ]

c.

7 %
The nuclear power plant works at 1.0 of the Carnot efficiency. The power
G
produced is 1.33 W. Calculate how much waste thermal energy is released per
hour.

[3]

d.

Discuss the production of waste heat by the power plant with reference to the first
law and the second law of thermodynamics.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.2
An object is positioned in a gravitational field. The measurement of gravitational force
%
acting on the object has an uncertainty of 3 and the uncertainty in the mass of the
object is 9%
. What is the uncertainty in the gravitational field strength of the field?
A. 3 %
B. 6 %
C. 12 %

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.40
A radioactive element has decay constant 𝜆 (expressed in s–1). The number of nuclei of
= N
this element at t 0 is . What is the expected number of nuclei that will have decayed
after 1 s ?
A. 𝑁(1 − 𝑒−𝜆 )

B. 𝑁
𝜆

C. 𝑁𝑒−𝜆
D. 𝜆𝑁
[Link].TZ2.29
A train travelling in a straight line emits a sound of constant frequency f. An observer at
rest very close to the path of the train detects a sound of continuously decreasing
frequency. The train is

A. approaching the observer at constant speed.

B. approaching the observer at increasing speed.

C. moving away from the observer at constant speed.

D. moving away from the observer at increasing speed.

[Link].TZ2.30
Q
A positive charge is deposited on the surface of a small sphere. The dotted lines
represent equipotentials.

A small positive point charge is moved from point P closer to the sphere along three
XY Z
different paths , and . The work done along each path is WX, WY and WZ. What is a
correct comparison of WX, WY and WZ ?
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A. WZ > WY > WX
B. WX > WY = WZ
C. WX = WY = WZ

D. WZ = WY > WX
[Link].TZ0.3
The variation of the displacement of an object with time is shown on a graph. What does
the area under the graph represent ?
A. No physical quantity
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration

D. Impulse
[Link].TZ2.31
V
The graph shows the variation of the gravitational potential with distance r from the
R S
centre of a uniform spherical planet. The radius of the planet is . The shaded area is .

What is the work done by the gravitational force as a point mass m is moved from the
R
surface of the planet to a distance 6 from the centre ?
A. m (V2 – V1 )
B. m (V1 – V2 )
C. mS

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.5
R
The first scientists to identify alpha particles by a direct method were utherford and
Royds. They knew that radium- 6 (226 22
86 Ra) decays by alpha emission to form a nuclide
known as radon ( n). R
R R 2
At the start of the experiment, utherford and oyds put 6. x 10–4 mol of pure radium-
22 6 in a small closed cylinder A. Cylinder A is fixed in the centre of a larger closed
cylinder . B

The experiment lasted for 6 days. The decay constant of radium- 226 is 1.4 x 10– s– . 11 1

At the start of the experiment, all the air was removed from cylinder B. The alpha particles
combined with electrons as they moved through the wall of cylinder A to form helium gas
in cylinder B.

a. Write down the nuclear equation for this decay. [2]

b.i.

Deduce that the activity of the radium-226 is almost constant during

the experiment.

2
[ ]

[Link].

Show that about 3 x 10 15 alpha particles are emitted by the radium- 226 in 6 days.
[3]

c.i.

The wall of cylinder A is made from glass. Outline why this glass wall had to be very
thin.

[1]

[Link].

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 ° B
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

The experiment was carried out at a temperature of 18 C. The volume of cylinder

was 1.3 x 10–5 m3 and the volume of cylinder A was negligible. Calculate the pressure
B H
of the helium gas that was collected in cylinder over the 6 day period. elium is a
monatomic gas.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.3
=
An object is projected vertically upwards at time t 0. Air resistance is negligible. The
2
object passes the same point above its starting position at times s and 8 s.

If g = 10 m s–2, what is the initial speed of the object?

A. 50

B. 30

C. 25
D. 4

[Link].TZ2.7

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–
A heat engine operates on the cycle shown in the pressure volume diagram. The
B
cycle consists of an isothermal expansion A , an isovolumetric change C and an B
B
adiabatic compression CA. The volume at is double the volume at A. The gas is an
ideal monatomic gas.

At A the pressure of the gas is 4.00 x 106 Pa, the temperature is 61 2K

and the volume is
–4 3
1.50 x 10 m . The work done by the gas during the isothermal expansion is 416 . J
a.i. Justify why the thermal energy supplied during the expansion AB is 416 J. [1]
[Link]. Show that the temperature of the gas at C is 386 K. [2]

[Link].

Show that the thermal energy removed from the gas for the change BC
is approximately 330 J.

2
[ ]

[Link]. Determine the efficiency of the heat engine. [2]

b.

State and explain at which point in the cycle ABCA the entropy of the gas is the
largest.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.4
An object is thrown upwards. The graph shows the variation with time t of the velocity v
of the object.

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?
What is the total displacement at a time of 1.5 s, measured from the point of release

A. 0 m

B. 1.25 m
C. 2.50 m

D. 3.75 m
[Link].TZ0.5
An object is released from a stationary hot air balloon at height h above the ground.

An identical object is released at height h above the ground from another balloon that is
rising at constant speed. Air resistance is negligible. What does not increase for the
object released from the rising balloon ?
A. The distance through which it falls

B. The time taken for it to reach the ground

C. The speed with which it reaches the ground

D. Its acceleration
[Link].TZ1.4
A uniform ladder resting in equilibrium on rough ground leans against a smooth wall.
Which diagram correctly shows the forces acting on the ladder ?

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[Link].TZ1.5
An object falls from rest from a height h close to the surface of the Moon. The Moon has
no atmosphere.
ℎ
When the object has fallen to height above the surface, what is
4

?
ℎ
kinetic energy of the object at 4
gravitational potential energy of the object at ℎ
3
A.
4

B. 4
3
9
C.
16

D. 16
9

[Link].TZ0.6
The diagram shows the forces acting on a block resting on an inclined plane. The angle θ
R
is adjusted until the block is just at the point of sliding. is the normal reaction, W the
F
weight of the block and the maximum frictional force.

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What is the maximum coefficient of static friction between the block and the plane ?
A. sin θ
B. cos θ
C. tan θ

D. tan𝜃1

[Link].TZ0.7
E
A system that consists of a single spring stores a total elastic potential energy p when a
load is added to the spring. Another identical spring connected in parallel is added to the
system. The same load is now applied to the parallel springs.

What is the total elastic potential energy stored in the changed system ?
A. Ep

B. 𝐸2 𝑝

𝐸𝑝
C.
4

D. 𝐸8 𝑝

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[Link].TZ0.6
Yellow light from a sodium lamp of wavelength 590 nm is incident at normal incidence on
a double slit. The resulting interference pattern is observed on a screen. The intensity of
the pattern on the screen is shown.

The double slit is replaced by a diffraction grating that has 600 lines per millimetre. The
resulting pattern on the screen is shown.

a.i. Explain why zero intensity is observed at position A. 2

[ ]

[Link].

The distance from the centre of the pattern to A is 4.1 x 10–2 m. The distance
7
from the screen to the slits is .0 m.

Calculate the width of each slit. 2

[ ]

[Link]. Calculate the separation of the two slits. [2]

b.i.

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 State and explain the differences between the pattern on the screen due to
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

the grating and the pattern due to the double slit.

[3]

[Link].

The yellow light is made from two very similar wavelengths that produce two lines
99 9 92
in the spectrum of sodium. The wavelengths are 588. 5 nm and 58 .5 nm. These
two lines can just be resolved in the second-order spectrum of this diffraction
D
grating. etermine the beam width of the light incident on the diffraction grating.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.6
Child X throws a ball to child Y. The system consists of the ball, the children and the
Earth. What is true for the system when the ball has been caught by Y?

A. Y is equal and opposite to the momentum of child X.

The momentum of child

B. The speed of rotation of the Earth will have changed.

C. The ball has no net momentum while it is in the air.

D. The total momentum of the system has not changed.

[Link].TZ0.8
A moving system undergoes an explosion. What is correct for the momentum of the
system and the kinetic energy of the system when they are compared immediately
before and after the explosion ?

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[Link].TZ1.7
An increasing force acts on a metal wire and the wire extends from an initial length l0 to a
new length l. The graph shows the variation of force with length for the wire. The energy
E
required to extend the wire from l0 to l is .

The wire then contracts to half its original extension.

What is the work done by the wire as it contracts ?

A. 2E 0. 5

B. 0.50E
C. 0.75E

D. E
[Link].TZ0.9
What does the constant n represent in the equation of state for an ideal gas p V = nRT?
A. The number of atoms in the gas

B. The number of moles of the gas

C. The number of molecules of the gas

D. The number of particles in the gas

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[Link].TZ0.10
A 1.0 kW heater supplies energy to a liquid of mass 0.50 kg. The temperature of the liquid
K 2
changes by 80 in a time of 00 s. The specific heat capacity of the liquid is 4.0 k kg–1 J
K–1. What is the average power lost by the liquid ?
A. 0

B. 200 W
C. 800 W

D. 1600 W
[Link].TZ1.8
The distances between successive positions of a moving car, measured at equal time
intervals, are shown.

The car moves with

A. acceleration that increases linearly with time.

B. acceleration that increases non-linearly with time.

C. constant speed.

D. constant acceleration.

[Link].TZ1.9
An object is moving in a straight line. A force F and a resistive force f act on the object
along the straight line.

Both forces act for a time t.

What is the rate of change of momentum with time of the object during time t ?
A. F+f
B. F – f
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 F
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C. ( + f )t

D. (F – f )t
[Link].TZ0.11
Under what conditions of pressure and temperature does a real gas approximate to an
ideal gas ?

[Link].TZ1.10
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is trapped in a cylinder of constant volume and its
temperature is varied. Which graph shows the variation of the pressure of the gas with
temperature in degrees Celsius ?

[Link].TZ0.12
The graph shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of an object
undergoing simple harmonic motion ( SHM ). At which velocity does the displacement
from the mean position take a maximum positive value ?
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[Link].TZ1.6
B
The radioactive nuclide beryllium-10 ( e-10) undergoes beta minus ( β–) decay to form a
B
stable boron ( ) nuclide.

N
The initial number of nuclei in a pure sample of beryllium-10 is 0. The graph shows how
the number of remaining beryllium nuclei in the sample varies with time.

An ice sample is moved to a laboratory for analysis. The temperature of the sample is –20
°C.

a. Identify the missing information for this decay.

[1]

b.i.

On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in the sample varies with
time.

2
[ ]

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 ×
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[Link]. After 4.3 106 years, number of produced boron nuclei

= 7.
number of remaining beryllium nuclei
Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10 6
years. [3]

[Link].

Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from Antarctica. A sample of ice

initially contains 7.6 × 10 atoms of beryllium-10. State the number of remaining
11

beryllium-10 nuclei in the sample after 2.8 × 10 years. 6

[1]

c.i. State what is meant by thermal radiation. [1]

[Link].

Discuss how the frequency of the radiation emitted by a black body can be used to
estimate the temperature of the body.

2
[ ]

[Link].

Calculate the peak wavelength in the intensity of the radiation emitted by the ice
sample.

2
[ ]

[Link]. Derive the units of intensity in terms of fundamental SI units. [2]

[Link].TZ0.13
What is the phase difference, in rad, between the centre of a compression and the centre
of a rarefaction for a longitudinal travelling wave ?
A. 0

B. 𝜋2
C. 𝜋

D. 2𝜋
[Link].TZ1.11
What are the units of the ratio
specific heat capacity of copper
specific latent heat of vaporization of copper
?
A. no units

B. k

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C. k–1

D. k–2

[Link].TZ0.33
R
An isolated hollow metal sphere of radius carries a positive charge. Which graph shows
V
the variation of potential with distance x from the centre of the sphere ?

[Link].TZ1.12
A sealed cylinder of length l and cross-sectional area A contains N molecules of an ideal
gas at kelvin temperature T.

What is the force acting on the area of the cylinder marked A due to the gas ?
𝑁𝑅𝑇
A.
𝑙

B. 𝑁𝑅𝑇
𝑙𝐴
𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇
C.
𝑙𝐴

D. 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝑙

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[Link].TZ0.8
A non-uniform electric field, with field lines as shown, exists in a region where there is no
X X
gravitational field. is a point in the electric field. The field lines and lie in the plane of
the paper.

a. Outline what is meant by electric field strength. 2

[ ]

b.

X D
An electron is placed at and released from rest. raw, on the diagram, the
direction of the force acting on the electron due to the field.

[1]

c.

X
The electron is replaced by a proton which is also released from rest at . Compare,
without calculation, the motion of the electron with the motion of the proton after
Y
release. ou may assume that no frictional forces act on the electron or the proton.

[4]

[Link].TZ0.14
Two wave pulses, each of amplitude A, approach each other. They then superpose
before continuing in their original directions. What is the total amplitude during
superposition and the amplitudes of the individual pulses after superposition ?

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[Link].TZ0.34
B
The plane of a coil is positioned at right angles to a magnetic field of flux density . The
N ˚
coil has turns, each of area A. The coil is rotated through 180 in time t.

What is the magnitude of the induced emf ?

𝐵𝐴
A.
𝑡

B. 2𝐵𝐴𝑡
𝐵𝐴𝑁
C.
𝑡

D. 2𝐵𝐴𝑁𝑡
[Link].TZ1.13
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A first-harmonic standing wave is formed on a vertical string of length 3.0 m using a

vibration generator. The boundary conditions for this string are that it is fixed at one
boundary and free at the other boundary.

The generator vibrates at a frequency of 300 Hz.

What is the speed of the wave on the string ?
A. 9 0. 0 km s–1

B. 1.2 km s– 1

C. 1.8 km s–1

D. 3.6 km s–1

[Link].TZ0.35
The ratio
number of primary turns
number of secondary turns
for a transformer is 2.5.
2
The primary coil of the transformer draws a current of 0. 5 A from a 00 alternating 2 V
current (ac) supply. The current in the secondary coil is 0.5 A. What is the efficiency of the
transformer ?
2 %
A. 0

B. 50 %
C. 80 %

D. 100 %
[Link].TZ0.15
X to medium Y is 43 . The refractive
The refractive index for light travelling from medium
index for light travelling from medium Y to medium Z is . What is the refractive index for
3

light travelling from medium X to medium Z?

5

4
A.
5

B. 1512
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5
C.
4

D. 2915
[Link].TZ0.16
A pipe of fixed length is closed at one end. What is
third harmonic frequency of pipe
first harmonic frequency of pipe
?
1
A.
5

B. 13
C. 3

D. 5
[Link].TZ0.36
E
An alternating current (ac) generator produces a peak emf 0 and periodic time T. What
are the peak emf and periodic time when the frequency of rotation is doubled ?

[Link].TZ1.14
Two travelling waves are moving through a medium. The diagram shows, for a point in
the medium, the variation with time t of the displacement d of each of the waves.

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For the instant when t = 2.0 ms, what is the phase difference between the waves and
what is the resultant displacement of the waves?

[Link].TZ1.1
A magnetized needle is oscillating on a string about a vertical axis in a horizontal
B B
magneticfield . The time for 10 oscillations is recorded for different values of .

B
The graph shows the variation with of the time for 10 oscillations together with the
B
uncertainties in the time measurements. The uncertainty in is negligible.

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a. Draw on the graph the line of best fit for the data. [1]

b.i.

Write down the time taken for one oscillation when B = 0.005 T with its absolute
uncertainty.

[1]

[Link]. A student forms a hypothesis that the period of one oscillation P is given by :
𝑃=
𝐾 where K is a constant.
√𝐵
Determine the value of K using the point for which B = 0.005 T.
State the uncertainty in K to an appropriate number of significant figures. [3]

[Link]. State the unit of K. [1]

The student plots a graph to show how P2 varies with

1
c. for the data.
𝐵

Sketch the shape of the expected line of best fit on the axes below assuming that
is verified. You do not have to put numbers on the axes.
𝐾
the relationship 𝑃 =
√𝐵

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2
[ ]

d. State how the value of K can be obtained from the graph. [1]

[Link].TZ0.17
In the circuit shown, the fixed resistor has a value of 3 Ω and the variable resistor can be
varied between 0 and Ω 9Ω
.

The power supply has an emf of 1 2V

and negligible internal resistance. What is the
difference between the maximum and minimum values of voltage across the 3V Ω
resistor ?
A. 3 V
B. 6 V
C. 9 V

D. 12 V
[Link].TZ0.37
Six identical capacitors, each of value C, are connected as shown.

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What is the total capacitance?

𝐶
A.
6

B. 2𝐶3
3𝐶
C.
3

D. 6C
[Link].TZ1.15
The diagram shows an interference pattern produced by two sources that oscillate on the
surface of a liquid.

Which of the distances shown in the diagram corresponds to one fringe width of the
interference pattern?
[Link].TZ0.1
In an experiment, data were collected on the variation of specific heat capacity of
water with temperature. The graph of the plotted data is shown.

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The uncertainty in the values for specific heat capacity is 5 . %

Water of mass (100 ± 2) g is heated from (75.0 ± 0.5) °C to (85.0 ± 0.5) °C.
a. Draw the line of best-fit for the data. [1]

b.i. Determine the gradient of the line at a temperature of 80 °C. [3]

[Link].

State the unit for the quantity represented by the gradient in your answer to (b)(i).
[1]

c.i.

7 °
Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of the water from 5 C to
85 C. °
[1]

[Link].

Using an appropriate error calculation, justify the number of significant figures that
should be used for your answer to (c)(i).

[3]

[Link].TZ1.5
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A proton is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V to a speed of 0.86c.

a. V
Calculate the potential difference . [3]

b.

The proton collides with an antiproton moving with the same speed in the opposite
direction. As a result both particles are annihilated and two photons of equal energy
are produced.

Determine the momentum of one of the photons. [3]

[Link].TZ0.18
Kirchhoff’s laws are applied to the circuit shown.

What is the equation for the dotted loop ?

A. 0 = 3 I 2 + 4I 3

B. 0 = 4I − 3I2
3

C. 6 = 2I + 3I2 + 4I
1 3

D. 6 = 3I2 + 4I 3

[Link].TZ0.38
R
A capacitor of capacitance C discharges through a resistor of resistance . The graph
V
shows the variation with time t of the voltage across the capacitor.

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2
The capacitor is changed to one of value C and the resistor is changed to one of value
2R V
. Which graph shows the variation with t of when the new combination is
discharged ?

[Link].TZ1.16
A system that is subject to a restoring force oscillates about an equilibrium position.

For the motion to be simple harmonic, the restoring force must be proportional to
A. the amplitude of the oscillation.

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 B.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

the displacement from the equilibrium position.

C. the potential energy of the system.

D. the period of the oscillation.

[Link].TZ0.19
With reference to internal energy conversion and ability to be recharged, what are
the characteristics of a primary cell ?

[Link].TZ1.17
=
A particle is displaced from rest and released at time t 0. It performs simple harmonic
motion ( SHM E
). Which graph shows the variation with time of the kinetic energy k of the
particle ?

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[Link].TZ0.39
Monochromatic electromagnetic radiation is incident on a metal surface. The kinetic
energy of the electrons released from the metal

A. is constant because the photons have a constant energy.

B. is constant because the metal has a constant work function.

C. varies because the electrons are not equally bound to the metal lattice.

D. varies because the work function of the metal is different for different electrons.
[Link].TZ0.20
Q
The diagram shows two current-carrying wires, P and , that both lie in the plane of the
paper. The arrows show the conventional current direction in the wires.

Q
The electromagnetic force on is in the same plane as that of the wires. What is the
direction of the electromagnetic force acting on Q?

[Link].TZ1.6

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7 V
In an experiment a source of iron-5 emits gamma rays of energy 14.4 ke . A detector
22
placed .6 m vertically above the source measures the frequency of the gamma rays.

a.

Calculate the expected shift in frequency between the emitted and the
detected gamma rays.

2
[ ]

b.

Explain whether the detected frequency would be greater or less than the emitted
frequency.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.18
Three resistors are connected as shown. What is the value of the total resistance
between and X Y?

A. Ω 1.5

B. 1.9 Ω
C. 6.0 Ω

D. 8.0 Ω
[Link].TZ0.40
A photon interacts with a nearby nucleus to produce an electron. What is the name
of this process ?
A. Pair annihilation

B. Pair production
C. Electron diffraction
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D. Quantum tunnelling
[Link].TZ1.19
A liquid that contains negative charge carriers is flowing through a square pipe with sides
B D
A, , C and . A magnetic field acts in the direction shown across the pipe.

On which side of the pipe does negative charge accumulate?

[Link].TZ1.20
Five resistors of equal resistance are connected to a cell as shown.

What is correct about the power dissipated in the resistors ?

A. X
The power dissipated is greatest in resistor .

B. The power dissipated is greatest in resistor Y.

C. The power dissipated is greatest in resistor Z.

D. The power dissipated is the same in all resistors.

[Link].TZ0.1
A girl on a sledge is moving down a snow slope at a uniform speed.

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The sledge, without the girl on it, now travels up a snow slope that makes an angle of
˚ 2
6.5 to the horizontal. At the start of the slope, the speed of the sledge is 4. m s–1. The
coefficient of dynamic friction of the sledge on the snow is 0.11.

a.

Draw the free-body diagram for the sledge at the position shown on the snow
slope.

2
[ ]

b.

After leaving the snow slope, the girl on the sledge moves over a horizontal region
E
of snow. xplain, with reference to the physical origin of the forces, why the vertical
forces on the girl must be in equilibrium as she moves over the horizontal region.

[3]

c.

When the sledge is moving on the horizontal region of the snow, the girl jumps
off the sledge. The girl has no horizontal velocity after the jump. The velocity of
2
the sledge immediately after the girl jumps off is 4. m s–1. The mass of the girl is 55
kg and the mass of the sledge is 5.5 kg. Calculate the speed of the sledge
immediately before the girl jumps from it.

2
[ ]

d.

The girl chooses to jump so that she lands on loosely-packed snow rather
O
than frozen ice. utline why she chooses to land on the snow.

[3]

e.i. Show that the acceleration of the sledge is about –2 m s–2. [3]

[Link].

Calculate the distance along the slope at which the sledge stops moving. Assume
that the coefficient of dynamic friction is constant.

2
[ ]

f.
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The coefficient of static friction between the sledge and the snow is 0.14. Outline,
with a calculation, the subsequent motion of the sledge.

[ ] 2
[Link].TZ0.2
An electrical circuit is used during an experiment to measure the current I in a
R
variable resistor of resistance . The emf of the cell is e and the cell has an internal
resistance r.

A graph shows the variation of with .

1
𝐼
R

a. Show that the gradient of the graph is equal to 1𝑒 . [ ] 2

b. State the value of the intercept on the R axis. [1]

[Link].TZ1.9
2
An air bubble has a radius of 0. 5 mm and is travelling upwards at its terminal speed in a
×
liquid of viscosity 1.0 10–3 Pa s.

The density of air is 1.2 kg m– 3

2
and the density of the liquid is 1 00 kg m–3.

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a. Explain the origin of the buoyancy force on the air bubble. 2

[ ]

b.

With reference to the ratio of weight to buoyancy force, show that the weight of
the air bubble can be neglected in this situation.

2
[ ]

c. Calculate the terminal speed. [2]

[Link].TZ1.21
X Y
Two resistors and are made of uniform cylinders of the same material. and are X Y
X Y
connected in series. and are of equal length and the diameter of is twice the Y
diameter of . X

The resistance of Y is R.
What is the resistance of this series combination ?
5𝑅
A.
4

B. 3𝑅
2

C. R 3

D. 5R
[Link].TZ0.21
A mass attached to a string rotates in a gravitational field with a constant period in a
vertical plane.

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How do the tension in the string and the kinetic energy of the mass compare at P and Q?

[Link].TZ1.22
An object of mass m at the end of a string of length r moves in a vertical circle at a
constant angular speed . ω
What is the tension in the string when the object is at the bottom of the circle ?
A. ω2r + g)
m(

B. m(ω2r – g)
C. mg(ω2r + 1)

D. mg(ω2r – 1)
[Link].TZ0.4
Outline the conclusion from Maxwell’s work on electromagnetism that led to one of
the postulates of special relativity.

[Link].TZ0.22
X E
A satellite of mass m orbits the arth with a period T. What will be the orbital period of
Y 2
satellite of mass m occupying the same orbit as X?
𝑇
A.
2

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 B. T
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

C. √2𝑇

D. 2T
[Link].TZ1.23
Newton’s law of gravitation
A. is equivalent to Newton’s second law of motion.

B. explains the origin of gravitation.

C. is used to make predictions.

D. is not valid in a vacuum.

[Link].TZ0.5
B
Two rockets, A and , are moving towards each other on the same path. rom the F
E
frame of reference of the arth, an observer measures the speed of A to be 0.6c and the
B E
speed of to be 0.4c. According to the observer on arth, the distance between A and B
is 6.0 x 108 m.

a. Define frame of reference. [1]

b.

E
Calculate, according to the observer on arth, the time taken for A and B to meet.
[ ] 2
c. Identify the terms in the formula. ′ = 1𝑢−− 𝑣
u 𝑢𝑣 [1]
𝑐2

d. Determine, according to an observer in A, the velocity of B. [2]

e.i. Determine, according to an observer in A, the time taken for B to meet A. [2]

[Link].

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 Deduce, without further calculation, how the time taken for A to meet B,
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

according to an observer in B, compares with the time taken for the same event
according to an observer in A.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.2
An experiment to find the internal resistance of a cell of known emf is to be set. The
following equipment is available :

a.

Draw a suitable circuit diagram that would enable the internal resistance to be
determined.

[1]

b.

E
It is noticed that the resistor gets warmer. xplain how this would affect the
calculated value of the internal resistance.

[3]

c.

Outline how using a variable resistance could improve the accuracy of the value
found for the internal resistance.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.23
Which statement about atomic spectra is not true ?
A. They provide evidence for discrete energy levels in atoms.

B. Emission and absorption lines of equal frequency correspond to transitions between

the same two energy levels.

C. Absorption lines arise when electrons gain energy.

D. Emission lines always correspond to the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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[Link].TZ1.24
F
Which eynman diagram shows beta-plus ( β ) decay?
+

[Link].TZ0.8
An electron and a positron have identical speeds but are travelling in opposite directions.
Their collision results in the annihilation of both particles and the production of two
2 MV
photons of identical energy. The initial kinetic energy of the electron is .00 e .

a. Explain, in terms of a conservation law, why two photons need to be created.

[1]

b. Determine the speed of the incoming electron. [3]

c. Calculate the energy and the momentum for each photon after the collision.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.2
F
The eynman diagram shows electron capture.

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a. Deduce that X must be an electron neutrino. 2

[ ]

b. Distinguish between hadrons and leptons. [2]

[Link].TZ1.10
The graph below shows the displacement y of an oscillating system as a function of time
t.

a. State what is meant by damping. [1]

b. Calculate the Q factor for the system. [1]

c. The Q factor of the system increases. State and explain the change to the graph.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.25
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 7 MeV. What is the total
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

The average binding energy per nucleon of the 15

8 O nucleus is .5
energy required to separate the nucleons of one nucleus of 15
8 O ?
A. MeV 53

B. 60 MeV
C. 113 MeV

D. 173 MeV
[Link].TZ0.24
What gives the total change in nuclear mass and the change in nuclear binding energy as
a result of a nuclear fusion reaction ?

[Link].TZ0.3
Electrical resistors can be made by forming a thin film of carbon on a layer of an
insulating material.

A carbon film resistor is made from a film of width 8.0 mm and of thickness .0 m. The2 μ
diagram shows the direction of charge flow through the resistor.

a.i.

2 Ω. The resistivity of carbon is 4.1 x 10– Ω m.

The resistance of the carbon film is 8 5

Calculate the length l of the film.

[1]

[Link].
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The film must dissipate a power less than 1500 W from each square metre of its
surface to avoid damage. Calculate the maximum allowable current for the resistor.

2
[ ]

[Link]. State why knowledge of quantities such as resistivity is useful to scientists.

[1]

b.

The current direction is now changed so that charge flows vertically through the
film.

Deduce, without calculation, the change in the resistance. 2

[ ]

c.

Draw a circuit diagram to show how you could measure the resistance of
the carbon-film resistor using a potential divider arrangement to limit the
potential difference across the resistor.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.25
F
The eynman diagram shows a particle interaction involving a W– boson.

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 ?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Which particles are interacting

A. U and Y
B. W– boson and Y
C. X and Y

D. U and X
[Link].TZ1.26
Two pure samples of radioactive nuclides X and Y have the same initial number of atoms.
The half-life of is 𝑇 1 . X 2

After a time equal to 4 half-lives of X the ratio number of atoms of X

number of atoms of Y
1
is .
8

What is the half-life of Y?

A. 0.25𝑇 1
2

B. 0.5𝑇 1
2

C. 3𝑇 1
2

D. 4𝑇 1
2

[Link].TZ1.3
The diagram shows the motion of the electrons in a metal wire carrying an electric
X
current as seen by an observer at rest with respect to the wire. The distance between
adjacent positive charges is d.

Observer Y is at rest with respect to the electrons.

a.

State whether the field around the wire according to observer X is electric,
magnetic or a combination of both.

[1]

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 Discuss the change in d according to observer Y. 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b.i. [ ]

[Link].

Deduce whether the overall field around the wire is electric, magnetic or a
combination of both according to observer Y.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.27
The energy-level diagram for an atom that has four energy states is shown.

What is the number of different wavelengths in the emission spectrum of this atom ?
A. 1

B. 3

C. 6

D. 7
[Link].TZ2.6
A lambda Λ0 particle at rest decays into a proton p and a pion 𝜋− according to the
reaction

Λ0 → p + 𝜋–
where the rest energy of p = 938 MeV and the rest energy of 𝜋– = 140 MeV.
The speed of the pion after the decay is 0.579c. For this speed 𝛾 = 1.2265. Calculate
the speed of the proton.

[Link].TZ0.9
GS E
The global positioning system ( P ) uses satellites that orbit the arth. The satellites
E
transmit information to arth using accurately known time signals derived from atomic
clocks on the satellites. The time signals need to be corrected due to the gravitational
2 M
redshift that occurs because the satellites are at a height of 0 m above the surface of
the arth.E
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a.

2 M E
The gravitational field strength at 0 m above the surface of the arth is about 0.6
N E
kg–1. stimate the time correction per day needed to the time signals, due to the
gravitational redshift.

[3]

b.

Suggest, whether your answer to (a) underestimates or overestimates the

correction required to the time signal.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.4
Muons are created in the upper atmosphere of the Earth at an altitude of 10 km above
the surface. The muons travel vertically down at a speed of 0.995c with respect to the
Earth. When measured at rest the average lifetime of the muons is 2.1 μs.
a.i.

Calculate, according to Galilean relativity, the time taken for a muon to travel to the
ground.

[1]

[Link].

Deduce why only a small fraction of the total number of muons created is expected
to be detected at ground level according to Galilean relativity.

[1]

b.i.

Calculate, according to the theory of special relativity, the time taken for a muon to
reach the ground in the reference frame of the muon.

2
[ ]

[Link].

Discuss how your result in (b)(i) and the outcome of the muon decay experiment
support the theory of special relativity.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.13
a.

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A solid cube of side 0.15 m has an average density of 10 kg m–3.

(i) Calculate the weight of the cube.

72
(ii) The cube is placed in gasoline of density 0 kg m–3. Calculate the proportion of
the volume of the cube that is above the surface of the gasoline.

[3]

b.

V B
Water flows through a constricted pipe. ertical tubes A and , open to the air, are
located along the pipe.

Describe why tube B has a lower water level than tube A. [3]

[Link].TZ1.1
An elastic climbing rope is tested by fixing one end of the rope to the top of a crane. The
other end of the rope is connected to a block which is initially at position A. The block is
released from rest. The mass of the rope is negligible.

F B
The unextended length of the rope is 60.0 m. rom position A to position , the block
falls freely.

At position C the speed of the block reaches zero. The time taken for the block to fall
B 79
between and C is 0. 5 s. The mass of the block is 80.0 kg.

For the rope and block, describe the energy changes that take place
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a.

At position B the rope starts to extend. Calculate the speed of the block at position
B.

2
[ ]

b.i.

Determine the magnitude of the average resultant force acting on the block
between B and C.

2
[ ]

[Link].

Sketch on the diagram the average resultant force acting on the block between B
and C. The arrow on the diagram represents the weight of the block.

2
[ ]

[Link].

Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the rope on the block
B
between and C.

2
[ ]

c.i. between A and . B [1]

[Link]. between B and C. [1]

d.

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 77 S
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

The length reached by the rope at C is .4 m. uggest how energy considerations

could be used to determine the elastic constant of the rope.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.7
A hoop of mass m, radius r and moment of inertia mr2 rests on a rough plane inclined at
θ
an angle to the horizontal. It is released so that the hoop gains linear and angular
acceleration by rolling, without slipping, down the plane.

a. On the diagram, draw and label the forces acting on the hoop. [2]

b. Show that the linear acceleration a of the hoop is given by the equation shown.
a = 𝑔 ×2sin⁡𝑞 [4]

c.

Calculate the acceleration of the hoop when θ = 20°. Assume that the hoop
continues to roll without slipping.

[1]

d. State the relationship between the force of friction and the angle of the incline.
[2]

e.

D
The angle of the incline is slowly increased from zero. etermine the angle, in terms
of the coefficient of friction, at which the hoop will begin to slip.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.30
The diagram shows an analogue meter with a mirror behind the pointer.
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What is the main purpose of the mirror ?

A. To provide extra light when reading the scale

B. To reduce the risk of parallax error when reading the scale

C. To enable the pointer to be seen from different angles

D. To magnify the image of the pointer

[Link].TZ0.14
A mass-spring system is forced to vibrate vertically at the resonant frequency of the
system. The motion of the system is damped using a liquid.

=
At time t 0 the vibrator is switched on. At time tB the vibrator is switched off and the
system comes to rest. The graph shows the variation of the vertical displacement of the
system with time until tB.

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a.

Explain, with reference to energy in the system, the amplitude of oscillation

between

(i) t = 0 and t . A (ii) tA and tB. [ ] 2

b.

D
The system is critically damped. raw, on the graph, the variation of the
displacement with time from tB until the system comes to rest.

[ ] 2
[Link].TZ0.1
What is a correct value for the charge on an electron ?
A. 1.60 x 10–12 C μ
B. 1.60 x 10– 15 mC

C. 1.60 x 10–22 kC

D. 1.60 x 10–2 MC 4

[Link].TZ1.5
E E
An observer on arth watches rocket A travel away from arth at a speed of 0.80c. The
spacetime diagram shows the worldline of rocket A in the frame of reference of the arth E
observer who is at rest at x 0. =

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B
Another rocket, , departs from the same location as A but later than A at ct 1. km = 2
E R B
according to the arth observer. ocket travels at a constant speed of 0.60c in the
E
opposite direction to A according to the arth observer.

Rocket A and rocket B both emit a flash of light that are received simultaneously by the
Earth observer. Rocket A emits the flash of light at a time coordinate ct = 1.8 km
according to the Earth observer.

a.

Draw on the spacetime diagram the worldline of B according to the Earth observer
and label it B.

[2]

b.

Deduce, showing your working on the spacetime diagram, the value of ct according
to the Earth observer at which the rocket B emitted its flash of light.

[3]

c.

Explain whether or not the arrival times of the two flashes in the Earth frame are
simultaneous events in the frame of rocket A.

2
[ ]

d. Calculate the velocity of rocket B relative to rocket A. [2]

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[Link].TZ0.5
A sunbather is supported in water by a floating sun bed. Which diagram represents
the magnitudes of the forces acting on the sun bed ?

[Link].TZ0.8
2
A monatomic ideal gas is confined to a cylinder with volume .0 x 10–3 m3. The
F
initial pressure of the gas is 100 kPa. The gas undergoes a three-step cycle. irst, the
gas pressure increases by a factor of five under constant volume. Then, the gas
F
expands adiabatically to its initial pressure. inally it is compressed at constant pressure
to its initial volume.

a.

Show that the volume– of the gas at the end of the adiabatic expansion is
3
approximately 5.3 x 10 m 3.

2
[ ]

b. Using the axes, sketch the three-step cycle.

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2
[ ]

c.

29 K
The initial temperature of the gas is 0 . Calculate the temperature of the gas
at the start of the adiabatic expansion.

2
[ ]

d.

Using your sketched graph in (b), identify the feature that shows that net work
is done by the gas in this three-step cycle.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.7
A toy car of mass 0.15 kg accelerates from a speed of 10 cm s–1 to a speed of 15 cm s–1.
What is the impulse acting on the car ?
7 Ns
A. .5 m

B. 37.5 mN s
C. 0.75 N s

D. 3.75 N s
[Link].TZ0.5
S
A satellite powered by solar cells directed towards the un is in a polar orbit about the
Earth.
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E
The satellite is orbiting the arth at a distance of 6600 km from the centre of the arth. E
The satellite carries an experiment that measures the peak wavelength emitted
S
by different objects. The un emits radiation that has a peak wavelength S of 50 λ 9
λ
nm. The peak wavelength E of the radiation emitted by the arth is 10.1 m. E μ
a. Determine the orbital period for the satellite. Mass of Earth = 6.0 x 102 4 kg [3]

b.i. Determine the mean temperature of the Earth. 2

[ ]

[Link].

Suggest how the difference between λS and λE helps to account for the greenhouse
effect.

[3]

c. Not all scientists agree that global warming is caused by the activities of man.
Outline how scientists try to ensure agreement on a scientific issue. [1]

[Link].TZ0.9
The fraction of the internal energy that is due to molecular vibration varies in the different
states of matter. What gives the order from highest fraction to lowest fraction of internal
energy due to molecular vibration ?
A. liquid > gas > solid
B. solid > liquid > gas
C. solid > gas > liquid

D. gas > liquid > solid

[Link].TZ0.11
The graph shows the variation with position s of the displacement x of a wave
undergoing simple harmonic motion ( ). SHM
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What is the magnitude of the velocity at the displacements , X Y and Z?

[Link].TZ1.2
A closed box of fixed volume 0.15 m3 contains 3.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. The
temperature of the gas is 0 . 29 K
J
When the gas is supplied with 0.86 k of energy, its temperature increases by 3 . The 2K
specific heat capacity of the gas is 3.1 k kg–1 –1.J K
a. Calculate the pressure of the gas. [1]

b.i. Calculate, in kg, the mass of the gas. [1]

[Link]. Calculate the average kinetic energy of the particles of the gas. [1]

c.

Explain, with reference to the kinetic model of an ideal gas, how an increase in
temperature of the gas leads to an increase in pressure.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.12
L
Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident on a polarizing filter. ight from this filter is
˚
incident on a second filter, which has its axis of polarization at 30 to that of the first filter.

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3
˚
The value of cos 30 is √ . What is the intensity of the light emerging through the second
filter ? 2

3
A. √ I0
2

B. 32 I 0

3
C. I0
4

D. 38 I 0

[Link].TZ1.6
N
A constant force of 50.0 is applied tangentially to the outer edge of a merry-go-round.
The following diagram shows the view from above.

The merry-go-round has a moment of inertia of 450 kg m2 about a vertical axis. The
merry-go-round has a diameter of 4.00 m.

A child of mass 30.0 kg is now placed onto the edge of the merry-go-round. No external
torque acts on the system.

The child now moves towards the centre.

The merry-go-round starts from rest and the force is applied for one complete revolution.

a. Show that the angular acceleration of the merry-go-round is 0.2 rad s–2. 2
[ ]

b.i. Calculate, for the merry-go-round after one revolution, the angular speed. [1]

[Link].

Calculate, for the merry-go-round after one revolution, the angular momentum. [1]

c. Calculate the new angular speed of the rotating system. 2

[ ]

d.i. Explain why the angular speed will increase. [2]

[Link]. Calculate the work done by the child in moving from the edge to the centre.
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2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.14
The diagram shows a second harmonic standing wave on a string fixed at both ends.

What is the phase difference, in rad, between the particle at X and the particle at Y?
A. 0

B. 𝜋4
𝜋
C.
2

D. 3𝜋4

[Link].TZ2.1
A stone falls from rest to the bottom of a water well of depth d. The time t taken to fall is
2 ± 2 2
.0 0. s. The depth of the well is calculated to be 0 m using d
1 2
=2
at . The uncertainty
in a is negligible.

What is the absolute uncertainty in d ?

A. ± 0.2 m
B. ± 1 m
C. ± 2 m

D. ± 4 m
[Link].TZ0.15
X Y
Two wires, and , are made from the same metal. The wires are connected in
X Y X Y
series. The radius of is twice that of . The carrier drift speed in is vX and in it is vY.

What is the value of the ratio

vX
vY
?
A. 0. 5 2
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B. 0.50
C. 2.00

D. 4.00
[Link].TZ1.3
A beam of coherent monochromatic light from a distant galaxy is used in an optics
experiment on arth. E
The beam is incident normally on a double slit. The distance between the slits is 0.300
D θ
mm. A screen is at a distance from the slits. The diffraction angle is labelled.

The air between the slits and the screen is replaced with water. The refractive index of
water is 1.33.

a.i.

E
A series of dark and bright fringes appears on the screen. xplain how a dark fringe
is formed.

[3]

[Link].

E
The wavelength of the beam as observed on arth is 633.0 nm. The separation
between a dark and a bright fringe on the screen is 4.50 mm. Calculate . D
2
[ ]

b.i. Calculate the wavelength of the light in water. [1]

[Link]. State two ways in which the intensity pattern on the screen changes. 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.2
Which is a vector quantity ?
A. Pressure

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 B. Electric current
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

C. Temperature

D. Magnetic field
[Link].TZ0.18
The diagram shows the magnetic field surrounding two current-carrying metal wires P
Q
and . The wires are parallel to each other and at right angles to the plane of the page.

What is the direction of the electron flow in P and the direction of the electron flow in Q?

[Link].TZ0.23
Samples of different radioactive nuclides have equal numbers of nuclei. Which graph
shows the relationship between the half-life 𝑡 and the activity A for the samples?
1
2

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[Link].TZ2.3
A ball is tossed vertically upwards with a speed of 5.0 m s–1. After how many seconds will
?
the ball return to its initial position

A. 0.50 s

B. 1.0 s
C. 1.5 s

D. 2.0 s
[Link].TZ2.4
A projectile is fired horizontally from the top of a cliff. The projectile hits the ground 4 s
2
later at a distance of km from the base of the cliff. What is the height of the cliff ?
A. 40 m

B. 80 m
C. 120 m

D. 160 m
[Link].TZ0.27
A spring loaded with mass m oscillates with simple harmonic motion. The amplitude of
E
the motion is A and the spring has total energy . What is the total energy of the spring
when the mass is increased to 3m and the amplitude is increased to A 2?
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 2E
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A.

B. 4E
C. 12E

D. 18E
[Link].TZ1.1
What is the unit of electrical energy in fundamental I units S ?
A. kg m2 C–1 s
B. kg m s–2
C. kg m2 s–2
D. kg m2 s–1 A

[Link].TZ2.7
A cylinder is fitted with a piston. A fixed mass of an ideal gas fills the space above the
piston.

The gas expands isobarically. The following data are available.

Amount of gas = 243 mol

Initial volume of gas = 47.1 m3
Initial temperature of gas = − 12.0 °C
Final temperature of gas = + 19.0 °C
Initial pressure of gas = 11.2 kPa

The gas returns to its original state by an adiabatic compression followed by cooling
at constant volume.

a. Show that the final volume of the gas is about 53 m . 3

2
[ ]

b. Calculate, in J, the work done by the gas during this expansion. [2]

c. Determine the thermal energy which enters the gas during this expansion. [3]

d.i.

Sketch, on the pV diagram, the complete cycle of changes for the gas, labelling the
changes clearly. The expansion shown in (a) and (b) is drawn for you.

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2
[ ]

[Link].

Outline the change in entropy of the gas during the cooling at constant volume.
[1]

e.

There are various equivalent versions of the second law of thermodynamics. Outline
the benefit gained by having alternative forms of a law.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.7
– V B
The pressure volume (p ) diagram shows a cycle A CA of a heat engine. The working
22
substance of the engine is 0. 1 mol of ideal monatomic gas.

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 295 K and the pressure of the gas is 1.10 × 10
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

At A the temperature of the gas is 5 Pa. The

B
process from A to is adiabatic.

The process from B to C is replaced by an isothermal process in which the initial state is
the same and the final volume is 5.00 × 10– m . 3 3

a. Show that the pressure at B is about 5 × 10 Pa. 5 [2]

b.i. For the process BC, calculate, in J, the work done by the gas. [1]

[Link].

For the process BC, calculate, in J, the change in the internal energy of the gas. [1]
[Link]. For the process BC, calculate, in J, the thermal energy transferred to the gas.

[1]

c.i.

Explain, without any calculation, why the pressure after this change would belower
if the process was isothermal.

2
[ ]

[Link].

Determine, without any calculation, whether the net work done by the engine
during one full cycle would increase or decrease.

2
[ ]

d.

Outline why an efficiency calculation is important for an engineer designing a heat

engine.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.28
Monochromatic light is incident on two identical slits to produce an interference pattern
on a screen. One slit is then covered so that no light emerges from it. What is the change
to the pattern observed on the screen?

A. Fewer maxima will be observed.

B. The intensity of the central maximum will increase.

C. The outer maxima will become narrower.

D. The width of the central maximum will decrease.

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[Link].TZ1.2
Which of the following is a scalar quantity ?
A. Velocity
B. Momentum
C. Kinetic energy
D. Acceleration
[Link].TZ1.3
E
An object is released from rest in the gravitational field of the arth. Air resistance is
H
negligible. ow far does the object move during the fourth second of its motion ?
A. 15 m
B 2
. 5m
C. 35 m
D. 45 m

[Link].TZ0.29
A transparent liquid forms a parallel-sided thin film in air. The diagram shows a ray I
–
incident on the upper air film boundary at normal incidence (the rays are shown at an
angle to the normal for clarity).

Reflections from the top and bottom surfaces of the film result in three rays J, K and L.
Which of the rays has undergone a phase change of 𝜋 rad?

A. J only

B. J and L only
C. J and K only

D. J, K and L
[Link].TZ0.30

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A stationary sound source emits waves of wavelength 𝜆 and speed v. The source now
moves away from a stationary observer. What are the wavelength and speed of the sound
as measured by the observer ?

[Link].TZ1.4
An ohmic conductor is connected to an ideal ammeter and to a power supply of output
voltage . V

The following data are available for the conductor :

density of free electrons = 8.5 × 1022 cm− 3

resistivity ρ = 1.7 × 10− Ωm

8

dimensions w × h × l = 0.020 cm × 0.020 cm × 10 cm.

The ammeter reading is .0 A. 2

a. Calculate the resistance of the conductor. 2
[ ]

b.

S
Calculate the drift speed v of the electrons in the conductor in cm s–1. tate your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

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[3]

[Link].TZ2.22
A cell has an emf of 4.0 V and an internal resistance of 2.0 Ω. The ideal voltmeter reads
3. 2V.

What is the resistance of R?

A. Ω 0.8

B. 2.0 Ω
C. 4.0 Ω

D. 8.0 Ω
[Link].TZ0.10
An astronomical reflecting telescope is being used to observe the night sky.

The diagram shows an incomplete reflecting telescope.

a.

N
Complete the diagram, with a ewtonian mounting, continuing the two rays to
show how they pass through the eyepiece.
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[3]

b.

E M M
When the arth- oon distance is 363 300 km, the oon is observed using
M 77 D
the telescope. The mean radius of the oon is 1 3 km. etermine the focal
M
length of the mirror used in this telescope when the diameter of the oon’s image
2
formed by the main mirror is 1. 0 cm.

2
[ ]

c.

M
The final image of the oon is observed through the eyepiece. The focal length
of the eyepiece is 5.0 cm. Calculate the magnification of the telescope.

[1]

d.

H S O
The ubble pace reflecting telescope has a Cassegrain mounting. utline the main
N
optical difference between a Cassegrain mounting and a ewtonian mounting.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.31
− B
A charge of 3 C is moved from A to and then back to A. The electric potential at A is
V B −2 V
+10 and the electric potential at is 0 . What is the work done in moving the
B
charge from A to and the total work done ?

[Link].TZ1.8
Hydrogen atoms in an ultraviolet (UV) lamp make transitions from the first excited state to
the ground state. Photons are emitted and are incident on a photoelectric surface as
shown.

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The photons cause the emission of electrons from the photoelectric surface. The work
function of the photoelectric surface is 5.1 e . V
V
The electric potential of the photoelectric surface is 0 . The variable voltage is adjusted
so that the collecting plate is at 1. . – 2V

a. Show that the energy of photons from the UV lamp is about 10 eV. 2
[ ]

b.i. Calculate, in J, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons. [2]

[Link].

Suggest, with reference to conservation of energy, how the variable voltage source
can be used to stop all emitted electrons from reaching the collecting plate.

2
[ ]

[Link].

The variable voltage can be adjusted so that no electrons reach the collecting plate.
Write down the minimum value of the voltage for which no electrons reach the
collecting plate.

[1]

c.i. On the diagram, draw and label the equipotential lines at –0.4 V and –0.8 V.
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[ ]

[Link].

2 V
An electron is emitted from the photoelectric surface with kinetic energy .1 e .
Calculate the speed of the electron at the collecting plate.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.23
A mass at the end of a string is swung in a horizontal circle at increasing speed until
the string breaks.

The subsequent path taken by the mass is a

A. line along a radius of the circle.

B. horizontal circle.

C. curve in a horizontal plane.

D. curve in a vertical plane.

[Link].TZ0.32
E
A spacecraft moves towards the arth under the influence of the gravitational field of the
Earth.

The three quantities that depend on the distance r of the spacecraft from the centre of
E
the arth are the

I. gravitational potential energy of the spacecraft

II gravitational field strength acting on the spacecraft
III. gravitational force acting on the spacecraft.

Which of the quantities are proportional to

1
𝑟2
?
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

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C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ2.24
A detector, placed close to a radioactive source, detects an activity of 60 q. The2 B
2 B
average background activity at this location is 0 q. The radioactive nuclide has a half-
life of hours. 9
What activity is detected after 36 hours ?
A. B 15 q

B. 16 Bq
C. 20 Bq

D. 35 Bq
[Link].TZ2.25
Element X decays through a series of alpha (α) and beta minus (β–) emissions. Which
series of emissions results in an isotope of X?

A. 1α and 2β–

B. 1α and 4β–
C. 2α and 2β–

D. 2α and 3β–
[Link].TZ0.11
J
Two of the brightest objects in the night sky are the planet upiter and the star ega. V
J
The light observed from upiter has a similar brightness to that received from ega. V
Vega is found in the constellation Lyra. The stellar parallax angle of Vega is about 0.13 arc
sec.

a.i. Identify the mechanism leading stars to produce the light they emit. [1]

[Link].

Outline why the light detected from Jupiter and Vega have a similar
brightness, according to an observer on Earth.

2
[ ]

b.i. Outline what is meant by a constellation. [1]

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 Outline how the stellar parallax angle is measured. 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link]. [ ]

[Link]. Show that the distance to Vega from Earth is about 25 ly. [2]

[Link].TZ2.26
A graph of the variation of average binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number
has a maximum. What is indicated by the region around the maximum ?
A. The position below which radioactive decay cannot occur

B. The region in which fission is most likely to occur

C. The position where the most stable nuclides are found

D. The region in which fusion is most likely to occur

[Link].TZ2.27
Three of the fundamental forces between particles are

I. strong nuclear

II. weak nuclear

III. electromagnetic.

What forces are experienced by an electron ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

[Link].TZ1.7
An observer A is on the surface of planet . X Observer B is in a stationary spaceship above
the surface of planet . X
Observer A sends a beam of light with a frequency 500 THz towards observer B. When
observer B receives the light he observes that the frequency has changed by Δf.

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Observer B then sends a signal with frequency 1500 THz towards observer A.

a. Calculate the shift in frequency observed by A in terms of f.Δ 2

[ ]

b. X
Calculate the gravitational field strength on the surface of planet .

The following data is given :

Δf = 170 Hz.
The distance between observer A and B is 10 km. 2
[ ]

c.

Observer A now sends a beam of light initially parallel to the surface of the planet.
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Explain why the path of the light is curved. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ2.1
A small ball of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle on the inside surface of a frictionless
hemispherical bowl.

The normal reaction force N makes an angle θ to the horizontal.

a.i. State the direction of the resultant force on the ball. [1]

[Link].

On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent the weight of
the ball.

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[ ]

[Link].

Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the
following equation.

[3]
𝑚𝑔
𝐹=
tan⁡𝜃
b. The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the ball.
[4]

c.

Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of radius equal to
the radius of the bowl.

2
[ ]

d.

A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first ball is
displaced so that its height from the horizontal is equal to 8.0 m.

The first ball is released and eventually strikes the second ball. The two balls
D
remain in contact. etermine, in m, the maximum height reached by the two balls.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.10
The water supply for a hydroelectric plant is a reservoir with a large surface area. An
outlet pipe takes the water to a turbine.

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The following data are available :

density of water = 1.00 × 103 kg m−3
viscosity of water = 1.31 × 10−3 Pa s
diameter of the outlet pipe = 0.600 m
velocity of water at outlet pipe = 59.4 ms−1

a.

State the difference in terms of the velocity of the water between laminar and
turbulent flow.

[1]

b.

The water level is a height H above the turbine. Assume that the flow is laminar in
the outlet pipe.

Show, using the Bernouilli equation, that the speed of the water as it enters the
turbine is given by v = √2𝑔𝐻 .

[3]

c.i. R
Calculate the eynolds number for the water flow. [1]

[Link]. Outline whether it is reasonable to assume that flow is laminar in this situation.
[1]

[Link].TZ2.9
Rhodium-106 (106
45 Rh) decays into palladium-106 (46 Pd) by beta minus (β ) decay. The
106 –
diagram shows some of the nuclear energy levels of rhodium-106 and palladium-106. The
arrow represents the β– decay.

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b.

Bohr modified the Rutherford model by introducing the condition mvr = n 2𝜋ℎ . Outline
the reason for this modification.

[3]

c.i.

Show that the speed v of an electron in the hydrogen atom is related to the radius r
of the orbit by the expression

𝑘𝑒2 where k is the Coulomb constant. [1]

𝑣=
√ 𝑚e 𝑟
[Link].

Using the answer in (b) and (c)(i), deduce that the radius r of the electron’s orbit in
the ground state of hydrogen is given by the following expression.

𝑟=
ℎ2 [ ] 2
4𝜋2 𝑘𝑚e 𝑒2

[Link]. Calculate the electron’s orbital radius in (c)(ii). [1]

d.i.

Explain what may be deduced about the energy of the electron in the β– decay.
[3]

[Link].

Suggest why the β– decay is followed by the emission of a gamma ray photon. [1]

[Link]. Calculate the wavelength of the gamma ray photon in (d)(ii). [ ] 2

[Link].TZ2.3
A motor of input power 160 W raises a mass of 8.0 kg vertically at a constant speed of
0.50 m s–1.

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What is the efficiency of the system ?

A. % 0.63

B. 25%
C. 50%

D. 100%
[Link].TZ2.2
An ideal monatomic gas is kept in a container of volume .1 2 × 10– 4 m3, temperature 310 K
and pressure 5.3 105 Pa. ×
The volume of the gas in (a) is increased to 6.8 × 10– 4 m3 at constant temperature.

a.i. State what is meant by an ideal gas. [1]

[Link]. Calculate the number of atoms in the gas. [1]

[Link]. J
Calculate, in , the internal energy of the gas. 2
[ ]

b.i. Calculate, in Pa, the new pressure of the gas. [1]

[Link]. Explain, in terms of molecular motion, this change in pressure. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ2.4
A box is accelerated to the right across rough ground by a horizontal force a. The force F
F F F
of friction is f. The weight of the box is g and the normal reaction is n. Which is the
free-body diagram for this situation ?

[Link].TZ2.5
The graph shows the variation with time t of the force F acting on an object of mass 15
000 kg.

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The object is at rest at t

What is the speed of the object when t = 30 s?

A. 0.18 m s–1

B. 6 m s–1

C. 2
1 m s–1

D. 180 m s–1

[Link].TZ2.4
XY Z
Three identical light bulbs, , and , each of resistance 4.0 Ω are connected to a cell of
emf 1 2V
. The cell has negligible internal resistance.

When fully charged the space between the plates of the capacitor is filled with a
dielectric with double the permittivity of a vacuum.

a. The switch S is initially open. Calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit.
[2]

bi.
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S
The switch is now closed. tate, without calculation, why the current in the cell will
increase.

[1]

bii. The switch is now closed. Deduce the ratio

power dissipated in Y with S open
power dissipated in Y with S closed
. 2
[ ]

c.

The cell is used to charge a parallel-plate capacitor in a vacuum. The fully charged
capacitor is then connected to an ideal voltmeter.

The capacitance of the capacitor is 6.0 μF and the reading of the voltmeter is 12 V.
Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor. [1]

di. Calculate the change in the energy stored in the capacitor. [3]

dii. Suggest, in terms of conservation of energy, the cause for the above change.
[1]

[Link].TZ2.6
θ
A ball of mass m is thrown with an initial speed of u at an angle to the horizontal as
Q
shown. is the highest point of the motion. Air resistance is negligible.

What is the momentum of the ball at Q?

A. zero

B. mu cos θ
C. mu

D. mu sin θ
[Link].TZ0.7
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L
The Λ0 ( ambda) particle decays spontaneously into a proton and a negatively charged
MV
pion of rest mass 140 e c–2. After the decay, the particles are moving in the same
MV
direction with a proton momentum of 630 e c–1 and a pion momentum of 0 e c–
1.
27 M V
a. Determine the rest mass of the Λ0 particle. [4]

b. Determine, using your answer to (a), the initial speed of the Λ0 particle. 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.3
A loudspeaker emits sound towards the open end of a pipe. The other end is closed. A
standing wave is formed in the pipe. The diagram represents the displacement
of molecules of air in the pipe at an instant of time.

X and Y represent the equilibrium positions of two air molecules in the pipe. The
arrow represents the velocity of the molecule at Y.

The loudspeaker in (a) now emits sound towards an air–water boundary. A, B and C are
parallel wavefronts emitted by the loudspeaker. The parts of wavefronts A and B in water
are not shown. Wavefront C has not yet entered the water.

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a.i. Outline how the standing wave is formed. [1]

[Link].

Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of motion of the molecule
at X.

[1]

[Link]. Label a position N that is a node of the standing wave. [1]

[Link].

The speed of sound is 340 m s–1 and the length of the pipe is 0.30 m. Calculate, in
Hz, the frequency of the sound.

2
[ ]

b.i. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s–1 and in water it is 1500 m s–1.

θ
The wavefronts make an angle with the surface of the water. etermine D
θ G
the maximum angle, max, at which the sound can enter water. ive your answer to
the correct number of significant figures.

2
[ ]

[Link].

Draw lines on the diagram to complete wavefronts A and B in water for θ < θ max.

2
[ ]

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[Link].TZ2.6
E
Two protons, travelling in opposite directions, collide. ach has a total energy of 3.35
GV
e .

As a result of the collision, the protons are annihilated and three particles, a proton, a
MV
neutron, and a pion are created. The pion has a rest mass of 140 e c–2. The total
energy of the emitted proton and neutron from the interaction is 6. 0 e . 2 GV
a. γ
Calculate the gamma ( ) factor for one of the protons. [1]

b.i. Determine, in terms of MeV c– , the momentum of the pion.

1 [3]

[Link].

The diagram shows the paths of the incident protons together with the proton
O
and neutron created in the interaction. n the diagram, draw the path of the pion.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.7
A boy runs along a straight horizontal track. The graph shows how his speed v varies with
time t.

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After 15 s the boy has run 50 m. What is his instantaneous speed and his average
speed when t 15 s = ?

[Link].TZ0.8
S 7
The chwarzschild radius of a black hole is 6.0 x 105 m. A rocket is .0 x 108 m from
the black hole and has a clock. The proper time interval between the ticks of the clock
on the rocket is 1.0 s. These ticks are transmitted to a distant observer in a region free
of gravitational fields.

a.

Outline why the clock near the black hole runs slowly compared to a clock close to
the distant observer.

2
[ ]

b. Calculate the number of ticks detected in 10 ks by the distant observer. [2]

[Link].TZ2.8
M
A weight W is tied to a trolley of mass by a light string passing over a frictionless
pulley. The trolley has an acceleration a on a frictionless table. The acceleration due to
gravity is g.

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What is W ?
𝑀𝑎𝑔
A.
(𝑔 − 𝑎)

B. 𝑀𝑎𝑔
(𝑔 + 𝑎)
𝑀𝑎
C.
(𝑔 − 𝑎)

D. 𝑀𝑎
(𝑔 + 𝑎)

[Link].TZ2.9
X Y
Two balls and with the same diameter are fired horizontally with the same initial
X
momentum from the same height above the ground. The mass of is greater than the
Y
mass of . Air resistance is negligible.

What is correct about the horizontal distances travelled by X and Y and the times taken
X Y
by and to reach the ground ?

[Link].TZ0.11
G
The diagram shows a simplified model of a alilean thermometer. The thermometer
consists of a sealed glass cylinder that contains ethanol, together with glass spheres. The
spheres are filled with different volumes of coloured water. The mass of the glass can be
neglected as well as any expansion of the glass through the temperature range
S
experienced. pheres have tags to identify the temperature. The mass of the tags can be
neglected in all calculations.

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Each sphere has a radius of 3.0 cm and the spheres, due to the different volumes of
water in them, are of varying densities. As the temperature of the ethanol changes the
individual spheres rise or fall, depending on their densities, compared with that of the
ethanol.

The graph shows the variation with temperature of the density of ethanol.

a.i.

Using the graph, determine the buoyancy force acting on a sphere when
2 °
the ethanol is at a temperature of 5 C.

2
[ ]

[Link].

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 2 ° 2 °
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

When the ethanol is at a temperature of 5 C, the 5 C sphere is just

at equilibrium. This sphere contains water of density 1080 kg m–3. Calculate
the percentage of the sphere volume filled by water.

2
[ ]

b.

2 °
The room temperature slightly increases from 5 C, causing the buoyancy force to
F
decrease. or this change in temperature, the ethanol density decreases
7 2 7
from 85. 0 kg m–3 to 85.16 kg m–3. The average viscosity of ethanol over the
E
temperature range covered by the thermometer is 0.0011 Pa s. stimate the steady
2 °
velocity at which the 5 C sphere falls.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.7
It is believed that a non-rotating supermassive black hole is likely to exist near the centre
of our galaxy. This black hole has a mass equivalent to 3.6 million times that of the un. S
a.i. Outline what is meant by the event horizon of a black hole. [1]

[Link]. Calculate the distance of the event horizon of the black hole from its centre.

Mass of Sun = 2 × 10 30 kg 2
[ ]

b.

Star S-2 is in an elliptical orbit around a black hole. The distance of S-2 from
the centre of the black hole varies between a few light-hours and several light-
days. A periodic event on S-2 occurs every 5.0 s.

Discuss how the time for the periodic event as measured by an observer on the
Earth changes with the orbital position of S-2.
2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.10
Which is a unit of force ?
A. Jm
B. J m– 1

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C. J m s– 1

D. J m– s 1

[Link].TZ1.6
7
A parachutist of total mass 0 kg is falling vertically through the air at a constant speed of
8 m s–1.

What is the total upward force acting on the parachutist ?

A. 0 N
B. 70 N
C. 560 N

D. 700 N
[Link].TZ2.1
What is the best estimate for the diameter of a helium nucleus ?
A. 10–21 m

B. 10–18 m

C. 10–15 m

D. 10–10 m

[Link].TZ2.11
The graph shows how the temperature of a liquid varies with time when energy is
K
supplied to the liquid at a constant rate P. The gradient of the graph is and the liquid
has a specific heat capacity c.

What is the mass of the liquid ?

𝑃
A.
𝑐𝐾

B. 𝑃𝐾
𝑐
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𝑃𝑐
C.
𝐾

D. 𝑐𝐾
𝑃

[Link].TZ1.7
A stopper of mass 8 g leaves the opening of a container that contains pressurized [Link]
stopper accelerates from rest for a time of 16 ms and leaves the container at a speed of
20 m s–1.

What is the order of magnitude of the force acting on the stopper ?

A. 10–3 N
B. 100 N
C. 101 N
D. 103 N
[Link].TZ2.2
The velocities vX and vY of two boats, X and Y, are shown.

Which arrow represents the direction of the vector vX – vY?

[Link].TZ2.4
The diagram shows a potential divider circuit used to measure the emf E of a cell X. Both
cells have negligible internal resistance.

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B B
A is a wire of uniform cross-section and length 1.0 m. The resistance of wire A is 80 Ω.
X
When the length of AC is 0.35 m the current in cell is zero.

a. State what is meant by the emf of a cell. 2

[ ]

b.i. Show that the resistance of the wire AC is 28 Ω. [2]

[Link]. Determine E. [2]

[Link].TZ2.12
A container that contains a fixed mass of an ideal gas is at rest on a truck. The truck
now moves away horizontally at a constant velocity. What is the change, if any, in the
internal energy of the gas and the change, if any, in the temperature of the gas when the
truck has been travelling for some time ?

[Link].TZ0.12
A farmer is driving a vehicle across an uneven field in which there are undulations every
3.0 m.

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The farmer’s seat is mounted on a spring. The system, consisting of the mass of the
farmer and the spring, has a natural frequency of vibration of 1. z. 9H
a.

Explain why it would

–
be uncomfortable for the farmer to drive the vehicle at a
speed of 5.6 m s 1.

[3]

b.

Outline what change would be required to the value of Q for the mass–spring
system in order for the drive to be more comfortable.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.13
° °
A sealed container contains water at 5 C and ice at 0 C. This system is thermally
isolated from its surroundings. What happens to the total internal energy of the system ?
A. It remains the same.

B. It decreases.

C. It increases until the ice melts and then remains the same.

D. It increases.

[Link].TZ2.1
The ball is now displaced through a small distance x from the bottom of the bowl and
is then released from rest.

The magnitude of the force on the ball towards the equilibrium position is given by
𝑚𝑔𝑥
𝑅
where R is the radius of the bowl.
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A small ball of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle on the inside surface of a frictionless
hemispherical bowl.

The normal reaction force N makes an angle θ to the horizontal.

a.i. State the direction of the resultant force on the ball. [1]

[Link].

On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent the weight of
the ball.

2
[ ]

[Link].

Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the
following equation.

[3]
𝑚𝑔
𝐹=
tan⁡𝜃
b. The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the ball.
[4]

c.
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Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of radius equal to
the radius of the bowl.

2
[ ]

d.i.

Outline why the ball will perform simple harmonic oscillations about the equilibrium
position.

[1]

[Link]. Show that the period of oscillation of the ball is about 6 s. 2

[ ]

[Link].

2 O
The amplitude of oscillation is 0.1 m. n the axes, draw a graph to show
the variation with time t of the velocity v of the ball during one period.

[3]

e.

A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first ball is
displaced so that its height from the horizontal is equal to 8.0 m.

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The first ball is released and eventually strikes the second ball. The two balls
D
remain in contact. etermine, in m, the maximum height reached by the two balls.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.10
B
Two tubes, A and , are inserted into a fluid flowing through a horizontal pipe of diameter
X Y
0.50 m. The openings and of the tubes are at the exact centre of the pipe. The liquid
2 B
rises to a height of 0.10 m in tube A and 0.3 m in tube . The density of the fluid 1.0 = ×
103 kg m–3.

The viscosity of water is 8. 9 × 10–4 Pa s.

a.

Show that the velocity of the fluid at X is about 2 ms– , assuming that the flow is
1

laminar.

[3]

b.i. Estimate the Reynolds number for the fluid in your answer to (a). [1]

[Link]. Outline whether your answer to (a) is valid. [1]

[Link].TZ2.14
Two sound waves from a point source on the ground travel through the ground to a
7
detector. The speed of one wave is .5 km s–1, the speed of the other wave is 5.0 km s–1.

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The waves arrive at the detector 15 s apart. What is the distance from the point source to
the detector ?
A. 38 km

B. 45 km

C. 113 km

D. 225 km
[Link].TZ2.6
S
A ball starts from rest and moves horizontally. ix positions of the ball are shown at time
X Y
intervals of 1.0 ms. The horizontal distance between , the initial position, and , the final
position, is 0.050 m.

What is the average acceleration of the ball between X and Y?

A. 2000 m s–2
B. 4000 m s–2

C. 5000 m s–2

D. 8000 m s–2

[Link].TZ2.7
A ball of mass m collides with a vertical wall with an initial horizontal speed u and
rebounds with a horizontal speed v. The graph shows the variation of the speed of the
ball with time.

What is the magnitude of the mean net force on the ball during the collision ?
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𝑚(𝑢 − 𝑣)
A.
(𝑡2 + 𝑡1 )

B. 𝑚(𝑢 − 𝑣)
(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
𝑚(𝑢 + 𝑣)
C.
(𝑡2 + 𝑡1 )

D. 𝑚(𝑢 + 𝑣)
(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )

[Link].TZ2.9
Q and R are two rigid containers of volume 3V and V respectively containing molecules of
the same ideal gas initially at the same temperature. The gas pressures in Q and R are p
and 3p respectively. The containers are connected through a valve of negligible volume
that is initially closed.

The valve is opened in such a way that the temperature of the gases does not change.
What is the change of pressure in Q?
A. +p

B. +𝑝
2
−𝑝
C.
2

D. –p
[Link].TZ2.2
An ideal monatomic gas is kept in a container of volume .1 2 × 10– 4 m3, temperature 310 K
and pressure 5.3 105 Pa. ×
The volume of the gas in (a) is increased to 6.8 × 10– 4 m3 at constant temperature.

a.i. State what is meant by an ideal gas. [1]

[Link]. Calculate the number of atoms in the gas. [1]

[Link]. J
Calculate, in , the internal energy of the gas. 2
[ ]

b.i. Calculate, in Pa, the new pressure of the gas. [1]

[Link]. Explain, in terms of molecular motion, this change in pressure. 2

[ ]

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[Link].TZ2.15
What is true about the acceleration of a particle that is oscillating with simple harmonic
motion ( SHM ?
)

A. It is in the opposite direction to its velocity

B. It is decreasing when the potential energy is increasing

C. It is proportional to the frequency of the oscillation

D. It is at a minimum when the velocity is at a maximum

[Link].TZ1.13
A ray of light passes from the air into a long glass plate of refractive index n at an angle θ
to the edge of the plate.

The ray is incident on the internal surface of the glass plate and the refracted ray travels
along the external surface of the plate.

What change to n and what change to θ will cause the ray to travel entirely within the
plate after incidence ?

[Link].TZ2.13
A string stretched between two fixed points sounds its second harmonic at frequency f.

Which expression, where n is an integer, gives the frequencies of harmonics that have a
node at the centre of the string ?
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𝑛+1
A.
2
𝑓

B. nf

C. 2nf
D. (2n + 1)f
[Link].TZ2.16
What are the changes in the speed and in the wavelength of monochromatic light when
the light passes from water to air ?

[Link].TZ2.16
A cell of emf 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to three resistors as
shown.

The resistors have resistance of 3.0 Ω and 6.0 Ω as shown.

What is the current in resistor X?

A. 0.40 A

B. 0.50 A

C. 1.0 A

D. 2.0 A
[Link].TZ2.11
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H
The natural frequency of a driven oscillating system is 6 k z. The frequency of the driver
2 H
for the system is varied from zero to 0 k z.

a.

Draw a graph to show the variation of amplitude of oscillation of the system with
frequency.

[3]

b.

Q D
The factor for the system is reduced significantly. escribe how the graph you
drew in (a) changes.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.15
Q
An ion of charge + moves vertically upwards through a small distance s in a uniform
E
vertical electric field. The electric field has a strength and its direction is shown in the
diagram.

What is the electric potential difference between the initial and final position of the ion ?
𝐸𝑄
A.
𝑠

B. EQs
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C. Es
D. 𝐸
𝑠

[Link].TZ2.17
An object of mass m moves in a horizontal circle of radius r with a constant speed v. What
is the rate at which work is done by the centripetal force ?
𝑚𝑣3
A.
𝑟

B. 𝑚𝑣3
2𝜋𝑟
𝑚𝑣3
C.
4𝜋𝑟

D. zero

[Link].TZ2.20
Identify the conservation law violated in the proposed reaction.

p+ + p+ →p + + n0 + μ
+

A. Strangeness
B. Lepton number
C. Charge

D. Baryon number
[Link].TZ1.17
When an electric cell of negligible internal resistance is connected to a resistor of
R
resistance 4 , the power dissipated in the resistor is P.

What is the power dissipated in a resistor of resistance value R when it is connected to

the same cell ?
𝑃
A.
4

B. P

C. 4P

D. 16P

[Link].TZ2.17

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A sound wave has a wavelength of 0. 0 m. What is the phase difference between two
points along the wave which are 0.85 m apart ?
A. zero

B. ° 45

C. 90°

D. 180°
[Link].TZ1.21
What is correct about the Higgs Boson?
A. It was predicted before it was observed.

B. It was difficult to detect because it is charged.

C. S
It is not part of the tandard Model.
D. It was difficult to detect because it has no mass.

[Link].TZ2.6
Deuterium, 21H, undergoes fusion according to the following reaction.
2H + 2H → 31 H + X
1 1

The following data are available for binding energies per nucleon.
2H = 1.12MeV
1
3H = 2.78MeV
1

Particle Y is produced in the collision of a proton with a K- in the following reaction.

The quark content of some of the particles involved are

a. X
Identify particle . [1]

bi. Determine, in MeV, the energy released. 2

[ ]

bii.

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 Suggest why, for the fusion reaction above to take place, the temperature of
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

deuterium must be very high.

2
[ ]

ci. Y
Identify, for particle , the charge. [1]

cii. Identify, for particle Y, the strangeness. [1]

[Link].TZ2.18
A pair of slits in a double slit experiment are illuminated with monochromatic light
of wavelength 480 nm. The slits are separated by 1.0 mm. What is the separation of
2
the fringes when observed at a distance of .0 m from the slits ?
A. 2.4 × 10– 4 mm

B. 9.6 × 10– 4
mm

C. 2.4 × 10– 1 mm

D. 9.6 × 10– 1
mm

[Link].TZ2.24
A simple pendulum bob oscillates as shown.

At which position is the resultant force on the pendulum bob zero ?

A. At position A

B. At position B
C. At position C

D. Resultant force is never zero during the oscillation

[Link].TZ2.25
A beam of monochromatic light is incident on a single slit and a diffraction pattern forms
on the screen.

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What change will increase θ?

s

A. Increase the width of the slit

B. Decrease the width of the slit

C. Increase the distance between the slit and the screen

D. Decrease the distance between the slit and the screen

[Link].TZ2.19
A cell with negligible internal resistance is connected as shown. The ammeter and the
voltmeter are both ideal.

What changes occur in the ammeter reading and in the voltmeter reading when the
?
resistance of the variable resistor is increased

[Link].TZ2.6
Rhodium-106 (106
45 Rh) decays into palladium-106 (46 Pd) by beta minus (β ) decay.
106 –
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The binding energy per nucleon of rhodium is 8.5 1 2 MeV and that of palladium is 8.550
MV
e .

β– decay is described by the following incomplete Feynman diagram.

a.

Rutherford constructed a model of the atom based on the results of the alpha
particle scattering experiment. Describe this model.

2
[ ]

b.i. State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus. [1]

[Link]. Show that the energy released in the β– decay of rhodium is about 3 MeV.
[1]

c.i. Draw a labelled arrow to complete the Feynman diagram. [1]

[Link]. Identify particle V. [1]

[Link].TZ2.3
A loudspeaker emits sound towards the open end of a pipe. The other end is closed. A
standing wave is formed in the pipe. The diagram represents the displacement
of molecules of air in the pipe at an instant of time.

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X and Y represent the equilibrium positions of two air molecules in the pipe. The
arrow represents the velocity of the molecule at Y.

The loudspeaker in (a) now emits sound towards an air–water boundary. A, B and C are
parallel wavefronts emitted by the loudspeaker. The parts of wavefronts A and B in water
are not shown. Wavefront C has not yet entered the water.

a.i. Outline how the standing wave is formed. [1]

[Link].

Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of motion of the molecule
at X.

[1]

[Link]. Label a position N that is a node of the standing wave. [1]

[Link].
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The speed of sound is 340 m s–1 and the length of the pipe is 0.30 m. Calculate, in
Hz, the frequency of the sound.

2
[ ]

b.i. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s–1 and in water it is 1500 m s–1.

θ
The wavefronts make an angle with the surface of the water. etermine D
θ G
the maximum angle, max, at which the sound can enter water. ive your answer to
the correct number of significant figures.

2
[ ]

[Link].

Draw lines on the diagram to complete wavefronts A and B in water for θ < θ max.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.26
A beam of monochromatic light is incident on a diffraction grating of N lines per unit
length. The angle between the first orders is 1. θ

What is the wavelength of the light ?

sin⁡𝜃1
A.
𝑁

B. N sin θ 1

C. N sin ( )
𝜃 1
2

D. sin⁡( 𝜃1 )
𝑁
2

[Link].TZ1.26
A mass at the end of a vertical spring and a simple pendulum perform oscillations on
E B
arth that are simple harmonic with time period T. oth the pendulum and the mass-
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 M M
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spring system are taken to the oon. The acceleration of free fall on the oon is smaller
E
than that on arth. What is correct about the time periods of the pendulum and the mass-
spring system on the oon M ?

[Link].TZ2.20
An electron enters the region between two charged parallel plates initially moving
parallel to the plates.

The electromagnetic force acting on the electron

A. causes the electron to decrease its horizontal speed.

B. causes the electron to increase its horizontal speed.

C. is parallel to the field lines and in the opposite direction to them.

D. is perpendicular to the field direction.

[Link].TZ1.27
Monochromatic light of wavelength λ in air is incident normally on a thin film of refractive
index n. The film is surrounded by air. The intensity of the reflected light is a minimum.
What is a possible thickness of the film?
𝜆
A.
4𝑛

B. 3𝜆
4𝑛

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𝜆
C.
𝑛

D. 5𝜆
4𝑛

[Link].TZ2.27
A train is approaching an observer with constant speed

𝑐
34
λ
where c is the speed of sound in still air. The train emits sound of wavelength . What is
the observed speed of the sound and observed wavelength as the train approaches ?

[Link].TZ2.21

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A beam of electrons moves between the poles of a magnet.

What is the direction in which the electrons will be deflected ?

A. Downwards
B. Towards the N pole of the magnet
C. Towards the S pole of the magnet

D. Upwards

[Link].TZ1.1
Δ
A student measures the radius r of a sphere with an absolute uncertainty r. What is the
fractional uncertainty in the volume of the sphere ?
3
A. ( Δ𝑟𝑟 )

B. 3𝑟
Δ𝑟

C. 4𝜋 Δ𝑟𝑟

D. 4𝜋( Δ𝑟 )
𝑟
3

[Link].TZ1.2
A river flows north. A boat crosses the river so that it only moves in the direction east of
its starting point.

What is the direction in which the boat must be steered ?

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[Link].TZ1.28
Monochromatic light is incident on 4 rectangular, parallel slits. The first principal
maximum is observed at an angle θ to the direction of the incident light. The number of
slits is increased to 8 each having the same width and spacing as the first 4.

Three statements about the first principal maximum with 8 slits are

I. the angle at which it is observed is greater than θ

II. its intensity increases

III. its width decreases.

Which statements are correct ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

[Link].TZ0.5
O E
The spacetime diagram is in the reference frame of an observer on arth. bserver O O
and spaceship A are at the origin of the spacetime diagram when time 𝑡 = 𝑡' = 0. The
worldline for spaceship A is shown.

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Event E is the emission of a flash of light. Observer O sees light from the flash when 𝑡 = 9
years and calculates that event E is 4 ly away, in the positive 𝑥 direction.

a(i). Calculate in terms of 𝑐 the velocity of spaceship A relative to observer O. [1]

a(ii). Draw the 𝑥' axis for the reference frame of spaceship A. [1]

b(i). Plot the event E on the spacetime diagram and label it E. [2]

b(ii).

Determine the time, according to spaceship A, when light from event E was
observed on spaceship A.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.2
L
In an experiment to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization of water v, a
student uses an electric heater to boil water. A mass m of water vaporizes during time t.
L v may be calculated using the relation

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𝑉𝐼𝑡
𝐿𝑣 =
𝑚
where V is the voltage applied to the heater and I the current through it.
a. Outline why, during the experiment, V and I should be kept constant. [1]

b.

Outline whether the value of L calculated in this experiment is expected to be

v
larger or smaller than the actual value.

2
[ ]

c.

L
A student suggests that to get a more accurate value of v the experiment should
V
be performed twice using different heating rates. With voltage and current 1, I1 the
V
mass of water that vaporized in time t is m1. With voltage and current 2, I2 the
mass of water that vaporized in time t is m2. The student now uses the expression

( 𝑉1 𝐼1 − 𝑉2 𝐼2 ) 𝑡
𝐿𝑣 =
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
to calculate L . Suggest, by reference to heat losses, why this is an improvement.
v

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.28
M M
A moon of mass orbits a planet of mass 100 . The radius of the planet is R and the
distance between the centres of the planet and moon is . 22R

What is the distance from the centre of the planet at which the total gravitational
potential has a maximum value ?
A. 2R
B. 11R
C. 20R

D. 2R and 20R
[Link].TZ1.29

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 X Y
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Two lines and in the emission spectrum of hydrogen gas are measured by an observer
stationary with respect to the gas sample.

The emission spectrum is then measured by an observer moving away from the gas
sample.

X Y
What are the correct shifts * and * for spectral lines X and Y?

[Link].TZ1.30
Four identical, positive, point charges of magnitude Q are placed at the vertices of a
square of side 2d. What is the electric potential produced at the centre of the square by
the four charges?

A. 0

B. 4𝑘𝑄
𝑑

√2 𝑘𝑄
C.
𝑑

D. 2√2 𝑘𝑄
𝑑

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[Link].TZ2.29
The diagram shows the electric field and the electric equipotential surfaces between two
2 V
charged parallel plates. The potential difference between the plates is 00 .

J
What is the work done, in n , by the electric field in moving a negative charge of
X
magnitude 1 nC from the position shown to and to Y?

[Link].TZ2.30
A positive point charge is placed above a metal plate at zero electric potential. Which
diagram shows the pattern of electric field lines between the charge and the plate ?

[Link].TZ1.31
The diagram shows 5 gravitational equipotential lines. The gravitational potential on each
V
line is indicated. A point mass m is placed on the middle line and is then released. alues
given in MJkg–1.

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Which is correct about the direction of motion and the acceleration of the point mass ?

[Link].TZ2.1
To determine the acceleration due to gravity, a small metal sphere is dropped from rest
and the time it takes to fall through a known distance and open a trapdoor is measured.

The following data are available.

Diameter of metal sphere = 12.0 ± 0.1 mm

Distance between the point of release and the trapdoor = 654 ± 2 mm
Measured time for fall = 0.363 ± 0.002 s

a.

Determine the distance fallen, in m, by the centre of mass of the sphere including
an estimate of the absolute uncertainty in your answer.

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[ ]

b. Using the following equation

2 × distance fallen by centre of mass of sphere

acceleration due to gravity =
(measured time to fall)2
calculate, for these data, the acceleration due to gravity including an estimate
of the absolute uncertainty in your answer.

[4]

[Link].TZ2.4
The diagram shows a potential divider circuit used to measure the emf E of a cell X. Both
cells have negligible internal resistance.

B
A is a wire of uniform cross-section and length 1.0 m. The resistance of wire A is 80 B Ω.
When the length of AC is 0.35 m the current in cell is zero. X
a. State what is meant by the emf of a cell. 2
[ ]

b.i. Show that the resistance of the wire AC is 28 Ω. [2]

[Link]. Determine E. [2]

c.

X E
Cell is replaced by a second cell of identical emf but with internal resistance .0 2
Ω. Comment on the length of AC for which the current in the second cell is zero.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.3
The diagram shows the axes for two inertial reference frames. rame represents F S
S′
the ground and frame is a box that moves to the right relative to with speed v. S

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When the origins of the two frames coincide all clocks show zero. At that instant a beam
of light of speed c is emitted from the left wall of the box towards the right wall. The box
L
has proper length . Consider the event E=
light arrives at the right wall of the box.

Using Galilean relativity,

a. State what is meant by a reference frame. [1]

b.i. explain why the time coordinate of E in frame S is 𝑡 = 𝐿 .

𝑐
2
[ ]

[Link]. hence show that the space coordinate of E in frame S is 𝑥 = 𝐿 + 𝑣𝐿 . [1]

𝑐

[Link].TZ2.31
A satellite orbiting a planet moves from orbit X to orbit Y.

What is the change in the kinetic energy and the change in the gravitational potential
energy as a result ?

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[Link].TZ1.32
An electron of mass me orbits an alpha particle of mass mα in a circular orbit of radius r.
Which expression gives the speed of the electron ?
2𝑘𝑒2
A.
√ 𝑚𝑒 𝑟

B. 2𝑘𝑒2
√ 𝑚𝑎 𝑟
4𝑘𝑒2
C.
√ 𝑚𝑒 𝑟

D. 4𝑘𝑒2
√ 𝑚𝑎 𝑟

[Link].TZ1.33

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Two identical circular coils are placed one below the other so that their planes are both
horizontal. The top coil is connected to a cell and a switch.

The switch is closed and then opened. What is the force between the coils when the
switch is closing and when the switch is opening ?

[Link].TZ2.32
E
The mass of the arth is ME and the mass of the Moon is MM. Their respective radii are RE
and M. R
Which is the ratio
escape speed from the Earth
escape speed from the Moon
?
𝑀M 𝑅 M
A.
√ 𝑀E 𝑅 E

B. 𝑀E 𝑅 E
√ 𝑀M 𝑅 M
𝑀E 𝑅 M
C.
√ 𝑀M 𝑅 E

D. 𝑀M 𝑅 E
√ 𝑀E 𝑅 M

[Link].TZ2.2
A student carries out an experiment to determine the variation of intensity of the light
with distance from a point light source. The light source is at the centre of a transparent
spherical cover of radius C. The student measures the distance x from the surface of the
cover to a sensor that measures the intensity I of the light.

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The light source emits radiation with a constant power P and all of this radiation
is transmitted through the cover. The relationship between I and x is given by
𝑃
𝐼=
4𝜋(𝐶 + 𝑥)2
1
The student obtains a set of data and uses this to plot a graph of the variation of with
√𝐼
x.

a. This relationship can also be written as follows. 1

= 𝐾𝑥 + 𝐾𝐶
√𝐼
Show that 𝐾 = 2√ 𝜋𝑃 . [1]

b.i. Estimate C. [2]

[Link]. Determine P, to the correct number of significant figures including its unit.

[4]

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c.

Explain the disadvantage that a graph of I versus 𝑥1 has for the analysis in (b)(i) and
2
(b)(ii).

[ ] 2
[Link].TZ0.6
A bar rotates horizontally about its centre, reaching a maximum angular velocity in six
complete rotations from rest. The bar has a constant angular acceleration of 0 . 110 rad s-2
. The moment of inertia of the bar about the axis of rotation is 0 . 0216 kg m2 .

a. Show that the final angular velocity of the bar is about 3 rad s-1 . [ ] 2
b.

Draw the variation with time 𝑡 of the angular displacement 𝜃 of the bar during the
acceleration.

[1]

c. Calculate the torque acting on the bar while it is accelerating. [1]

d.

The torque is removed. The bar comes to rest in 30 complete rotations with
D
constant angular deceleration. etermine the time taken for the bar to come to rest.

[ ] 2
[Link].TZ1.34

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The graph shows the variation with time t of the current I in the primary coil of an ideal
transformer.

The number of turns in the primary coil is 100 and the number of turns in the secondary
2
coil is 00. Which graph shows the variation with time of the current in the secondary
coil ?

[Link].TZ2.33
The current I flowing in loop A in a clockwise direction is increasing so as to induce a
B
current both in loops and C. All three loops are on the same plane.

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What is the direction of the induced currents in loop B and loop C?

[Link].TZ1.35
The diagram shows a diode bridge rectification circuit and a load resistor.

The input is a sinusoidal signal. Which of the following circuits will produce the most
smoothed output signal ?

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[Link].TZ0.4
2 2
A rocket of proper length 1 0 m moves to the right with speed 0.8 c relative to the
ground.

A probe is released from the back of the rocket at speed 0.40c relative to the rocket.

a. Calculate the speed of the probe relative to the ground. 2

[ ]

b.i.

Determine the time it takes the probe to reach the front of the rocket according
to an observer at rest in the rocket.

2
[ ]

[Link].
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Determine the time it takes the probe to reach the front of the rocket according
to an observer at rest on the ground.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.36
A parallel plate capacitor is connected to a cell of negligible internal resistance.

J
The energy stored in the capacitor is 4 and the electric field in between the plates is
N
100 C–1. The distance between the plates of the capacitor is doubled. What are the
energy stored and the electric field strength ?

[Link].TZ2.34
A rectangular flat coil moves at constant speed through a uniform magnetic field. The
direction of the field is into the plane of the paper.

Which graph shows the variation with time t, of the induced emf ε in the coil as it moves
from P to Q?

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[Link].TZ1.4
An ohmic conductor is connected to an ideal ammeter and to a power supply of output
voltage . V

The following data are available for the conductor :

density of free electrons = 8.5 × 1022 cm− 3

resistivity ρ = 1.7 × 10− Ωm

8

dimensions w × h × l = 0.020 cm × 0.020 cm × 10 cm.

The ammeter reading is .0 A. 2

E
The electric field inside the sample can be approximated as the uniform electric field
between two parallel plates.

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An ohmic conductor is connected to an ideal ammeter and to a power supply of output

voltage . V

The following data are available for the conductor :

density of free electrons = 8.5 × 1022 cm− 3

resistivity ρ = 1.7 × 10− Ωm 8

dimensions w × h × l = 0.020 cm × 0.020 cm × 10 cm.

The ammeter reading is .0 A. 2

a. Calculate the resistance of the conductor. 2
[ ]

b. Calculate the drift speed v of the electrons in the conductor in cm s–1. [2]

c.i. Determine the electric field strength E. [2]

[Link]. Show that 𝐸𝑣 = 𝑛𝑒𝜌1 . [3]

[Link].TZ2.35
The graph shows the power dissipated in a resistor of 100 when connected to Ω
an alternating current (ac) power supply of root mean square voltage ( rms) 60 . V V

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What are the frequency of the ac power supply and the average power dissipated in the
resistor ?

[Link].TZ1.37
Two radioactive nuclides, X and Y, have half-lives of 50 s and 100 s respectively. At time t
= 0 samples of X and Y contain the same number of nuclei.
when t = 200 s?
number of nuclei of X undecayed
What is
number of nuclei of Y undecayed

A. 4

B. 2
1
C.
2

D. 1
4

[Link].TZ0.1
S
What is the unit of power expressed in fundamental I units ?

A. kg m s–2

B. kg m2 s–2

C. kg m s–3

D. kg m2 s–3

[Link].TZ2.3
Rocket A and rocket B are travelling in opposite directions from the Earth along the
same straight line.

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E 7
In the reference frame of the arth, the speed of rocket A is 0. 5c and the speed of rocket
B is 0.50c.

a.i.

Calculate, for the reference frame of rocket A, the speed of rocket B according to
G
the alilean transformation.

[1]

[Link].

Calculate, for the reference frame of rocket A, the speed of rocket B according to
L
the orentz transformation.

2
[ ]

b.

Outline, with reference to special relativity, which of your calculations in (a) is

more likely to be valid.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.36
Three capacitors, each one with a capacitance C, are connected such that their
H
combined capacitance is 1.5C. ow are they connected ?

[Link].TZ0.7
The first diagram shows a person standing on a turntable which can rotate freely. The
person is stationary and holding a bicycle wheel. The wheel rotates anticlockwise when
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seen from above.

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.

The wheel is flipped, as shown in the second diagram, so that it rotates clockwise when
seen from above.

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.

a. Explain the direction in which the person-turntable system starts to rotate. [3]

b.

Explain the changes to the rotational kinetic energy in the person-turntable system.
[2]

[Link].TZ0.5
S
The spacetime diagram shows the axes of an inertial reference frame and the axes of
S′ S
a second inertial reference frame that moves relative to with speed 0. 45c. When 7
clocks in both frames show zero the origins of the two frames coincide.
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Event E has coordinates x = 1 m and ct = 0 in frame S. Show that in frame S′ the

space coordinate and time coordinate of event E are

A rod at rest in frame S has proper length 1.0 m. At t = 0 the left-hand end of the rod is at
x = 0 and the right-hand end is at x = 1.0 m.

a.i. x′ = 1.5 m. [2]

[Link]. ct′ = –1.1 m. [1]

b.i.

Label, on the diagram, the space coordinate of event E in the S′ frame. Label this
event with the letter P.

[1]

[Link].

Label, on the diagram, the event that has coordinates x′ = 1.0 m and ct′ = 0. Label
this event with the letter Q.

[1]

c.i.

Using the spacetime diagram, outline without calculation, why observers in frame S′
measure the length of the
rod to be less than 1.0 m.

[3]

[Link].

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 S′ frame.
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Using the spacetime diagram, estimate, in m, the length of this rod in the

[1]

[Link].TZ2.37
A photoelectric cell is connected in series with a battery of emf 2V
. Photons of energy 6
V
e are incident on the cathode of the photoelectric cell. The work function of the surface
of the cathode is 3 e . V

What is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons that reach the anode ?
A. V 1e

B. 3 eV
C. 5 eV

D. 8 eV
[Link].TZ0.2
2 ± %
The length of the side of a cube is .0 cm 4 . The mass of the cube is 4.0 g 2 ± 8 %.
What is the percentage uncertainty of the density of the cube ?

A. ±2%
B. ± 8 %
C. ± 12 %

D. ± 20 %
[Link].TZ2.38
Which of the following is evidence for the wave nature of the electron ?
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A.

B. Electron diffraction from crystals

C. Existence of atomic energy levels

D. Existence of nuclear energy levels

[Link].TZ1.38
B
According to the ohr model for hydrogen, visible light is emitted when electrons make
transitions from excited states down to the state with n =2
. The dotted line in the
following diagram represents the transition from n 3 to n = =2
in the spectrum of
hydrogen.

Which of the following diagrams could represent the visible light emission spectrum of
hydrogen ?

[Link].TZ2.9
A planet of mass m is in a circular orbit around a star. The gravitational potential due to
the star at the position of the planet is . V
ai. Show that the total energy of the planet is given by the equation shown.
1
𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑉 [ ] 2
aii.

Suppose the star could contract to half its original radius without any loss of mass.
Discuss the effect, if any, this has on the total energy of the planet.
[ ] 2
b.

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The diagram shows some of the electric field lines for two fixed, charged particles
Y
and .

X Y
The magnitude of the charge on is 𝑄 and that on is 𝑞. The distance between X
Y Y
and is 0.600 m. The distance between P and is 0.8 0 m. 2
D 𝑄
At P the electric field is zero. etermine, to one significant figure, the ratio .
𝑞
[ ] 2
[Link].TZ0.3
2
A truck has an initial speed of 0 m s–1. It decelerates at 4.0 m s–2. What is the distance
taken by the truck to stop ?

A. 2.5 m
B. 5.0 m

C. 50 m

D. 100 m

[Link].TZ1.39
A particle of fixed energy is close to a potential barrier.

Which changes to the width of the barrier and to the height of the barrier will always
make the tunnelling probability greater ?

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[Link].TZ2.39
An electron of initial energyE tunnels through a potential barrier. What is the energy of
the electron after tunnelling?
A. greater than E
B. E
C. less than E
D. zero

[Link].TZ2.4
E E
When a spaceship passes the arth, an observer on the arth and an observer on
2
the spaceship both start clocks. The initial time on both clocks is 1 midnight. The
spaceship is travelling at a constant velocity with γ= 2
1. 5. A space station is stationary
E E
relative to the arth and carries clocks that also read arth time.

Some of the radio signal is reflected at the surface of the Earth and this reflected signal is
later detected at the spaceship. The detection of this signal is event B. The spacetime
diagram is shown for the Earth, showing the space station and the spaceship. Both axes
are drawn to the same scale.

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a. Calculate the velocity of the spaceship relative to the arth.E [1]

b.

9
The spaceship passes the space station 0 minutes later as measured by
D
the spaceship clock. etermine, for the reference frame of the arth, the E
E
distance between the arth and the space station.

[3]

c.

As the spaceship passes the space station, the space station sends a radio
E E
signal back to the arth. The reception of this signal at the arth is event A.
D E
etermine the time on the arth clock when event A occurs.

2
[ ]

d.i. Construct event A and event B on the spacetime diagram. [3]

[Link].

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Estimate, using the spacetime diagram, the time at which event B occurs for the
spaceship.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.4
A projectile is fired at an angle to the horizontal. Air resistance is negligible. The path of
the projectile is shown.

Which gives the magnitude of the horizontal component and the magnitude of
the vertical component of the velocity of the projectile between and P O ?

[Link].TZ1.40
E
Alpha particles with energy are directed at nuclei with atomic number . mall ZS
R
deviations from the predictions of the utherford scattering model are observed.

E
Which change in and which change in Z is most likely to result in greater deviations
R
from the utherford scattering model ?

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[Link].TZ2.40
X Y
Two samples and of different radioactive isotopes have the same initial activity.
S X Y X
ample has twice the number of atoms as sample . The half-life of is T. What is the
half-life of Y?
A. 2T
B. T
𝑇
C.
2

D. 𝑇
4

[Link].TZ0.5
A runner starts from rest and accelerates at a constant rate throughout a race. Which
?
graph shows the variation of speed v of the runner with distance travelled s

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[Link].TZ0.8
A solid sphere of radius 𝑟 and mass 𝑚 is released from rest and rolls down a slope,
without slipping. The vertical height of the slope is ℎ. The moment of inertia 𝐼 of this
2
sphere about an axis through its centre is 𝑚𝑟2 .
5

Show that the linear velocity 𝑣 of the sphere as it leaves the slope is √ 10𝑔ℎ7 .
[Link].TZ0.9
The diagram represents an ideal, monatomic gas that first undergoes a compression,
then an increase in pressure.

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An adiabatic process then increases the volume of the gas to 5 . 0 × 10-2 m3 .

a(i). Calculate the work done during the compression. [1]

a(ii). Calculate the work done during the increase in pressure. [1]

b(i). Calculate the pressure following this process. 2

[ ]

b(ii). Outline how an approximate adiabatic change can be achieved. [2]

[Link].TZ0.6
X Y
Two blocks and rest on a frictionless horizontal surface as shown. A horizontal force is
now applied to the larger block and the two blocks move together with the same
speed and acceleration.

Which free-body diagram shows the frictional forces between the two blocks ?

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[Link].TZ2.10
A small magnet is dropped from rest above a stationary horizontal conducting ring. The
S
south ( ) pole of the magnet is upwards.

a.

While the magnet is moving towards the ring, state why the magnetic flux in the
ring is increasing.

[1]

b.

While the magnet is moving towards the ring, sketch, using an arrow on Diagram 2,
the direction of the induced current in the ring.

[1]

c.

While the magnet is moving towards the ring, deduce the direction of the magnetic
force on the magnet.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.7
The mass at the end of a pendulum is made to move in a horizontal circle of radius r
at constant speed. The magnitude of the net force on the mass is . F

What is the direction of F and the work done by F during half a revolution?
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[Link].TZ1.2
A closed box of fixed volume 0.15 m3 contains 3.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. The
temperature of the gas is 0 . 29 K
J
When the gas is supplied with 0.86 k of energy, its temperature increases by 3 . The 2K
specific heat capacity of the gas is 3.1 k kg–1 –1.J K
A closed box of fixed volume 0.15 m3 contains 3.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. The
temperature of the gas is 0 . 29 K
[Link]. Determine, in kJ, the total kinetic energy of the particles of the gas. [3]

c.

Explain, with reference to the kinetic model of an ideal gas, how an increase in
temperature of the gas leads to an increase in pressure.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.6
N
A uniform rod of weight 36.0 and length 5.00 m rests horizontally. The rod is pivoted at
its left-hand end and is supported at a distance of 4.00 m from the frictionless pivot.

The support is suddenly removed and the rod begins to rotate clockwise about the pivot
point. The moment of inertia of the rod about the pivot point is 30.6 kg m2.

a. Calculate the force the support exerts on the rod. 2

[ ]

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b.i. Calculate, in rad s–2, the initial angular acceleration 𝛼 of the rod. [ ]

[Link].

θ O
After time t the rod makes an angle with the horizontal. utline why the equation
1
θ
𝜋
𝜃 = 𝛼𝑡2 cannot be used to find the time it takes to become (that is for the rod
2 2
to become vertical for the first time).

2
[ ]

c.i.

At the instant the rod becomes vertical show that the angular speed is ω = 2.43 rad
s–1.

[3]

[Link].

At the instant the rod becomes vertical calculate the angular momentum of the rod.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.5
a.

Monochromatic light from two identical lamps arrives on a screen.

The intensity of light on the screen from each lamp separately is I0.

On the axes, sketch a graph to show the variation with distance x on the screen of
the intensity I of light on the screen.

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[1]

b. Monochromatic light from a single source is incident on two thin, parallel slits.

The following data are available. Slit separation = 0.12 mm

Wavelength = 680 nm
Distance to screen = 3.5 m
S
The intensity I of light at the screen from each slit separately is I0. ketch, on
the axes, a graph to show the variation with distance x on the screen of the intensity
of light on the screen for this arrangement.

[3]

c. The slit separation is increased. Outline one change observed on the screen.
[1]

[Link].TZ0.8
A compressed spring is used to launch an object along a horizontal frictionless surface.
When the spring is compressed through a distance 𝑥 and released, the object leaves the
spring at speed 𝑣. What is the distance through which the spring must be compressed for
the object to leave the spring at
𝑣
2
?

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𝑥
A.
4

B. 𝑥
2
𝑥
C.
√2

D. 𝑥√2

[Link].TZ2.5
Observer A detects the creation (event 1) and decay (event 2) of a nuclear particle. After
creation, the particle moves at a constant speed relative to A. As measured by A, the
distance between the events is 15 m and the time between the events is 9.0 × 10– s. 8

Observer B moves with the particle.

For event 1 and event 2,
a.

Explain what is meant by the statement that the spacetime interval is an

invariant quantity.

[1]

b.i. calculate the spacetime interval. [1]

[Link]. determine the time between them according to observer . B 2

[ ]

c. Outline why the observed times are different for A and B. [1]

[Link].TZ0.9
7
A ball of mass m collides with a wall and bounces back in a straight line. The ball loses 5
% of the initial energy during the collision. The speed before the collision is v.

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What is the magnitude of the impulse on the ball by the wall ?

3
A. (1 − √2 )𝑚𝑣

B. 1
2
𝑚𝑣
5
C.
4
𝑚𝑣

D. 3
2
𝑚𝑣

[Link].TZ0.10
7
A 00 W electric heater is used to heat 1 kg of water without energy losses. The specific
2J K
heat capacity of water is 4. k kg–1 –1. What is the time taken to heat the water from 5 2
°C to 5 C 9°?

A. 7s
B. 30 s

C. 7 minutes
D. 420 minutes
[Link].TZ1.1
A student wants to determine the angular speed ω of a rotating object. The period T is
± %
0.50 s 5 . The angular speed isω
2𝜋
𝜔=
𝑇

What is the percentage uncertainty of ω?

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 2%
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A. 0.

B. 2.5 %
C. 5 %

D. 10 %
[Link].TZ0.7
V
The p diagram of a heat engine using an ideal gas consists of an isothermal expansion A
→B , an isobaric compression B→
C and an adiabatic compression C A. →

The following data are available :

Temperature at A = 385 K
Pressure at A = 2.80 × 10 Pa6

Volume at A = 1.00 × 10– m 4 3

Volume at B = 2.80 × 10– m 4 3

Volume at C = 1.85 × 10– m 4 3

a.i. Show that at C the pressure is 1.00 × 10 Pa.

6
2
[ ]

[Link]. Show that at C the temperature is 254 K. [2]

b.

Show that the thermal energy transferred from the gas during the change B → C
is 238 J.

[3]

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c.i.

The work done by the gas from A → B is 288 J. Calculate the efficiency of the cycle.
[2]

[Link].

State, without calculation, during which change (A → B, B → C or C → A)

the entropy of the gas decreases.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.11
A container is filled with a mixture of helium and oxygen at the same temperature. The
molar mass of helium is 4 g mol–1 and that of oxygen is 3 g mol–1. 2
What is the ratio
average speed of helium molecules
average speed of oxygen molecules
?

1
A.
8

B. 1
√8

C. √8
D. 8

[Link].TZ1.2
A student models the relationship between the pressure p of a gas and its temperature T
=
as p 𝑥 + 𝑦T.

The units of p are pascal and the units of T are kelvin. What are the fundamental I units S
of 𝑥 and 𝑦 ?

[Link].TZ0.12
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X Y 2
Container contains 1.0 mol of an ideal gas. Container contains .0 mol of the ideal
Y X X
gas. has four times the volume of . The pressure in is twice that in . Y
What is
temperature of gas in X
temperature of gas in Y
?

1
A.
4

B. 1
2

C. 1

D. 2
[Link].TZ0.13
?
A particle moving in a circle completes 5 revolutions in 3 s. What is the frequency

A. H 3
5
z

B. 53Hz
C.
3𝜋
5
Hz
D. 5𝜋3 Hz
[Link].TZ1.3
A sky diver is falling at terminal speed when she opens her parachute. What are the
direction of her velocity vector and the direction of her acceleration vector before she
reaches the new terminal speed ?

[Link].TZ0.14

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 R
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A longitudinal wave moves through a medium. elative to the direction of energy transfer
through the medium, what are the displacement of the medium and the direction of
propagation of the wave?

[Link].TZ0.15
The graphs show the variation of the displacement y of a medium with distance 𝑥 and
with time t for a travelling wave.

What is the speed of the wave?

A. 0.6 m s–1

B. 0.8 m s–1

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C. 600 m s–1

D. 800 m s–1

[Link].TZ1.4
A stone is thrown downwards from the edge of a cliff with a speed of 5.0 m s–1. It hits the
2
ground .0 s later. What is the height of the cliff ?
A. 0 m 2
B. 30 m
C. 40 m

D. 50 m
[Link].TZ0.16
In a double-slit experiment, a source of monochromatic red light is incident on slits S
S
1
and 2 separated by a distance 𝑑. A screen is located at distance 𝑥 from the slits. A
pattern with fringe spacing 𝑦 is observed on the screen.

Three changes are possible for this arrangement

I. increasing 𝑥

II. increasing 𝑑

III. using green monochromatic light instead of red.

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Which changes will cause a decrease in fringe spacing 𝑦

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II, and III

[Link].TZ1.7
A capacitor consists of two parallel square plates separated by a vacuum. The plates are
2.5 cm × 2.5 cm squares. The capacitance of the capacitor is 4.3 pF.
a. Calculate the distance between the plates. [1]

b. The capacitor is connected to a 16 V cell as shown.

Calculate the magnitude and the sign of the charge on plate A when the capacitor is
fully charged.

2
[ ]

c.

The capacitor is fully charged and the space between the plates is then filled with a
dielectric of permittivityε= ε
3.0 0.

Explain whether the magnitude of the charge on plate A increases, decreases or

stays constant.

2
[ ]

d.

In a different circuit, a transformer is connected to an alternating current (ac) supply.

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2
The transformer has 100 turns in the primary coil and 1 00 turns in the secondary
22 V D
coil. The peak value of the voltage of the ac supply is 0 . etermine the root
mean square (rms) value of the output voltage.

[3]

e. Describe the use of transformers in electrical power distribution. [3]

[Link].TZ0.17
L L
Two strings of lengths 1 and 2 are fixed at both ends. The wavespeed is the same
L
for both strings. They both vibrate at the same frequency. 1 vibrates at its first
L
harmonic. 2 vibrates at its third harmonic.

What is ?
𝐿 1
𝐿 2

1
A.
3

B. 1

C. 2
D. 3

[Link].TZ1.5
A ball is thrown upwards at an angle to the horizontal. Air resistance is negligible. Which
statement about the motion of the ball is correct ?
A. The acceleration of the ball changes during its flight.

B. The velocity of the ball changes during its flight.

C. The acceleration of the ball is zero at the highest point.

D. The velocity of the ball is zero at the highest point.

[Link].TZ0.18
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 X Y Y is double that of
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Two copper wires and are connected in series. The diameter of

X X
. The drift speed in is v. What is the drift speed in Y?
𝑣
A.
4

B. 𝑣
2

C. 2v
D. 4v

[Link].TZ0.13
L is a point source of light. The intensity of the light at a distance 2𝑥 from L is I. What is
the intensity at a distance 3𝑥 from L?

4
A. I
9

B. 2
3
I
3
C. I
2

D. 9
4
I

[Link].TZ0.14
X and Y are two coherent sources of waves. The phase difference between X and Y is
zero. The intensity at P due to X and Y separately is I. The wavelength of each wave is
0.20 m.

What is the resultant intensity at P ?

A. 0

B. I

C. 2I
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4I

[Link].TZ1.6
D
An object of mass m is sliding down a ramp at constant speed. uring the motion it
travels a distance 𝑥 along the ramp and falls through a vertical distance h. The coefficient
μ
of dynamic friction between the ramp and the object is . What is the total energy
transferred into thermal energy when the object travels distance 𝑥 ?

A. mgh

B. mgx
C. μmgh

D. μmgx
[Link].TZ0.15
Light is incident at the boundary between air and diamond. The speed of light in
diamond is less than the speed of light in air. The angle of incidence i of the light is
greater than the critical angle. Which diagram is correct for this situation?

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[Link].TZ1.7
2 B
Two blocks of masses m and m are travelling directly towards each other. oth are
moving at the same constant speed v. The blocks collide and stick together.

What is the total momentum of the system before and after the collision ?

[Link].TZ0.19
L
A wire of length is used in an electric heater. When the potential difference across the
2 V
wire is 00 , the power dissipated in the wire is 1000 W. The same potential difference
2L
is applied across a second similar wire of length . What is the power dissipated in the
second wire ?
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A. 250 W
B. 500 W

C. 2000 W
D. 4000 W

[Link].TZ0.20
R
A combination of four identical resistors each of resistance are connected to a source of
ε X?
emf of negligible internal resistance. What is the current in the resistor

𝜀
A.
5𝑅

B. 3𝜀
10𝑅
2𝜀
C.
5𝑅

D. 3𝜀
5𝑅

[Link].TZ0.18
Q
Two parallel wires P and are perpendicular to the page and carry equal currents. Point
S S
is the same distance from both wires. The arrow shows the magnetic field at due to P
and . Q

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What are the correct directions for the current at P and the current at Q?

[Link].TZ0.21
Two parallel wires are perpendicular to the page. The wires carry equal currents
S
in opposite directions. Point is at the same distance from both wires. What is the
direction of the magnetic field at pointS?

[Link].TZ0.9
The diagram shows an alternating current generator with a rectangular coil rotating at a
constant frequency in a uniform magnetic field.

The graph shows how the generator output voltage 𝑉 varies with time 𝑡.

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Electrical power produced by the generator is delivered to a consumer some distance

away.

a.

Explain, by reference to Faraday’s law of induction, how an electromotive force

(emf) is induced in the coil.

[3]

b(i).

The average power output of the generator is 8 . 5 × 105 W. Calculate the root mean
square (rms) value of the generator output current.

2
[ ]

b(ii).

The voltage output from the generator is stepped up before transmission to the
E
consumer. stimate the factor by which voltage has to be stepped up in order to
reduce power loss in the transmission line by a factor of 2 . 5 × 102 .

[1]

b(iii).

The frequency of the generator is doubled with no other changes being made.
Draw, on the axes, the variation with time of the voltage output of the generator.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.20
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R G M
In the utherford- eiger- arsden scattering experiment it was observed that a small
percentage of alpha particles are deflected through large angles.

Three features of the atom are

I. the nucleus is positively charged

II. the nucleus contains neutrons

III. the nucleus is much smaller than the atom.

Which features can be inferred from the observation ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

[Link].TZ0.22
A particle of mass m and charge of magnitude q enters a region of uniform magnetic field
B R
that is directed into the page. The particle follows a circular path of radius . What are
the sign of the charge of the particle and the speed of the particle ?

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[Link].TZ2.2
An experiment is conducted to determine how the fundamental frequency f of a vibrating
wire varies with the tension T in the wire.

The data are shown in the graph, the uncertainty in the tension is not shown.

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It is proposed that the frequency of oscillation is given by f2 = kT where k is a constant.

a. Draw the line of best fit for the data. [1]

bi. Determine the fundamental SI unit for k. [1]

bii.

Write down a pair of quantities that, when plotted, enable the relationship f2 = kT to
be verified.

[1]

biii.

Describe the key features of the graph in (b)(ii) if it is to support this relationship.
2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.8
The graph shows the variation with time of the resultant net force acting on an object.
The object has a mass of 1kg and is initially at rest.

What is the velocity of the object at a time of 00 ms 2 ?

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A. 8 m s–1

B. 16 m s– 1

C. 8 km s–1

D. 16 km s– 1

[Link].TZ0.22
The following decay is observed.

μ− → e− + vμ + X
What is particle X?

A. γ
B. 𝑣¯ e
C. Z 0

D. ve

[Link].TZ1.11
An insulated tube is filled with a large number n of lead spheres, each of mass m. The
tube is inverted s times so that the spheres completely fall through an average distance L
each time. The temperature of the spheres is measured before and after the inversions
and the resultant change in temperature is T.Δ
?
What is the specific heat capacity of lead

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𝑠𝑔𝐿
A.
𝑛𝑚Δ𝑇

B. 𝑠𝑔𝐿
Δ𝑇
𝑠𝑔𝐿
C.
𝑛Δ𝑇
𝑔𝐿
D.
𝑚Δ𝑇

[Link].TZ1.9
A block is on the surface of a horizontal rotating disk. The block is at rest relative to the
disk. The disk is rotating at constant angular velocity.

What is the correct arrow to represent the direction of the frictional force acting on the
block at the instant shown ?

[Link].TZ0.23
M
Two isolated point particles of mass 4 and 9M
are separated by a distance 1 m. A point
M
particle of mass is placed a distance 𝑥 from the particle of mass 9M
. The net
M
gravitational force on is zero.

What is 𝑥 ?
4
A. m
13

B. 2
5
m
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3
C. m
5

D. 9
13
m

[Link].TZ0.26
An object undergoing simple harmonic motion (SHM) has a period T and total energy
E. The amplitude of oscillations is halved. What are the new period and total energy
of the system?

[Link].TZ1.12
Boiling water is heated in a 2 kW electric kettle. The initial mass of–water is 0.4 kg.
Assume the specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2 MJ kg . 1

What is the time taken for all the water to vaporize?

A. 250 s

B. 400 s
C. 2500 s

D. 4000 s
[Link].TZ0.24
The graph shows the variation with time of the activity of a pure sample of a radioactive
nuclide.

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 2 ?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What percentage of the nuclide remains after 00 s

A. 3.1 %
B. 6.3 %
C. 13 %

D. 25 %
[Link].TZ1.10
Energy is transferred to water in a flask at a rate P. The water reaches boiling point and
then P is increased. What are the changes to the temperature of the water and to the rate
of vaporization of the water after the change?

[Link].TZ0.27
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The graph shows the variation with diffraction angle of the intensity of light
when monochromatic light is incident on four slits.

The number of slits is increased keeping the width and the separation of the slits
unchanged.

Three possible changes to the pattern are

I. the separation of the primary maxima increases

II. the intensity of the primary maxima increases

III. the width of the primary maxima decreases.

Which of the possible changes are correct ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

[Link].TZ1.13
V N
A gas storage tank of fixed volume contains molecules of an ideal gas at temperature
𝑁
2 M
T. The pressure at kelvin temperature T is 0 Pa. molecules are removed and the
2 4
temperature changed to T. What is the new pressure of the gas ?
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A. 10 MPa
B. 15 MPa
C. 30 MPa

D. 40 MPa
[Link].TZ0.10
B
The de roglie wavelength 𝜆 of a particle accelerated close to the speed of light is
approximately

𝜆 ≈ ℎ𝑐
𝐸

where 𝐸 is the energy of the particle.

A beam of electrons of energy 4 . 2 × 108 eV is produced in an accelerator.

2
The electron beam is used to study the nuclear radius of carbon-1 . The beam is directed
2
from the left at a thin sample of carbon-1 . A detector is placed at an angle 𝜃 relative to
the direction of the incident beam.

The graph shows the variation of the intensity of electrons with 𝜃. There is a minimum of
intensity for 𝜃 = 𝜃0 .

a. Show that the wavelength of an electron in the beam is about 3 × 10-15 m. [1]
b(i). Discuss how the results of the experiment provide evidence for matter waves.

[2]

b(ii).
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2
The accepted value of the diameter of the carbon-1 nucleus is 4 . 94 × 10-15 m.
Estimate the angle 𝜃0 at which the minimum of the intensity is formed.

2
[ ]

b(iii).

Outline why electrons with energy of approximately 107 eV would be unsuitable for
the investigation of nuclear radii.

2
[ ]

c.

Experiments with many nuclides suggest that the radius of a nucleus is proportional
to 𝐴 , where 𝐴 is the number of nucleons in the nucleus. Show that the density of a
1
3

nucleus remains approximately the same for all nuclei.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.28
A beam of monochromatic light is incident normally on a diffraction grating. The grating
spacing is d. The angles between the different orders are shown on the diagram.

What is the expression for the wavelength of light used ?

𝑑sin𝛼
A.
2

B. 𝑑sin𝛽
2

C. d sin α
D. d sin β
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[Link].TZ0.25
N
The graph shows the variation of the number of neutrons with the atomic number Z
N
for stable nuclei. The same scale is used in the and axes. Z

Which information can be inferred from the graph ?

I. For stable nuclei with high Z, N is larger than Z.
II. For stable nuclei with small Z, N = Z.

III. All stable nuclei have more neutrons than protons.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

[Link].TZ1.14
A particle performs simple harmonic motion (shm). What is the phase difference between
the displacement and the acceleration of the particle ?
A. 0

B. 𝜋2
C. 𝜋

D. 3𝜋2

[Link].TZ0.29
2 H
An ambulance siren emits a sound of frequency 1 00 z. The speed of sound in air is 330
m s–1. The ambulance moves towards a stationary observer at a constant speed of 40 m s–
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 ?
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1. What is the frequency heard by the observer

A.
370
H
1200 × 330
z

B. 1200330× 290Hz
C.
1200 × 370
330
Hz
D. 1200290× 330Hz
[Link].TZ2.3
Y
A student uses a oung’s double-slit apparatus to determine the wavelength of light
emitted by a monochromatic source. A portion of the interference pattern is observed on
a screen.

D
The distance from the double slits to the screen is measured using a ruler with a
smallest scale division of 1 mm.

The fringe separation s is measured with uncertainty ± 0.1 mm.

The slit separation d has negligible uncertainty.
𝑠𝑑
The wavelength is calculated using the relationship 𝜆 = 𝐷.

a.

= 2 = 9
When d 0. 00 mm, s 0. mm and D = 280 mm, determine the percentage
uncertainty in the wavelength.

2
[ ]

b.

Explain how the student could use this apparatus to obtain a more reliable value for
λ.
[2]

[Link].TZ0.26
Copper (64 64
29 Cu) decays to nickel (28 Ni). What are the particles emitted and the particle that
mediates the interaction ?
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[Link].TZ0.30
Two point charges Q and Q2 are one metre apart. The graph shows the variation
V with distance 𝑥 from Q .
1
of electric potential 1

What is
𝑄1
𝑄2
?

1
A.
16

B. 1
4

C. 4

D. 16

[Link].TZ1.15
Which graph shows the variation with time t of the kinetic energy ( KE) of an object
undergoing simple harmonic motion (shm) of period T ?
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[Link].TZ1.16
What are the changes in speed, frequency and wavelength of light as it travels from a
?
material of low refractive index to a material of high refractive index

[Link].TZ2.8
Monochromatic light of wavelength λ is normally incident on a diffraction grating. The
diagram shows adjacent slits of the diffraction grating labelled V, W and X. Light waves
are diffracted through an angle θ to form a second-order diffraction maximum. Points Z
and Y are labelled.

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State the effect on the graph of the variation of sin θ with n of:
a.i. State the phase difference between the waves at V and Y. [1]

[Link]. State, in terms of λ, the path length between points X and Z. [1]

[Link].

S
The separation of adjacent slits is d. how that for the second-order
diffraction maximum 2𝜆 = 𝑑sin 𝜃.

[1]

b.

Monochromatic light of wavelength 633 nm is normally incident on a diffraction

grating. The diffraction maxima incident on a screen are detected and their angle θ
to the central beam is determined. The graph shows the variation of sinθ with the
order n of the maximum. The central order corresponds to n = 0.

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Determine a mean value for the number of slits per millimetre of the grating. [4]

c.i. using a light source with a smaller wavelength. [1]

[Link]. increasing the distance between the diffraction grating and the screen. [1]

[Link].TZ1.17
Which of these waves cannot be polarized ?
A. microwaves

B. ultrasound
C. ultraviolet

D. X rays
[Link].TZ1.18
A string fixed at both ends vibrates in the first harmonic with frequency 400 Hz. The
speed of sound in the string is 480 m s–1. What is the length of the string ?
A. 0.4 m 2
B. 0.60 m
C. 0.84 m

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.27
The following interaction is proposed between a proton and a pion.

p+ + 𝜋– → K– + 𝜋 +

ū
The quark content of the 𝜋– is d and the quark content of the K– is ūs.
Three conservation rules are considered

I. baryon number

II. charge

III. strangeness.

Which conservation rules are violated in this interaction ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

[Link].TZ0.31
E
The gravitational potential at point P due to arth is . V

What is the definition of the gravitational potential at P ?

A. Work done per unit mass to move a point mass from infinity to P

B. Work done per unit mass to move a point mass from P to infinity
C. Work done to move a point mass from infinity to P

D. Work done to move a point mass from P to infinity

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[Link].TZ0.6
A deuterium 21H nucleus (rest mass 2 . 014 u) is accelerated by a potential difference of
2 . 700 × 102 MV.

a. Define rest mass. [1]

b. Calculate the total energy of the deuterium particle in MeV. 2

[ ]

c.

In relativistic reactions the mass of the products may be less than the mass of the
S
reactants. uggest what happens to the missing mass.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.32
E X E
The escape speed for the arth is 𝑣esc. Planet has half the density of the arth and twice
the radius. What is the escape speed for planet X?
𝑣esc
A.
2

B. 𝑣esc
√2

C. 𝑣esc
D. √2 𝑣esc

[Link].TZ1.20
Two charges, + Q and −Q, are placed as shown.
What is the magnitude of the electric field strength, in descending order, at points , XY
and . Z

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A. YXZ
B. ZXY
C. ZYX

D. YZX
[Link].TZ0.5
The graph shows how current 𝐼 varies with potential difference 𝑉 across a component . X

Component X and a cell of negligible internal resistance are placed in a circuit.

A variable resistor R is connected in series with component X. The ammeter reads 20 mA.

Component X and the cell are now placed in a potential divider circuit.

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a. Outline why component X is considered non-ohmic. [1]

b(i). Determine the resistance of the variable resistor. [3]

b(ii). Calculate the power dissipated in the circuit. [1]

c(i).

State the range of current that the ammeter can measure as the slider S of the
potential divider is moved from Q to P.

[1]

c(ii).

Slider S of the potential divider is positioned so that the ammeter reads 20 mA

. Explain, without further calculation, any difference in the power transferred by
the potential divider arrangement over the arrangement in (b).

[3]

[Link].TZ0.7
–R –S
In the Pound ebka nider experiment, a source of gamma rays was placed 22 . 6 m
vertically above a gamma ray detector, in a tower on arth. E

a. Calculate the fractional change in frequency of the gamma rays at the detector.
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[1]

b(i).

Explain the cause of the frequency shift for the gamma rays in your answer in (a) in
the Earth’s gravitational field.

2
[ ]

b(ii).

Explain the cause of the frequency shift for the gamma rays in your answer in (a) if
the tower and detector were accelerating towards the gamma rays in free space.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.33
S X
A ring of area is in a uniform magnetic field . Initially the magnetic field is
°
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. The ring is rotated by 180 about the axis in time
T.

What is the average induced emf in the ring ?

A. 0

B. 𝑋𝑆
2𝑇
𝑋𝑆
C.
𝑇

D. 2𝑋𝑆
𝑇

[Link].TZ1.21
Two cells each of emf 9.0 V and internal resistance 3.0 Ω are connected in series. A 12.0
Ω resistor is connected in series to the cells. What is the current in the resistor?
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A. 0.50 A

B. 0.75 A
C. 1.0 A

D. 1.5 A
[Link].TZ0.34
The graph shows the variation of the peak output power P with time of an alternating
current (ac) generator.

Which graph shows the variation of the peak output power with time when the frequency
?
of rotation is decreased

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[Link].TZ2.4
The speed of a spaceship is measured to be 0.50c by an observer at rest in the arth’s E
reference frame.

ai. Define an inertial reference frame. [1]

aii.

E
As the spaceship passes the arth it emits a flash of light that travels in the same
direction as the spaceship with speed c as measured by an observer on the
G
spaceship. Calculate, according to the alilean transformation, the speed of the
E
light in the arth’s reference frame.

[1]

b.

E
Use your answer to (a)(ii) to describe the paradigm shift that instein’s theory of
special relativity produced.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.35
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 A current of 1.0 × 10–3 A flows in the primary coil of a step-up transformer. The number of
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

N
turns in the primary coil is p and the number of turns in the secondary coil is N . One coil
s
has 1000 times more turns than the other coil.

What is
𝑁p
𝑁s
?
and what is the current in the secondary coil for this transformer

[Link].TZ0.36
Four identical capacitors of capacitance X are connected as shown in the diagram.

What is the effective capacitance between P and Q?

X
A.
3

B. X
4X
C.
3

D. 4X
[Link].TZ2.9
about:blank 364/842
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In an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect, monochromatic

electromagnetic radiation from source A is incident on the surfaces of metal P and metal
QO. bservations of the emission of electrons from P and are made. Q
The experiment is then repeated with two other sources of electromagnetic radiation :B
and C. The table gives the results for the experiment and the wavelengths of the radiation
sources.

a.i. Outline the cause of the electron emission for radiation A. [1]

[Link]. Outline why electrons are never emitted for radiation C. [1]

[Link]. Outline why radiation B gives different results. [1]

b.

Explain why there is no effect on the table of results when the intensity of source
B is doubled.
[1]

c.

× J
Photons with energy 1.1 10−18 are incident on a third metal surface. The
×
maximum energy of electrons emitted from the surface of the metal is 5.1 10−19 . J
V
Calculate, in e , the work function of the metal. [2]

[Link].TZ0.6
One possible fission reaction of uranium-235 (U-235) is
235 1
92U + 0n → 140 94 1
54Xe + 38Sr + 2 0n

Mass of one atom of U-235 = 235 u

Binding energy per nucleon for U-235 = 7 . 59 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon for Xe-140 = 8 . 29 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon for Sr-94 = 8 . 59 MeV
A nuclear power station uses U-235 as fuel. Assume that every fission reaction of U-235
gives rise to 180 MeV of energy.

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 9 S9 S9
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A sample of waste produced by the reactor contains 1 . 0 kg of strontium- 4 ( r- 4). r- 4

is radioactive and undergoes beta-minus (β- ) decay into a daughter nuclide . The X
reaction for this decay is
94
38Sr → X + v̄𝑒 + 𝑒.

S9
The graph shows the variation with time of the mass of r- 4 remaining in the sample.

a(i). State what is meant by binding energy of a nucleus. [1]

a(ii).

Outline why quantities such as atomic mass and nuclear binding energy are often
expressed in non-SI units.

[1]

a(iii). Show that the energy released in the reaction is about 180 MeV. [1]

b(i). Estimate, in J kg-1, the specific energy of U-235. [ ] 2

b(ii).

The power station has a useful power output of 1 . 2 GW and an efficiency of 36 %.

D 2
etermine the mass of U- 35 that undergoes fission in one day.

[ ] 2
b(iii).

S
The specific energy of fossil fuel is typically 30 MJ kg – 1 . uggest, with reference to
2
your answer to (b)(i), one advantage of U- 35 compared with fossil fuels in a power

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station.

[1]

c(i). Write down the proton number of nuclide . X [1]

c(ii). State the half-life of Sr-94. [1]

c(iii). Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after 10 minutes. 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.22
Charge flows through a liquid. The charge flow is made up of positive and negative ions.
In one second 0.10 C of negative ions flow in one direction and 0.10 C of positive ions
flow in the opposite direction.

What is the magnitude of the electric current flowing through the liquid ?
A. 0 A

B. 0.05 A
C. 0.10 A

D. 0.20 A
[Link].TZ0.37
When green light is incident on a clean zinc plate no photoelectrons are emitted. What
change may cause the emission of photoelectrons ?

A. Using a metal plate with larger work function

B. Changing the angle of incidence of the green light on the zinc plate

C. Using shorter wavelength radiation

D. Increasing the intensity of the green light

[Link].TZ0.38
F
Which is the correct eynman diagram for pair annihilation and pair production ?

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[Link].TZ0.4

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A projectile is fired at an angle to the horizontal. The path of the projectile is shown.

Which gives the magnitude of the horizontal component and the magnitude of
the vertical component of the velocity of the projectile between and PO ?

[Link].TZ0.39
The graph shows the variation of the natural log of activity, ln (activity), against time for
a radioactive nuclide.

What is the decay constant, in days–1, of the radioactive nuclide ?

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1
A.
6

B. 1
3

C. 3

D. 6

[Link].TZ1.23
A beam of negative ions flows in the plane of the page through the magnetic field due to
two bar magnets.

What is the direction in which the negative ions will be deflected ?

A. Out of the page ⊙
B. Into the page X
C. Up the page ↑

D. Down the page ↓

[Link].TZ0.40
A radioactive nuclide is known to have a very long half-life.

Three quantities known for a pure sample of the nuclide are

I. the activity of the nuclide

II. the number of nuclide atoms

III. the mass number of the nuclide.

What quantities are required to determine the half-life of the nuclide ?

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A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

[Link].TZ0.5
R
A mass m attached to a string of length moves in a vertical circle with a constant
speed. The tension in the string at the top of the circle is T. What is the kinetic energy of
the mass at the top of the circle?

𝑅 ( 𝑇 + 𝑚𝑔 )
A.
2

B. 𝑅 ( 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 )
2
𝑅𝑚𝑔
C.
2

D. 𝑅 ( 2𝑇 + 𝑚𝑔 )
2

[Link].TZ0.7
Three forces act at a point. In which diagram is the point in equilibrium ?

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[Link].TZ0.8
A solid substance has just reached its melting point. Thermal energy is supplied to the
substance at a constant rate. Which graph shows the variation of the temperature T of
E
the substance with energy supplied ?

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[Link].TZ1.24
A motorcyclist is cornering on a curved race track.

θ μ
Which combination of changes of banking angle and coefficient of friction between
?
the tyres and road allows the motorcyclist to travel around the corner at greater speed

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[Link].TZ0.1
Ion-thrust engines can power spacecraft. In this type of engine, ions are created in
a chamber and expelled from the spacecraft. The spacecraft is in outer space when
the propulsion system is turned on. The spacecraft starts from rest.

×
The mass of ions ejected each second is 6.6 10–6 kg and the speed of each ion is 5. 2×
7
104 m s–1. The initial total mass of the spacecraft and its fuel is 40 kg. Assume that the
ions travel away from the spacecraft parallel to its direction of motion.

H
An initial mass of 60 kg of fuel is in the spacecraft for a journey to a planet. alf of the fuel
will be required to slow down the spacecraft before arrival at the destination planet.

In practice, the ions leave the spacecraft at a range of angles as shown.

On arrival at the planet, the spacecraft goes into orbit as it comes into the gravitational
field of the planet.
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a. Determine the initial acceleration of the spacecraft. 2

[ ]

b.i. Estimate the maximum speed of the spacecraft. [2]

[Link]. Outline why scientists sometimes use estimates in making calculations. [1]

c.i. Outline why the ions are likely to spread out. [ ] 2

[Link].

Explain what effect, if any, this spreading of the ions has on the acceleration of the
spacecraft.

2
[ ]

d.i. Outline what is meant by the gravitational field strength at a point. [2]

[Link].

Newton’s law of gravitation applies to point masses. Suggest why the law can
be applied to a satellite orbiting a spherical planet of uniform density.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.12
The refractive index 𝑛 of a material is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum 𝑐, to the
𝑐
speed of light in the material 𝑣 or 𝑛 = .
𝑣

The speed of light in a vacuum 𝑐 is . 2 99792 ×

108 m s-1. The following data are available
for the refractive indices of the fibre core for two wavelengths of light :

a. Outline the differences between step-index and graded-index optic fibres. [2]
bi.

Determine the difference between the speed of light corresponding to these two
wavelengths in the core glass.

[ ] 2
bii.

An input signal to the fibre consists of wavelengths that range from 1 299
nm to 1301
nm. The diagram shows the variation of intensity with time of the input signal.

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Sketch, on the axes, the variation of signal intensity with time after the signal has
travelled a long distance along the fibre.

2
[ ]

biii. Explain the shape of the signal you sketched in (b)(ii). [2]

biv.

O
A signal consists of a series of pulses. utline how the length of the fibre optic cable
limits the time between transmission of pulses in a practical system.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.25
Satellite X orbits a planet with orbital radius R. Satellite Y orbits the same planet with
orbital radius 2R. Satellites X and Y have the same mass.

What is the ratio

centripetal acceleration of X
centripetal acceleration of Y
?
1
A.
4

B. 12
C. 2

D. 4
[Link].TZ0.12
A sphere is dropped into a container of oil.
The following data are available.

Density of oil = 915 kg m-3-3

Viscosity of oil = 37 . 9 × 10 Pas
Volume of sphere = 7 . 24 × 10-6 m3
Mass of sphere = 12 . 6 g
The sphere is now suspended from a spring so that the sphere is below the surface of the
oil.

a. State two properties of an ideal fluid. 2

[ ]

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b. Determine the terminal velocity of the sphere. [3]

c(i).

Determine the force exerted by the spring on the sphere when the sphere is at rest.
[2]

c(ii).

The sphere oscillates vertically within the oil at the natural frequency of the sphere-
spring system. The energy is reduced in each cycle by 10 %. Calculate the Q factor
for this system.

[1]

c(iii). Outline the effect on Q of changing the oil to one with greater viscosity. [2]
[Link].TZ2.5
Two protons are moving to the right with the same speed v with respect to an observer
at rest in the laboratory frame.

a.

Outline why there is an attractive magnetic force on each proton in the laboratory
frame.

[1]

b. Explain why there is no magnetic force on each proton in its own rest frame.
[1]

c.

Explain why there must be a resultant repulsive force on the protons in all reference
frames.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.2
Two sets of data, shown below with circles and squares, are obtained in two
experiments. The size of the error bars is the same for all points.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What is correct about the absolute uncertainty and the fractional uncertainty of the y
?
intercept of the two lines of best fit

[Link].TZ0.6

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

MV
An electron with total energy 1.50 e collides with a positron at rest. As a result two
O
photons are produced. ne photon moves in the same direction as the electron and the
other in the opposite direction.

The momenta of the photons produced have magnitudes p1 and p2. A student writes the
following correct equations.

p1 – p2 = 1.41 MeV c–1

p1 + p2 = 2.01 MeV c– 1

a. Show that the momentum of the electron is 1.41 MeV c– . 1 [1]

b.i. Explain the origin of each equation. 2

[ ]

[Link]. Calculate, in MeV c– , p and p2.

1
1 [2]

[Link].TZ1.3
A large stone is dropped from a tall building. What is correct about the speed of the
stone after 1 s ?
A. It is decreasing at increasing rate.

B. It is decreasing at decreasing rate.

C. It is increasing at increasing rate.

D. It is increasing at decreasing rate.

[Link].TZ1.26
Which property of a nuclide does not change as a result of beta decay ?
A. Nucleon number
B. Neutron number
C. Proton number

D. Charge
[Link].TZ1.4
The graph shows how the position of an object varies with time in the interval from 0 to
3 s.

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At which point does the instantaneous speed of the object equal its average speed over
?
the interval from 0 to 3 s

[Link].TZ2.1

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet at a
speed of 64 m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between the ball and
the racquet lasts for 5 ms. 2
The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at an
7 °
angle of .00 to the horizontal.

The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m
Distance of student from net = 11.9 m
Height of net = 0.910 m
Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s -1

ai. Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball. 2
[ ]

aii. Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact. [2]

bi. Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net. [2]

bii. Show that the tennis ball passes over the net. [3]

biii. Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground. [ ] 2
c.

A student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ at which the
ball leaves a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.

• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
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 • the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.

Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay
surface or for a grass surface.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.7
A probe launched from a spacecraft moves towards the event horizon of a black hole.

a.i. State what is meant by the event horizon of a black hole. [1]

[Link].

The mass of the black hole is 4.0 × 10 36 kg. S

Calculate the chwarzschild radius of the
black hole.

[1]

b.

The probe is stationary above the event horizon of the black hole in (a). The
probe sends a radio pulse every 1.0 seconds (as measured by clocks on the
2
probe). The spacecraft receives the pulses every .0 seconds (as measured by
D
clocks on the spacecraft). etermine the distance of the probe from the centre of
the black hole.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.27
The rest mass of the helium isotope 32 He is m.

Which expression gives the binding energy per nucleon for 32 He ?

(2𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚)𝑐2
A.
3

B. (2𝑚 + 𝑚3 − 𝑚)𝑐
𝑝 𝑛
2

C. (2𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚)𝑐2

D. (2𝑚 + 𝑚 − 𝑚)𝑐
𝑝 𝑛
2

[Link].TZ1.5
2
A car takes 0 minutes to climb a hill at constant speed. The mass of the car is 1 00 2
kg and the car gains gravitational potential energy at a rate of 6.0 kW. Take the
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 acceleration of gravity to be 10 m s−2. What is the height of the hill?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A. 0.6 m

B. 10 m
C. 600 m

D. 6000 m

[Link].TZ1.2
Silicon-30 (3014Si) can be formed from phosphorus-30 (3015P) by a process of beta-plus decay.
a.i. Write down the nuclear equation that represents this reaction. [2]

[Link].

Sketch the Feynman diagram that represents this reaction. The diagram has been
started for you.

[3]

[Link].

Energy is transferred to a hadron in an attempt to separate its quarks. Describe the

implications of quark confinement for this situation.

2
[ ]

b.

S M
The tandard odel was accepted by many scientists before the observation of the
Higgs boson was made.

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 Outline why it is important to continue research into a topic once a scientific model
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

has been accepted by the scientific community.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.28
Which of the following atomic energy level transitions corresponds to photons of the
shortest wavelength ?

[Link].TZ1.5
A mass is released from the top of a smooth ramp of height ℎ. After leaving the ramp,
the mass slides on a rough horizontal surface.

The mass comes to rest in a distance d. What is the coefficient of dynamic friction
between the mass and the horizontal surface ?
𝑔𝑑
A.
ℎ
𝑑
B. 2𝑔ℎ
√
𝑑
C. ℎ
ℎ
D. 𝑑

[Link].TZ2.6
A train of proper length 85 m moves with speed 0.60c relative to a stationary observer on
a platform.

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 Define proper length.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a. [1]

bi.

In the reference frame of the train a ball travels with speed 0.50c from the back to
the front of the train, as the train passes the platform. Calculate the time taken for
the ball to reach the front of the train in the reference frame of the train.

[1]

bii.

In the reference frame of the train a ball travels with speed 0.50c from the back to
the front of the train, as the train passes the platform. Calculate the time taken for
the ball to reach the front of the train in the reference frame of the platform.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.6
Masses X and Y rest on a smooth horizontal surface and are connected by a
massless spring. The mass of X is 3.0 kg and the mass of Y is 6.0 kg. The masses are
pushed toward each other until the elastic potential energy stored in the spring is 1.0 . J

The masses are released. What is the maximum speed reached by mass Y?
A. 0.11 m s−1

B. 0.33 m s− 1

C. 0.45 m s−1

D. 0.66 m s− 1

[Link].TZ1.7
A force acts on an object of mass 40 kg. The graph shows how the acceleration a of
the object varies with its displacement d.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What is the work done by the force on the object ?

A. 50 J
B. 2000 J
C. 2400 J

D. 3200 J
[Link].TZ0.10
A horizontal pipe is inserted into the cylindrical tube so that its centre is at a depth of 5.0
D
m from the surface of the water. The diameter of the pipe is half that of the tube.

When the pipe is opened, water exits the pipe with speed u and the surface of the water
in the tube moves downwards with speed v.

a. An ice cube floats in water that is contained in a tube.

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The ice cube melts.

Suggest what happens to the level of the water in the tube. 2

[ ]

b.i. Outline why u = 4v. [2]

[Link]. The density of water is 1000 kg m–3. Calculate u. [2]

[Link].TZ1.10
Which aspect of thermal physics is best explained by the molecular kinetic model ?
A. The equation of state of ideal gases

B. The difference between Celsius and Kelvin temperature

C. The value of the Avogadro constant

D. The existence of gaseous isotopes

[Link].TZ1.11
J
When 40 k of energy is transferred to a quantity of a liquid substance, its
2 K J
temperature increases by 0 . When 600 k of energy is transferred to the same
quantity of the liquid at its boiling temperature, it vaporizes completely at constant
temperature. What is
specific latent heat of vaporization
specific heat capacity of the liquid

for this substance ?

A. 15 K− 1

B. 15 K
C. 300 K− 1

D. 300 K
[Link].TZ0.3
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A chicken’s egg of mass 58 g is dropped onto grass from a height of 1.1 m. The egg
comes to rest in a time of 55 ms. Assume that air resistance is negligible and that the egg
does not bounce or break.

a.

Determine the magnitude of the average decelerating force that the ground exerts
on the egg.

[4]

b.

Explain why the egg is likely to break when dropped onto concrete from the same
height.

[ ] 2
[Link].TZ1.10
X Y
Two ideal gases and are at the same temperature. The mass of a particle of gas X
Y
is larger than the mass of a particle of gas . Which is correct about the average kinetic
energy and the average speed of the particles in gases and X Y?

[Link].TZ1.13
An object performs simple harmonic motion (shm). The graph shows how the velocity v
of the object varies with time t.

The displacement of the object is x and its acceleration is a. What is the variation of x
with t and the variation of a with t ?

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[Link].TZ2.2
A container of volume 3. 2×
10-6 m3 is filled with helium gas at a pressure of 5.1 105 Pa×
2 K
and temperature 3 0 . Assume that this sample of helium gas behaves as an ideal gas.

A helium atom has a volume of 4. 9 × 10 -31

m 3.

a.

The mass of a helium atom is 6.6 × 10 27 kg. Estimate the average speed of the
-

helium atoms in the container.

2
[ ]

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 Show that the number of helium atoms in the container is 4 × 102 . 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b. 0 [ ]

volume of helium atoms

ci. Calculate the ratio . [1]
volume of helium gas

cii.

Discuss, by reference to the kinetic model of an ideal gas and the answer to (c)(i),
whether the assumption that helium behaves as an ideal gas is justified.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.14
H
A sound wave has a frequency of 1.0 k z and a wavelength of 0.33 m. What is the
2
distance travelled by the wave in .0 ms and the nature of the wave ?

[Link].TZ1.1
A girl rides a bicycle that is powered by an electric motor. A battery transfers energy to
V
the electric motor. The emf of the battery is 16 and it can deliver a charge of 43 kC
when discharging completely from a full charge.

7
The maximum speed of the girl on a horizontal road is .0 m s–1 with energy from the
battery alone. The maximum distance that the girl can travel under these conditions is 0 2
km.

The bicycle and the girl have a total mass of 66 kg. The girl rides up a slope that is at an
°
angle of 3.0 to the horizontal.

The bicycle has a meter that displays the current and the terminal potential difference
(pd) for the battery when the motor is running. The diagram shows the meter readings at
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 V
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

one instant. The emf of the cell is 16 .

The battery is made from an arrangement of 10 identical cells as shown.

a.i. Show that the time taken for the battery to discharge is about 3 × 10 s.
3 [1]

[Link]. Deduce that the average power output of the battery is about 240 W. [ ]2
[Link].

Friction and air resistance act on the bicycle and the girl when they move. Assume
that all the energy is transferred from the battery to the electric motor. Determine
the total average resistive force that acts on the bicycle and the girl.

[ ]2
b.i.

Calculate the component of weight for the bicycle and girl acting down the slope.

[1]

[Link].

2
The battery continues to give an output power of 40 W. Assume that the resistive
forces are the same as in (a)(iii).

Calculate the maximum speed of the bicycle and the girl up the slope. [ ]2
c.

On another journey up the slope, the girl carries an additional mass. Explain whether
carrying this mass will change the maximum distance that the bicycle can travel
along the slope.

2
[ ]

d. Determine the internal resistance of the battery. [2]

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

e.i. Calculate the emf of one cell. [1]

[Link]. Calculate the internal resistance of one cell. [ ] 2

[Link].TZ1.13
Monochromatic light of wavelength λ is incident on a double slit. The resulting
interference pattern is observed on a screen a distance y from the slits. The distance
between consecutive fringes in the pattern is 55 mm when the slit separation is a.

λ, y and a are all doubled. What is the new distance between consecutive fringes?
A. 55 mm

B. 110 mm
C. 220 mm

D. 440 mm
[Link].TZ0.11
A mass is attached to a vertical spring. The other end of the spring is attached to the
driver of an oscillator.

The mass is performing very lightly damped harmonic oscillations. The frequency of
the driver is higher than the natural frequency of the system. At one instant the driver
is moving downwards.

a. State and explain the direction of motion of the mass at this instant. [ ] 2
b.

Q 22
The oscillator is switched off. The system has a factor of . The initial amplitude
D
is 10 cm. etermine the amplitude after one complete period of oscillation.

[ ] 2
[Link].TZ0.5
The diagram shows the position of the principal lines in the visible spectrum of atomic
hydrogen and some of the corresponding energy levels of the hydrogen atom.
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

Determine the energy of a photon of blue light (435nm) emitted in the

hydrogen spectrum.

[3]

b.

B
Identify, with an arrow labelled on the diagram, the transition in the
hydrogen spectrum that gives rise to the photon with the energy in (a).

[1]

c. Explain your answer to (b). 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ1.14
A metal rod of length 45 cm is clamped at its mid point. The speed of sound in the
metal rod is 1500 m s−1 and the speed of sound in air is 300 m s−1. The metal rod vibrates
at its first harmonic. What is the wavelength in air of the sound wave produced by the
metal rod ?
A. 4.5 cm

B. 9.0 cm
C. 18 cm

D. 90 cm
[Link].TZ2.39
Three possible features of an atomic model are

I. orbital radius
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

II. quantized energy

III. quantized angular momentum.

B
Which of these are features of the ohr model for hydrogen ?
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II, and III

[Link].TZ2.40
Photons of discrete energy are emitted during gamma decay. This is evidence for

A. atomic energy levels.

B. nuclear energy levels.

C. pair annihilation.

D. quantum tunneling.
[Link].TZ1.18
Q Q
Two charges 1 and 2, each equal to 2 nC, are separated by a distance 3 m in a
vacuum. What is the electric force on Q2 and the electric field due to Q at the position of
Q2?
1

[Link].TZ2.2
S
What is the unit of electrical potential difference expressed in fundamental I units?
A. kg m s-1 C-1

B. kg m2 s 2 C
- -1

C. kg m2 s-3 A-1
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D. kg m2 s -1 A

[Link].TZ2.6
A boat with an output engine power of 15 kW moves through water at a speed of 10 m s-
1. What is the resistive force acting on the boat ?
A. 0.15 kN
B. 0.75 kN
C. 1.5 kN

D. 150 kN
[Link].TZ1.19
Two conductors S and T have the V/I characteristic graphs shown below.

When the conductors are placed in the circuit below, the reading of the ammeter is 6.0 A.

What is the emf of the cell ?

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A. 4.0 V
B. 5.0 V
C. 8.0 V

D. 13 V
[Link].TZ2.4
Two forces of magnitude 1 2 N and 24 N act at the same point. Which force cannot be the
resultant of these forces ?
A. 10 N
B. 16 N
C. 19 N

D. 36 N
[Link].TZ1.20
For a real cell in a circuit, the terminal potential difference is at its closest to the emf
when

A. the internal resistance is much smaller than the load resistance.

B. a large current flows in the circuit.

C. the cell is not completely discharged.

D. the cell is being recharged.

[Link].TZ2.7
An astronaut is moving at a constant velocity in the absence of a gravitational field when
he throws a tool away from him.

What is the effect of throwing the tool on the total kinetic energy of the astronaut and
the tool and the total momentum of the astronaut and the tool ?

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[Link].TZ1.18
An electron enters the space inside a current-carrying solenoid. The velocity of the
electron is parallel to the solenoid’s axis. The electron is

A. slowed down.

B. speeded up.
C. undeflected.

D. deflected outwards.
[Link].TZ2.3
The graph shows the variation of velocity of a body with time along a straight line.

What is correct for this graph?

A. The maximum acceleration is at P.

B. The average acceleration of the body is given by the area enclosed by the graph and
time axis.

C. The maximum displacement is at Q.

D. The total displacement of the body is given by the area enclosed by the graph and
time axis.

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[Link].TZ1.3
A beam of microwaves is incident normally on a pair of identical narrow slits 1 andS S2.

When a microwave receiver is initially placed at W which is equidistant from the slits, a
Z
maximum in intensity is observed. The receiver is then moved towards along a line
X Y
parallel to the slits. Intensity maxima are observed at and with one minimum between
X Y
them. W, and are consecutive maxima.

a. Explain why intensity maxima are observed at X and Y. [2]

b. The distance from S1 to Y is 1.243 m and the distance from S2 to Y is 1.181 m.

Determine the frequency of the microwaves.

[3]

c.

Outline one reason why the maxima observed at W, X and Y will have different
intensities from each other.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.12

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 2 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A container holds 0 g of argon-40(40 20

18 Ar) and 40 g of neon- 0 (10 Ne) .

What is
number of atoms of argon -40
number of atoms of neon -20
?
in the container

A. 0. 5 2
B. 0.5
C. 2

D. 4
[Link].TZ1.22
A child stands on a horizontal rotating platform that is moving at constant angular speed.
The centripetal force on the child is provided by

A. the gravitational force on the child.

B. the friction on the child’s feet.

C. the tension in the child’s muscles.

D. the normal reaction of the platform on the child.

[Link].TZ1.4
Muons are created at a height of 3230 m above the Earth’s surface. The muons move
vertically downward at a speed of 0.980 c relative to the Earth’s surface. The gamma
factor for this speed is 5.00. The half-life of a muon in its rest frame is 2.20 μs.

a.i.

Estimate in the Earth frame the fraction of the original muons that will reach the
Earth’s surface before decaying according to Newtonian mechanics.
[3]

[Link].

Estimate in the Earth frame the fraction of the original muons that will reach the
Earth’s surface before decaying according to special relativity.
2
[ ]

b.

Demonstrate how an observer moving with the same velocity as the muons
accounts for the answer to (a)(ii).

2
[ ]

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[Link].TZ2.11
The temperature of a fixed mass of an ideal gas changes from 00 C to 400 C.2 ° °
What is
mean kinetic energy of gas at 200 °C
mean kinetic energy of gas at 400 °C
?
A. 0.50

B. 0.70
C. 1.4

D. 2.0
[Link].TZ2.16
Monochromatic light travelling upwards in glass is incident on a boundary with air. The
path of the refracted light is shown.

A layer of liquid is then placed on the glass without changing the angle of incidence on
the glass. The refractive index of the glass is greater than the refractive index of the liquid
and the refractive index of the liquid is greater than that of air.

What is the path of the refracted light when the liquid is placed on the glass ?

[Link].TZ1.24
A simple model of an atom has three energy levels. The differences between adjacent
energy levels are shown below.

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What are the two smallest frequencies in the emission spectrum of this atom ?
A. 0.5 × 10 15 Hz and 1.0 × 10
15 Hz
B. 0.5 × 10 15 Hz and 1.5 × 10
15 Hz
C. 1.0 × 10 15
Hz and 2.0 × 10 Hz
15

D. 1.0 × 10 15 Hz and 3.0 × 10

15 Hz
[Link].TZ1.5
The diagram shows space and time axes 𝑥 and ct for an observer at rest with respect to a
′
galaxy. A spacecraft moving through the galaxy has space and time axes 𝑥 and ct . ′

A rocket is launched towards the right from the spacecraft when it is at the origin of the
E 2
axes. This is labelled event 1 on the spacetime diagram. vent is an asteroid exploding
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 = 100 ly and ct = 20 ly.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

at 𝑥

a. Plot, on the axes, the point corresponding to event . 2 [1]

b.

Suggest whether the rocket launched by the spacecraft might be the cause of the
explosion of the asteroid.

2
[ ]

c.

Show that the value of the invariant spacetime interval between events 1 and 2 is
9600 ly2.
[1]

d.i.

2
An observer in the spacecraft measures that events 1 and are a distance of 1 0 ly 2
D
apart. etermine, according to the spacecraft observer, the time between events 1
and . 2
2
[ ]

[Link].

Using the spacetime diagram, determine which event occurred first for the
spacecraft observer, event 1 or event . 2
2
[ ]

e. Determine, using the diagram, the speed of the spacecraft relative to the galaxy.
[2]

[Link].TZ1.25
What is the relation between the value of the unified atomic mass unit in grams and the
value of Avogadro’s constant in mol−1 ?
A. Their ratio is 1.

B. Their product is 1.
C. Their sum is 1.

D. Their difference is 0.
[Link].TZ2.14

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 Object P moves vertically with simple harmonic motion (shm). Object Q moves in a
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

vertical circle with a uniform speed. P and Q have the same time period T. When P is at
the top of its motion, Q is at the bottom of its motion.

What is the interval between successive times when the acceleration of P is equal and
opposite to the acceleration of Q?
𝑇
A.
4

B. 𝑇2
3𝑇
C.
4

D. T
[Link].TZ1.22
In a hydrogen atom, the sum of the masses of a proton and of an electron is larger than
the mass of the atom. Which interaction is mainly responsible for this difference?
E
A. lectromagnetic

B. Strong nuclear
C. Weak nuclear

D. Gravitational
[Link].TZ2.19
X
The resistance of component decreases when the intensity of light incident on it
X
increases. is connected in series with a cell of negligible internal resistance and a
resistor of fixed resistance. The ammeter and voltmeter are ideal.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What is the change in the reading on the ammeter and the change in the reading on the
X
voltmeter when the light incident on is increased ?

[Link].TZ2.7
E
A spaceship moves away from the arth in the direction of a nearby planet. An observer
E E
on the arth determines the planet is 4 ly from the arth. The spacetime diagram for the
Earth’s reference frame shows the worldline of the spaceship. Assume the clock on the
Earth, the clock on the planet, and the clock on the spaceship were all synchronized
when ct 0. =

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

Show, using the spacetime diagram, that the speed of the spaceship relative to the
Earth is 0.80c.
[1]

b. Label, with the letter E, the event of the spaceship going past the planet. [1]

ci.

Determine, according to an observer on the spaceship as the spaceship passes the

planet, the time shown by the clock on the spaceship.

2
[ ]

cii.

Determine, according to an observer on the spaceship as the spaceship passes the

planet, the time shown by the clock on the planet.

[1]

d.

On passing the planet a probe containing the spaceship’s clock and an astronaut is
sent back to Earth at a speed of 0.80c relative to Earth. Suggest, for this situation,
how the twin paradox arises and how it is resolved.

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[ ]

[Link].TZ1.23
F
Which eynman diagram describes the annihilation of an electron and its antiparticle ?

[Link].TZ2.21
A horizontal wire P Q lies perpendicular to a uniform horizontal magnetic field.

2
A length of 0. 5 m of the wire is subject to a magnetic field strength of 40 mT. A
N
downward magnetic force of 60 m acts on the wire.

What is the magnitude and direction of the current in the wire ?

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[Link].TZ2.23
Which graph shows the relationship between gravitational force F between two point
?
masses and their separation r

[Link].TZ2.25
The positions of stable nuclei are plotted by neutron number n and proton number p. The
=
graph indicates a dotted line for which n p. Which graph shows the line of stable
β ?
nuclides and the shaded region where unstable nuclei emit beta minus ( -) particles

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.27
F
Which eynman diagram shows the emission of a photon by a charged antiparticle ?

[Link].TZ2.1
A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet at a
speed of 64 m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between the ball and
2
the racquet lasts for 5 ms.

The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at an
7 °
angle of .00 to the horizontal.

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The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m
Distance of student from net = 11.9 m
Height of net = 0.910 m
Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s -1

ai. Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball. 2
[ ]

aii. Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact. [2]

bi. Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net. [2]

bii. Show that the tennis ball passes over the net. [3]

biii. Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground. 2
[ ]

c.

The student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ at which
the ball leaves a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.

• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.
Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay
surface or for a grass surface.

[3]

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[Link].TZ1.4
A tube of constant circular cross-section, sealed at one end, contains an ideal gas
trapped by a cylinder of mercury of length 0.035 m. The whole arrangement is in the
E ×
arth’s atmosphere. The density of mercury is 1.36 104 kg m–3.

When the mercury is above the gas column the length of the gas column is 0.1 0 m. 9
The tube is slowly rotated until the gas column is above the mercury.

2
The length of the gas column is now 0. 08 m. The temperature of the trapped gas does
not change during the process.

a. A solid cylinder of height h and density ρ rests on a flat surface.

Show that the pressure p exerted by the cylinder on the surface is given by pc =
ρgh.
c

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[ ]

b.i. Show that (p o× 0.190 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝐴 where p = atmospheric pressure

+ pm) o

p = pressure due to the mercury column T = temperature of the trapped gas

m

n = number of moles of the trapped gas A = cross-sectional area of the tube. [2]

[Link]. Determine the atmospheric pressure. Give a suitable unit for your answer. [4]

[Link].

Outline why the gas particles in the tube hit the mercury surface less often after the
tube has been rotated.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.1
Which quantity has the same units as those for energy stored per unit volume ?
A. Density
B. Force
C. Momentum

D. Pressure
[Link].TZ0.2
A list of four physical quantities is

acceleration
energy
mass
temperature

How many scalar quantities are in this list?

A. 1

B. 2
C. 3

D. 4
[Link].TZ1.26
Which is correct for the tangential acceleration of a simple pendulum at small
amplitudes ?
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A. It is inversely proportional to displacement.

B. It is proportional to displacement.
C. It is opposite to displacement.

D. It is proportional and opposite to displacement

[Link].TZ1.27
The diagram shows the diffraction pattern for light passing through a single slit.

What is
wavelength of light
width of slit

A. 0.01

B. 0.02
C. 1

D. 2
[Link].TZ0.7
Liquid oxygen at its boiling point is stored in an insulated tank. Gaseous oxygen is
produced from the tank when required using an electrical heater placed in the liquid.

The following data are available.

Mass of 1.0 mol of oxygen = 32 g

Specific latent heat of vaporization of oxygen = 2.1 × 10 J kg– 5 1

An oxygen flow rate of 0.25 mol s– is needed.

1

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a.

Distinguish between the internal energy of the oxygen at the boiling point when it is
in its liquid phase and when it is in its gas phase.

2
[ ]

b.i. Calculate, in kW, the heater power required. [2]

[Link].

Calculate the volume of the oxygen produced in one second when it is allowed to
M
expand to a pressure of 0.11 Pa and to reach a temperature of 60 . 2 K
[1]

c.

State one assumption of the kinetic model of an ideal gas that does not apply
to oxygen.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.8
A proton has a total energy 1050 MeV after being accelerated from rest through a
potential difference . V
a. Define total energy. [1]

bi. Determine the momentum of the proton. [1]

bii. Determine the speed of the proton. 2

[ ]

biii. Calculate the potential difference V. [1]

[Link].TZ1.28
Light is incident on a diffraction grating. The wavelength lines 600.0 nm and 601.5 nm are
just resolved in the second order spectrum. How many slits of the diffraction grating are
illuminated?

A. 20

B. 40
C. 200

D. 400
[Link].TZ2.2
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A container of volume 3. 2×
10-6 m3 is filled with helium gas at a pressure of 5.1 105 Pa ×
2 K
and temperature 3 0 . Assume that this sample of helium gas behaves as an ideal gas.

A helium atom has a volume of 4. 9 × 10 -31

m 3.

a.

S
The molar mass of helium is 4.0 g mol-1. how that the mass of a helium atom is 6.6
× 10-27 kg.

[1]

b. Estimate the average speed of the helium atoms in the container. 2

[ ]

c. Show that the number of helium atoms in the container is about 4 × 102 . 0 [2]

total volume of helium atoms

di. Calculate the ratio . [1]
volume of helium gas

dii.

Explain, using your answer to (d)(i) and with reference to the kinetic model, why this
sample of helium can be assumed to be an ideal gas.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.29
On approaching a stationary observer, a train sounds its horn and decelerates at a
constant rate. At time t the train passes by the observer and continues to decelerate at
the same rate. Which diagram shows the variation with time of the frequency of the
sound measured by the observer ?

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[Link].TZ0.3
Two equal positive fixed point charges Q = +44 μC and point P are at the vertices of
an equilateral triangle of side 0.48 m.

Point P is now moved closer to the charges.

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A point charge q = −2 μ 2
.0 C and mass 0. 5 kg is placed at P. When x is small compared to
d, the magnitude of the net force on q is 115x. F≈
An uncharged parallel plate capacitor C is connected to a cell of emf 1 2 V, a resistor
Rand another resistor of resistance 0 .2 MΩ

a.i. Show that the magnitude of the resultant electric field at P is 3 MN C−

1 [2]

[Link]. State the direction of the resultant electric field at P. [1]

b.i. Explain why q will perform simple harmonic oscillations when it is released.
[2]

[Link]. Calculate the period of oscillations of q. [2]

c.i.

= XO
At t 0, the switch is connected to . n the axes, draw a sketch graph to
V
show the variation with time of the voltage R across . R

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2
[ ]

[Link].

Y
The switch is then connected to and C discharges through the 0 2 MΩ resistor. The
V % D
voltage c drops to 50 of its initial value in 5.0 s. etermine the capacitance of C.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.1
A student measures the radius R of a circular plate to determine its area. The absolute
uncertainty in is R ΔR
.

What is the fractional uncertainty in the area of the plate ?

2Δ𝑅
A.
𝑅

B. ( Δ𝑅𝑅 ) 2
2𝜋Δ𝑅
C.
𝑅

D. 𝜋( Δ𝑅𝑅 ) 2

[Link].TZ1.1
A student is verifying the equation

2𝜆𝑌
𝑥=
𝑧
The percentage uncertainties are :

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What is the percentage uncertainty in x ?

A. 5 %
B. 15 %
C. 25 %

D. 30 %
[Link].TZ2.2
N
A proton has momentum 10-20 s and the uncertainty in the position of the proton is 10-
10 m. What is the minimum fractional uncertainty in the momentum of this proton ?
A. 5 × 10 2 - 5

B. 5 × 10 -15

C. 5 × 10 -5

D. 2 × 10 4

[Link].TZ2.9
9
A rocket is accelerating upwards at .8 m s-2 in deep space. A photon of energy 14.4 ke V
is emitted upwards from the bottom of the rocket and travels to a detector in the tip of
2
the rocket 5 .0 m above.

a.

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 Explain why a change in frequency is expected for the photon detected at the top
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

of the rocket.

[3]

b. Calculate the frequency change. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ2.3
A boy throws a ball horizontally at a speed of 15 m s-1 from the top of a cliff that is 80 m
above the surface of the sea. Air resistance is negligible.

What is the distance from the bottom of the cliff to the point where the ball lands in the
sea ?
A. 45 m

B. 60 m
C. 80 m

D. 240 m
[Link].TZ2.4
–
A book is at rest on a table. What is a pair of action reaction forces for this situation
N
according to ewton’s third law of motion ?

[Link].TZ2.5
× N
An object has a weight of 6.10 102 . What is the change in gravitational potential
energy of the object when it moves through 8.0 m vertically ?
A. 5 kJ
B. 4.9 kJ
C. 4.88 k J
D. 4.880 kJ
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[Link].TZ2.6
The graph shows the variation of momentum with time for an object.

2 2
What net force acts on the object for the first .0 s and for the second .0 s of the
motion ?

[Link].TZ1.5
7
A small metal pendulum bob of mass 5 g is suspended at rest from a fixed point with a
length of thread of negligible mass. Air resistance is negligible. The bob is then displaced
to the left.

=
At time t 0 the bob is moving horizontally to the right at 0.8 m s–1. It collides with a
7 B
small stationary object also of mass 5 g. oth objects then move together with motion
that is simple harmonic.

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a. Calculate the speed of the combined masses immediately after the collision.

[1]

b. Show that the collision is inelastic. [3]

c.

Describe the changes in gravitational potential energy of the oscillating system from
t = 0 as it oscillates through one cycle of its motion.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.4
A sports car is accelerated from 0 to 100 km per hour in 3 s. What is the acceleration of
the car ?
A. 0.1 g

B. 0.3 g
C. 0.9 g

D. 3 g
[Link].TZ2.3
The diagram shows the direction of a sound wave travelling in a metal sheet.

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The frequency of the sound wave in the metal is 50 2 Hz.

a.

Particle P in the metal sheet performs simple harmonic oscillations. When the
2μ 79
displacement of P is 3. m the magnitude of its acceleration is . m s-2. Calculate
2 μ
the magnitude of the acceleration of P when its displacement is .3 m.

2
[ ]

b.

Q –
The wave is incident at point on the metal air boundary. The wave makes an
° Q
angle of 54 with the normal at . The speed of sound in the metal is 6010 m s–1 and
the speed of sound in air is 340 m s–1. Calculate the angle between the normal at Q
and the direction of the wave in air.

2
[ ]

ci. State the frequency of the wave in air. [1]

cii. Determine the wavelength of the wave in air. [1]

d.

The sound wave in air in (c) enters a pipe that is open at both ends. The diagram
shows the displacement, at a particular time T, of the standing wave that is set up in
the pipe.

On the diagram, at time T, label with the letter C a point in the pipe that is at the
centre of a compression.

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[1]

[Link].TZ0.3
An object of mass 2𝑚 moving at velocity 3𝑣 collides with a stationary object of mass 4𝑚.
The objects stick together after the collision. What is the final speed and the change in
total kinetic energy immediately after the collision ?

[Link].TZ1.5
=
A girl throws an object horizontally at time t 0. Air resistance can be ignored. At t =
0.50 s the object travels horizontally a distance 𝑥 in metres while it falls vertically through
a distance 𝑦 in metres.

What is the initial velocity of the object and the vertical distance fallen at t = 1.0 s?

[Link].TZ0.4
2 α
Plutonium- 38 (Pu) decays by alpha ( ) decay into uranium (U).

The following data are available for binding energies per nucleon :
plutonium 7.568 MeV
uranium 7.600 MeV
alpha particle 7.074 MeV
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The energy in b(i) can be transferred into electrical energy to run the instruments of a
spacecraft. A spacecraft carries 33 kg of pure plutonium- 38 at launch. The 2
decay constant of plutonium is .50 10−10 s−1. 2 ×
Solar radiation falls onto a metallic surface carried by the spacecraft causing the emission
of photoelectrons. The radiation has passed through a filter so it is monochromatic. The
spacecraft is moving away from the Sun.

a.i. State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus. [1]

[Link].

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number 𝐴 of
the binding energy per nucleon, . Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.
BE
𝐴

2
[ ]

[Link]. Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.

[1]

[Link].

Some unstable nuclei have many more neutrons than protons. Suggest the
likely decay for these nuclei.

[1]

b.i. Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV. [3]

[Link]. The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.

Calculate the ratio

kinetic energy of alpha particle
kinetic energy of uranium
. 2
[ ]

c.i. Estimate the power, in kW, that is available from the plutonium at launch. [3]

[Link].

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 72 2 ×
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

The spacecraft will take . years ( .3 108 s)

to reach a planet in the solar system.
Estimate the power available to the spacecraft when it gets to the planet.

2
[ ]

d.i.

State and explain what happens to the kinetic energy of an emitted photoelectron.
[2]

[Link].

State and explain what happens to the rate at which charge leaves the metallic
surface.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.3
A sample of vegetable oil, initially in the liquid state, is placed in a freezer that transfers
thermal energy from the sample at a constant rate. The graph shows how temperature 𝑇
of the sample varies with time 𝑡.

The following data are available.

Mass of the sample = 0 . 32 kg

Specific latent heat of fusion of the oil = 130 kJ kg-1
Rate of thermal energy transfer = 15 W
a(i).

Calculate the thermal energy transferred from the sample during the first 30
minutes.

[1]

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a(ii).

Estimate the specific heat capacity of the oil in its liquid phase. State an appropriate
unit for your answer.

2
[ ]

b.

E
The sample begins to freeze during the thermal energy transfer. xplain, in terms of
the molecular model of matter, why the temperature of the sample remains constant
during freezing.

[3]

c. Calculate the mass of the oil that remains unfrozen after 60 minutes. 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.7
A waiter carrying a tray is accelerating to the right as shown in the image.

What is the free-body diagram of the forces acting on the tray ?

[Link].TZ2.9

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2
The moment of inertia of a solid sphere is 𝐼 =
5
𝑚𝑟2 where m is the mass of the sphere and
r is the radius.

a.

Show that the total

7
kinetic energy E k of the sphere when it rolls, without slipping, at
speed v is 𝐸K = 𝑚𝑣 .
2
10

2
[ ]

b.

A solid sphere of mass 1.5 kg is rolling, without slipping, on a horizontal surface with
a speed of 0.50 m s-1. The sphere then rolls, without slipping, down a ramp to reach
a horizontal surface that is 45 cm lower.

Calculate the speed of the sphere at the bottom of the ramp. [3]

[Link].TZ0.5
An object of mass 8 . 0 kg is falling vertically through the air. The drag force acting on the
object is 60 N. What is the best estimate of the acceleration of the object ?
A. Zero
B. 2 . 5 m s-2
C. 7 . 5 m s-2
D. 10 m s-2

[Link].TZ1.6
M E
The oon has no atmosphere and orbits the arth. The diagram shows the oon with M
S 9°
rays of light from the un that are incident at 0 to the axis of rotation of the oon. M

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a.i.

M S
A black body is on the oon’s surface at point A. how that the maximum
K E
temperature that this body can reach is 400 . Assume that the arth and the Moon
S
are the same distance from the un.

2
[ ]

[Link]. Another black body is on the Moon’s surface at point B.

Outline, without calculation, why the aximum temperature of the black body at
point B is less than at point A.

2
[ ]

b.

E 2 O
The albedo of the arth’s atmosphere is 0. 8. utline why the maximum
E S
temperature of a black body on the arth when the un is overhead is less than that
M
at point A on the oon.

[1]

c.i. Outline why a force acts on the Moon. [1]

[Link]. Outline why this force does no work on the Moon. [1]

[Link].TZ1.13
A glass block of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a tank filled with a liquid of higher
L
refractive index. ight is incident on the base of the glass block. Which is the correct
diagram for rays incident on the glass block at an angle greater than the critical angle ?

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[Link].TZ1.14
In an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air, a tube that is open at the top is
filled with water and a vibrating tuning fork is held over the tube as the water is released
through a valve.

An increase in intensity in the sound is heard for the first time when the air column length
is 𝑥. The next increase is heard when the air column length is 𝑦.

Which expressions are approximately correct for the wavelength of the sound ?
I. 4𝑥

II. 4𝑦

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4𝑦
III.
3

A. I and II

B. I and III
C. II and III

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ1.16
Two parallel plates are a distance apart with a potential difference between them. A point
charge moves from the negatively charged plate to the positively charged plate. The
charge gains kinetic energy W. The distance between the plates is doubled and the
potential difference between them is halved. What is the kinetic energy gained by an
identical charge moving between these plates ?
𝑊
A.
2

B. W
C. 2W

D. 4W
[Link].TZ1.17
R
A resistor of resistance is connected to a fully charged cell of negligible internal
resistance. A constant power P is dissipated in the resistor and the cell discharges in time
t. An identical cell is connected in series with two identical resistors each of resistance .R
What is the power dissipated in each resistor and the time taken to discharge the cell ?

[Link].TZ1.18
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Two currents of 3 A and 1 A are established in the same direction through two parallel
R
straight wires and .S

What is correct about the magnetic forces acting on each wire ?

B
A. oth wires exert equal magnitude attractive forces on each other.

B. Both wires exert equal magnitude repulsive forces on each other.

C. Wire R exerts a larger magnitude attractive force on wire S.

D. Wire R exerts a larger magnitude repulsive force on wire S.

[Link].TZ0.6
Q
P and leave the same point, travelling in the same direction. The graphs show the
Q
variation with time 𝑡 of velocity 𝑣 for both P and .

about:blank 431/842
 Q when 𝑡 = 8 . 0 s?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What is the distance between P and

A. 20 m
B. 40 m
C. 60 m
D. 120 m

[Link].TZ2.10
A heat pump is modelled by the cycle A →B→C→A.

The heat pump transfers thermal energy to the interior of a building during processes
→
C A and A →B
and absorbs thermal energy from the environment during process C. B→
The working substance is an ideal gas.

a.

Show that the work done on the gas for the isothermal process C→A is
approximately 440 J.

2
[ ]

bi. Calculate the change in internal energy of the gas for the process A →B. [2]

bii. Calculate the temperature at A if the temperature at B is −40°C. [1]

c.

Determine, using the first law of thermodynamics, the total thermal energy
transferred to the building during the processes C→A and A→B.

[3]

d. Suggest why this cycle is not a suitable model for a working heat pump. [ ] 2
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[Link].TZ1.19
E
A horizontal electrical cable carries a steady current out of the page. The arth’s
magnetic field exerts a force on the cable.

E
Which arrow shows the direction of the force on the cable due to the arth’s magnetic
field ?

[Link].TZ0.4
B
Two loudspeakers, A and , are driven in phase and with the same amplitude at a
B
frequency of 850 Hz. Point P is located 22 . 5 m from A and 24 . 3 m from . The speed of
sound is 340 m s-1 .

a. Deduce that a minimum intensity of sound is heard at P. [4]

b.

A microphone moves along the line from P to Q. PQ is normal to the line midway
between the loudspeakers.

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The intensity of sound is detected by the microphone. Predict the variation of

detected intensity as the microphone moves from P to . Q
2
[ ]

c.

Q
When both loudspeakers are operating, the intensity of sound recorded at is 𝐼0 .
L B L
oudspeaker is now disconnected. oudspeaker A continues to emit sound with
Q
unchanged amplitude and frequency. The intensity of sound recorded at changes
to 𝐼A .

Estimate 𝐼𝐼 .
A
0
2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.7
Three forces act on a block which is sliding down a slope at constant speed. 𝑊 is the
weight, 𝑅 is the reaction force at the surface of the block and 𝐹 is the friction force acting
on the block.

In this situation

A. there must be an unbalanced force down the plane.

B. 𝑊 = 𝑅.
C. 𝐹 = 𝑊.
D. the resultant force on the block is zero.
[Link].TZ1.22
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The diagram shows the emission spectrum of an atom.

Which of the following atomic energy level models can produce this spectrum ?

[Link].TZ1.1
In an experiment to measure the acceleration of free fall a student ties two different
blocks of masses m1 and m2 to the ends of a string that passes over a frictionless pulley.

The student calculates the acceleration a of the blocks by measuring the time taken by
𝑚 −𝑚
the heavier mass to fall through a given distance. Their theory predicts that 𝑎 = 𝑔 1 2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
and this can be re-arranged to give 𝑔 = 𝑎 .
𝑚1 − 𝑚2

In a particular experiment the student calculates that a = (0.204 ±0.002) ms–2 using m =
2 ± = 2 ±
1
(0.1 5 0.001) kg and m2 (0.1 0 0.001) kg.

a.i. Calculate the percentage error in the measured value of g. [3]

[Link]. Deduce the value of g and its absolute uncertainty for this experiment. 2
[ ]

b.i.

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There is an advantage and a disadvantage in using two masses that are almost
equal.

State and explain the advantage with reference to the magnitude of the
acceleration that is obtained.

2
[ ]

[Link].

There is an advantage and a disadvantage in using two masses that are almost
equal.

State and explain the disadvantage with reference to your answer to (a)(ii). 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.8
A table-tennis ball of mass 3 g is fired with a speed of 10 m s-1 from a stationary toy gun
of mass 0.600 kg. The gun and ball are an isolated system.

What are the recoil speed of the toy gun and the total momentum of the system
immediately after the gun is fired ?

[Link].TZ0.8
A balloon rises at a steady vertical velocity of 10 m s-1 . An object is dropped from the
balloon at a height of 40 m above the ground. Air resistance is negligible. What is the
time taken for the object to hit the ground ?
A. 10 s
B. 5 s
C. 4 s
D. 2 s

[Link].TZ0.5
The graph shows how current 𝐼 varies with potential difference 𝑉 across a component . X
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Component X and a cell of negligible internal resistance are placed in a circuit.

A variable resistor R is connected in series with component X. The ammeter reads 20 mA.

Component X and the cell are now placed in a potential divider circuit.

a. Outline why component X is considered non-ohmic. [1]

b(i). Determine the resistance of the variable resistor. [3]

b(ii). Calculate the power dissipated in the circuit. [1]

c(i).

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 State the range of current that the ammeter can measure as the slider S of the
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

potential divider is moved from Q to P.

[1]

c(ii).

Describe, by reference to your answer for (c)(i), the advantage of the potential
divider arrangement over the arrangement in (b).

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.23
14
The carbon isotope C is radioactive. It decays according to the equation
6
14
6
C → 147N + X + Y

What are X and Y?

[Link].TZ1.28

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The four pendulums shown have been cut from the same uniform sheet of board. They
are attached to the ceiling with strings of equal length.

Which pendulum has the shortest period ?

[Link].TZ2.9
F
A block of weight W slides down a ramp at constant velocity. A friction force acts
between the bottom of the block and the surface of the ramp. A normal reaction acts N
between the ramp and the block. What is the free-body diagram for the forces that act
on the block ?

[Link].TZ2.4
XY Z
Three identical light bulbs, , and , each of resistance 4.0 Ω are connected to a cell of
emf 1 2V
. The cell has negligible internal resistance.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a. The switch S is initially open. Calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit.
[2]

bi.

S
The switch is now closed. tate, without calculation, why the current in the cell will
increase.

[1]

bii. D
The switch is now closed. educe the ratio
power dissipated in Y with S open
power dissipated in Y with S closed
. 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.9
An object of mass 𝑚 strikes a vertical wall horizontally at speed 𝑈. The object rebounds
from the wall horizontally at speed 𝑉.

What is the magnitude of the change in the momentum of the object ?

A. 0
B. 𝑚𝑉 - 𝑈
C. 𝑚𝑈 - 𝑉
D. 𝑚𝑈 + 𝑉
[Link].TZ1.2
In an investigation a student folds paper into cylinders of the same diameter but D
B
different heights. eginning with the shortest cylinder they applied the same fixed load
H
to each of the cylinders one by one. They recorded the height of the first cylinder to
collapse.

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They then repeat this process with cylinders of different diameters.

The graph shows the data plotted by the student and the line of best fit.

Theory predicts that H = 𝑐𝐷 2

3 where c is a constant.

a. Suggest why the student’s data supports the theoretical prediction. 2

[ ]

b. Determine c. State an appropriate unit for c. [3]

b. Determine c. State an appropriate unit for c. [3]

c. Identify one factor that determines the value of c. [1]

[Link].TZ2.13
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A solid sphere is released from rest below the surface of a fluid and begins to fall.

a.

Draw and label the forces acting on the sphere at the instant when it is released.
[1]

b. Explain why the sphere will reach a terminal speed. 2

[ ]

c.

N × F
The weight of the sphere is 6.16 m and the radius is 5.00 10-3 m. or a fluid of
× 2
density 8.50 102 kg m-3, the terminal speed is found to be 0. 80 m s-1. Calculate
the viscosity of the fluid.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.10
A substance changes from the solid phase to the gas phase without becoming a liquid
and without a change in temperature.

What is true about the internal energy of the substance and the total intermolecular
potential energy of the substance when this phase change occurs ?

[Link].TZ1.29
Y
In a oung’s double-slit experiment, the distance between fringes is too small to be
observed.

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 ?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What change would increase the distance between fringes

A. Increasing the frequency of light

B. Increasing the distance between slits

C. Increasing the distance from the slits to the screen

D. Increasing the distance between light source and slits

[Link].TZ2.10
Satellite X is in orbit around the Earth. An identical satellite Y is in a higher orbit. What is
correct for the total energy and the kinetic energy of the satellite Y compared with
satellite X?

[Link].TZ0.10
A horizontal force 𝐹 acts on a sphere. A horizontal resistive force 𝑘𝑣2 acts on the sphere
where 𝑣 is the speed of the sphere and 𝑘 is a constant. What is the terminal velocity of
the sphere ?
𝑘
A. √𝐹
B. 𝑘
𝐹
𝐹
C.
𝑘

D. √ 𝐹𝑘
[Link].TZ2.11
R
The escape speed from a planet of radius is vesc. A satellite orbits the planet at a
R
distance from the surface of the planet. What is the orbital speed of the satellite ?
1
A. 𝑣
2 esc

B. √22 𝑣esc
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C. √2 𝑣esc

D. 2𝑣esc
[Link].TZ1.30
2
The headlights of a car emit light of wavelength 400 nm and are separated by 1. m. The
headlights are viewed by an observer whose eye has an aperture of 4.0 mm. The
observer can just distinguish the headlights as separate images. What is the distance
between the observer and the headlights ?
A. 8 km

B. 10 km
C. 15 km

D. 20 km
[Link].TZ2.12
A liquid of mass m and specific heat capacity c cools. The rate of change of the
temperature of the liquid is k. What is the rate at which thermal energy is transferred from
the liquid ?
𝑚𝑐
A.
𝑘

B. 𝑚𝑐𝑘
1
C.
𝑘𝑚𝑐

D. kmc
[Link].TZ0.5
=
A square loop of side 5.0 cm enters a region of uniform magnetic field at t 0. The loop
= 9
exits the region of magnetic field at t 3.5 s. The magnetic field strength is 0. 4 T and is
directed into the plane of the paper. The magnetic field extends over a length 65 cm. The
speed of the loop is constant.

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a. Show that the speed of the loop is 20 cm s− .1 [1]

b.i.

Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with time of the magnetic flux
linkage 𝛷 in the loop.

[1]

[Link].

Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with time of the magnitude of the
emf induced in the loop.

[1]

c.i.

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There are 85 turns of wire in the loop. Calculate the maximum induced emf in the
loop.

2
[ ]

[Link].

2 Ω
The resistance of the loop is .4 . Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic
force on the loop as it enters the region of magnetic field.

2
[ ]

d.i. Show that the energy dissipated in the loop from t = 0 to t = 3.5 s is 0.13 J. [2]
[Link].

J
The mass of the wire is 18 g. The specific heat capacity of copper is 385 kg−1
K E
−1. stimate the increase in temperature of the wire.
2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.14
X
Cylinder has a volume 𝑉 and contains 3.0 mol of an ideal gas. Cylinder Y has a volume 𝑉2
2
and contains .0 mol of the same gas.

The gases in X and Y are at the same temperature 𝑇. The containers are joined by a valve
which is opened so that the temperatures do not change.

What is the change in pressure in X?

1 𝑅𝑇
A. + ( )
3 𝑉

B. − 13 ( 𝑅𝑇𝑉 )
2 𝑅𝑇
C. + ( )
3 𝑉

D. − 23 ( 𝑅𝑇𝑉 )
[Link].TZ1.31
A transparent liquid film of refractive index 1.5 coats the outside of a glass lens of higher
refractive index. The liquid film is used to eliminate reflection from the lens at wavelength
λ in air.

What is the minimum thickness of the liquid film coating and the phase change at the
–
liquid glass interface ?

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[Link].TZ2.14
A railway track passes over a bridge that has a span of 0 m. 2

The bridge is subject to a periodic force as a train crosses, this is caused by the weight of
the train acting through the wheels as they pass the centre of the bridge.

The wheels of the train are separated by 5 m. 2

The graph shows the variation of the amplitude of vibration A of the bridge with driving
frequency fD, when the damping of the bridge system is small.

a.

Show that, when the speed of the train is 10 m s-1, the frequency of the periodic
force is 0.4 Hz.

[1]

b.

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 Outline, with reference to the curve, why it is unsafe to drive a train across the
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

bridge at 30 m s-1 for this amount of damping.

2
[ ]

c.

D
The damping of the bridge system can be varied. raw, on the graph, a second
curve when the damping is larger.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.13
The graph shows the variation of the displacement of a wave with distance along the
wave.

The wave speed is 0.50 m s-1.

What is the period of the wave ?

A. 0.33 s

B. 1.5 s
C. 3.0 s

D. 6.0 s
[Link].TZ0.11
An ideal gas of constant mass is heated in a container of constant volume.
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What is the reason for the increase in pressure of the gas ?

A. The average number of molecules per unit volume increases.

B. The average force per impact at the container wall increases.

C. Molecules collide with each other more frequently.

D. Molecules occupy a greater fractional volume of the container.

[Link].TZ0.6
One possible fission reaction of uranium-235 (U-235) is
235 1
92U + 0n → 140 94 1
54Xe + 38Sr + 2 0n

Mass of one atom of U-235 = 235 u

Binding energy per nucleon for U-235 = 7 . 59 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon for Xe-140 = 8 . 29 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon for Sr-94 = 8 . 59 MeV
A nuclear power station uses U-235 as fuel. Assume that every fission reaction of U-235
gives rise to 180 MeV of energy.

9 S9 S9
A sample of waste produced by the reactor contains 1 . 0 kg of strontium- 4 ( r- 4). r- 4
X
is radioactive and undergoes beta-minus (β- ) decay into a daughter nuclide . The
reaction for this decay is
94
38Sr → X + v̄𝑒 + 𝑒.

S9
The graph shows the variation with time of the mass of r- 4 remaining in the sample.

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a(i). State what is meant by binding energy of a nucleus. [1]

a(ii).

Outline why quantities such as atomic mass and nuclear binding energy are often
expressed in non-SI units.

[1]

a(iii). Show that the energy released in the reaction is about 180 MeV. [1]

b(i). Estimate, in J kg-1, the specific energy of U-235. [ ] 2

b(ii).

The power station has a useful power output of 1 . 2 GW and an efficiency of 36 %.

D 2
etermine the mass of U- 35 that undergoes fission in one day.

[ ] 2
c(i). Write down the proton number of nuclide . X [1]

c(ii). State the half-life of Sr-94. [1]

c(iii). Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after 10 minutes. [ ] 2
[Link].TZ1.32
Q E
A negative charge is to be moved within an electric field , to equidistant points from
its position, as shown.

Which path requires the most work done ?

[Link].TZ1.33
E
The escape velocity for an object at the surface of the arth is vesc. The diameter of the
M E M
oon is 4 times smaller than that of the arth and the mass of the oon is 81 times
E
smaller than that of the arth. What is the escape velocity of the object on the oon M ?
2
A. vesc
81

B. 814 v esc

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2
C. vesc
9

D. 49 v esc

[Link].TZ2.16
An object at the end of a spring oscillates vertically with simple harmonic motion (shm).
The graph shows the variation with time 𝑡 of the displacement 𝑥 of the object.

What is the velocity of the object ?

2𝜋𝐴
A. − sin⁡( 𝜋𝑡 )
𝑇 𝑇

B. 2𝜋𝐴𝑇 sin⁡( 𝜋𝑡𝑇 )

2𝜋𝐴
C. − cos⁡( 𝜋𝑡 )
𝑇 𝑇

D. 2𝜋𝐴𝑇 cos⁡( 𝜋𝑡𝑇 )

[Link].TZ0.1
A spherical soap bubble is made of a thin film of soapy water. The bubble has an internal
air pressure 𝑃i and is formed in air of constant pressure 𝑃o . The theoretical prediction for
the variation of 𝑃i - 𝑃o is given by the equation

(𝑃i - 𝑃o ) = 4g𝑅

where 𝛾 is a constant for the thin film and 𝑅 is the radius of the bubble.

Data for 𝑃i - 𝑃o and 𝑅 were collected1 under controlled conditions and plotted as a graph
showing the variation of 𝑃i - 𝑃o with .
𝑅

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a. Suggest whether the data are consistent with the theoretical prediction. 2
[ ]

b(i). Show that the value of 𝛾 is about 0.03. [2]

b(ii). Identify the fundamental units of 𝛾. [1]

b(iii).

In order to find the uncertainty for 𝛾, a maximum gradient line would be drawn. On
the graph, sketch the maximum gradient line for the data.

[1]

b(iv).

S
The percentage uncertainty for 𝛾 is 15%. tate 𝛾, with its absolute uncertainty. 2
[ ]

b(v). The expected value of 𝛾 is 0 . 027. Comment on your result. [1]

[Link].TZ1.34
E
A satellite in a circular orbit around the arth needs to reduce its orbital radius.

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What is the work done by the satellite rocket engine and the change in kinetic energy
?
resulting from this shift in orbital height

[Link].TZ1.35
The graph below shows the variation with time of the magnetic flux through a coil.

Which of the following gives three times for which the magnitude of the induced emf is a
maximum ?
𝑇 𝑇
A. 0, ,
4 2

B. 0, 𝑇2 , T
𝑇
C. 0, , T
4

D. 𝑇4 , 𝑇2 , 3𝑇4
[Link].TZ2.17
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A mass on a spring is displaced from its equilibrium position. Which graph represents the
?
variation of acceleration with displacement for the mass after it is released

[Link].TZ2.6
2
An object of mass .0 kg rests on a rough surface. A person pushes the object in a
N
straight line with a force of 10 through a distance d.

The resultant force acting on the object throughout d is 6.0 . N

What is the value of the sliding coefficient of friction 𝜇 between the surface and the
object and what is the acceleration a of the object ?

[Link].TZ1.36
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 μF and 6 μF are connected in series and charged using a 9 V battery.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Two capacitors of 3

What charge is stored on each capacitor?

[Link].TZ1.37
The circuit diagram shows a capacitor that is charged by the battery after the switch is
X V
connected to terminal . The cell has emf and internal resistance r. After the switch is
Y
connected to terminal the capacitor discharges through the resistor of resistance . R

What is the nature of the current and magnitude of the initial current in the resistor after
the switch is connected to terminal Y?

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[Link].TZ1.38
A metallic surface is first irradiated with infrared radiation and photoelectrons are emitted
from the surface. The infrared radiation is replaced by ultraviolet radiation of the same
intensity.

What will be the change in the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons and the rate at
which they are ejected ?

[Link].TZ2.15
Unpolarized light is incident on two polarizers. The axes of polarization of both polarizers
°
are initially parallel. The second polarizer is then rotated through 360 as shown.

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Which graph shows the variation of intensity with angle θ for the light leaving the second
polarizer ?

[Link].TZ1.39
The half-life of a radioactive nuclide is 8.0 s. The initial activity of a pure sample of the
B
nuclide is 10 000 q. What is the approximate activity of the sample after 4.0 s ?
A. 500 q2
B
B. 5000 Bq
C. 7100 Bq

D. 7500 Bq
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[Link].TZ2.7
E
A rocket has just been launched vertically from arth. The image shows the free-body
F
diagram of the rocket. 1 represents a larger force than 2. F

Which force pairs with F and which force pairs with F2, according to Newton’s third law?
1

[Link].TZ2.8
N
An object is pushed from rest by a constant net force of 100 . When the object has
2
travelled .0 m the object has reached a velocity of 10 m s−1.

What is the mass of the object ?

A. 2 kg
B. 4 kg
C. 40 kg

D. 200 kg
[Link].TZ1.40
A particle is confined within a nucleus. What is the order of magnitude of the uncertainty
in the momentum of the particle ?
A. 10–10Ns
B. 10– N s 15

C. 10–2 N s 0

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 D. 10–25 N s
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[Link].TZ1.30
−2 × X
A particle with charge .5 10−6 C moves from point to point due to a Y
uniform electrostatic field. The diagram shows some equipotential lines of the field.

What is correct about the motion of the particle from X to Y and the magnitude of the
work done by the field on the particle?

[Link].TZ2.9
Two blocks of different masses are released from identical springs of elastic constant k =
N Δ= B X
100 m−1, initially compressed a distance x 0.1 m. lock has a mass of 1 kg and
Y 2
block has a mass of 0. 5 kg.

What are the velocities of the blocks when they leave the springs ?

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[Link].TZ1.6
The particle omega minus (Ω− ) decays at rest into a neutral pion (𝜋0 ) and the xi baryon (
Ξ− ) according to
Ω− → 𝜋0 + Ξ −

2 9 7 MeV c– .
The pion momentum is 8 . 1

The rest masses of the particles are:

: 72 MeV c–2
Ω− 16

𝜋 : 135.0 MeV c–2

0

Ξ−: 1321 MeV c–2

a. Show that energy is conserved in this decay. [3]

b. Calculate the speed of the pion. [ ] 2

[Link].TZ0.5
Σ
A + particle decays from rest into a neutron and another particle X according to the
reaction

Σ →n+X
+

The following data are available.

Rest mass of Σ +
= 1190 MeV c–2–
Momentum of neutron = 185 MeV c 1

Calculate, for the neutron,

a(i). the total energy. [1]

a(ii). the speed. [ ] 2

b. Determine the rest mass of X. [3]

[Link].TZ0.1
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A company delivers packages to customers using a small unmanned aircraft. otating R

horizontal blades exert a force on the surrounding air. The air above the aircraft is initially
stationary.

The air is propelled vertically downwards with speed 𝑣. The aircraft hovers motionless
above the ground. A package is suspended from the aircraft on a string. The mass of the
aircraft is 0 . 95 kg and the combined mass of the package and string is 0 . 45 kg. The mass
of air pushed downwards by the blades in one second is 1 . 7 kg.

a(i). State the value of the resultant force on the aircraft when hovering. [1]

a(ii).

Outline, by reference to Newton’s third law, how the upward lift force on the aircraft
is achieved.

2
[ ]

a(iii).

Determine 𝑣. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. [3]

a(iv). Calculate the power transferred to the air by the aircraft. 2

[ ]

b.

The package and string are now released and fall to the ground. The lift force on the
aircraft remains unchanged. Calculate the initial acceleration of the aircraft.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.31
Which is a correct unit for gravitational potential ?
A. m2 s−2

B. J kg
C. m s−2

D. N m− kg− 1 1

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[Link].TZ0.2
A student studies the relationship between the centripetal force applied to an object
undergoing circular motion and its period 𝑇.

The object (mass 𝑚) is attached by a light inextensible string, through a tube, to a weight
𝑊 which hangs vertically. The string is free to move through the tube. A student swings
the mass in a horizontal, circular path, adjusting the period 𝑇 of the motion until the
radius 𝑟 is constant. The radius of the circle and the mass of the object are measured and
remain constant for the entire experiment.

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.

The student collects the measurements of 𝑇 five times, for weight 𝑊. The weight is then
doubled (2𝑊) and the data collection repeated. Then it is repeated with 3𝑊 and 4𝑊. The
results are expected to support the relationship
2
𝑊 = 4π 2𝑚𝑟 .
𝑇

In reality, there is friction in the system, so in this case 𝑊 is less than the total centripetal
force in the system. A suitable graph is plotted to determine the value of 𝑚𝑟
experimentally. The value of 𝑚𝑟 was also calculated directly from the measured values of
𝑚 and 𝑟.

a. State why the experiment is repeated with different values of 𝑊. [1]

b.

Predict from the equation whether the value of 𝑚𝑟 found experimentally will be
larger, the same or smaller than the value of 𝑚𝑟 calculated directly.

2
[ ]

c(i).

E
The measurements of 𝑇 were collected five times. xplain how repeated
measurements of 𝑇 reduced the random error in the final experimental value of 𝑚𝑟.

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[ ]

c(ii).

Outline why repeated measurements of 𝑇 would not reduce any systematic error in
𝑇.
[1]

[Link].TZ0.6
S R R
A black hole has a chwarzschild radius . A probe at a distance of 0.5 from the event
horizon of the black hole emits radio waves of frequency 𝑓 that are received by an
observer very far from the black hole.

a.

Explain why the frequency of the radio waves detected by the observer is lower
than 𝑓.

2
[ ]

b.

2
The probe emits 0 short pulses of these radio waves every minute, according to a
clock in the probe. Calculate the time between pulses as measured by the observer.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.10
A quantity of an ideal gas is at a temperature T in a cylinder with a movable piston that
L
traps a length of the gas. The piston is moved so that the length of the trapped gas is
5𝐿
reduced to and the pressure of the gas doubles.
6

What is the temperature of the gas at the end of the change ?

5
A.
12
𝑇

B. 3
5
𝑇

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5
C. 𝑇
3

D. 12
5
𝑇

[Link].TZ1.2
A planet is in a circular orbit around a star. The speed of the planet is constant.

a.i. Explain why a centripetal force is needed for the planet to be in a circular orbit.
[2]

[Link]. State the nature of this centripetal force. [1]

b. Determine the gravitational field of the planet. The following data are given:

Mass of planet = 8 . 0 × 1024 kg [2]

Radius of the planet = 9 . 1 × 106 m.
[Link].TZ1.32
R
A planet has radius . The escape speed from the surface of the planet is v. At what
distance from the surface of the planet is the orbital speed 0.5v ?
A. 0.5 R
B. R
C. 2R

D. 4R
[Link].TZ2.11
What is true for an ideal gas ?
R = NkBT
A. n T

B. nRT = kBT
C. RT = NkBT

D. RT = kBT
[Link].TZ1.33
2
A conducting ring encloses an area of .0 cm2 and is perpendicular to a magnetic field
of strength 5.0 mT. The direction of the magnetic field is reversed in a time 4.0 s. What is
the average emf induced in the ring ?
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A. 0

B. 0.25 μV
C. 0.40 μV

D. 0.50 μV
[Link].TZ0.3
Two parallel current-carrying wires have equal currents in the same direction. There is an
attractive force between the wires.

a.

Maxwell’s equations led to the constancy of the speed of light. Identify what
Maxwell’s equations describe.
[1]

b.

State a postulate that is the same for both special relativity and Galilean relativity.
[1]

c(i).

Identify the nature of the attractive force recorded by an observer stationary with
respect to the wires.

[1]

c(ii).

A second observer moves at the drift velocity of the electron current in the wires.
Discuss how this observer accounts for the force between the wires.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.7
O X
A box is in free fall in a uniform gravitational field. bserver is at rest inside the box.
O Y
bserver is at rest relative to the gravitational field. A light source inside the box emits
a light ray that is initially parallel to the floor of the box according to both observers.

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a. State the equivalence principle. [1]

b.i. State and explain the path of the light ray according to observer X. 2
[ ]

[Link]. State and explain the path of the light ray according to observer Y. [2]

[Link].TZ1.34
L
The conservation of which quantity explains enz’s law ?
A. Charge

B. Energy
C. Magnetic field

D. Mass
[Link].TZ2.12
Which assumption is part of the molecular kinetic model of ideal gases ?
A. The work done on a system equals the change in kinetic energy of the system.

B. The volume of a gas results from adding the volume of the individual molecules.
C. A gas is made up of tiny identical particles in constant random motion.

D. All particles in a gas have kinetic and potential energy.

[Link].TZ0.9

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A Pitot tube shown in the diagram is used to determine the speed of air flowing steadily
B
in a horizontal wind tunnel. The narrow tube between points A and is filled with a liquid.
B
At point the speed of the air is zero.

a. Explain why the levels of the liquid are at different heights. [3]

b.

The density of the liquid in the tube is 8. 7× 2

102 kg m–3 and the density of air is 1.
–3 D
kg m . The difference in the level of the liquid is 6.0 cm. etermine the speed of air
at A.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.10
Gasoline of density 720 kg m– 3 flows in a pipe of constant diameter.

a. State one condition that must be satisfied for the Bernoulli equation
1
2
ρv2 + ρgz + ρ = constant to apply [1]

b.i. Outline why the speed of the gasoline at X is the same as that at Y. [1]

[Link]. Calculate the difference in pressure between X and Y. 2

[ ]

[Link].

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 Y XE
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The diameter at is made smaller than that at . xplain why the pressure
X Y
difference between and will increase.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.35
A resistor designed for use in a direct current (dc) circuit is labelled “50 W,2Ω”. The
resistor is connected in series with an alternating current (ac) power supply of peak
V
potential difference 10 . What is the average power dissipated by the resistor in the ac
circuit ?
A. 5 W 2
B. 35 W
C. 50 W

D. 100 W
[Link].TZ2.13
System X is at a temperature of 40 °C. Thermal energy is provided to system X until it
reaches a temperature of 50 °C. System Y is at a temperature of 283 K. Thermal energy is
provided to system Y until it reaches a temperature of 293 K.
What is the difference in the thermal energy provided to both systems ?
A. Zero
B. Larger for X
C. Larger for Y

D. Cannot be determined with the data given

[Link].TZ1.36
X V
A capacitor of capacitance is connected to a power supply of voltage . At time t = 0,
the capacitor is disconnected from the supply and discharged through a resistor of
R
resistance . What is the variation with time of the charge on the capacitor ?
𝑋
A. 𝑉 𝑒-𝑅𝑋𝑡
𝑋 𝑡
B. 𝑉 𝑒- 𝑅𝑋
C. 𝑋𝑉𝑒-𝑅𝑋𝑡
𝑡
D. 𝑋𝑉𝑒- 𝑅𝑋

[Link].TZ2.14
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A particle is moving in a straight line with an acceleration proportional to its

displacement and opposite to its direction. What are the velocity and the acceleration of
the particle when it is at its maximum displacement ?

[Link].TZ0.1
Which is a vector quantity ?
A. Acceleration

B. Energy
C. Pressure

D. Speed
[Link].TZ1.37
What is a consequence of the uncertainty principle ?
A. The absorption spectrum of hydrogen atoms is discrete.

B. Electrons in low energy states have short lifetimes.

C. Electrons cannot exist within nuclei.

D. Photons do not have momentum.

[Link].TZ2.15
Three statements about electromagnetic waves are :
I. They can be polarized.
II. They can be produced by accelerating electric charges.
III. They must travel at the same velocity in all media.

Which combination of statements is true ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

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C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.2
±
A ball of mass (50 1) g is moving with a speed of ( 5 2 ± 1) m s− . What is the fractional
1

uncertainty in the momentum of the ball ?

A. 0.0 2
B. 0.04
C. 0.06

D. 0.08
[Link].TZ2.16
G M
A wave travels along a string. raph shows the variation with time of the displacement
X G N
of a point on the string. raph shows the variation with distance of the displacement
of the string. P andQ RS
are marked on the graphs.

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What is the speed of the wave ?

PQ
A.
RS

B. PQ × RS
RS
C.
PQ

D. 1
PQ×RS

[Link].TZ0.10
A pendulum bob is displaced until its centre is 30 mm above its rest position and then
released. The motion of the pendulum is lightly damped.

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a. Describe what is meant by damped motion. [1]

b.

After one complete oscillation, the height of the pendulum bob above the rest
2 Q
position has decreased to 8 mm. Calculate the factor.

[1]

c.

The point of suspension now vibrates horizontally with small amplitude and
H
frequency 0.80 z, which is the natural frequency of the pendulum. The amount of
damping is unchanged.

When the pendulum oscillates with a constant amplitude the energy stored in the
2 J
system is 0 m . Calculate the average power, in W, delivered to the pendulum by
the driving force.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.38

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In a photoelectric effect experiment, a beam of light is incident on a metallic surface W in

a vacuum.

The graph shows how the current 𝐼 varies with the potential difference V when three
XY Z
different beams , , and are incident on W at different times.

X and Y have the same frequency.

I.
Y and Z have different intensity.
II.
Y and Z have the same frequency.
III.

Which statements are correct?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ2.17
3 4
The refractive index of glass is and the refractive index of water is . What is the critical
2
angle for light travelling from glass to water ? 3

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1
A. sin-1
2

B. sin-1 23
3
C. sin-1 4

D. sin-1 89
[Link].TZ0.3
The graph shows the variation with time t of the velocity of an object.

What is the variation with time t of the acceleration of the object ?

[Link].TZ1.39
The graphs show the variation with time of the activity and the number of remaining
nuclei for a sample of a radioactive nuclide.

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What is the decay constant of the nuclide?

A. 0.7 s-1
B. 1 s-1
1 -1
C.
0.7
s

D. 1.5 s-1
[Link].TZ1.11
The graph shows the variation with time t of the total energy E of a damped oscillating
system.

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a.

The Q factor for the system is 25. Determine the period of oscillation for this system.
[3]

b.

Another system has the same initial total energy and period as that in (a) but its Q
2
factor is greater than 5. Without any calculations, draw on the graph, the variation
with time of the total energy of this system.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.4
A ball is thrown vertically downwards with an initial speed of 4.0 m s−1. The ball hits the
ground with a speed of 16 m s−1. Air resistance is negligible. What is the time of fall and
what is the distance travelled by the ball ?

[Link].TZ2.18
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2
Unpolarized light with an intensity of 3 0 W m−2 goes through a polarizer and an analyser,
originally aligned parallel.

The analyser is rotated through an angle θ = 30°. Cos 30° = √23 .

What is the intensity of the light emerging from the analyser ?

2
A. 1 0 W m−2

B. 80√3 W m−2
C. 240 W m−2

D. 160√3 W m−2
[Link].TZ1.40
What was a reason to postulate the existence of neutrinos ?
A. Nuclear energy levels had a continuous spectrum.
B. The photon emission spectrum only contained specific wavelengths.
C. Some particles were indistinguishable from their antiparticle.

D. The energy of emitted beta particles had a continuous spectrum.

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[Link].TZ1.1
Which lists one scalar and two vector quantities ?
A. Mass, momentum, potential difference
B. Mass, power, velocity
C. Power, intensity, velocity

D. Power, momentum, velocity

[Link].TZ0.35
2
The root mean square (rms) current in the primary coil of an ideal transformer is .0 A. The
V
rms voltage in the secondary coil is 50 . The average power transferred from
2
the secondary coil is 0 W.

What is
𝑁𝑝
𝑁𝑠
?
and what is the average power transferred from the primary coil

[Link].TZ0.5
An elevator (lift) and its load accelerate vertically upwards.

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Which statement is correct in this situation ?

A. The net force on the load is zero.

B. The tension in the cable is equal but opposite to the combined weight of the elevator
and its load.

C. The normal reaction force on the load is equal but opposite to the force on the
elevator from the load.

D. The elevator and its load are in translational equilibrium.

[Link].TZ1.6
A ball undergoes an elastic collision with a vertical wall. Which of the following is equal to
zero ?
A. The change of the magnitude of linear momentum of the ball

B. The magnitude of the change of linear momentum of the ball

C. The rate of change of linear momentum of the ball

D. The impulse of the force on the ball

[Link].TZ2.19
Q
A charge is at a point between two electric charges 1 and Q Q2. The net electric force
Q Q Q
on is zero. Charge 1 is further from than charge 2. Q
What is true about the signs of the charges Q 1 and Q2 and their magnitudes?

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[Link].TZ0.36
Two initially uncharged capacitors X and Y are connected in series to a cell as shown.

What is
voltage across X
voltage across Y
?
1
A.
2

B. 1
C. 2
D. 4
[Link].TZ0.6
X and Y are two objects on a frictionless table connected by a string. The mass of X is 2
kg and the mass of Y is 4 kg. The mass of the string is negligible. A constant horizontal
force of 12 N acts on Y.

What are the acceleration of Y and the magnitude of the tension in the string?

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[Link].TZ1.7
Two forces act on an object in different directions. The magnitudes of the forces are 18N
and 27 N 9
. The mass of the object is .0 kg. What is a possible value for the acceleration of
the object ?
A. 0 m s−2

B. 0.5 m s−2
C. 2.0 m s−2

D. 6.0 m s−2
[Link].TZ2.20
A battery of negligible internal resistance is connected to a lamp. A second identical lamp
is added in series. What is the change in potential difference across the first lamp and
what is the change in the output power of the battery ?

[Link].TZ1.8
Two identical boxes are stored in a warehouse as shown in the diagram. Two forces
acting on the top box and two forces acting on the bottom box are shown.

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Which is a force pair according to Newton’s third law?

A. 1 and 2
B. 3 and 4
C. 2 and 3

D. 2 and 4
[Link].TZ0.7
An object of mass 1.0 kg hangs at rest from a spring. The spring has a negligible mass and
2 N
the spring constant k is 0 m−1

What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring ?

A. 1.0 J
B. 2.5 J
C. 5.0 J
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D. 10 J
[Link].TZ2.21
A circuit consists of a cell of emf E= V
3.0 and four resistors connected as shown.
R R R Ω R R
esistors 1 and 4 are 1.0 and resistors 2 and 3 are .0 . 2 Ω
What is the voltmeter reading ?

A. 0.50 V
B. 1.0 V
C. 1.5 V

D. 2.0 V
[Link].TZ0.37
In a photoelectric experiment a stopping voltage 𝑉 required to prevent photoelectrons
from flowing across the photoelectric cell is measured for light of two frequencies 𝑓1 and
𝑓2 . The results obtained are shown.

𝑉2 - 𝑉1
The ratio is an estimate of
𝑓2 - 𝑓1

A. 𝑒
B. ℎ
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

𝑒
C.
ℎ

D. ℎ
𝑒

[Link].TZ2.22
A rectangular coil of wireRSTU is connected to a battery and placed in a magnetic field Z
B
directed to the right. oth the plane of the coil and the magnetic field direction are in the
same plane.

What is true about the magnetic force acting on the sides RS and ST?

[Link].TZ1.9
×
An electron has a linear momentum of 4.0 10−25 kg m s−1. What is the order of
magnitude of the kinetic energy of the electron ?
A. 10−50 J
B. 10− J 34

C. 10− 9 J 1

D. 10 J 6

[Link].TZ0.8

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A net force 𝐹 acts on an object of mass 𝑚 that is initially at rest. The object moves in
a straight line. The variation of 𝐹 with the distance 𝑠 is shown.

What is the speed of the object at the distance 𝑠1 ?

𝐹1 𝑠 1
A. √ 2𝑚

B. √ 𝐹𝑚𝑠 1 1

2𝐹1 𝑠1
C. √ 𝑚

D. √ 4𝐹𝑚𝑠 1 1

[Link].TZ2.23
E
A satellite is orbiting arth in a circular path at constant speed. Three statements about
the resultant force on the satellite are :
I. It is equal to the gravitational force of attraction on the satellite.
II. It is equal to the mass of the satellite multiplied by its acceleration.
III. It is equal to the centripetal force on the satellite.

Which combination of statements is correct ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ2.24
Three statements about Newton’s law of gravitation are:
I. It can be used to predict the motion of a satellite.
II. It explains why gravity exists.
III. It is used to derive the expression for gravitational potential energy.

about:blank 485/842
 ?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Which combination of statements is correct

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.9
A ball rolls on the floor towards a wall and rebounds with the same speed and at the
same angle to the wall.

What is the direction of the impulse applied to the ball by the wall ?

[Link].TZ0.8
The graph shows the variation with diffraction angle of the intensity of light after it
has passed through four parallel slits.

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The number of slits is increased but their separation and width stay the same. All slits are
illuminated.

a. State what is meant by the Doppler effect. 2

[ ]

b.

A plate performs simple harmonic oscillations with a frequency of 39 Hz and

an amplitude of 8.0 cm.

Show that the maximum speed of the oscillating plate is about 20 m s− .1 2

[ ]

c.

Sound of frequency 2400 Hz is emitted from a stationary

−
source towards the
oscillating plate in (b). The speed of sound is 340 m s 1.

Determine the maximum frequency of the sound that is received back at the
source after reflection at the plate.

2
[ ]

d.i. State what will happen to the angular position of the primary maxima. [1]

[Link]. State what will happen to the width of the primary maxima. [1]

[Link]. State what will happen to the intensity of the secondary maxima. [1]

[Link].TZ1.12
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2
A quantity of .00 mol of an ideal gas is maintained at a temperature of 1 27 ºC in a
container of volume 0.083 m3. What is the pressure of the gas ?
A. 8 kPa

B. 25 kPa
C. 40 kPa

D. 80 kPa
[Link].TZ0.38
A beam of electrons moving in the direction shown is incident on a rectangular slit of
width 𝑑.

The component of momentum of the electrons in direction 𝑦 after passing through the
slit is 𝑝. The uncertainty in 𝑝 is

A. proportional to 𝑑

B. proportional to 𝑑1
1
C. proportional to
𝑑2

D. zero
[Link].TZ2.25
Three statements about electrons are :
E
I. lectrons interact through virtual photons.
E
II. lectrons interact through gluons.
E
III. lectrons interact through particles W and .Z
Which statements identify the particles mediating the forces experienced by electrons ?
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

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C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.10
A liquid is vaporized to a gas at a constant temperature.

Three quantities of the substance are the

I. total intermolecular potential energy

II. root mean square speed of the molecules
III. average distance between the molecules.

Which quantities are greater for the substance in the gas phase compared to the liquid
phase ?
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ1.15
X
Two identical waves, each with amplitude 0 and intensity I, interfere constructively.
What are the amplitude and intensity of the resultant wave ?

[Link].TZ2.26
The energy levels of an atom are shown. How many photons of energy greater than 1.9
V
e can be emitted by this atom ?

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A. 1

B. 2
C. 3

D. 4
[Link].TZ0.11
A mass 𝑚 of a liquid of specific heat capacity 𝑐 flows every second through a heater of
power 𝑃. What is the difference in temperature between the liquid entering and leaving
the heater ?
𝑚𝑐
A.
𝑃

B. 273 + 𝑚𝑐𝑃
𝑃
C.
𝑚𝑐

D. 273 + 𝑚𝑐𝑃
[Link].TZ0.39

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 Some of the nuclear energy levels of oxygen-14 ( O) and nitrogen-14 ( N) are shown.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test
14 14

O N
A nucleus of 14 decays into a nucleus of 14 with the emission of a positron and a gamma
ray. What is the maximum energy of the positron and the energy of the gamma ray ?

[Link].TZ1.16
Three quantities used to describe a light wave are

I. frequency
II. wavelength
III. speed.

Which quantities increase when the light wave passes from water to air ?
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.12
A fixed mass of an ideal gas has a volume of 𝑉, a pressure of p and a temperature of 30 °C
𝑉
2
. The gas is compressed to the volume of and its pressure increases to 1 p. What is the
new temperature of the gas ? 6

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

A. 15 °C
B. 60 °C
C. 333 °C
D. 606 °C

[Link].TZ1.17
L
A pipe of length is closed at one end. Another pipe is open at both ends and has length
2L. What is the lowest common frequency for the standing waves in the pipes ?
speed of sound in air
A.
8L

B. speed of sound
4L
in air

speed of sound in air

C.
2L

D. speed of sound
L
in air

[Link].TZ2.27
What statement is not true about radioactive decay ?
A. The percentage of radioactive nuclei of an isotope in a sample of that isotope after 7
half-lives is smaller than 1 . %
B. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for half the nuclei in a sample of
that isotope to decay.

C. The whole-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for all the nuclei in a sample of
that isotope to decay.

D. The half-life of radioactive isotopes range between extremely short intervals to

thousands of millions of years.

[Link].TZ0.40
The size of a nucleus can be estimated from electron diffraction experiments. What is the
B
order of magnitude of the de roglie wavelength of the electrons in these experiments ?
A. 10−15 m

B. 10− 13 m

C. 10−11 m

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 D.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

10−9 m

[Link].TZ0.13
A particle undergoes simple harmonic motion of amplitude 𝑥0 and frequency 𝑓. What is
the average speed of the particle during one oscillation ?
A. 0
B. 𝑓 𝑥0
C. 2𝑓 𝑥0
D. 4𝑓 𝑥0

[Link].TZ0.1
2
A ball of mass 0. 50 kg is released from rest at time t = 0, from a height H above a
horizontal floor.

The graph shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of the ball. Air resistance
is negligible. Take g = −9
.80 m s−2. The ball reaches the floor after 1.0 s.

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a. Determine H. [1]

b.i.

Label the time and velocity graph, using the letter M, the point where the
ball reaches the maximum rebound height.

[1]

[Link]. State the acceleration of the ball at the maximum rebound height. [1]

[Link].

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with time of the height of the ball
from the instant it rebounds from the floor until the instant it reaches the maximum
rebound height. No numbers are required on the axes.

[1]

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c.

Estimate the loss in the mechanical energy of the ball as a result of the collision
with the floor.

[1]

d.i. Determine the average force exerted on the floor by the ball. [3]

[Link].

Suggest why the momentum of the ball was not conserved during the collision with
the floor.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.28
E
The age of the arth is about 4.5 × 109 years.
What area of physics provides experimental evidence for this conclusion ?
A. Newtonian mechanics
B. Optics
C. Radioactivity

D. Electromagnetism
[Link].TZ1.21
A long straight vertical conductor carries a current I upwards. An electron moves
with horizontal speed v to the right.

What is the direction of the magnetic force on the electron ?

D
A. ownwards

B. Upwards
C. Into the page

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.14
A travelling wave on the surface of a lake has wavelength 𝜆. Two points along the
wave oscillate with the phase difference of π. What is the smallest possible distance
between these two points ?
𝜆
A.
4

B. 𝜆
2

C. 𝜆
D. 2𝜆
[Link].TZ2.1
The radius of a circle is measured to be (10.0 ± 0.5) cm. What is the area of the circle?
A. (314.2 ± 0.3) cm2
B. (314 ± 1) cm2
C. (314 ± 15) cm2

D. (314 ± 31) cm2

[Link].TZ1.23
Which is the definition of gravitational field strength at a point ?
A. The sum of the gravitational fields created by all masses around the point

B. The gravitational force per unit mass experienced by a small point mass at that point
𝑀
C. 𝐺 2 , where 𝑀 is the mass of a planet and 𝑟 is the distance from the planet to the point
𝑟

D. The resultant force of gravitational attraction on a mass at that point

[Link].TZ0.15
Horizontally polarized light is incident on a pair of polarizers X and Y. The axis
of polarization of X makes an angle θ with the horizontal. The axis of polarization of Y is
vertical.

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What is θ so that the intensity of the light transmitted through Y is a maximum?

A. 0°
B. 45°
C. 90°
D. 180°
[Link].TZ2.39
The dashed line represents the variation with incident electromagnetic frequency 𝑓 of
E
the kinetic energy K of the photoelectrons ejected from a metal surface. The metal
surface is then replaced with one that requires less energy to remove an electron from
the surface.

Which graph of the variation of EK with 𝑓 will be observed?

[Link].TZ2.2
Q
Two different experiments, P and , generate two sets of data to confirm the
Q
proportionality of variables 𝑥 and 𝑦. The graphs for the data from P and are shown. The
maximum and minimum gradient lines are shown for both sets of data.

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What is true about the systematic error and the uncertainty of the gradient when P is
compared to Q?

[Link].TZ2.4
=
A ball is thrown upwards at time t 0. The graph shows the variation with time of the
height of the ball. The ball returns to the initial height at time T.

What is the height h at time t ?

1 2
A. 𝑔𝑡
2

B. 1 2
2
𝑔𝑇
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1
C.
2
𝑔𝑇𝑇 - 𝑡

D. 1
2
𝑔𝑡𝑇 - 𝑡

[Link].TZ1.26
Three particles are produced when the nuclide 23
12Mg undergoes beta-plus ( β ) decay.
+

What are two of these particles ?

A. 23
11Na and ve00

B. -10e and ve00

C. 23
11Na and ve00

D. 01e and ve00

[Link].TZ0.16
A ray of monochromatic light is incident on the parallel interfaces between three media.
The speeds of light in the media are v1, v2 and v3.

What is correct about the speeds of light in the media ?

A. v3 < v < v2 1

B. v < v2 < v
3 1

C. v2 < v < v 3 1

D. v2 < v < v 1 3

[Link].TZ2.25
A radioactive nuclide X decays into a nuclide Y. The graph shows the variation with time
of the activity A of . X X and Y have the same nucleon number.
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What is true about nuclide X?

α
A. alpha ( ) emitter with a half-life of t

B. alpha (α) emitter with a half-life of 2t

C. beta-minus (β−) emitter with a half-life of t

D. beta-minus (β−) emitter with a half-life of 2t

[Link].TZ2.40
𝑃𝑟
Which graph shows a possible probability density function Ψ2 = 𝛥𝑉 for a given
wave function Ψ of an electron ?

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[Link].TZ1.7
A book is at rest on a [Link] of the forces acting on the book is its weight.
What is the other force that completes the force pair according to Newton’s third law of
motion?

A. The pull of the book on Earth

B. The pull of Earth on the book

C. The push of the table on the book

D. The push of the book on the table

[Link].TZ1.27
A particle reaction is

𝑝 + 𝑒- + 𝑉¯ 𝜇 → 𝑛 + 𝜇+ + 𝑣𝑒 .
Which conservation law is violated by the reaction ?
B
A. aryon number

B. Charge
C. Lepton number

D. Momentum
[Link].TZ0.17
A string is fixed at both ends. P and Q are two particles on the string.

The first harmonic standing wave is formed in the string. What is correct about the
motion of P and Q?
A. P is a node and Q is an antinode.
B. P is an antinode and Q is a node.
C. P and Q oscillate with the same amplitude.

D. P and Q oscillate with the same frequency.

[Link].TZ2.5
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A solid metal ball is dropped from a tower. The variation with time of the velocity of the
ball is plotted.

A hollow metal ball with the same size and shape is dropped from the same tower. What
?
graph will represent the variation with time of the velocity for the hollow metal ball

[Link].TZ1.9
Two bodies each of equal mass travelling in opposite directions collide head-on.

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 ?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What is a possible outcome of the collision

[Link].TZ2.3
The road from city X to city Y is 1000 km long. The displacement is 800 km from X to Y.

What is the distance travelled from Y to X and the displacement from Y to X?

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[Link].TZ2.29
E
A simple pendulum has a time period 𝑇 on the arth. The pendulum is taken to the
M 1
oon where the gravitational field strength is that of the arth.
6
E
What is the time period of the pendulum on the Moon?
A. 𝑇√6
B. 𝑇
6
C. √ 𝑇
6

D. 𝑇
6

[Link].TZ2.7
M
A book of mass m lies on top of a table of mass that rolls freely along the ground. The
coefficient of friction between the book and the table is 𝜇. A person is pushing the rolling
table.

What is the maximum acceleration of the table so that the book does not slide
backwards relative to the table ?

𝑔
A.
𝜇

B. 𝜇𝑔
𝑚𝑔
C.
𝑀 𝜇

D. 𝑚
𝑀
𝜇𝑔

[Link].TZ2.11
Water at room temperature is placed in a freezer. The specific heat capacity of water is
twice the specific heat capacity of ice. Assume that thermal energy is transferred from
the water at a constant rate.
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Which graph shows the variation with time of the temperature of the water ?

[Link].TZ1.16
Monochromatic light of wavelength 𝜆 is incident on two slits S 1 and S2. An interference
pattern is observed on the screen.

O is equidistant from S1 andS2. A bright fringe is observed at O and a dark fringe at X.

There are two dark fringes between O and X. What is the path difference between the
light arriving at X from the two slits?
𝜆
A.
2
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B. 3𝜆
2
5𝜆
C.
2

D. 7𝜆
2

[Link].TZ0.18
Q
A charge + and a charge −2Q
are a distance 3x apart. Point P is on the line joining
the charges, at a distance x from + . Q

The magnitude of the electric field produced at P by the charge + Q alone is 𝐸.

What is the total electric field at P?
𝐸
A. to the right
2

B. 𝐸
2
to the left

3𝐸
C. to the right
2

D. 3𝐸
2
to the left

[Link].TZ2.4
A car accelerates uniformly from rest to a velocity 𝑣 during time 𝑡1 . It then continues
at constant velocity 𝑣 from 𝑡1 to time 𝑡2 .

What is the total distance covered by the car in 𝑡2 ?

A. 𝑣 𝑡2
B. 1
𝑣𝑡
2 2
- 𝑡1 + 𝑣 𝑡1
1
C. 𝑣𝑡
2 2
+ 𝑡1

D. 1
2
𝑣 𝑡1 + 𝑣𝑡2 - 𝑡1

[Link].TZ2.12

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A particle undergoes simple harmonic motion. Which quantities of the motion can be
simultaneously zero ?
A. Displacement and velocity
B. Displacement and acceleration
C. Velocity and acceleration

D. Displacement, velocity and acceleration

[Link].TZ2.30
In two different experiments, white light is passed through a single slit and then is
either refracted through a prism or diffracted with a diffraction grating. The prism
M N
produces a band of colours from to . The diffraction grating produces a first order
spectrum P to . Q

What are the colours observed at M and P?

[Link].TZ0.19
Two wires, X and Y, are made of the same material and have equal length. The
diameter of X is twice that of Y.

What is
resistance of X
resistance of Y
?

1
A.
4

B. 1
2

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C. 2
D. 4
[Link].TZ1.17
A standing wave is formed on a string. P and Q are adjacent antinodes on the wave.
Three statements are made by a student :
Q
I. The distance between P and is half a wavelength.
Q π
II. P and have a phase difference of rad.
E
III. nergy is transferred between P and . Q
Which statements are correct ?
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ2.5
An object is sliding from rest down a frictionless inclined plane. The object slides 1.0 m
during the first second.

What distance will the object slide during the next second ?
A. 1.0 m

B. 2.0 m
C. 3.0 m

D. 4.9 m
[Link].TZ2.19
=
The coil of a direct current electric motor is turning with a period T. At t 0 the coil is in
the position shown in the diagram. Assume the magnetic field is uniform across the coil.

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Which graph shows the variation with time of the force exerted on section XY of the coil
during one complete turn ?

[Link].TZ1.20
2V
In the circuit shown, the battery has an emf of 1 and negligible internal resistance.
Three identical resistors are connected as shown. The resistors each have a resistance of
10 . Ω
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The resistorL is removed. What is the change in potential at X?

A. Increases by 2 V

B. Decreases by 2 V
C. Increases by 4 V

D. Decreases by 4 V
[Link].TZ2.31
A train is sounding its whistle when approaching a train station. Three statements about
the sound received by a stationary observer at the station are :
I. The frequency received is higher than the frequency emitted by the train.
II. The wavelength received is longer than the wavelength emitted by the train.
III. The speed of the sound received is not affected by the motion of the train.

Which combination of statements is correct ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.20
7
An electric motor of efficiency 0. 5 is connected to a power supply with an emf of 0 2 V
2
and negligible internal resistance. The power output of the motor is 1 0 W. What is the
average current drawn from the power supply ?

A. 3.1 A

B. 4.5 A
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C. 6.0 A

D. 8.0 A
[Link].TZ0.2
2 2
A quantity of 0. 4 mol of an ideal gas of constant volume 0. 0 m3 is kept at a temperature
of 300 . K
a. State what is meant by the internal energy of an ideal gas. [1]

b.i. Calculate the pressure of the gas. [1]

[Link].

KS
The temperature of the gas is increased to 500 . ketch, on the axes, a graph to
show the variation with temperature T of the pressure P of the gas during this
change.

2
[ ]

c.

A container is filled with 1 mole of helium (molar mass 4 g mol−1) and 1 mole of
2
neon (molar mass 0 g mol−1). Compare the average kinetic energy of helium atoms
to that of neon atoms.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.39
–
What is evidence for wave particle duality ?
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A. Line spectra of elements

B. Electron-diffraction experiments
C. Rutherford alpha-scattering experiments

D. Gamma-ray spectra
[Link].TZ1.21
E V
Two cells are connected in parallel as shown below. ach cell has an emf of 5.0 and
2 Ω Ω
an internal resistance of .0 . The lamp has a resistance of 4.0 . The ammeter is ideal.

What is the reading on the ammeter ?

A. 1.0 A

B. 1.3 A
C. 2.0 A

D. 2.5 A
[Link].TZ1.40
The decay constant, 𝜆, of a radioactive sample can be defined as

A. the number of disintegrations in the radioactive sample.

B. the number of disintegrations per unit time in the radioactive sample.

C. the probability that a nucleus decays in the radioactive sample.

D. the probability that a nucleus decays per unit time in the radioactive sample.
[Link].TZ2.32

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Two positive and two negative charges are located at the corners of a square as shown.
X E
Point is the centre of the square. What is the value of the electric field and the
V X
electric potential at due to the four charges ?

[Link].TZ0.21

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A variable resistor is connected in series to a cell with internal resistance r as shown.

The resistance of the variable resistor is increased. What happens to the power
dissipated in the cell and to the terminal potential difference of the cell ?

[Link].TZ2.21
E
An astronaut is orbiting arth in a spaceship. Why does the astronaut experience
weightlessness ?
A. The astronaut is outside the gravitational field of arth.E
B. The acceleration of the astronaut is the same as the acceleration of the spaceship.
C. The spaceship is travelling at a high speed tangentially to the orbit.

D. The gravitational field is zero at that point.

[Link].TZ1.1
°
A student uses a load to pull a box up a ramp inclined at 30 . A string of constant
length and negligible mass connects the box to the load that falls vertically. The string
F
passes over a pulley that runs on a frictionless axle. riction acts between the base of the
box and the ramp. Air resistance is negligible.

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9
The load has a mass of 3.5 kg and is initially 0. 5 m above the floor. The mass of the box is
1.5 kg.

The load is released and accelerates downwards.

a.

Outline two differences between the momentum of the box and the momentum
of the load at the same instant.

2
[ ]

b. 2
The vertical acceleration of the load downwards is .4 m s−2.

Calculate the tension in the string. 2

[ ]

c.i. Show that the speed of the load when it hits the floor is about 2.1 m s− .
1 [2]

[Link].

2
The radius of the pulley is .5 cm. Calculate the angular speed of rotation of
S
the pulley as the load hits the floor. tate your answer to an appropriate number
of significant figures.

2
[ ]

d.

After the load has hit the floor, the box travels a further 0.35 m along the ramp
D
before coming to rest. etermine the average frictional force between the box and
the surface of the ramp.

[4]

e.

The student then makes the ramp horizontal and applies a constant horizontal
force to the box. The force is just large enough to start the box moving. The force
continues to be applied after the box begins to move.

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Explain, with reference to the frictional force acting, why the box accelerates once it
has started to move.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.22
White light is emitted from a hot filament. The light passes through hydrogen gas at low
pressure and then through a diffraction grating onto a screen. A pattern of lines against a
background appears on the screen.

What is the appearance of the lines and background on the screen ?

[Link].TZ2.1
A student measures the length l and width w of a rectangular table top.

What is the absolute uncertainty of the perimeter of the table top ?

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A. 0 . 3 cm
B. 0 . 6 cm
C. 1.2 cm
D. 2.4 cm

[Link].TZ2.33
The graph shows the variation with distance r of the electric potential V from a charge Q.

?
What is the electric field strength at distance s

A. The area under the graph between s and infinity

B. The area under the graph between 0 and s

C. The gradient of the tangent at s

D. The negative of the gradient of the tangent at s

[Link].TZ0.22

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A mass at the end of a string is moving in a horizontal circle at constant speed. The
θ
string makes an angle to the vertical.

What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the mass ?

A. g

B. g sin θ
C. g cos θ

D. g tan θ
[Link].TZ2.34
Which two features are necessary for the operation of a transformer ?

[Link].TZ0.23
R
The gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet of radius is 𝑔. A satellite is
R
moving in a circular orbit a distance above the surface of the planet. What is
the magnitude of the acceleration of the satellite ?
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A. 0
B. 𝑔
4
𝑔
C.
2

D. 𝑔
[Link].TZ1.22
A conductor is placed in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the paper.
F
A force acts on the conductor when there is a current in the conductor as shown.

°
The conductor is rotated 30 about the axis of the magnetic field.

What is the direction of the magnetic field and what is the magnitude of the force on the
conductor after the rotation?

[Link].TZ2.24
2
A neutron is absorbed by a nucleus of uranium- 35 235 O
92U. ne possible outcome is
the production of two nuclides, barium-144 56Ba and krypton-8 89
144
36Kr.9
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How many neutrons are released in this reaction?

A. 0

B. 1
C. 2

D. 3
[Link].TZ2.2
S
What is the unit of power expressed in fundamental I units ?
A. kg m s-3
B. kg m s-1
C. kg m2 s-1
D. kg m2 s-3
[Link].TZ2.35
A conducting bar with vertices PQRS is moving vertically downwards with constant
B
velocity v through a horizontal magnetic field that is directed into the plane of the
page.

Which side of the bar will have the greatest density of electrons ?
A. PQ
B. QR
C. RS

D. SP
[Link].TZ0.24
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A pure sample of radioactive nuclide X decays into a stable nuclide Y.

What is
number of atoms of Y
number of atoms of X
?
after two half-lives

A. 1

B. 2
C. 3

D. 4
[Link].TZ0.3
A longitudinal wave travels in a medium with speed 340 m s−1. The graph shows the
variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle P in the medium. Positive
displacements on the graph correspond to displacements to the right for particle P.

Another wave travels in the medium. The graph shows the variation with time t of
the displacement of each wave at the position of P.

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A standing sound wave is established in a tube that is closed at one end and open at the
other end. The period of the wave is 𝑇. The diagram represents the standing wave at 𝑡 = 0
𝑇
2
and at 𝑡 = . The wavelength of the wave is 1. 0 m. Positive displacements mean
8
displacements to the right.

a. Calculate the wavelength of the wave. 2

[ ]

b.i. State the phase difference between the two waves. [1]

[Link]. Identify a time at which the displacement of P is zero. [1]

[Link]. Estimate the amplitude of the resultant wave. [1]

c.i. Calculate the length of the tube. [1]

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[Link]. A particle in the tube has its equilibrium position at the open end of the tube.
S 𝑇
tate and explain the direction of the velocity of this particle at time 𝑡 = .
8

2
[ ]

[Link]. Draw on the diagram the standing wave at time 𝑡 = 𝑇4 . [1]

[Link].TZ1.24
Q
P and are two moons of equal densities orbiting a planet. The orbital radius of P is
Q
twice the orbital radius of . The volume of P is half that of . The force exerted by the Q
F
planet on P is . What is the force exerted by the planet on Q?
A. F
B. 2F
C. 4F

D. 8F
[Link].TZ1.25
A pure sample of iodine-131 decays into xenon with a half-life of 8 days.

What is
number of iodine atoms remaining
number of xenon atoms formed
after 24 days?
1
A.
8

B. 1
7
7
C.
8

D. 8
7

[Link].TZ1.2
Cold milk enters a small sterilizing unit and flows over an electrical heating element.

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° °
The temperature of the milk is raised from 11 C to 84 C. A mass of 55 g of milk enters the
sterilizing unit every second.

Specific heat capacity of milk = 3.9 kJ kg− K−

1 1

The milk flows out through an insulated metal pipe. The pipe is at a temperature of 84 C. °
A small section of the insulation has been removed from around the pipe.

a.

Estimate the power input to the heating element. State an appropriate unit for your
answer.

2
[ ]

b.

Outline whether your answer to (a) is likely to overestimate or underestimate the

power input.

2
[ ]

c.

Discuss, with reference to the molecules in the liquid, the difference between
milk at 11 °C and milk at 84 °C.

2
[ ]

d.i.

State how energy is transferred from the inside of the metal pipe to the outside of
the metal pipe.

[1]

[Link].

The missing section of insulation is 0.56 m long and the external radius of the pipe is
7 D
0.06 m. The emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.40. etermine the energy lost every
second from the pipe surface. Ignore any absorption of radiation by the pipe
surface.

[3]
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[Link].

Describe one other method by which significant amounts of energy can

be transferred from the pipe to the surroundings.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.36
A circuit consists of three identical capacitors of capacitance C and a battery of voltage
V. Two capacitors are connected in parallel with a third in series. The capacitors are fully
charged.

What is the charge stored in capacitors X and Z?

[Link].TZ0.25
The mass of a nucleus of iron-56 ( 56
26Fe) is M.
What is the mass defect of the nucleus of iron-56 ?

A. M − 26m − 56m p n

B. 26m + 30m − M p n

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C. p n e

D. 26m + 30m + 26m − M

p n e

[Link].TZ2.3
The minute hand of a clock hanging on a vertical wall has length 𝐿 = 30 cm.

2
The minute hand is observed pointing at 1 and then again 30 minutes later when the
minute hand is pointing at 6.

What is the average velocity and average speed of point P on the minute hand during
this time interval ?

[Link].TZ1.3
B M
Two loudspeakers A and are initially equidistant from a microphone . The frequency
B B
and intensity emitted by A and are the same. A and emit sound in phase. A is fixed in
position.

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B is moved slowly away from M along the line MP. The graph shows the variation
with distance travelled by B of the received intensity at M.

a.

Explain why the received intensity varies between maximum and minimum values.
[3]

b. State and explain the wavelength of the sound measured at M. 2

[ ]

c.

B is placed at the first minimum. The frequency is then changed until the
received intensity is again at a maximum.

Show that the lowest frequency at which the intensity maximum can occur is about
3 kHz.

Speed of sound = 340 m s− 1

[2]

[Link].TZ2.4
A person is standing at rest on the ground and experiences a downward gravitational
N
force W and an upward normal force from the ground . Which, according to ewton’s N
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third law, is the force that together with W forms a force pair

A. The gravitational force W acting upwards on the ground.

B. The gravitational force W acting upwards on the person.

C. The normal force N acting upwards on the person.

D. The normal force N acting downwards on the ground.

[Link].TZ1.26
E E E
The diagram shows atomic transitions 1, 2 and 3 when a particular atom changes its
energy state. The wavelengths of the photons that correspond to these transitions are 𝜆1 ,
𝜆2 and 𝜆3 .

What is correct for these wavelengths ?

A. 𝜆1 > 𝜆2 > 𝜆3
B. 𝜆1 = 𝜆2 + 𝜆3
1 1
C.
𝜆1
=𝜆
2 𝜆3
+

D. 1
𝜆1
1
=𝜆 +𝜆
2
1
3

[Link].TZ2.2
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is contained in a cylinder closed with a frictionless piston. The
2 ×
volume of the gas is .5 10−3 m3 when the temperature of the gas is 3 C and 7°
the pressure of the gas is 4.0 105 Pa. ×
Energy is now supplied to the gas and the piston moves to allow the gas to expand. The
temperature is held constant.

a. Calculate the number of gas particles in the cylinder. 2

[ ]

b.i. Discuss, for this process, the changes that occur in the density of the gas. [2]

[Link].

Discuss, for this process, the changes that occur in the internal energy of the gas.
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[ ]

[Link].TZ2.5
A person with a weight of 600 N stands on a scale in an elevator.

What is the acceleration of the elevator when the scale reads 900 N?
A. 5 . 0 m s-2 downwards
B. 1 . 5 m s-2 downwards
C. 1 . 5 m s-2 upwards
D. 5 . 0 m s-2 upwards

[Link].TZ0.27
H L H
The iggs boson was discovered in the arge adron Collider at C ERN. Which
H
statements are correct about the discovery of the iggs boson ?
I. It was independent of previous theoretical work.
II. It involved analysing large amounts of experimental data.
III. It was consistent with the standard model of particle physics.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ1.27
2 H
Carbon (C-1 ) and hydrogen ( -1) undergo nuclear fusion to form nitrogen.
12 1
6C+ 1H →N+ photon

What is the number of neutrons and number of nucleons in the nitrogen nuclide ?
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[Link].TZ2.37
Three correct statements about the behaviour of electrons are :
I. An electron beam is used to investigate the structure of crystals.
II. An electron beam produces a pattern of fringes when sent through two
narrow parallel slits.
E
III. lectromagnetic radiation ejects electrons from the surface of a metal.

Which statements are explained using the wave-like properties of electrons ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ2.6
Two identical boxes containing different masses are sliding with the same initial speed on
the same horizontal surface. They both come to rest under the influence of the frictional
H
force of the surface. ow do the frictional force and acceleration of the boxes compare ?

[Link].TZ1.30
Light of wavelength 𝜆 is diffracted after passing through a very narrow single slit of width
𝑥. The intensity of the central maximum of the diffracted light is 𝐼0 . The slit width is
doubled.
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What is the intensity of central maximum and the angular position of the first minimum ?

[Link].TZ0.26
A proton collides with an electron. What are the possible products of the collision ?

A. Two neutrons

B. Neutron and positron

C. Neutron and antineutrino

D. Neutron and neutrino

[Link].TZ2.38
Samples of two radioactive nuclides X and Y are held in a container. The number of
particles of X is half the number of particles of Y. The half-life of X is twice the half-life of
Y.
What is the initial value of
activity of radioisotope X
activity of radioisotope Y
?
1
A.
4

B. 1
2

C. 1
D. 4
[Link].TZ2.3
A loudspeaker emits sound waves of frequency 𝑓 towards a metal plate that reflects the
waves. A small microphone is moved along the line from the metal plate to the

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loudspeaker. The intensity of sound detected at the microphone as it moves varies

regularly between maximum and minimum values.

The speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1.

a.i. Explain the variation in intensity. [3]

[Link]. 2
Adjacent minima are separated by a distance of 0.1 m. Calculate 𝑓. 2
[ ]

b.

The metal plate is replaced by a wooden plate that reflects a lower intensity
sound wave than the metal plate.

State and explain the differences between the sound intensities detected by the
same microphone with the metal plate and the wooden plate.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.31
An observer with an eye of pupil diameter 𝑑 views the headlights of a car that emit light
of wavelength 𝜆. The distance between the headlights is 𝐿.

What is the greatest distance between the observer and the car at which the images of
the headlights will be resolved by the observer’s eye ?
1 . 22𝜆
A.
𝐿𝑑

B. 1 . 22𝜆𝐿
𝑑
𝐿𝑑
C.
1 . 22𝜆

D. 𝑑
1 . 22𝜆𝐿

[Link].TZ2.7
Two identical blocks, each of mass m and speed v, travel towards each other on
a frictionless surface.

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The blocks undergo a head-on collision. What is definitely true immediately after the
collision ?
A. The momentum of each block is zero.

B. The total momentum is zero.

C. The momentum of each block is mv. 2
D. The total momentum is 2mv.
[Link].TZ1.4
Q R
A power supply is connected to three resistors P, and of fixed value and to an
S
ideal voltmeter. A variable resistor , formed from a solid cylinder of conducting putty, is
also connected in the circuit. Conducting putty is a material that can be moulded so that
S
the resistance of can be changed by re-shaping it.

Q R Ω Ω Ω
The resistance values of P, and are 40 , 16 and 60 respectively. The emf of
V
the power supply is 6.0 and its internal resistance is negligible.

All the putty is reshaped into a solid cylinder that is four times longer than the original
length.

a. Calculate the potential difference across P. [ ] 2

b. D
The voltmeter reads zero. etermine the resistance of . S [3]

c.i. Deduce the resistance of this new cylinder when it has been reshaped. [3]

[Link].

Outline, without calculation, the change in the total power dissipated in Q and the
new cylinder after it has been reshaped.
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2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.4
μ
A charged particle, P, of charge +68 C is fixed in space. A second particle, Q, of charge
2μ
+0. 5 C is held at a distance of 48 cm from P and is then released.

The diagram shows two parallel wires X and Y that carry equal currents into the page.

Q
Point is equidistant from the two wires. The magnetic field at Q due to wire X alone is
15 mT.

a.

2μ
The work done to move a particle of charge 0. 5 C from one point in an electric
μJ
field to another is 4.5 . Calculate the magnitude of the potential difference
between the two points.

[1]

b.i. Determine the force on Q at the instant it is released. 2

[ ]

[Link]. Describe the motion of Q after release. [2]

c.i.

On the diagram draw an arrow to show the direction of the magnetic field at Q due
to wire X alone.

[1]

[Link]. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant magnetic field at Q.
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2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.5
a.

Describe the quark structure of a baryon.

2
[ ]

b. F
The eynman diagram shows a possible decay of the K+ meson.

Identify the interactions that are involved at points A and B in this decay. 2
[ ]

c. The K + meson can decay as K →μ

+ + + vμ .

State and explain the interaction that is responsible for this decay. 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.32
A charged sphere in a gravitational field is initially stationary between two parallel
V
metal plates. There is a potential difference between the plates.

Three changes can be made :

I. Increase the separation of the metal plates
II. Increase V
III. Apply a magnetic field into the plane of the paper

What changes made separately will cause the charged sphere to accelerate ?
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

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D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ2.8
θ
A projectile is launched upwards at an angle to the horizontal with an initial
E
momentum p0 and an initial energy 0. Air resistance is negligible. What are the
momentum and total energy of the projectile at the highest point of the motion ?

[Link].TZ2.9
The graph shows the variation with distance of a horizontal force acting on an object. The
object, initially at rest, moves horizontally through a distance of 50 m.

A constant frictional force of 2 . 0 N opposes the motion. What is the final kinetic energy
of the object after it has moved 50 m ?
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A. 100 J
B. 500 J
C. 600 J
D. 1100 J

[Link].TZ0.5
A cyclist rides up a hill of vertical height 100 m in 500 s at a constant speed. The
combined mass of the cyclist and the bicycle is 80 kg. The power developed by the
2
cyclist is 00 W. What is the efficiency of the energy transfer in this system ?

A. 8%
B. 20 %
C. 60 %

D. 80 %
[Link].TZ1.33
E E
An object of mass 𝑚 is launched from the surface of the arth. The arth has a mass 𝑀
E
and radius 𝑟. The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the arth is 𝑔. What is the
escape speed of the object from the surface of the arthE ?
A. √𝑔𝑟
B. √2𝑔𝑟
C. √2𝑀𝑔𝑟
D. √2𝑚𝑔𝑟
[Link].TZ2.10
A sample of oxygen gas with a volume of 3 . 0 m3 is at 100 °C. The gas is heated so that
it expands at a constant pressure to a final volume of 6 . 0 m3 . What is the final
temperature of the gas ?
A. 750 °C
B. 470 °C
C. 370 °C
D. 200 °C

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[Link].TZ2.4
A cell is connected to an ideal voltmeter, a switch S and a resistor R. The resistance of R is
4.0 . Ω

S
When is open the reading on the voltmeter is 1 2 V. When S is closed the
voltmeter reads 8.0 . V
Electricity can be generated using renewable resources.
a. K
Identify the laws of conservation that are represented by irchhoff’s circuit laws.

2
[ ]

b.i. State the emf of the cell. [1]

[Link]. Deduce the internal resistance of the cell. 2

[ ]

c. The voltmeter is used in another circuit that contains two secondary cells.

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 V Ω B has an emf of 4.0
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Cell A has an emf of 10 and an internal resistance of 1.0 . Cell

Vand an internal resistance of .0 . 2 Ω
Calculate the reading on the voltmeter. [3]

d.i. Outline why electricity is a secondary energy source. [1]

[Link]. Some fuel sources are renewable. Outline what is meant by renewable. [1]

e.i.

V
A fully charged cell of emf 6.0 delivers a constant current of 5.0 A for a time
2
of 0. 5 hour until it is completely discharged.

The cell is then re-charged by a rectangular solar panel of dimensions 0.40 m × 0.15
m at a place where the maximum intensity of sunlight is 380 W m−2.

The overall efficiency of the re-charging process is 18 %.

Calculate the minimum time required to re-charge the cell fully. [3]

[Link]. Outline why research into solar cell technology is important to society. [1]

[Link].TZ0.9
An insulated container of negligible mass contains a mass of a liquid. A piece of a 2M
M
metal of mass is dropped into the liquid. The temperature of the liquid increases by 10
°C and the temperature of the metal decreases by 80 C in the same time. °
What is
specific heat capacity of the liquid
specific heat capacity of the metal
?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8

D. 16
[Link].TZ1.34
The graph shows the variation of magnetic flux 𝛷 in a coil with time 𝑡.

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What represents the variation with time of the induced emf 𝜀 across the coil ?

[Link].TZ0.6
A block rests on a frictionless horizontal surface. An air rifle pellet is fired horizontally into
the block and remains embedded in the block.

What happens to the total kinetic energy and to the total momentum of the block and
pellet system as a result of the collision ?
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[Link].TZ2.11
X Y X N
Two identical containers and each contain an ideal gas. has molecules of gas at
Y N
an absolute temperature of T and has 3 molecules of gas at an absolute temperature
𝑇 𝑃
of What is the ratio of the pressures 𝑌
2 𝑃
𝑋
?

1
A.
6

B. 2
3
3
C.
2

D. 6

[Link].TZ0.10
The molar mass of an ideal gas is 𝑀. A fixed mass 𝑚 of the gas expands at a constant
pressure 𝑝. The graph shows the variation with temperature T of the gas volume .V

What is the gradient of the graph ?

𝑀𝑝
A.
𝑚𝑅

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B .
𝑀𝑅
𝑚𝑝
𝑚𝑝
C.
𝑀𝑅

D. 𝑚𝑅
𝑀𝑝

[Link].TZ0.5
2 α
Plutonium- 38 (Pu) decays by alpha ( ) decay into uranium (U).

The following data are available for binding energies per nucleon :
plutonium 7.568 MeV
uranium 7.600 MeV
alpha particle 7.074 MeV
a.i. State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus. [1]

[Link].

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number 𝐴 of
the binding energy per nucleon, . Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.
BE
𝐴

2
[ ]

[Link]. Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.

[1]

b.i. Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV. [3]

[Link]. The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.

Calculate the ratio

kinetic energy of alpha particle
kinetic energy of uranium
. 2
[ ]

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[Link].TZ0.13
The diagram shows an interference pattern observed on a screen in a double-slit
experiment with monochromatic light of wavelength 600 nm. The screen is 1.0 m from
the slits.

?
What is the separation of the slits

A. 6.0 × 10−7 m
B. 6.0 × 10− m 6

C. 6.0 × 10− m 5

D. 6.0 × 10− m 4

[Link].TZ1.35
A direct current 𝐼 in a lamp dissipates power P. What root mean square (rms) value of
an alternating current dissipates average power P through the same lamp ?
𝐼
A.
2

B. 𝐼
√2

C. 𝐼
D. 𝐼√2
[Link].TZ2.12
A piece of metal at a temperature of 100 °C is dropped into an equal mass of water at
a temperature of 15 °C in a container of negligible mass. The specific heat capacity of
?
water is four times that of the metal. What is the final temperature of the mixture

A. 83 °C
B. 57 °C
C. 45 °C
D. 32 °C

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[Link].TZ1.36
The arrangement shows four diodes connected to an alternating current (ac) supply.
The output is connected to an external circuit.

What is the output to the external circuit?

A. Full-wave rectified current
B. Half-wave rectified current
C. Constant non-zero current

D. Zero current
[Link].TZ0.17
V 2 Ω
A cell has an emf of 3.0 and an internal resistance of .0 . The cell is connected in
Ω
series with a resistance of 10 .

What is the terminal potential difference of the cell ?

A. 0.5 V
B. 1.5 V
C. 2.5 V

D. 3.0 V
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[Link].TZ2.13
The bob of a pendulum has an initial displacement 𝑥0 to the right. The bob is released
and allowed to oscillate. The graph shows how the displacement varies with time. At
which point is the velocity of the bob at its maximum magnitude directed towards the
left ?

[Link].TZ0.18
Two parallel wires carry equal currents in the same direction out of the paper. Which
diagram shows the magnetic field surrounding the wires ?

[Link].TZ1.37
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Three identical capacitors are connected together as shown.

What is the order of increasing total capacitance for these arrangements ?

SRQ
A. P, , ,

B. Q, R, S, P
C. P, R, S, Q

D. Q, S, R, P
[Link].TZ2.14
Unpolarized light of intensity 𝐼1 is incident on a polarizer. The light that passes through
this polarizer then passes through a second polarizer.

The second polarizer can be rotated to vary the intensity of the emergent light. What is
the maximum value of the intensity emerging from the second polarizer ?
𝐼1
A.
4

B. 𝐼1
2
2𝐼1
C.
3

D. 𝐼1
[Link].TZ0.20
A detector measures the count rate from a sample of a radioactive nuclide. The graph
shows the variation with time of the count rate.

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

The nuclide has a half-life of 0 s. The average background count rate is constant.

What is the average background count rate ?

A. 1 s−1

B. 2 s− 1

C. 3 s−1

D. 4 s− 1

[Link].TZ1.38
Light with photons of energy 8.0 × 10−2 J are incident on a metal surface in
0

a photoelectric experiment.

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 × 10−2 J . What minimum voltage is required
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

The work function of the metal surface is 4.8 0

for the ammeter reading to fall to zero ?

A. 0.2V
B. 0.3 V
C. 0.5 V

D. 0.8 V
[Link].TZ2.15
Two wave generators, placed at position P and position , produce water waves with Q
E
a wavelength of 4 . 0 cm. ach generator, operating alone, will produce a wave
oscillating with an amplitude of 3 . 0 cm at position . P is 42 cm and is 60 cm. R R RQ

Both wave generators now operate together in phase. What is the amplitude of the
resulting wave at R?

A. 9 cm
B. 6 cm
C. 3 cm
D. zero
[Link].TZ2.16
A glass block has a refractive index in air of ng. The glass block is placed in two different
: X
liquids liquid with a refractive index of nX and liquid with a refractive index of nY. Y
In liquid X 𝑛𝑛
X
g
= 2 and in liquid Y 𝑛𝑛
Y
g
= 1 . 5 . What is speed of light in liquid X
speed of light in liquid Y
?
2
A.
4

B. 3
4
4
C.
3

D. 3
[Link].TZ0.22
F
The eynman diagram shows an interaction between a proton and an electron.
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What is the charge of the exchange particle and what is the lepton number of particle X?

[Link].TZ2.5
An experiment is carried out to determine the count rate, corrected for background
radiation, when different thicknesses of copper are placed between a radioactive source
and a detector. The graph shows the variation of corrected count rate with copper
thickness.

a. Outline how the count rate was corrected for background radiation. [1]

b.
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When a single piece of thin copper foil is placed between the source and
detector, the count rate is 810 count minute−1. The foil is replaced with one that has
E
three times the thickness. stimate the new count rate.

2
[ ]

c.

Further results were obtained in this experiment with copper and lead absorbers.

Comment on the radiation detected from this radioactive source. [4]

d.

Another radioactive source consists of a nuclide of caesium 137

55Cs that decays
137
to barium 56Ba.

Write down the reaction for this decay. 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ0.26
A simple pendulum undergoes simple harmonic motion. The gravitational potential
H
energy of the pendulum is zero at the equilibrium position. ow many times during one
oscillation is the kinetic energy of the pendulum equal to its gravitational potential
energy ?
A. 1

B. 2
C. 3

D. 4
[Link].TZ0.27
When monochromatic light is incident on a single slit a diffraction pattern forms on a
screen. The width of the slit is decreased.

What are the changes in the width and in the intensity of the central maximum of the
diffraction pattern ?
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[Link].TZ2.17
The frequency of the first harmonic in a pipe is measured. An adjustment is then made
which causes the speed of sound in the pipe to increase. What is true for the frequency
and the wavelength of the first harmonic when the speed of sound has increased ?

[Link].TZ2.18
X Y X
The diagram shows two cylindrical wires, and . Wire has a length 𝑙, a diameter 𝑑,
Y 𝑑 𝜌
and a resistivity 𝜌. Wire has a length 2𝑙, a diameter of and a resistivity of .
2 2

What is
resistance of X
resistance of Y
?
A. 4

B. 2
C. 0.5

D. 0.25

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[Link].TZ0.30
The diagram shows equipotential lines for an electric field. Which arrow represents
the acceleration of an electron at point P?

[Link].TZ0.28
Monochromatic light of wavelength 𝜆 in air is incident normally on a thin liquid film of
refractive index 𝑛 that is suspended in air. The rays are shown at an angle to the normal
for clarity.

What is the minimum thickness of the film so that the reflected light undergoes
constructive interference?
𝜆
A.
4𝑛

B. 𝜆
3𝑛
𝜆
C.
2𝑛

D. 𝜆
𝑛

[Link].TZ0.32
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A satellite of mass 𝑚 orbits a planet of mass 𝑀 in a circular orbit of radius 𝑟. What is the
work that must be done on the satellite to increase its orbital radius to 2𝑟 ?
𝐺𝑀𝑚
A.
𝑟

B. 𝐺𝑀𝑚
2𝑟
𝐺𝑀𝑚
C.
4𝑟

D. 𝐺𝑀𝑚
8𝑟

[Link].TZ2.1
Airboats are used for transport across a river. To move the boat forward, air is propelled
from the back of the boat by a fan blade.

An airboat has a fan blade of radius 1.8 m. This fan can propel air with a maximum
2 2
speed relative to the boat of 0 m s−1. The density of air is 1. kg m−3.

In a test the airboat is tied to the river bank with a rope normal to the bank. The
fan propels the air at its maximum speed. There is no wind.

The rope is untied and the airboat moves away from the bank. The variation with time t of
the speed v of the airboat is shown for the motion.

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a. Outline why a force acts on the airboat due to the fan blade. [3]

b.i. Show that a mass of about 240 kg of air moves through the fan every second.

[2]

[Link]. Show that the tension in the rope is about 5 kN. [1]

c.i. Explain why the airboat has a maximum speed under these conditions. [2]

[Link]. Estimate the distance the airboat travels to reach its maximum speed. [2]

[Link]. Deduce the mass of the airboat. [3]

[Link].TZ0.31
Two charged parallel plates have electric potentials of 10 V and 20 V.

2 μ V
A particle with charge + .0 C is moved from the 10 plate to the 0 2 V plate. What is
the change in the electric potential energy of the particle ?
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A. −20 μJ
B. −10 μJ
C. 10 μJ

D. 20 μJ
[Link].TZ0.33
A small magnet is released from rest to drop through a stationary horizontal conducting
ring.

What is the variation with time of the emf induced in the ring ?

[Link].TZ0.34
An alternating supply is connected to a diode bridge rectification circuit.

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The conventional current in the load resistor

A. is a maximum twice during one oscillation of the input voltage.

B. is never zero.
C. has a zero average value during one oscillation of the input voltage.

D. can only flow from P to Q.

[Link].TZ2.19
An ion moves in a circle in a uniform magnetic field. Which single change would increase
the radius of the circular path ?
D
A. ecreasing the speed of the ion

B. Increasing the charge of the ion

C. Increasing the mass of the ion

D. Increasing the strength of the magnetic field

[Link].TZ0.29
A beam of light containing two different wavelengths is incident on a diffraction grating.
The wavelengths are just resolved in the third order of diffraction.

What change increases the resolution of the image ?

A. Increasing the width of the incident beam

B. Increasing the intensity of light

C. Decreasing the number of lines per unit length in the diffraction grating

D. Decreasing the order of diffraction

[Link].TZ2.20

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In the circuits shown, the cells have the same emf and zero internal resistance. All
resistors are identical.

What is the order of increasing power dissipated in each circuit ?

[Link].TZ2.8
A fixed horizontal coil is connected to an ideal voltmeter. A bar magnet is released from
rest so that it falls vertically through the coil along the central axis of the coil.

The variation with time t of the emf induced in the coil is shown.

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a.i.

Write down the maximum magnitude of the rate of change of flux linked with the
coil.

[1]

[Link]. State the fundamental SI unit for your answer to (a)(i). [1]

b.i. Explain why the graph becomes negative. [3]

[Link].

O
Part of the graph is above the t-axis and part is below. utline why the
areas between the t-axis and the curve for these two parts are likely to be the same.

2
[ ]

c.

Predict the changes to the graph when the magnet is dropped from a lower
height above the coil.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.9

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 MV
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

In an experiment a beam of electrons with energy 440 e are incident on oxygen-16 168O
nuclei. The variation with scattering angle of the relative intensity of the scattered
electrons is shown.

a.i. Identify a property of electrons demonstrated by this experiment. [1]

[Link]. Show that the energy E of each electron in the beam is about 7 × 10− J. 11 [1]

[Link].

B
The de roglie wavelength for an electron is given by
ℎ𝑐
𝐸
. Show that the diameter of
an oxygen-16 nucleus is about 4 fm.

[3]

b.

Estimate, using the result in (a)(iii), the volume of a tin-118 11850Sn nucleus. State
your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[4]

[Link].TZ1.2

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 2 N. Which pair of
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

The magnitude of the resultant of two forces acting on a body is 1

forces acting on the body can combine to produce this resultant ?
A. 1 N and 2 N
B. 1 N and 14 N
C. 5 N and 6 N

D. 6 N and 7 N
[Link].TZ2.21
R
Three identical resistors of resistance are connected as shown to a battery with a
R
potential difference of 12 V and an internal resistance of . A voltmeter is connected
2
across one of the resistors.

What is the reading on the voltmeter ?

A. 3 V
B. 4 V
C. 6 V
D. 8 V

[Link].TZ1.3
2
A student measures the time for 0 oscillations of a pendulum. The experiment is
repeated four times. The measurements are :
10.45 s

10.30 s

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 7
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

10. 0 s

10.55 s

2
What is the best estimate of the uncertainty in the average time for 0 oscillations ?
A. 0.01 s

B. 0.05 s
C. 0.2 s

D. 0.5 s
[Link].TZ1.4
A block moving with initial speed 𝑣 is brought to rest, after travelling a distance d, by
a frictional force 𝑓 . A second identical block moving with initial speed u is brought to rest
𝑓
in the same distance d by a frictional force . What is u
2
?
A. 𝑣
B. 𝑣
√2
𝑣
C.
2

D. 𝑣
4

[Link].TZ2.22
Magnetic field lines are an example of
A. a discovery that helps us understand magnetism.

B. a model to aid in visualization.

C. a pattern in data from experiments.

D. a theory to explain concepts in magnetism.

[Link].TZ2.4
A cell is connected to an ideal voltmeter, a switch S and a resistor R. The resistance of R is
4.0 . Ω

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S
When is open the reading on the voltmeter is 1 2 V. When S is closed the
voltmeter reads 8.0 . V
Electricity can be generated using renewable resources.
The voltmeter is used in another circuit that contains two secondary cells.

V
Cell A has an emf of 10 and an internal resistance of 1.0 . Cell Ω B has an emf of 4.0 V and
an internal resistance of .0 . 2 Ω
a. K
Identify the laws of conservation that are represented by irchhoff’s circuit laws.

2
[ ]

b.i. State the emf of the cell. [1]

[Link]. Deduce the internal resistance of the cell. 2

[ ]

c.i. Calculate the reading on the voltmeter. [3]

[Link]. B
Comment on the implications of your answer to (c)(i) for cell . [1]

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d.i. Outline why electricity is a secondary energy source. [1]

[Link]. Some fuel sources are renewable. Outline what is meant by renewable. [1]

e.i.

V
A fully charged cell of emf 6.0 delivers a constant current of 5.0 A for a time
2
of 0. 5 hour until it is completely discharged.

The cell is then re-charged by a rectangular solar panel of dimensions 0.40 m × 0.15
m at a place where the maximum intensity of sunlight is 380 W m−2.

The overall efficiency of the re-charging process is 18 %.

Calculate the minimum time required to re-charge the cell fully. [3]

[Link]. Outline why research into solar cell technology is important to society. [1]

[Link].TZ1.5
A stone is kicked horizontally at a speed of 1.5 m s−1 from the edge of a cliff on one
J 2
of upiter’s moons. It hits the ground .0 s later. The height of the cliff is 4.0 m. Air
resistance is negligible.

What is the magnitude of the displacement of the stone ?

A. 7.0 m
B. 5.0 m
C. 4.0 m

D. 3.0 m
[Link].TZ1.1
What is the order of magnitude of the wavelength of visible light ?
A. 10−10 m

B. 10−7 m
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C. 10−4 m

D. 10−1 m

[Link].TZ1.6
Which of the formulae represents Newton’s second law?
mass
A.
volume

B. work
displacement
change of momentum
C.
time

D. pressure × area
[Link].TZ2.23
V
An object moves in a circle of constant radius. alues of the centripetal force 𝐹 are
measured for different values of angular velocity 𝜔. A graph is plotted with 𝜔 on the 𝑥-
axis. Which quantity plotted on the 𝑦-axis will produce a straight-line graph?
A. √𝐹
B. 𝐹
C. 𝐹2
D. 1
𝐹

[Link].TZ1.7
Two masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are connected by a string over a frictionless pulley of negligible
mass. The masses are released from rest. Air resistance is negligible.

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 M ?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test
𝑔 𝑚
ass 𝑚2 accelerates downwards at . What is 1
2 𝑚2
1
A.
3

B. 1
2

C. 2
D. 3
[Link].TZ1.8
A cart travels from rest along a horizontal surface with a constant acceleration. What is
E ?
the variation of the kinetic energy k of the cart with its distance s travelled Air
resistance is negligible.

[Link].TZ1.9
Two trolleys of equal mass travel in opposite directions as shown.

The trolleys collide head-on and stick together.

?
What is their velocity after the collision

A. 1 m s−1

B. 2 m s− 1

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C. 5 m s−1

D. 10 m s− 1

[Link].TZ1.12
K
An ideal gas is maintained at a temperature of 100 . The variation of the pressure P and
1
of the gas is shown.
volume

What is the quantity of the gas?

2 × 105
A. mol
𝑅

B. 200
𝑅
mol
80
C.
𝑅
mol

D. 4
5𝑅
mol

[Link].TZ2.24
A sphere is suspended from the end of a string and rotates in a horizontal circle. Which
freebody diagram, to the correct scale, shows the forces acting on the sphere ?

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[Link].TZ1.13
A wave of period 10 ms travels through a medium. The graph shows the variation of
particle displacement with distance for the wave.

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What is the average speed of a particle in the medium during one cycle ?
A. 4.0 m s−1

B. 8.0 m s− 1

C. 16 m s−1

D. 20 m s− 1

[Link].TZ1.14
A light source of power P is observed from a distance 𝑑. The power of the source is then
halved.

At what distance from the source will the intensity be the same as before ?
𝑑
A.
√2

B. 𝑑
2
𝑑
C.
4

D. 𝑑
8

[Link].TZ1.10
A driver uses the brakes on a car to descend a hill at constant speed. What is correct
about the internal energy of the brake discs?
A. The internal energy increases.

B. The internal energy decreases.

C. There is no change in the internal energy.

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 D. The internal energy is zero.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.15
An interference pattern with minima of zero intensity is observed between light waves.
What must be true about the frequency and amplitude of the light waves ?

[Link].TZ1.16
A beam of unpolarized light of intensity 𝐼0 is incident on a polarizing filter. The polarizing
θ
filter is rotated through an angle . What is the variation in the intensity 𝐼 of the beam
θ
with angle after passing through the polarizing filter ?

[Link].TZ2.5
A proton moves along a circular path in a region of a uniform magnetic field. The
magnetic field is directed into the plane of the page.

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ai. Label with arrows on the diagram the magnetic force F on the proton. [1]

aii. Label with arrows on the velocity vector v of the proton. [1]

b.

2 ×
The speed of the proton is .16 106 m s-1 and the magnetic field strength is 0.04 2
F G
T. or this proton, determine, in m, the radius of the circular path. ive your answer
to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.11
Two blocks, X and Y, are placed in contact with each other. Data for the blocks are
provided.

X has a mass 𝑚. What is the mass of Y?

𝑚
A.
4

B. 𝑚
C. 4 𝑚
D. 6 𝑚

[Link].TZ1.17
A ray of light is incident on the flat side of a semi-circular glass block placed in
paraffin. The ray is totally internally reflected inside the glass block as shown.
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The refractive index of glass is 𝑛1 and the refractive index of paraffin is 𝑛2 .

What is correct ?
A. sin 𝜃 = 𝑛1
𝑛2

B. sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝑛2
1

1
C. sin 𝜃 =
𝑛1

D. sin 𝜃=𝑛
1
2

[Link].TZ1.3
A rocket moving with speed v relative to the ground emits a flash of light in the backward
direction.

An observer in the rocket measures the speed of the flash of light to be c.

a.

State the speed of the flash of light according to an observer on the ground using
Galilean relativity.
[1]

b.

State the speed of the flash of light according to an observer on the ground using
Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism.
[1]

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c.

State the speed of the flash of light according to an observer on the ground using
Einstein’s theory of relativity.
[1]

[Link].TZ1.18
A standing wave is formed on a rope. The distance between the first and fifth antinode on
the standing wave is 60 cm. What is the wavelength of the wave ?
A. 1 cm 2
B. 15 cm
C. 24 cm

D. 30 cm
[Link].TZ1.19
Q
P and are two opposite point charges. The force F acting on P due to Q and the electric
E
field strength at P are shown.

Which diagram shows the force on Q due to P and the electric field strength at Q?

[Link].TZ1.20

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Three point charges of equal magnitude are placed at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle. The signs of the charges are shown. Point P is equidistant from the vertices of
the triangle. What is the direction of the resultant electric field at P ?

[Link].TZ1.21
R
Three identical resistors each of resistance are connected with a variable resistor X
X R
as shown. is initially set to . The current in the cell is 0.60 A.

The cell has negligible internal resistance.

X is now set to zero. What is the current in the cell?

A. 0.45 A

B. 0.60 A
C. 0.90 A

D. 1.80 A
[Link].TZ1.22
Two cylinders, X and Y, made from the same material, are connected in series.

The cross-sectional area of Y is twice that of X. The drift speed of the electrons in X is 𝑣X
Y
and in it is 𝑣Y .
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What is the ratio

𝑣X
𝑣Y
?
A. 4

B. 2
C. 1

D. 1
2

[Link].TZ1.23
A ball of mass 0.3 kg is attached to a light, inextensible string. It is rotated in a vertical
circle. The length of the string is 0.6 m and the speed of rotation of the ball is 4 m s−1.

What is the tension when the string is horizontal ?

A. 5 N
B. 8 N
C. 11 N

D. 13 N
[Link].TZ1.24
Some transitions between the energy states of a particular atom are shown.

Energy transition E gives rise to a photon of green light. Which transition will give rise to
?
3
a photon of longer wavelength
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A. E 1

B. E2
C. E 4

D. E 5

[Link].TZ1.25
Three statements about radioactive decay are :
I. The rate of decay is exponential.
II. It is unaffected by temperature and pressure.
III. The decay of individual nuclei cannot be predicted.

Which statements are correct ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ1.26
2
The background count in a laboratory is 0 counts per second. The initial observed
count rate of a pure sample of nitrogen-13 in this laboratory is 180 counts per second.
The half-life of nitrogen-13 is 10 minutes. What is the expected count rate of the sample
after 30 minutes ?
A. 20 counts per second
B. 23 counts per second
C. 40 counts per second

D. 60 counts per second

[Link].TZ1.27
238
92U undergoes an alpha decay, followed by a beta-minus decay. What is the number
of protons and neutrons in the resulting nuclide ?

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[Link].TZ1.1
The intensity of a wave can be defined as the energy per unit area per unit time. What is
S
the unit of intensity expressed in fundamental I units ?
A. kg m−2 s−1

B. kg m2 s− 3

C. kg s−2

D. kg s− 3

[Link].TZ1.3
°
The uncertainty in reading a laboratory thermometer is 0.5 C. The temperature of a
2 ° °
liquid falls from 0 C to 10 C as measured by the thermometer. What is the percentage
uncertainty in the change in temperature ?
A. 2.5 %
B. 5 %
C. 7.5 %

D. 10 %
[Link].TZ0.1
S
Which quantity has the fundamental I units of kg m–1 s–2 ?
E
A. nergy
BF
. orce
M
C. omentum
D. Pressure

[Link].TZ0.2
An object is held in equilibrium by three forces of magnitude , F G and H that act at a
point in the same plane.

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Three equations for these forces are

F cos θ = G
I.
F = G cos θ + H sin θ
II.
F=G+H
III.

Which equations are correct?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.3
O
Two forces act along a straight line on an object that is initially at rest. ne force is
;
constant the second force is in the opposite direction and proportional to the velocity of
the object.

What is correct about the motion of the object ?

A. The acceleration increases from zero to a maximum.

B. The acceleration increases from zero to a maximum and then decreases.

C. The velocity increases from zero to a maximum.

D. The velocity increases from zero to a maximum and then decreases.

[Link].TZ0.4
The variation with time t of the acceleration a of an object is shown.

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What is the change in velocity of the object from t = 0 to t = 6 s?

A. 6 m s–1

B. 8 m s– 1

C. 10 m s–1

D. 14 m s– 1

[Link].TZ0.5
A climber of mass m slides down a vertical rope with an average acceleration a. What is
the average frictional force exerted by the rope on the climber ?
A. mg

B. m(g + a)
C. m(g – a)

D. ma
[Link].TZ0.6
A cube slides down the surface of a ramp at a constant velocity. What is the magnitude of
the frictional force that acts on the cube due to the surface ?
A. The weight of the cube

B. The component of weight of the cube parallel to the plane

C. The component of weight of the cube perpendicular to the plane

D. The component of the normal reaction at the surface parallel to the plane
[Link].TZ0.7

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A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Air resistance is negligible. What is the variation with
E
time t of the kinetic energy k of the ball ?

[Link].TZ0.8
The tension in a horizontal spring is directly proportional to the extension of the spring.
The energy stored in the spring at extension 𝑥 is 𝐸. What is the work done by the spring
when its extension changes from 𝑥 to
4
𝑥
?
𝐸
A.
16

B. 𝐸4
3𝐸
C.
4

D. 15𝐸16
[Link].TZ0.9
29 K
A mass 𝑚 of water is at a temperature of 0 . The specific heat capacity of water is 𝑐.
Ice, at its melting point, is added to the water to reduce the water temperature to the
freezing point. The specific latent heat of fusion for ice is 𝐿. What is the minimum mass of
?
ice that is required
17𝑚𝑐
A.
𝐿

B. 290𝑚𝑐
𝐿
17𝑚𝐿
C.
𝑐

D. 290𝑚𝐿
𝑐

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[Link].TZ0.10
An ideal gas is in a closed container. Which changes to its volume and temperature when
taken together must cause a decrease in the gas pressure ?

[Link].TZ0.11
Q
Two flasks P and contain an ideal gas and are connected with a tube of negligible
volume compared to that of the flasks. The volume of P is twice the volume of .Q

2 K and Q is held at a temperature of 400 K.

P is held at a temperature of 00

What is mass of
mass of gas in P
mass of gas in Q
?

1
A.
8

B. 14
C. 4

D. 8
[Link].TZ0.12
The motion of an object is described by the equation

acceleration ∝ − displacement.
What is the direction of the acceleration relative to that of the displacement and what is
the displacement when the speed is a maximum ?
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[Link].TZ0.13
A transverse travelling wave is moving through a medium. The graph shows, for one
instant, the variation with distance of the displacement of particles in the medium.

2 Hz and the speed of the wave is 100 m s– . What is

The frequency of the wave is 5 1

correct for this wave ?

A. The particles at X and Y are in phase.

B. The velocity of the particle at X is a maximum.
C. The horizontal distance between X and Z is 3.0 m.

D. The velocity of the particle at Y is 100 m s– .

1

[Link].TZ0.14
Monochromatic light is used to produce double-slit interference fringes on a screen. The
fringe separation on the screen is 𝑦. The distance from the slits to the screen and the
separation of the slits are both doubled, and the light source is unchanged. What is the
new fringe separation on the screen ?
𝑦
A.
4

B. 𝑦
C. 2𝑦

D. 4𝑦
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[Link].TZ0.15
X Y
Unpolarized light is incident on two polarizing filters and . They are arranged so that
Y X Y
light emerging from has a maximum intensity. is fixed and is rotated through θ
about the direction of the incident beam in its own plane.

What are the first three successive values of θ for which the final transmitted intensity is a
maximum ?

A. 90°, 180°, 270°

B. 90°, 270°, 450°
C. 180°, 360°, 540°

D. 180°, 540°, 720°

[Link].TZ0.16
A pipe is open at both ends. What is correct about a standing wave formed in the air of
the pipe ?
A. The sum of the number of nodes plus the number of antinodes is an odd number.

B. The sum of the number of nodes plus the number of antinodes is an even number.
C. There is always a central node.

D. There is always a central antinode.

[Link].TZ0.17
A negatively charged particle in a uniform gravitational field is positioned mid-way
between two charged conducting plates.

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The potential difference between the plates is adjusted until the particle is held at rest
relative to the plates.

What change will cause the particle to accelerate downwards relative to the plates ?

D
A. ecreasing the charge on the particle

B. Decreasing the separation of the plates

C. Increasing the length of the plates

D. Increasing the potential difference between the plates

[Link].TZ0.18
A thin copper wire and a thick copper wire are connected in series to an electric cell.
Which quantity will be greater in the thin wire?
A. Current

B. Number of free charge carriers per unit volume

C. Net number of charge carriers crossing a section of a wire every second

D. Drift speed of the charge carriers

[Link].TZ0.19
The diagram shows a resistor network. The potential difference between X and Y is 8.0 V.

about:blank 583/842
 Ω resistor?
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

What is the current in the 5

A. 1.0A

B. 1.6A
C. 2.0A

D. 3.0A
[Link].TZ0.20
When a wire with an electric current I is placed in a magnetic field of strength B it
F
experiences a magnetic force . What is the direction of F?
A. In a direction determined by I only

B. In a direction determined by B only

C. In the plane containing I and B

D. At 90° to the plane containing I and B

[Link].TZ0.21
An object hangs from a light string and moves in a horizontal circle of radius r.

The string makes an angle θ with the vertical. The angular speed of the object is ω. What
is tan θ?
𝜔2 𝑟
A.
𝑔

B. 𝜔𝑔 𝑟 2

𝜔𝑟2
C.
𝑔

D. 𝜔𝑟𝑔 2

[Link].TZ0.22
about:blank 584/842
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An object of mass m makes n revolutions per second around a circle of radius r at a

constant speed. What is the kinetic energy of the object ?
A. 0

B. 12 𝜋2𝑚𝑛2𝑟2
C. 2𝜋2 𝑚𝑛2 𝑟2

D. 4𝜋2𝑚𝑛2𝑟2
[Link].TZ0.23
E
A satellite travels around the arth in a circular orbit. What is true about the forces acting
?
in this situation

A. The resultant force is the same direction as the satellite’s acceleration.

B. The gravitational force acting on the satellite is negligible.

C. There is no resultant force on the satellite relative to the Earth.

D. The satellite does not exert any force on the Earth.

[Link].TZ0.24
The energy levels for an atom are shown to scale.

λ
A photon of wavelength is emitted because of a transition from E to E2. Which
?
3
transition leads to the emission of a photon of longer wavelength

A. E to E
4 1

B. E to E
4 3

C. E to E
3 1

D. E2 to E 1

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[Link].TZ0.25
A proton, an electron and an alpha particle are at rest. Which particle has the smallest
magnitude of ratio of charge to mass and which particle has the largest magnitude of
ratio of charge to mass ?

[Link].TZ0.26
X is a radioactive nuclide that decays to a stable nuclide. The activity of X falls to 161 th of
its original value in 32 s.
What is the half-life of X?

A. 2 s

B. 4 s
C. 8 s

D. 16 s
[Link].TZ0.27
What is correct about the nature and range of the strong interaction between nuclear
particles ?
A. It is attractive at all particle separations.

B. It is attractive for particle separations between 0.7 fm and 3 fm.

C. It is repulsive for particle separations greater than 3 fm.

D. It is repulsive at all particle separations.

[Link].TZ0.3
A ball falls from rest in the absence of air resistance. The position of the centre of the ball
is determined at one-second intervals from the instant at which it is released. What are
the distances, in metres, travelled by the centre of the ball during each second for the
first 4.0 s of the motion ?
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A. 5, 10, 15, 0 2
B. 5, 15, 25, 35
C. 5, 20, 45, 80

D. 5, 25, 70, 150

[Link].TZ0.4
An object is thrown from a cliff at an angle to the horizontal. The ground below the cliff is
horizontal.

Three quantities are known about this motion.

I. The horizontal component of the initial velocity of the object

II. The initial angle between the velocity of the object and the horizontal
III. The height of the cliff

What are the quantities that must be known in order to determine the horizontal distance
from the point of projection to the point at which the object hits the ground ?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
[Link].TZ0.9
Under which conditions of pressure and density will a real gas approximate to an ideal
gas ?

[Link].TZ0.12

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The graph shows the variation with time for the displacement of a particle in a travelling
wave.

What are the frequency and amplitude for the oscillation of the particle ?

[Link].TZ0.14
A pipe of length 0.6 m is filled with a gas and closed at one end. The speed of sound in
the gas is 300 m s–1. What are the frequencies of the first two harmonics in the tube ?
2 Hz and 250 Hz
A. 1 5

B. 125 Hz and 375 Hz

C. 250 Hz and 500 Hz

D. 250 Hz and 750 Hz

[Link].TZ0.16
2 V
Two power supplies, one of constant emf 4 and the other of variable emf P, are
B
connected to two resistors as shown. oth power supplies have negligible internal
resistances.
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What is the magnitude of P for the reading on the ammeter to be zero?

A. ero Z
B. 6 V
C. 8 V

D. 18 V
[Link].TZ0.19
Nuclide X can decay by–two routes. In Route 1 alpha (α) decay is followed by beta-minus
(β ) decay. In Route 2 β decay is followed by α decay. P and R are the intermediate
–
products and Q and S are the final products.

Which statement is correct ?

A. Q and S are different isotopes of the same element.

B. The mass numbers of X and R are the same.
C. The atomic numbers of P and R are the same.

D. X and R are different isotopes of the same element.

[Link].TZ0.21
Gamma (𝛾) radiation
A. is deflected by a magnetic field.

B. affects a photographic plate.

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C. originates in the electron cloud outside a nucleus.

D. is deflected by an electric field.

[Link].TZ0.26
An object undergoes simple harmonic motion (shm) of amplitude 𝑥0. When the
𝑥
displacement of the object is 0 , the speed of the object is 𝑣. What is the speed when the
displacement is 𝑥0 ? 3

A. 0

B. 𝑣3
√2
C.
3
𝑣

D. 3𝑣
[Link].TZ0.27
Light of frequency 500 THz is incident on a single slit– and forms a diffraction pattern. The
first diffraction minimum forms at an angle of 2.4 x 10 rad to the central maximum. The
3

frequency of the light is now changed to 750 THz. What is the angle between the first
diffraction minimum and the central maximum?

A. 1.6 × 10– rad 3

B. 1.8 × 10– rad 3

C. 2.4 × 10– rad 3

D. 3.6 × 10– rad 3

[Link].TZ0.28
Light of wavelength λ is normally incident on a diffraction grating of spacing 3λ. What is
the angle between the two second-order maxima?

A. sin-1 23

B. sin-1 43
C. 2sin-1 2
3

D. >90° so no second orders appear

[Link].TZ0.29

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 Sea waves move towards a beach at a constant speed of 2.0 m s– . They arrive at the
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test
1

beach with a frequency of 0.10 Hz. A girl on a surfboard is moving in the sea at right
angles to the wave fronts. She observes that the surfboard crosses the wave fronts with a
frequency of 0.40 Hz.

What is the speed of the surfboard and what is the direction of motion of the surfboard
relative to the beach?

[Link].TZ0.30
The gravitational potential is 𝑉 at a distance 𝑅 above the surface of a spherical planet of
radius 𝑅 and uniform density. What is the gravitational potential a distance 2𝑅 above the
surface of the planet?
𝑉
A.
4

B. 4𝑉9
𝑉
C.
2

D. 2𝑉3
[Link].TZ0.31
The force acting between two point charges is 𝐹 when the separation of the charges is 𝑥.
What is the force between the charges when the separation is increased to 3𝑥 ?
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𝐹
A.
3

B. 3𝑥𝐹 2

𝐹
C.
9

D. 9𝑥𝐹 2

[Link].TZ0.32
E
An electron enters a uniform electric field of strength with a velocity v. The direction of
E ?
v is not parallel to . What is the path of the electron after entering the field

A. Circular

B. Parabolic
C. Parallel to E
D. Parallel to v
[Link].TZ0.33
X and Y are two plane coils parallel to each other that have a common axis. There is a
constant direct current in Y.

X is first moved towards Y and later is moved away from Y. What, as X moves, is the
direction of the current in X relative to that in Y?

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Markschemes
[Link].TZ0.2
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1:
7.2 × 10−7 × 12.5
𝑟 = √ 𝜌𝑙 OR ✔
𝜋R √ 𝜋 × 0.1
r= 5.352 × 10− ✔ 3

5.4 × 10− «m» ✔

3

For MP2 accept any SF

For MP3 accept only 2 SF
For MP3 accept ANY answer given to 2 SF

ALTERNATIVE 2:
7.2 × 10−7 × 12.5
𝐴= 0.1
✔

r= 5.352 × 10− ✔ 3

5.4 × 10− «m» ✔

3

For MP2 accept any SF

For MP3 accept only 2 SF
For MP3 accept ANY answer given to 2 SF
b. current in lamp = 5 «= 0.21» «A» OR n = 24 × 8 ✔
24 5

so «38.4 and therefore» 38 lamps ✔ Do not award ECF from MP1

c. when adding more lamps in parallel the brightness stays the same ✔

/
when adding more lamps in parallel the pd across each remains the same at the
operating value 4 ✔ /2 V
when adding more lamps in parallel the current through each remains the same ✔

lamps can be controlled independently ✔

the pd across each bulb is larger in parallel ✔

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the current in each bulb is greater in parallel ✔

lamps will be brighter in parallel than in series ✔

In parallel the pd across the lamps will be the operating value 4 /2 V ✔

Accept converse arguments for adding lamps in series :
when adding more lamps in series the brightness decreases

when adding more lamps in series the pd decreases

when adding more lamps in series the current decreases

lamps can’t be controlled independently the pd across each bulb is smaller in series

the current in each bulb is smaller in series

in series the pd across the lamps will less than the operating value 4 /2 V
Do not accept statements that only compare the overall resistance of the combination
of bulbs.

d.i.

«as flux linkage change occurs in core, induced emfs appear so» current is induced ✔
induced currents give rise to resistive forces ✔

«
eddy currents cause thermal energy losses in conducting core ✔ »
/
power dissipated by eddy currents is drawn from the primary coil reduces power
delivered to the secondary ✔

[Link]. power = 190 OR 192 «W» ✔ required power = 190 × 10095 «200 or 202 W» ✔
so
200
= 0.83 OR 0.84 «A rms» ✔
240

peak current = «0.83 × √2 OR 0.84 × √2 » = 1.2/1.3 «A» ✔

[Link].TZ0.3
a.

force × time
OR
change in momentum ✔

b.i. E = mgh = 0.058 × 9.81 ×1.1 = 0.63 J ✔

k

Allow use of g = 10 m s−2 (which gives 0.64 «J»)

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Substitution and at least 2 SF must be shown

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1: initial momentum = mv = √2 × 0.058 × 0.63 «= 0.27 kg m s− » 1

OR mv = 0.058 × √2 × 9.81 × 1.1 «= 0.27 kg m s− » ✔ 1

force = « =» 0.055 ✔ 4.9 «N» ✔ F − mg = 4.9 so F = 5.5 «N» ✔

change in momentum 0.27
time

ALTERNATIVE 2: «E = 12 mv2 = 0.63 J» v = 4.7 m s− ✔

k
1

acceleration = « =»
Δ𝑣
Δ𝑡
4.7
55 × 10
= «85 m s−2» ✔ 4.9 «N» ✔
−3

F − mg = 4.9 so F= 5.5 «N» ✔ Accept negative acceleration and force.

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1: concrete reduces the stopping time/distance ✔

impulse/change in momentum same so force greater OR

work done same so force greater ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2:

concrete reduces the stopping time ✔ deceleration is greater so force is greater ✔

Allow reverse argument for grass.

[Link].TZ0.6
a.i.

it is constant ✔

[Link]. R = 1.20 × 10−15 × 31 1

3 « »
= 3.8 × 10−15 m ✔
Must see working and answer to at least 2SF
b.i. separation for interaction = 5.3 or 5.5 «fm» ✔

✔ = 6.5 / 6.6 ×10 OR 6.3 ×10−13 «J» ✔

[Link]. energy required = 15𝑒 2 − 13
4𝜋𝜀 × 5.3 × 10 −15
0

Allow ecf from (b)(i)

c. «electron» antineutrino also emitted ✔

energy split between electron and «anti»neutrino ✔

d.i. probability of decay of a nucleus ✔ OR

the fraction of the number of nuclei that decay /
in one the next second OR
per unit time ✔

about:blank 595/842
 = 6.05 × «s» 17 = 7 × 10−7 «s– » ✔
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test
5
[Link]. 1 week 105 24e−𝜆 × 6.1 × 10 ✔ 5. 1

Award [2 max] if answer is not in seconds

If answer not in seconds and no unit quoted award [1 max] for correct substitution into
M2
equation ( P )

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

charge stored on capacitor = 12 × 10− × 7.5 = 0.09 «C» ✔

3

b. energy stored in capacitor « 1 CV2 or 1 QV =» 1 × 12 × 10− × 7.52 «= 0.338 J» ✔

3
2 2 2

height = « × = » 0.25/0.26 «m»

1 0.338
3 9.81 × 4.5 × 10 −2

Allow use of g = 10 m s−2 which gives 0.25 «m»

c. C halved ✔ so energy stored is halved/reduced so rises «less than» half height ✔

discharge time/raise time less as RC halved/reduced ✔ Allow 6 mF

[Link].TZ0.1
a.
3
𝑚2 ✔

3
Accept other power of tens multiples of 𝑚 2 , eg 𝑐𝑚 2 . : 3

b.

« 2
measured uncertainties for one oscillation and for 0 oscillations are the »
/ /O E
same similar WTT

OR % uncertainty is less for 20 oscillations than for one ✔

dividing «by 20» / finding mean reduces the random error ✔

c.i. Straight line touching at least 3 points drawn across the range ✔

about:blank 596/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

It is not required to extend the line to pass through the origin.

[Link]. theory predicts proportional relation «𝑇 ∝ 𝑑1 , slope = Td = √𝑐𝑔 = constant » ✔

« »
the graph is straight line through the origin ✔

d. correctly determines gradient using points where T 1.5s Δ≥ OR

≥
correctly selects a single data point with T 1.5s ✔

manipulation with formula, any new and correct expression to enable g to be

determined ✔

Calculation of g ✔ With g in range 8.6 and 10. 7 «m s−2» ✔

Allow range 0.51 to 0.5 . 7
[Link].TZ0.8
a.i.

force per unit mass ✔

/ / «
acting on a small test point mass placed at the point in the field ✔ »
[Link]. Mars is spherical/a sphere «and of uniform density so behaves as a point mass» ✔
satellite has a much smaller mass/diameter/size than Mars «so approximates to a point
mass» ✔

b.i. « 𝑚𝑣 = 𝐺𝑀𝑚 hence» 𝑣 = 𝐺𝑀 . Also 𝑣 = 2𝜋𝑅 OR 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 = 𝐺𝑀𝑚 hence 𝜔2 = 𝐺𝑀 ✔

2

𝑟 𝑟 2 √𝑅 𝑇 𝑟 𝑅2 3

uses either of the above to get 𝑇2 = 4𝜋

2
𝑅3 OR uses 𝑘 =
4𝜋2
✔
𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀

about:blank 597/842
 k = 9.2 × 10−13 / 9.3 × 10−13
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Unit not required

R = 2.04 × 107 «m» ✔

2
[Link]. 3 𝑇2 (8.9 × 104 )
𝑅 = 𝑘
= 9.25 × 10−13

v = «𝜔𝑟 = 2𝜋 ×89000
2.04 × 10 7
= » 1.4 × 10 «m s– » OR3 1

v = «√ 𝐺𝑀𝑅 = √ 6.67 × 102.04 ××106.4 × 10 = » 1.4 × 10 «m s– » ✔

−11
7
23
3 1

c.i. use of 𝐼 ∝
1
𝑟2
«1.36 × 10 × 1.51 » ✔ 3
2
«
604 W m–2 ✔ »
[Link]. use of
600
4
for mean intensity ✔ temperature /K = «√ 4 × 5.67600× 10
4
−8 = » 230 ✔
[Link]. reference to greenhouse gas effect ✔ /
recognize the link between molecular density concentration and pressure ✔ /
low pressure means too few molecules to produce a significant heating effect OR
low pressure means too little radiation re-radiated back to Mars ✔
The greenhouse effect can be described, it doesn’t have to be named

[Link].TZ1.2
a.i.

read off between 1 and 1 7

9 «deg» ✔
correct use of d = = 7.8 × 10− «m» ✔
𝜆 15
sin⁡𝜃

so radius = «fm» = 3.9 «fm» ✔

7.8
2

Award ecf for wrong angle in MP1.

Answer for MP3 must show at least 2 sf.

R = R ( 𝐴 ) or substitution ✔ 7.4 «fm» ✔

1
[Link]. Th 3
Th si
𝐴Si

[Link]. electron wavelength shorter than alpha particles (thus increased resolution)
OR
electron is not subject to strong nuclear force ✔

[Link]. nuclear forces act ✔ nuclear recoil occurs ✔

/
significant penetration into nucleus probing internal structure of individual nucleons
✔

incident particles are relativistic ✔

about:blank 598/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.3
a.

/ /
two waves superpose mention of superposition mention of constructive « »
interference ✔

/
they arrive in phase there is a path length difference of an integer number of
wavelengths ✔

b. = 0.062 «m»✔ so wavelength = 0.031 «m»✔

path difference

frequency = 9.7 × 109 «Hz»✔ Award [2 max] for 4.8 x 109 Hz.

c. intensity is modulated by a single slit diffraction envelope OR

intensity varies with distance OR points are different distances from the slits ✔

d.

cos2 variation shown ✔ 9°

with zero at 0 (by eye) ✔

Award [1 max] for an inverted curve with maximum at 0 . 9°

[Link].TZ0.9
a.

E
Internal energy is the sum of all the P s and KEs of the molecules (of the oxygen) ✔
E
P of molecules in gaseous state is zero ✔

(At boiling point) average KE of molecules in gas and liquid is the same ✔
gases have a higher internal energy ✔

about:blank 599/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Molecules/particles/atoms must be included once, if not, award [1 max]

b.i. ALTERNATIVE 1: flow rate of oxygen = 8 «g s− » ✔ 1

«2.1 × 10 × 8 × 10− » = 1.7 «kW» ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2:

5 3

Q = «0.25 × 32 × 10− × 2.1 × 10 =» 1680 «J» ✔ power = «1680 W =» 1.7 «kW» ✔

3 5

[Link]. T = 260 «K» ✔ V = « 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = » 4.9 × 10− «m » ✔

3 3
𝑝

c. ideal gas has point objects ✔ no intermolecular forces ✔ non liquefaction ✔

ideal gas assumes monatomic particles ✔

the collisions between particles are elastic ✔

/
Allow the opposite statements if they are clearly made about oxygen eg oxygen this
can be liquified

[Link].TZ2.17
D
[Link].TZ2.20
C

[Link].TZ2.18
B
[Link].TZ2.21
D
[Link].TZ2.24
C

[Link].TZ2.20
D
[Link].TZ2.22

about:blank 600/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.26
A

[Link].TZ2.27
B
[Link].TZ2.28
D
[Link].TZ2.29
C

[Link].TZ2.30
D
[Link].TZ2.31
D
[Link].TZ2.22
D
[Link].TZ2.24
A

[Link].TZ2.34
C

[Link].TZ2.26
C

about:blank 601/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.34
B
[Link].TZ2.38
B
[Link].TZ0.35
C

[Link].TZ0.36
A

[Link].TZ0.37
A

[Link].TZ0.38
B
[Link].TZ0.39
B
[Link].TZ0.40
A

[Link].TZ0.1
a.

Δ
links 0.84 to p ✔

𝑣= «5 . 80 ×. 8410 = » 14.5 «m s– »✔
-2
1

NOTE: Award [2] for bald correct answer

b. use of Δt = «(28 – 12) × 10– =» 16 × 10– «s» ✔ 𝐹¯ =« ∆𝑝 = » 0 . 84
3 3
-3 OR 53 «N» ✔
∆𝑡 16 × 10

about:blank 602/842
 NOTE: Accept a time interval from 14 to 16 ms
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Allow ECF from incorrect time interval

c. E = 1 × 5.8 × 10–2 × 14.52 ✔ E = W ✔

1
k 𝑊 × 5 . 8 × 10-2 × 14 . 52
k s=« = 2 = » 0.12 « m » ✔
2 𝐹 53

Allow ECF from (a) and (b) Allow ECF from MP1

Award [2] max for a calculation without reference to work done, eg average velocity : ×
time

d.

graph must show increasing speed from an initial of zero all the time ✔
overall correct curvature ✔

[Link].TZ0.3
a(i).

v = «0 . 200 .×0510 = » 250 «m s– »✔

-3
1

a(ii). λ = 0.30 «m» ✔ NOTE: Allow ECF from (a)(i)

𝑓 = « 0 . 30 = » 830 «Hz» ✔ Allow ECF from wrong wavelength for MP2
250

b. Q ✔
acceleration is proportional to displacement «and Q has larger displacement» ✔

c(i). 3 «points» ✔

c(ii). first harmonic mode drawn ✔

about:blank 603/842
 NOTE: Allow if only one curve drawn, either solid or dashed.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

random :
it cannot be predicted which nucleus will decay
OR
it cannot be predicted when a nucleus will decay ✔

NOTE: OWTTE

spontaneous :
/
the decay cannot be influenced modified in any way ✔

NOTE: OWTTE

234 × 7.6 OR 4 × 7.07 ✔

b(i).

BE =« 234 × 7.6 + 4 × 7.07 – 4.27 =» 1802 « MeV » ✔

U

𝐵𝐸U
= « 1802 = » 7 . 57 « MeV » ✔ NOTE: Allow ECF from MP2
𝐴 238 Award [3] for bald correct answer
Allow conversion to J, final answer is 1.2 × 10–12

b(ii). states or applies conservation of momentum ✔

𝑝2 NOTE: Award [2] for bald correct answer
ratio is « 𝐸k𝛼
𝐸kTh
= 2𝑚𝛼
𝑝2 =
234
4
» 58.5 ✔
2𝑚Th

[Link].TZ0.10

about:blank 604/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

there is a phase change ✔

of π OR as it is reflected off a medium of higher refractive index ✔

b(i). 2d ✔
NOTE: Accept 2dn
b(ii). 2𝑑𝑛 = 𝜆 ✔ 𝑑 = « 𝜆
= 656
= » 119 « nm » ✔
2 4𝑛 4 × 1 . 38

NOTE: Award [2] for bald correct answer

b(iii). reflection from «front surface of» lens eliminated/reduced
OR
energy reaching sensor increased ✔

at one wavelength ✔ NOTE: Accept reference to reduction of glare for MP1

c(i). standard single slit diffraction pattern with correct overall shape ✔

secondary maxima of right size ✔

NOTE: Secondary maximum not to exceed 1/5 th of maximum intensity

Ignore width of maxima

c(ii). use of 𝜃 =
1 . 22𝜆
𝑏
✔ 𝜃 = 2 . 9 × 10-4 rad ✔ « »
NOTE: Award [2] for bald correct answer
[Link].TZ0.11
a(i).

«low intensity light would» transfer energy to the electron at a low rate/slowly ✔
time would be required for the electron «to absorb the required energy» to escape/be
emitted ✔

NOTE: OWTTE
about:blank 605/842
 «in the photon theory of light» the electron interacts with a single photon ✔
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a(ii).
and absorbs all the energy OR and can leave the metal immediately ✔

NOTE: Reference to photon-electron collision scores MP1

𝜙 = ℎ𝑐 - 𝐸K ✔ 𝐸K = 1 . 5 « eV » ✔ 𝜙 = « 1 . 24 × 10-9 - 1 . 5 = » 1 . 1 « eV » ✔
-6
b(i).
𝜆 480 × 10

NOTE: Allow reading from the graph of 𝐸𝑘 = 1 .4 leading to an answer of 1.2 «eV».

b(ii). similar curve lower than original ✔ with same horizontal intercept ✔

[Link].TZ0.1
a.

a straight line cannot be drawn through all error bars

OR
/ / / /
the graph line of best fit is curved not straight parabolic etc.
OR
/
graph has increasing variable gradient ✔

NOTE: Do not allow “a line cannot be drawn through all error bars” without specifying
“straight”.

b. 𝑣 = 1 . 15 « m s-1 » AND ∆𝑣 = 0 . 05 « m s-1 » ✔ «01 .. 0515 = »0.04 ✔

NOTE: Accept 4 %
c. use of 2 correct points on the line with Δv2 > 2 ✔ 2
b in range 0.01 to 0.013 ✔

s3 m–2 ✔

d. 𝑎max = 2 . 101 s « » ±0.001 «s» AND 𝑎min = 2 . 095«s» ±0.001 «s» ✔

«2 . 101 2- 2 . 095 = » 0.003 «s» ✔
[Link].TZ0.4
about:blank 606/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a(i).

𝛾 = 1 . 09✔
𝐿A = « 2.0
1 . 09
« »
= » 1.8 km ✔

a(ii). ALTERNATIVE 1 time = 11 .. 82 ×× 1010 ✔

3
8
1.5 × 10– «s» ✔
5 ALTERNATIVE 2

2 × 103 𝑡B
𝑡B = = 1 . 66 × 10-5 «s» ✔ 𝑡A = 𝛾 = 1 . 5 × 10-5 «s» ✔
1 . 2 × 108

b.

LB is the length measurement/ «by observer B» made in the reference frame in which
the bridge is at rest ✔

NOTE: Idea of rest frame or frame in which bridge is not moving is required.
c(i).

′
x axis drawn with correct gradient of 0.4 ✔

NOTE: Line must be 1 square below Y, allow ±0.5 square.

Allow line drawn without a ruler.

about:blank 607/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

c(ii).

′
lines parallel to the x axis through X and Y intersecting the worldline ct′ at points
shown ✔

soY/lamp at the end of the bridge turned on first ✔

NOTE: Allow lines drawn without a ruler
Do not allow MP2 without supporting argument or correct diagram.
c(iii).

°
light worldlines at 45 from X AND Y intersecting the worldline ct′ ✔
so light from lamp X is observed first ✔
NOTE: Allow lines drawn without a ruler.
Do not allow MP2 without supporting argument or correct diagram.
c(iv). ALTERNATIVE 1 ∆𝑡' = 1 . 09 × 0 - 0 . 4 × 2 . 0 × 10 ✔ = «–»2.9 × 10– «s» ✔
3 6
8
3 . 0 × 10

about:blank 608/842
 X and Y
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

ALTERNATIVE 2 equating spacetime intervals between

relies on realization that ∆𝑥' = 𝛾∆𝑥 - 0 eg : 𝑐∆𝑡'2 - 1 . 09 × 20002 = 02 - 20002 ✔

√1 . 09 × 20002 - 20002 ALTERNATIVE 3
∆𝑡' = « ± » = « ± » 2 . 9 × 10-6 «s» ✔
3 . 0 × 108

use of diagram from answer to 4(c)(ii) (1 small square = 200 m)

counts 4.5 to 5 small squares (allow 00 9 – 1000 m) between events for A seen on B’s
ct axis ✔
950
𝛾𝑐
= 2 . 9 × 10-6 ± 0 . 2 × 10-6 «s» ✔

[Link].TZ0.5
a.

zero ✔

b(i). «change in» angular momentum ✔ NOTE: Allow angular impulse.

b(ii). use of L = lω = area under graph = 1.80 «kg m2 s– » ✔ 1

rearranges «to give ω= area/I» 1.80 = 0.5 × 5.00 × 0.0602 × ω ✔

«to get ω = 200 rad s– » 1

0 . 40
b(iii). « = » 33 . 3 N ✔
0 . 012

c(i). translational equilibrium is when the sum of all the forces on a body is zero ✔

rotational equilibrium is when the sum of all the torques on a body is zero ✔

c(ii). ALTERNATIVE 1 0 = 2002 + 2 × 𝛼 × 2π × 8000 ✔ 𝛼 = « - » 0 . 398 « rad 𝑠-2 » ✔

torque = 𝛼𝐼 = 0 . 398 × 0 . 5 × 5 . 00 × 0 . 0602 = 3 . 58 × 10-3 «N m» ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2

change in kinetic energy = « - » 0 . 5 × 0 . 5 × 5 . 00 × 0 . 0602 × 2002 = « - » 180 « J » ✔
identifies work done = change in KE ✔ torque = 𝑊𝜃 = 2π ×1808000 = 3 . 58 × 10-3 «N m»✔

[Link].TZ0.3
a.

laws of physics are the same for all observers

OR
«
laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames ✔ »
NOTE: OWTTE
about:blank 609/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b(i). magnetic ✔

b(ii). «from 3a»

force must still be repulsive ✔

for P there is no magnetic force AND force is electric electrostatic /

OR
/
since P is at rest the force is electric electrostatic ✔

b(iii). protons and electrons in the wire move with different velocities relative to P « »
OR
speed of electrons is greater ✔

«for P» the density of protons and electrons in wire will be different «due to length
contraction»
OR
«for P» the wire appears to have negative charge «due to length contraction» ✔
«hence electric force arises»
NOTE: Do not award mark for mention of length contraction without details.
0 . 80 + 0 . 30
b(iv). 𝑢' = 1 + 0 . 80 × 0 . 30 𝑐 ✔ = 0 . 89𝑐 ✔

NOTE: Accept 0.89c if all negative values used. Accept –0.89c even though speed is
required.

[Link].TZ0.6
a(i).
3 5 5
𝑃B = 250 × 10
5 « from 𝑃B 1 . 5 𝑉A 3 = 250 × 103 × 𝑉A 3 » ✔
1 . 53

= 127 kPa ✔
a(ii). « 127 × 103 × 1 . 5 𝑉A = 250 × 103 𝑉C » 1.31 ✔

b(i). ALTERNATIVE 1
work done ∆𝑊 = « - » 250 × 103 × 1 . 5 × 10-3 = « - » 375 « J » ✔
3
change in internal energy ∆𝑈 = × 0 . 300 × 8 . 31 × -150 = « - » 561 « J »
2
OR
∆𝑈 = 32 𝑃∆𝑉 = 32 × 375 = « - » 563 « J » ✔

thermal energy removed ∆𝑄 = 375 + 561 = 936 «J» ALTERNATIVE 2

OR
∆𝑄 = 375 + 563 = 938 « J » ✔
5
∆𝑄 = « 𝑛𝐶𝑝∆𝑇 = » 2 × 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ✔

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

thermal energy removed ∆𝑄 = 0 . 300 × 2 . 5 × 8 . 31 × 150 ✔ = 935 « J » ✔

b(ii). ALTERNATIVE 1«from b(i)» ∆𝑄 is negative ✔ ∆𝑆 = ∆𝑄𝑇 AND ∆𝑆 is negative ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2 T and/or V decreases ✔
less disorder/more order «so S decreases» ✔ ALTERNATIVE 3 T decreases ✔
∆𝑆 = 𝐾 × ln 𝑇2 < 0 ✔
𝑇1
NOTE: Answer given, look for a valid reason that S decreases.
b(iii). not violated ✔

the entropy of the surroundings must have increased

OR
the overall entropy of the system and the surroundings is the same or increased ✔

[Link].TZ0.12
B
[Link].TZ0.13
A

[Link].TZ0.14
D
[Link].TZ0.15
C

[Link].TZ0.16
B
[Link].TZ0.17
C

[Link].TZ0.21
B
[Link].TZ0.22
about:blank 611/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

D
[Link].TZ0.23
C

[Link].TZ0.18
B
[Link].TZ0.19
C

[Link].TZ0.20
A

[Link].TZ0.5
D
[Link].TZ0.27
D
[Link].TZ0.7
C

[Link].TZ0.12
B
[Link].TZ0.9
A

[Link].TZ0.28
A

about:blank 612/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.15
D
[Link].TZ0.29
A

[Link].TZ0.16
D
[Link].TZ0.30
A

[Link].TZ0.17
B
[Link].TZ0.18
A

[Link].TZ0.3
C

[Link].TZ0.24
A

[Link].TZ0.34
B
[Link].TZ0.27
C

[Link].TZ0.28
about:blank 613/842
 B
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.29
B
[Link].TZ0.30
D
[Link].TZ0.35
C

[Link].TZ0.36
C

[Link].TZ0.31
C

[Link].TZ0.37
D
[Link].TZ1.5
a.

to charge a capacitor current must be direct ✓

diode will only allow current to flow in one direction

OR
the diode provides half wave rectification ✓

b.i. 𝑉s = 15 × 220 = « 3300 V» ✓ 1 1

𝐸 = 2 𝐶𝑉2 = 2 × 30 × 10-6 × 33002 OR 163 «J» ✓
22 V
Allow use of 0 as an RMS value to calculate s 46 and V = 7V E = 327 J for full marks
if appropriate work is provided.
Answer must be to 3 or more sf or working shown for MP2

about:blank 614/842
 ✓ Q = 30 μF x V)
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link]. 𝑄0 = 0 . 0989 ≈ 0 . 1 « C » Allow ECF from (b)(i) (

[Link]. labels + on the lower side of the capacitor ✓

c.i. the energy stored in the capacitor is delivered to the resistor heart / ✓
[Link].
𝑡
use of 𝑄 = 𝑄0 𝑒- 𝜏 to show that 0 . 37 = 1𝑒 ✓
[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 reads from the graph 𝜏 = 1 . 6 ms ✓
so 𝑅 =
0 . 0016
30 × 10-6
= 53 « Ω » ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
reads a correct value from the graph for
𝑄
𝑄0
and 𝑡 ✓ so 𝑅 =
ln
𝑄
𝑡
3 × 10-5
✓
𝑄0

d.

«the capacitors are in parallel hence» capacitances are added / more charge is stored
OR
Ceq is larger
OR
electrode capacitor charges and discharges ✓
«therefore» discharge takes longer/increases ✓
[Link].TZ0.32
B
[Link].TZ0.38
C

[Link].TZ0.33
C

[Link].TZ0.39
A

[Link].TZ0.40
C

[Link].TZ1.6
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

«change is» 𝜋 / 180° ✓

b. «to eliminate reflection» destructive interference is required ✓

phase change is the same at both boundaries / no relative phase change due to
reflections ✓

therefore 2𝑤𝑛coating = 𝑚 + 𝜆air OR 𝑤 =

1
2
𝜆
OR 𝑤 = 𝜆 ✓ coating air
4 4𝑛 coating

c.i.

central maximum of one diffraction pattern lies over the central first minimum of the /
other diffraction pattern ✓
[Link]. 𝜆
𝜃 = « 1 . 22 𝑏 = 1 . 22
700 × 10-9
4 × 10-3
= » 2 . 14 × 10-4 « rad » ✓ 𝐷 = 14 « 0 . 05 m» ✓
[Link].TZ0.4
a.

constancy of time
OR
speed of light > c is possible ✓

OWTTE
b(i). 𝛾 = 1 . 15 ✓ length = 6.9 «m» ✓ Allow length in the range 6 . 7 to 7 . 0 𝑚.

EF
Allow C from wrong 𝛾

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer in the range indicated above.

b(ii). /
8 . 0 m measurement made on the probe ✓
the measurement made by an observer at rest in the frame of the probe ✓
c. 𝑢= 0 . 5𝑐 + 0 . 8𝑐
1+
0 . 5𝑐 × 0 . 8𝑐 ✓ 𝑢 = 0 . 93c ✓ Allow all negative signs for velocities
𝑐2

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer

[Link].TZ1.4
B
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.1
a(i).

zero ✓
a(ii). Blades exert a downward force on the air ✓

« Newton’s third law»

air exerts an equal and opposite force on the blades by
OR
air exerts a reaction force on the blades «by Newton’s third law» ✓

Downward direction required for MP1.

a(iii). «lift force/change of momentum in one second» = 1 . 7𝑣 ✓

1 . 7𝑣 = 0 . 95 + 0 . 45 × 9 . 81 ✓ 𝑣 = 8 . 1 « ms-1 » AND answer expressed to 2 sf only ✓

Allow 8 . 2 from 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠-2 .

b. = lift force – weight OR = 0 . 45 × 9 . 81 OR = 4 . 4

vertical force «N» ✓
= 4 . 6 « ms-2 » ✓
0 . 45 × 9 . 81
acceleration =
0 . 95

[Link].TZ1.5
A

[Link].TZ1.6
B
[Link].TZ1.7
C

[Link].TZ1.5

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.
238 234
92U→« 90» Th+ « 42» 𝛼 ✓
H
Allow e for alpha.

b. →
udd uud
OR
down quark changes to up quark ✓
c.i. / ✓
links temperature to kinetic energy speed of particles

energy required to overcome «Coulomb» electrostatic repulsion ✓

[Link]. «energy is released when» binding energy per nucleon increases

[Link]. any use of (value from graph) x (number of nucleons) ✓

« 235 × 7 . 6 - 89 × 8 . 6 + 144 × 8 . 2 = » 160 « MeV » ✓

[Link].TZ1.8
D
[Link].TZ1.9
A

[Link].TZ1.7
a.

they express fundamental principles of nature ✓

allow to model situations ✓
allow to calculate unknown variables ✓
allow to predict possible outcomes ✓

allow to predict missing quantities/particles ✓

allow comparison of different system states ✓

b. three correct conservation laws listed ✓

at least one conservation law correctly demonstrated ✓

all three conservation laws correctly demonstrated ✓

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.10
A

[Link].TZ1.11
A

[Link].TZ1.10
a.

electrons are ejected from the surface of a metal ✓

/
after gaining energy from photons electromagnetic radiation ✓
« »
there is a minimum threshold energy frequency /
OR
«
maximum threshold wavelength» ✓
b. «𝑒𝑉 =
1
2
𝑚𝑣2» and manipulation to get 𝑣 ✓

𝑣= 2 × 1 . 6 × 10-19 × 1 . 4
OR 702 « km s-1 » ✓
√ 9 . 1 × 10-31
Must see either complete substitution or calculation to at least 3 s.f. for MP2
c. 𝐸 = 2 . 3 + 1 . 4 ✓ 𝜆 = 6 . 63 × 10 × 3 × 10 ✓ = 3 . 4 × 10-7 m OR 340 nm ✓
-34 8

3 . 7 × 1 . 6 × 10 -19

Must see an appropriate unit to award MP3.

[Link].TZ1.12
C

[Link].TZ2.5
a.

energy is not propagated by standing waves ✓

amplitude constant for travelling waves OR amplitude varies with position for standing
waves OR standing waves have nodes antinodes / ✓
phase varies with position for travelling waves OR phase constant inter-node for
standing waves ✓
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travelling waves can have any wavelength OR standing waves have discrete
wavelengths ✓
OWTTE
b.i. «sound» wave «travels down tube and» is reflected ✓
incident and reflected wave superpose/combine/interfere ✓
OWTTE
Do not award MP1 if the reflection is quoted at the walls/container
[Link]. nodes shown at water surface AND 2 way up tube (by eye) ✓
3

Accept drawing of displacement diagram for correct harmonic without nodes

specifically identified.

Award [0] if waveform is shown below the water surface

[Link]. 𝜆 = 0 . 74 « m » ✓ 𝑐 320
𝑓 = « 𝜆 = 0 . 74 = » 430 « Hz » ✓
Allow ECF from MP1

[Link].TZ2.2
a.

«He behaves as ideal gas if» 𝑝 ∝ 𝑇 «at constant V» ✓

uses two points to show that 𝑝 ∝ 𝑇 ✓

MP1 can also be described as 𝑇𝑝 = 𝑘 OR 𝑇𝑝 = 𝑛𝑅𝑉

b. 100 × 103 × 10-3

250 × 8 . 31
= « 0 . 048 mol » ✓ « 0 . 048 × 4 = » 0 . 19 « g » ✓
Allow ECF from MP1
Allow any correct data point to be used.

c. recognizes that pressure will double ✓

graph will be steeper OR gradient will be larger ✓
graph will still go through the origin ✓
Accept 𝑝𝑣 = 2𝑛𝑅𝑇 for MP1.
MP1 can be expressed as e.g.“𝑝 ∝ 𝑛” OR 𝑛𝑅
“ will
𝑉
double”.

[Link].TZ1.13
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.14
B
[Link].TZ2.6
a.

there is a potential difference across the internal resistance

OR
/
there is energy power dissipated in the internal resistance ✓
« »/ «
when there is current in the cell as charge flows through the cell »✓
Allow full credit for answer based on 𝑉 = 𝜀 - 𝐼𝑟

b. ALTERNATIVE 1 internal resistance =

6.5
✓ 7.2 « Ω » ✓
pd dropped across cell = 6.5 « V » ✓ 0.9

𝜀 = 𝐼 ( 𝑅 + 𝑟 ) so 𝜀 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑟 ✓ 21 . 0 = 14 . 5 + 0 . 9 × 𝑟 ✓ 7.2 « Ω » ✓
ALTERNATIVE 2
Award [3] marks for a bald correct answer
Alternative solutions are possible

c. power arriving at cell= 680 x 0.35 x 0.45 = «107 W» ✓

power in external circuit = 14.5 x 0.9 = «13.1 W» ✓ efficiency = 0.12 OR 12 % ✓

Allow ECF for MP3

Award [3] marks for a bald correct answer

d. «energy from Sun/photovoltaic cells» is renewable non-polluting clean/ ✓

OR
non-renewable are running out ✓

no greenhouse gases
OR OWTTE
/
does not contribute to global warming climate change ✓
Do not allow economic aspects (e.g. free energy)
[Link].TZ1.15
A

[Link].TZ1.16
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.17
B
[Link].TZ2.26
B
[Link].TZ1.18
C

[Link].TZ2.25
B
[Link].TZ1.19
C

[Link].TZ2.27
D
[Link].TZ1.20
D
[Link].TZ2.28
D
[Link].TZ1.21
A

[Link].TZ1.22
B
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.3
A

[Link].TZ2.4
D
[Link].TZ2.12
B
[Link].TZ1.23
A

[Link].TZ1.24
D
[Link].TZ2.17
C

[Link].TZ2.20
B
[Link].TZ1.25
A

[Link].TZ1.26
A

[Link].TZ1.27
D
[Link].TZ2.22
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.6
a.

«travelling» wave moves along the length of the string and reflects «at fixed end» ✓
superposition/interference of incident and reflected waves ✓

the superposition of the reflections is reinforced only for certain wavelengths ✓

b.i. 𝜆 = 2𝑙 = 2 × 0 . 62 = « 1 . 24 m » ✓ 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 = 195 × 1 . 24 = 242 « m s-1 » ✓

Answer must be to 3 or more sf or working shown for MP2.

[Link]. straight line through origin with negative gradient ✓

[Link].TZ2.26
C

[Link].TZ2.27
A

[Link].TZ2.28
B
[Link].TZ1.3
C

[Link].TZ2.29
C

[Link].TZ1.5
A

[Link].TZ2.30
A

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.6
a.

For both models:

/ «
displacement is ∝ to acceleration force because graph is straight and through origin »
✓
/ «
displacement and acceleration force in opposite directions because gradient
is negative »
OR
/« »
acceleration restoring force is always directed to equilibrium ✓
b. attempted use of 𝜔2 = - 𝑥𝑎 ✓
suitable read-offs leading to gradient of line = 28 « s 2» ✓
-
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝜔
«√2𝜋28 » ✓
𝑇 = 1.2 s ✓
c. time period increases ✓ because average ω «for whole cycle» is smaller OR
/ /
slope acceleration force at large x is smaller OR
area under graph B is smaller so average speed is smaller. ✓
d. same curve OR shape for small amplitudes «to about 0.05 m» ✓

for large amplitudes «outside of 0.05 m» E smaller for model B / values are lower than
original / spread will be wider ✓ OWTTE
p

Accept answers drawn on graph – e.g.

[Link].TZ2.31
A

[Link].TZ0.4
C

[Link].TZ2.32
B
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.7
B
[Link].TZ2.33
A

[Link].TZ1.7
a.

use of
𝑘𝑄
𝑟
✓
8 . 99 × 109 4 × 10-6
0 . 15
OR 240 «kV» for one charge calculated ✓
480 k « V» for both ✓

MP1 can be seen or implied from calculation.

Allow ECF from MP2 for MP3.

b.

symmetric curve around 0 with potential always positive, “bowl shape up” and curve
not touching the horizontal axis. ✓
clear asymptotes at X and Y ✓

c.i. force is towards O✓ always ✓

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 motion is not SHM ✓

«because SHM requires force proportional to r and» this force depends on 𝑟1 ✓ 2

motion is not SHM ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2
«
energy-distance graph must be parabolic for SHM and this» graph is not parabolic ✓
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.3
B
[Link].TZ0.14
B
[Link].TZ2.34
B
[Link].TZ0.15
A

[Link].TZ1.7
B
[Link].TZ2.35
A

[Link].TZ1.1
a.i.
1 2
2
𝑣 = 0.24gh

«
𝑣 = 11.9 m s–1 »

GE
Award P lost = 65 × 9.81 × 30 = «19130 J»
Must see the 11.9 value for MP2, not simply 12.
Allow g = 9.8 ms–2.

[Link].

internal energy is the totalKE «and PE» of the molecules/particles/atoms in an object

temperature is a measure of the average KE of the molecules/particles/atoms

Award [1 max] if there is no mention of molecules/particles/atoms.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b.i.

/ / /
arrow vertically downwards from dot labelled weight W mg gravitational
/F /F
force g gravitational AND arrow vertically upwards from dot labelled reaction
/R/
force normal contact force /N/F N
W>R

Do not allow gravity.

Do not award MP1 if additional ‘centripetal’ force arrow is added.
Arrows must connect to dot.
Ignore any horizontal arrow labelled friction.
J M2
udge by eye for P . Arrows do not have to be correctly labelled or connect to dot
for P . M2
[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 = 468 «N»
recognition that centripetal force is required / 𝑚𝑣2
𝑟
seen

/ N
W 640 (weight) is larger than the centripetal force required, so the skier does not
lose contact with the ground

ALTERNATIVE 2 recognition that centripetal acceleration is required / 𝑣𝑟 seen

2

a = 7.2 «ms–2»
g is larger than the centripetal acceleration required, so the skier does not lose
contact with the ground

ALTERNATIVE 3
recognition that to lose contact with the ground centripetal force ≥ weight
≥ 14 «ms– »
calculation that v 1

comment that 12 «ms– » is less than 14 «ms– » so the skier does not lose contact with
1 1

the ground

ALTERNATIVE 4 recognition that centripetal force is required / 𝑚𝑣𝑟 2

seen

calculation that reaction force = 172 «N»

reaction force > 0 so the skier does not lose contact with the ground
Do not award a mark for the bald statement that the skier does not lose contact with
the ground.

c. ALTERNATIVE 1
0 = 8.22 + 2 × a × 24 therefore a = «−»1.40 «m s−2»

friction force = ma = 65 × 1.4 = 91 «N» coefficient of friction = 65 ×919.81 = 0.14

ALTERNATIVE 2 friction force = KE/distance = 2185/24 = 91 «N»
KE = 1 mv2 = 0.5 x 65 x 8.22 = 2185 «J»
2
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

coefficient of friction = 91
65 × 9.81
= 0.14 EF
Allow C from MP1.
d.i. «76 × 9.6»= 7– 30
Ns OR kg ms 1

[Link]. safety net extends stopping time F = Δ𝑝Δ𝑡 therefore F is smaller «with safety net»
OR
force is proportional to rate of change of momentum therefore F is smaller «with
safety net »
Accept reverse argument.

[Link].TZ2.36
A

[Link].TZ0.17
C

[Link].TZ1.12
B
[Link].TZ0.20
A

[Link].TZ1.13
C

[Link].TZ1.8
a.

«
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 = 1 . 5 × 28 × 10-6 » = 0.042 «mC» ✓

Award MP for full replacement or correct answer to at least 2 significant figures.

«J» ✓ total capacitance = 50 «μF» OR
1
b.i. 𝐸i = 2 × 28 × 10-6 1 . 52 = 3 . 15 × 10-5

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pd =« 42 × 10-6
50 × 10-6
»
= 0.84 «V» OR
charge on C1 after switch moved to B = 0.0235 «mC» ✓
𝐸f = 12 × 28 × 10-6 0 . 842 = 9 . 9 × 10-6 «J» ✓

energy lost = 3 . 2 × 10-5 - 9 . 9 × 10-6 = 22 «μJ» ✓

[Link]. energy transferred to electromagnetic radiation «to environment» OR

energy is transferred as thermal energy / heat «to circuit components» ✓

c.i. initial deflection by voltmeter falling to zero reading ✓

emf is induced «only» while the field / flux is changing ✓

[Link]. attempted use of 𝜀 = ∆𝛷 OR 𝑁𝐴 ∆𝐵 ✓ 𝜀 = 5 × 7 . 5 × 10 × 6 . 4 × 10 ✓ 8.0 «mV» ✓

-3 -4
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 3 × 10 -3

[Link].TZ2.37
A

[Link].TZ2.38
B
[Link].TZ2.3
a.

identifies units of 𝜎 as C m-2 ✓

𝐶
𝑚2
× 𝑁𝑚
𝐶2
2
seen and reduced to N C-1 ✓

Accept any analysis (eg dimensional) that yields answer correctly

b.i. horizontal force 𝐹 on the ball = 𝑇 sin 30 ✓ 𝑇= 𝑚𝑔

cos 30
✓
𝐹 « = 𝑚𝑔 tan 30 = 0 . 025 × 9 . 8 × tan 30 » = 0 . 14 « N » ✓
Allow g = 10 N kg− 1

Award [3] marks for a bald correct answer.

Award [1max] for an answer of zero, interpreting that the horizontal force refers to the
horizontal component of the net force.

[Link]. 𝐸= 0 . 14
1 . 2 × 10-6
« = 1 . 2 × 105 » ✓ 𝜎= «
2 × 8 . 85 × 10-12 × 0 . 14
1 . 2 × 10-6
» = 2 . 1 × 10-6 « C m-2 » ✓
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Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

Allow ECF from the calculated F in (b)(i)
c. 𝑄
0 . 222
=
1 . 2 × 10-6
0 . 182
✓ « + » 1 . 8 × 10-6 « C » ✓ 2sf ✓
Any answer given to 2 sig figs scores MP3
Do not award MP2 if charge is negative
[Link].TZ1.15
D
[Link].TZ1.17
D
[Link].TZ2.39
A

[Link].TZ0.26
C

[Link].TZ1.20
D
[Link].TZ0.27
D
[Link].TZ2.40
D
[Link].TZ0.28
C

[Link].TZ2.4
a.
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

205
82Pb ✓
0
-1e AND 0𝜈
0 e ✓

b. Reference to proton repulsion OR nucleon attraction ✓

strong force is short range OR electrostatic/electromagnetic force is long range ✓

more neutrons «than protons» needed «to hold nucleus together» ✓

c. any α change correct ✓

any β change correct ✓ diagram fully correct ✓

Award [2] max for a correct diagram without arrows drawn.

For MP1 accept a (−2, −2 ) line with direction indicated, drawn at any position in the
graph.

For MP2 accept a (1, −1) line with direction indicated, drawn at any position in the
graph.

Award [1] max for a correct diagram

[Link].TZ1.26
C

[Link].TZ1.2
a.

when 2 waves meet the resultant displacement

is the «vector» sum of their individual displacements

Displacement should be mentioned at least once in MP 1 or 2.

b. λ = 4.7 × 10 × 0.35 × 10
−3

2.4
−3
= 6.9 x 10–7 «m» answer to 2 SF
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Allow missed powers of 10 for MP1.

c. green wavelength smaller than red

/
fringe separation distance between maxima decreases EF
Allow C from MP1.
d. bright central maximum «
subsidiary maxima on either side »
/
the width of the central fringe is twice larger than the width of the
/
subsidiary secondary fringes maxima /
OR intensity of pattern is decreased

Allow marks from a suitably labelled intensity graph for single slit diffraction.

[Link].TZ0.29
B
[Link].TZ1.9
a.
40
20Ca ✓
0
-1e + 𝜈e
¯ OR -10𝛽 + 𝜈¯ e ✓

Full equation 4019K → 4020Ca + -10e + 𝜈¯ e

b.i. total K-40 decayed = 12 μmol = 109 «μmol» ✓
0 . 11

so total K-40 originally was 109 + 340 = 449 «μmol»✓

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 𝜆 = ln2 used to give 𝜆 = 5.3 x 10 -10

per year ✓
𝑡 1
2

OR ln 340 = - 5 . 3 × 10-10 × 𝑡 ✓
340 = 449𝑒 -5 . 3 × 10-10 × 𝑡 449
= 5.2 x 10 «years» ✓
t 8

ALTERNATIVE 2 𝑝 = 340 449

= 0 . 76 «remaining» ✓ 𝑛 =
ln𝑝
0 . 693
=
ln0 . 76
0 . 693
= 0 . 40 ✓

t = 0.40 x 1.3 x 109 = 5.2 x 10 «years» ✓

8
ALTERNATIVE 3
𝑝 = 449 = 0 . 76 «remaining» ✓ 0 . 76 = 1
340
t = 0.40 x 1.3 x 109 = 5.2 x 10 «years» ✓
✓
𝑡 8
1 . 3 × 109
2

Allow 5.3 x 108 years for final answer.

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Allow ECF for MP3 for an incorrect number of half-lives.

c.

«use the mass of the sample to» determine number of potassium-40 atoms / nuclei in
sample ✓

«use a counter to» determine (radio)activity / A of sample ✓

use A = λN «to determine the decay constant / λ» ✓

[Link].TZ1.27
B
[Link].TZ1.28
A

[Link].TZ0.30
B
[Link].TZ0.31
B
[Link].TZ1.29
B
[Link].TZ2.16
D
[Link].TZ1.30
C

[Link].TZ0.32
A

[Link].TZ1.31
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

B
[Link].TZ0.33
D
[Link].TZ1.32
D
[Link].TZ0.34
A

[Link].TZ0.35
C

[Link].TZ0.36
A

[Link].TZ1.4
a.i.

I «=8.5240× 10 » =35«A»
3

[Link]. R = 1.76.0× 10× 10 × 10 = 0.028 «Ω»

−8
−6
Allow missed powers of 10 for MP1.
b.

«as temperature increases» there is greater vibration of the metal atoms/lattice/lattice

ions

OR increased collisions of electrons

«
drift velocity decreases so current decreases » «as V constant so» R increases
Award [0] for suggestions that the speed of electrons increases so resistance
decreases.

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 = flow rate × cΔT flow rate « = power
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

c. recognition that power

𝑐Δ𝑇
» =
8.5 × 103

4200 × 35

= 0.058 «kg s– » kg s− / g s− / l s− / ml s− / m s−
1 1 1 1 1 3 1

Allow MP4 if a bald flow rate unit is stated. Do not allow imperial units.

[Link].TZ0.37
D
[Link].TZ0.4
C

[Link].TZ0.38
D
[Link].TZ0.5
A

[Link].TZ0.39
B
[Link].TZ0.40
D
[Link].TZ0.6
D
[Link].TZ1.33
B
[Link].TZ1.8
a.

the size of the induced emf

/
is proportional equal to the rate of change of flux linkage
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

‘
The word induced’ is required here.
‘
Allow correctly defined symbols from a correct equation. Induced’ is required for MP1.
b.i. /
varying voltage current in primary coil produces a varying magnetic field

/
this produces a change in flux linkage change in magnetic field in the secondary coil

« » / /
a varying emf is induced produced generated in the secondary coil

voltage is stepped down as there are more turns on the primary than the secondary

Comparison of number of turns is required for MP4.

[Link]. output voltage = 901800
× 240
= 12 «V»
c. laminated core reduces eddy currents

less thermal energy is transferred to the surroundings

d. for a certain power to be transmitted, large V means low I

less thermal energy loss as P = I2R / joule heating
[Link].TZ0.7
D
[Link].TZ1.34
C

[Link].TZ0.8
B
[Link].TZ1.35
B
[Link].TZ0.9
D
[Link].TZ0.10
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 D
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.9
a.

Observation 1:
particle – photon energy is below the work function
OR
E = hf and energy is too small «to emit electrons»
wave – the energy of an em wave is independent of frequency

Observation 2:
particle – a single electron absorbs the energy of a single photon «in an almost
instantaneous interaction»
wave – it would take time for the energy to build up to eject the electron

b.i. attempt to calculate gradient of graph = « 4.2 × 10 » = 6.8 − 6.9 × 10−34 «Js»
−19

6.2 × 10 14

Do not allow a bald answer of 6.63 x 10 Js or 6.6 x 10 Js.

-34 -34

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1
«
minimum energy required to remove an electron from the metal surface »
ALTERNATIVE 2
«
energy required to remove the least tightly bound electron from the metal surface »
[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1
reading of y intercept from graph in range 3.8 − 4.2 × 10– 9 «J»
1

conversion to e V = 2 – 2 « V»
.4 .6 e

ALTERNATIVE 2
reading of x intercept from graph «5.8 − 6.0 × 1014 Hz» and using hf0 to get 3.8 − 4.2 ×
10–19 «J»
conversion to e V = 2.4 – 2.6 «eV»
c. line parallel to existing line
to the right of the existing line

[Link].TZ0.3
a.

/ /
mention of atoms molecules particles

/ « / »
sum total of kinetic energy and mutual intermolecular potential energy

Do not allow “kinetic energy and potential energy” bald.

Do not allow “sum of average ke and pe” unless clearly referring to total ensemble.
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b. i
«intermolecular» potential energy/PE of an ideal gas is zero/negligible
ii
THIS IS FOR USE WITH AN ENGLISH SCRIPT ONLY
𝑃𝑉 1.4 × 21
use of 𝑇 =
𝑛𝑅
or 𝑇 = 0.46 × 8.31

Award mark for correct re-arrangement as shown here not for quotation of ata D
Booklet version.
Award [2] for a bald correct answer in .K
Award [2 max] if correct . 77K –2 °
seen followed by 65 C and mark BOD H
. owever, if
–2 °
only 65 C seen, award [1 max].

7.7 K
Do not penalise use of “°K”
ii
THIS IS FOR USE WITH A SPANISH SCRIPT ONLY 𝑇 = 1.4 × 2.1 × 10−6
𝑃𝑉 0.46 × 8.31
𝑇 = 𝑛𝑅

T =77×
. 10-6 K
Award mark for correct re-arrangement as shown here not for quotation of ata D
B ooklet version.
Uses correct unit conversion for volume
KF EF M2
Award [2] for a bald correct answer in . inds solution. Allow an C from P if unit
2
not converted, ie candidate uses 1 m3 and obtains . 77K
D °K
o not penalise use of “ ”

iii explain simulate

/
models used to predict hypothesize

/
simplify approximate
R
Allow similar responses which have equivalent meanings. esponse needs to identify
one reason.

[Link].TZ1.36
D
[Link].TZ2.5
B
[Link].TZ0.11
C

[Link].TZ0.4
about:blank 639/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

charge : –1«e» or negative or K−

Negative signs required.
b. correct symbols for both missing quarks

exchange particle and electron labelled W or W– and e or e–

D β β β
o not allow W+ or e+ or + Allow or –

c. decay products include an electron that has mass

OR
products have energy that has a mass equivalent
OR
/ / /
mass mass defect binding energy converted to mass energy of decay products

«so» mass C-14 > mass N-14

OR
mass of n > mass of p
OR
mass of d > mass of u

Accept reference to “lighter” and “heavier” in mass.

Do not accept implied comparison, eg “C-14 has greater mass”. Comparison must be
explicit as stated in scheme.

[Link].TZ1.37
A

[Link].TZ1.4
power = «352 × 0.028» = 34 «W»

–
Allow 35 36 W if unrounded figures for R or I are used.
EF
Allow C from (a)(i) and (a)(ii).

[Link].TZ0.12
B
about:blank 640/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.38
D
[Link].TZ2.6
A

[Link].TZ0.13
B
[Link].TZ2.7
B
[Link].TZ1.39
D
[Link].TZ0.5
a.

i
=
minima destructive interference
Allow “crest meets trough”, but not “waves cancel”.
Allow “destructive superposition” but not bald “superposition”.

° π
at minima waves meet 180 or out of phase
𝜆
Allow similar argument in terms of effective path difference of .
2
Allow “antiphase”, allow “completely out of phase”
D 𝑛𝜆
D
o not allow “out of phase” without angle. o not allow unless qualified to odd
2
1
integers but accept (𝑛 + )𝜆
2

ii
𝜆 = 𝑠𝑑𝐷 or 𝜆 = 12 ×54
2 × 7.2
= or 𝜆 = 12 54× 7.2 = seen
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

𝜆= «12 ×542 × 7.2 = » 3.2 «cm»

Award [1 max] for 1.6 «cm»
Award [2 max] to a trigonometric solution in which candidate works out individual
𝜆
path lengths and equates to .
2

b. ALTERNATIVE 1
about:blank 641/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

the component of the polarized signal in the direction of the receiving antenna

«
is a maximum when both are parallel » ALTERNATIVE 2:
receiving antenna must be parallel to plane of polarisation
/
for power intensity to be maximum

Do not accept “receiving antenna must be parallel to transmitting antenna”

ALTERNATIVE 3: refers to Malus’ law or I = I cos2θ
0

explains that I is max when θ = 0 ALTERNATIVE 4:

an electric current is established in the receiving antenna which is proportional to the

electric field

maximum current in receiving antenna requires maximum field «and so must be

parallel»

c. i
𝐼0 = cos𝐼2𝜃 or cos12230 seen
Award [2] for bald correct answer.
M 9
Award [1 max] for P1 if x 10-6W is the final answer (I and I0 reversed).
μ
Award [1 max] if cos not squared (14 W).

×
1.6 10-5 W « »
Units not required but if absent assume W.

ii
9 × 10– «s»
1. 4

[Link].TZ0.14
D
[Link].TZ1.40
D
[Link].TZ2.8
B
[Link].TZ0.15
A

[Link].TZ0.6
about:blank 642/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

(i) «gravitational» force per unit mass on a «small or test» mass

(ii) N kg– 1

N
Award mark if kg-1 is seen, treating any further work as neutral.
Do not accept bald m s–2

b.

i
4𝜋2 𝑅2 𝐺𝑀
clear evidence that v in 𝑣2 = is equated to orbital speed √
𝑇2 𝑅
OR
clear evidence that centripetal force is equated to gravitational force
OR
𝑣2 𝐺𝑀
clear evidence that a in 𝑎 = etc is equated to g in 𝑔 = 2 with consistent use of
𝑅 𝑅
symbols
Minimum is a statement that √ 𝐺𝑀𝑅 is the orbital speed which is then used in 𝑣 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑇
Minimum is F = F ignore any signs.
Minimum is g = a.
c g

substitutes and re-arranges to obtain result

Allow any legitimate method not identified here.
Do not allow spurious methods involving equations of shm etc

4𝜋2 𝑅 4𝜋2 𝑅3 ii
≪𝑇=
√
( 𝐺𝑀2 )
𝑅
=
√ 𝐺𝑀
≫
«T = 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 = 3.15 × 107 s»
3
4𝜋2 𝑅3 4 × 3.142 × (1.5 × 1011 )
𝑀= ≪ 𝐺𝑇2
=≫ = 2
6.67 × 10−11 × (3.15 × 107 )
2×10 «kg»
30

Allow use of 3.16 x 107 s for year length (quoted elsewhere in paper).
Condone error in power of ten in P1. M
2
Award [1 max] if incorrect time used ( 4 h is sometimes seen, leading to .66 x 1035 kg). 2
Units are not required, but if not given assume kg and mark P T accordingly if power O
wrong.
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
No sf penalty here.

[Link].TZ2.9
D
[Link].TZ0.7

about:blank 643/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

R T decreases with increasing I

OR
R and I are negatively correlated
T

Must see reference to direction of change of current in first alternative.

Do not allow “inverse proportionality”.
May be worth noting any marks on graph relating to 7bii

ii

at 0.4 A : VR > V or VR= 5.6 V and V = 5.3 V

T T

Award [0] for a bald correct answer without deduction or with incorrect reasoning.

Ignore any references to graph gradients.

so RR >RT V = IR / V∝ R «and I same for both»

because

Both elements must be present for MP2 to be awarded.

b. i decreases ii realization that V is the same for R and T
OR OR
becomes zero at X identifies that currents are 0.14 A and 0.06 A

Award [0] if pds 2.8 V and 3.7 V or 1.4 V and 2.6V are used in any way. Otherwise
award [1 max] for a bald correct answer. Explanation expected.

2 V = 2 V OR 2.0 V
[Link].TZ0.16
B
[Link].TZ2.10
D
[Link].TZ2.11
C

[Link].TZ2.7

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.i.

wavelength = «ℎ𝑐𝐸 = 1.99 × 10

3.5 × 10−19
−25
» 7
= 5. x 10–7 m « »

If no unit assume m.

[Link]. «potential» energy is required to leave surface

Do not allow reference to “binding energy”.
Ignore statements of conservation of energy.

/ «
all most energy given to potential so none left for kinetic energy »
b. energy surplus = 1.7 x 10– 9 J 1
vmax = √ 2 ×9.11.7××1010
−31
−19
« »
= 6.1 × 105 m s–1

2 J
Award [1 max] if surplus of 5. x 10–19 used (answer 1.1 x 106 m s–1) :
c.i.

«same intensity of radiation so same total energy delivered per square metre per
second»

light has higher photon energy so fewer photons incident per second

Reason is required
[Link]. 1:1 correspondence between photon and electron

so fewer electrons per second current smaller EF

Allow C from (c)(i)
EF
Allow C from P to M 2 MP3.
[Link].TZ0.17
D
[Link].TZ2.12
A

[Link].TZ2.13
D
[Link].TZ1.2
a.
about:blank 645/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

4𝜋2 × 1.60
𝑔= 2.5402
= 9.7907

Δ𝑔 = 𝑔(
Δ𝐿
𝐿
+ 2×
Δ𝑇
𝑇
) « 0.01 0.005
» 997
= 9.7907( 1.60 + 2 × 2.540 ) = 0.0

OR
1.0 %
hence g = (9.8 ± 0.1) «ms−2» OR Δg = 0.1 «ms−2»

For the first marking point answer must be given to at least 2 dp.
Accept calculations based on
𝑔max = 9.8908
𝑔min = 9.6913
𝑔max − 𝑔min
2
= 0.099 ≈ 0.1

[3 marks]
b.
𝑇
𝑇0
= 1.01 θ = 22 «º»
max 2
Accept answer from interval 0 to 4. 2 [2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.18
C

[Link].TZ2.14
A

[Link].TZ0.19
A

[Link].TZ2.15
B
[Link].TZ1.3
a.

«
a set of coordinate axes and clocks used to measure the position in space time of an /
object at a particular time »
about:blank 646/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

OR
a coordinate system to measure x,y,z, and t / OWTTE
[1 mark]
b.i. magnetic only « » «
there is a current but no net charge in the wire » [2 marks]
[Link]. electric only P is stationary so experiences no magnetic force

relativistic contraction will increase the density of protons in the wire [3 marks]

[Link].TZ2.16
A

[Link].TZ2.17
C

[Link].TZ0.20
D
[Link].TZ2.18
C

[Link].TZ0.21
B
[Link].TZ2.19
B
[Link].TZ0.10
b.

i
3 × 3.9 × 103
𝐼 = 0.96 × ( 25 × 10 )
330 × 103
Award [2] for a bald correct answer to sf. 2
Award [1 max] for correct sf if efficiency used in denominator leading to 310 A or if
= 29 29
efficiency ignored (e 1) leading to 300 A (from 5 A but 5 would lose both marks).

about:blank 647/842
 =280 «A»
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Must show two significant figures to gain MP2.

ii
higher V means lower I «for same power»
R
thermal energy loss depends on I or is ∝I2 or is I2 so thermal energy loss will be less
J
Accept “heat” or “heat energy” or “ oule heating” for “thermal energy”.
R /
eference to energy power dissipation is not enough.

c. i«long» sides of coil AB/CD cut lines of flux

OR
flux «linkage» in coil is changed

«Faradays law:» induced emf depends on rate of change of flux linked

OR
rate at which lines are cut

“Induced” is required
O E
Allow WTT or defined symbols if “induced emf” is given.
Accept “induced” if mentioned at any stage in the context of emf or accept the term
“motional emf”.
Award [2 max] if there is no mention of “induced emf”.

B/ D/
emfs acting in sides A C add act in same direction around coil

process produces an alternating/sinusoidal emf ii

Blv = 0.34×8.5×10–2×2 = 0.058 «V» Accept 0.06V. iii

160×(c)(ii) = 9.2 or 9.3 or 9.6 «V»

Allow ECF from (c)(ii)

If 80 turns used in cii, give full credit for cii x 2 here.

[Link].TZ0.2
b.

ALTERNATIVE 1
«deceleration» = 3.41
14.0
« = 0.243ms−2»
F = 0.243 × m
0.243 × 𝑚
𝜇= 𝑚 × 9.81
= 0.025

ALTERNATIVE 2
distance travelled after release = 23.85 «m»
KE =
lost 5.81m «J»
about:blank 648/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test
KE lost 5.81𝑚
𝜇d = = = 0.025
𝑚𝑔 × distance 23.85𝑚𝑔

Award [3] for a bald correct answer.

Ignore sign in acceleration.

EF
Allow C from (a) (note that 𝜇 = 0.0073 x candidate answer to (a) ).

Ignore any units in answer.

Condone omission of m in solution.

Allow g = 10 N kg– 1 (gives 0.0 4).2

c. normal force, upwards, ignore point of application

Force must be labeled for its mark to be awarded. Blob at poa not required.
Allow OWTTE for normal force. Allow N, R, reaction.
The vertical forces must lie within the middle third of the stone

/ /
weight weight force force of gravity, downwards, ignore point of application

Allow mg, W but not “gravity”.

/
Penalise gross deviations from vertical horizontal once only

/
friction resistive force, to left, at bottom of stone, point of application must be on the
interface between ice and stone

F μR O /
Allow , . nly allow arrows lines that lie on the interface. Take the tail of the arrow
as the definitive point of application and expect line to be drawn horizontal.

Award [2 max] if any force arrow does not touch the stone

Do not award MP3 if a “driving force” is shown acting to the right. This need not be
labelled to disqualify the mark. Treat arrows labelled “air resistance” as neutral.

N.B: Diagram in MS is drawn with the vertical forces not direction of travel collinear for
clarity

[Link].TZ2.20
C

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.4

about:blank 650/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

Δt / observer sitting in the train

P

[1 mark]
b. 𝛾=
Δ𝑡Q
Δ𝑡P
« = 0.301 » = 3.3 to give v = 0.95c [2 marks]
=

c. 𝛾 = 1.25 «length of train according Q» = 125/1.25 «giving 100m» [2 marks]

d.i.

5
axes drawn with correct gradients of for 𝑐𝑡′ and 0.6 for 𝑥′
3

Award [1] for one gradient correct and another approximately correct. [1 mark]
[Link].

lines parallel to the 𝑥′ axis and passing through B and F

intersections on the 𝑐𝑡′ axis at B' and F' shown

light at the front of the train must have been turned on first [3 marks]
[Link]. Δ𝑡′ = 1.25 × 0.6 × 1008
3 × 10
«2.5 × 10−7» EF
Allow C for gamma from (c). [1 mark]
about:blank 651/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test
3 × 10

[Link]. according to P: (3 × 108 × 2.5 × 10−7 ) 2 − 1252 = «−» 10000

according to Q: (3 × 108 × 0) − 1002 = «−» 10000 [2 marks]
2

e. 𝑢′ = −0.7 − 0.6 c = «−» 0.92c [2 marks]

1 + 0.7 × 0.6

[Link].TZ0.22
A

[Link].TZ2.21
A

[Link].TZ2.1
a.

/
correct use of kinematic equation equations

148.5 or 14 9 or 150 «m»

Substitution(s) must be correct.

b. a = 27 or 2.45 «m s–2» F – 160 = 492 × 2.45 13 07 «N»
11

Could be seen in part (a).

Award [0] for solution that uses a = 9.81 m s–2
c. ALTERNATIVE 1 «work done to launch glider» = 1370 x 149 «= 204 kJ»
«work done by motor» = 20423× 100
«power input to motor» = 20423× 100 × 111 = 80 or 80.4 or 81 k«W» ALTERNATIVE 2
use of average speed 13.5 m s–1

«useful power output» = force x average speed «= 1370 x 13.5»

power input = «1370 × 13.5 × = » 80 or 80.4 or 81 k«W» ALTERNATIVE 3
100
23

work required from motor = KE + work done against friction «

= 0.5 × 492 × 272 + ( 160 × 148.5 ) » = 204 «kJ»
«energy input» = work required from = 80.3 k«W»
motor × 100 883000
power input =
23 11

about:blank 652/842
 « »
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Award [2 max] for an answer of 160 k W .

d. 𝜔= «𝑣𝑟 = » 0.627 = 45 rad s–1 Do not accept Hz.

Award [1 max] if unit is missing.

e.

drag correctly labelled and in correct direction

weight correctly labelled and in correct direction AND no other incorrect force shown

Award [1 max] if forces do not touch the dot, but are otherwise OK.
f. name Newton's first law / / /
vertical all forces are in equilibrium balanced add to zero
OR
vertical component of lift mentioned

as equal to weight

g. any speed and any direction quoted together as the answer

quotes their answer(s) to 3 significant figures

speed
1
= 12.7 m s– 1 or direction = 9.46º or 0.165 rad «below the horizontal» or gradient
of −
6

[Link].TZ0.23
C

[Link].TZ0.3
i
«intermolecular» potential energy/PE of an ideal gas is zero/negligible
ii
THIS IS FOR USE WITH AN ENGLISH SCRIPT ONLY
𝑃𝑉 1.4 × 21
use of 𝑇 = or 𝑇 = 0.46
𝑛𝑅 × 8.31
Award mark for correct re-arrangement as shown here not for quotation of ata ooklet D B
version.
about:blank 653/842
 K
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Award [2] for a bald correct answer in .

Award [2 max] if correct . 77K
seen followed by –265°C and mark BOD. However, if only –
2 °
65 C seen, award [1 max].

7.7K
Do not penalise use of “°K”
ii
THIS IS FOR USE WITH A SPANISH SCRIPT ONLY
𝑃𝑉
𝑇 = 𝑛𝑅
D B
Award mark for correct re-arrangement as shown here not for quotation of ata ooklet
version.
−6
𝑇 = 1.40.46
× 2.1 × 10
× 8.31
Uses correct unit conversion for volume

T = 7 7× K
. 10-6
KF
Award [2] for a bald correct answer in . inds solution. Allow an C from EF MP2 if unit not
2
converted, ie candidate uses 1m3 and obtains . 77K
D o not penalise use of “ ” °K

iii
« models used to »
/ /
predict hypothesize lead to further theories
R esponse needs to identify two different reasons. (N.B. only one in SL).
/ /
explain help with understanding help to visualize
Do not allow any response that is gas specific. The question is couched in general, nature
of science terms and must be answered as such.

simulate
/
simplify approximate

[Link].TZ0.24
A

[Link].TZ2.22
A

[Link].TZ0.25
B
[Link].TZ0.11
about:blank 654/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

reference to photon
OR
energy = hf or =ℎ𝑐𝜆
violet photons have greater energy than red photons

when hf > Φ or photon energy> work function then electrons are ejected
frequency of red light < threshold frequency «so no emission»
OR
energy of red light/photon < work function «so no emission»

b. i
line with same negative intercept «–1.15V»
otherwise above existing line everywhere and of similar shape with clear plateau

Award this marking point even if intercept is wrong.

ii Intermediate answer is 4. 97×10− 9 J.

1
ℎ𝑐
𝜆𝑒
= «406.63× 10× 10 × 1.6× ×3 ×1010 = » 3.11 «eV»
−9
−34 8
−19

Accept approach using f rather than c /λ iii

«3.10 − 1.15 =» 1.96 «eV»

Award [2] for a bald correct answer in e . V
Award [1 max] if correct answer is given in J (3.12×10− 9 J). 1

«KE = qVs =» 1.15 «eV» OR 1.84 x 10− 9 «J» Allow ECF from MP1 to MP2.
1

adds 2.50 eV = 3.65 eV OR 5.84 x 10− 9 J 1

Must see units in this question to identify energy unit used.

Award [2] for a bald correct answer that includes units.
Award [1 max] for correct answer without units.

[Link].TZ2.23
C

[Link].TZ0.1
D
[Link].TZ0.1
a.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

i
OY always smaller than OX AND uncertainties are the same/0.1
« so fraction OY > OX »
0.1 0.1

ii
0.1
AND 0.1
= 0.13 OR1.8 13%
1.3

Watch for correct answer even if calculation continues to the absolute uncertainty.

b. i total length of bar = 0.2 cm

Accept correct error bar in one of the points : OX=
1.8 cm OR OY= 5.8 cm (which is not
a measured point but is a point on the interpolated line) OR OX= 5.8 cm.
Ignore error bar of . OX
2
Allow range from 0. to 0.3 cm, by eye.

ii suitable line drawn extending at least up to 6 cm

OR
gradient calculated using two out of the first three data points

inverse of slope used value between 1.30 and 1.60

If using one value of and OX OY

from the graph for any of the first three data points
award [2 max].
Award [3] for correct value for each of the three data points and average.
If gradient used, award [1 max].

iii

«the equation n=OXOY» involves a tan approximation/is true only for small θ «when sinθ =
tanθ»
OR
«the equation n=OXOY» uses OI instead of the hypotenuse of the ∆IOX or IOY
OWTTE
[Link].TZ0.26
C

[Link].TZ0.27
C

[Link].TZ0.2
B
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.3
A

[Link].TZ2.24
A

[Link].TZ0.6
a.

i
D
mention of oppler effect
OR
«relative» motion between source and observer produces frequency/wavelength
change
Accept answers which refer to a double frequency shift.
Award [0] if there is any suggestion that the wave speed is changed in the process.

the reflected waves come from an approaching “source”

OR
the incident waves strike an approaching “observer”

«
increased frequency received by the device or by the car »

ii
D
the car is a moving “observer” and then a moving “source”, so the oppler effect
occurs twice
OR
the reflected radar appears to come from a “virtual image” of the device travelling at 2
v towards the device

iii
ALTERNATIVE 1
For both alternatives, allow ecf to conclusion if v OR Δf are incorrectly calculated.
v=« = » 36 «ms– »
8 3
(3 × 10 ) × (9.5 × 10 ) 1
9
(40 × 10 ) × 2

«36> 28» so car exceeded limit

There must be a sense of a conclusion even if numbers are not quoted.

ALTERNATIVE 2
reverse argument using speed limit.

Δ𝑓 = «2 × 403 ×× 1010 × 28 = » 7500 «Hz»

9
8

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

« 9500> 7500» so car exceeded limit

There must be a sense of a conclusion even if numbers are not quoted.

b. 𝑥 = 31 × 10
3 × 1.22 × 2.5 × 10−2
100 m « »
9.3
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
Award [1 max] for 83m (omits 1. 22).
Award [1 max] for P T error. O
[Link].TZ2.1
a.

it is not possible to draw a straight line through all the error bars
OR
/
the line of best-fit is curved not a straight line

Treat as neutral any reference to the origin.

Allow “linear” for “straight line”.

[1 mark]
b.i. = 0.35 ± 0.01 AND Δd = 0.05 ± 0.01 «cm» «Δ𝑑𝑑 = 0.35
d 0.5
» = 0.14 OR
1
7
or 14% or 0.1 Allow final answers in the range of 0.11 to 0.18.

Allow [1 max] for 0.03 to 0.04 if 𝜆 = 5 × 10 m is used. [2 marks]

6

[Link]. 28 to 30% Allow ECF from (b)(i), but only accept answer as a % [1 mark]

c.i. a: m2 b: m Allow answers in words [2 marks]

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 – if graph on page 4 is used d 2 = 0.040 x 10– «m2» 4

d = 0.20 x 10–2 «m» ALTERNATIVE 2 – if graph on page 2 is used

any evidence that d intercept has been determined d = 0.20 ± 0.05 «cm»

For MP1 accept answers in range of 0.020 to 0.060 «cm2» if they fail to use given
value of “a”.

For MP2 accept answers in range 0.14 to 0.25 «cm» . [2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.2
a.

kg m–1 s–2 K– 1

b. i any straight line that either goes or would go, if extended, through the origin
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

ii / = R /V
for ideal gas p is proportional to T P n T

/
gradient is constant graph is a straight line line passes through origin 0,0 /
[Link].TZ2.7
a.i.

the surface at which the escape speed is the speed for light
OR
/
the surface from which nothing not even light can escape to the outside
OR
S
the surface of a sphere whose radius is the chwarzschild radius

Accept distance as alternative to surface.

[1 mark]
[Link]. use of 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑅2 and 𝑅 =
2𝐺𝑀
𝑐2 «to get 𝐴 = 16𝜋𝐺𝑐 𝑀 »
4
2 2
[1 mark]

[Link]. since mass and energy can never leave a black hole and 𝐴 =
16𝜋𝐺2 𝑀2 OR
𝑐4

some statement that area is increasing with mass «the area cannot decrease»
[1 mark]
b. ALTERNATIVE 1 — (student/planet frame):
/
photon energy frequency decreases with height
OR
there is a gravitational redshift

D
detector in ceiling is approaching photons so oppler blue shift

/
two effects cancel frequency unchanged ALTERNATIVE 2 – (box frame):
by equivalence principle box is an inertial frame so no force on photons

/
so no redshift frequency unchanged [3 marks]

[Link].TZ2.25
C

[Link].TZ1.5
a.i.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test
𝑀
3
𝑣𝑅

[1 mark]
[Link]. :
evidence of use of 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 = (𝑀𝑅2 + 𝑅2 )𝜔
𝑀
3
[1 mark]
𝑀𝑣𝑅
[Link]. evidence of use of conservation of angular momentum, = 4 𝑀𝑅2 𝜔
3 3

«rearranging to get 𝜔 = 4𝑅𝑣 » [1 mark]

[Link]. KE = 𝑀𝑣6 final KE = 𝑀𝑣24 energy loss = 𝑀𝑣8 [3 marks]
initial
2 2 2

b.i. 𝛼 «= 3 Γ » = 3 0.01
4 𝑀𝑅 2
4 0.7 × 0.5
« to give 𝛼 = 0.04286 rads−2»
2

Working OR answer to at least 3 SF must be shown [1 mark]

[Link]. 𝜃 = 𝜔 «from 𝜔2 = 𝜔2𝑖 + 2𝛼𝜃» 𝜃 « = 𝑣 = » = 12.8 OR 12.9 «rad»

2 2.1 2 2
𝑖
2𝛼 𝑓 32𝑅 𝛼 2
32 × 0.5 × 0.043 2

number of rotations «= » = 2.0 revolutions [3 marks]

12.9
2𝜋

[Link].TZ2.26
C

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

« » «
the gravitational work done by an external agent per on unit mass kg » / /
Allow definition in terms of reverse process of moving mass to infinity eg “work done
on external agent by ”. …
Allow “energy” as equivalent to “work done”

» « « » /
in moving a small mass from infinity to the surface of planet to a point

N.B.: on SL paper Q5(a)(i) and (ii) is about “gravitational field”.

b. i
escape speed
v = «√ ( 2GM𝑅 ) = »
Care with C from EF MP1.
√
(
2 × 6.67 × 10−11 × 4.87 × 1024
6.05 × 106
) or 1.04×104«m s–1»

or «1.1 × 1.04 × 104 m s-1»= 1.14 × 104 «m s–1»

KE = «0.5 × 3500 × (1.1 × 1.04 × 104 m s–1)2 =» 2.27×1011 «J»
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 – ×
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Award [1 max] for omission of 1.1 leads to 1.88 1011 m s-1.

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

ii
Velocity/speed decreases / projectile slows down «at decreasing rate»
«magnitude of» deceleration decreases «at decreasing rate»
Mention of deceleration scores MP1 automatically.
velocity becomes constant/non-zero
OR
deceleration tends to zero

Accept “negative acceleration” for “deceleration”.

Must see “velocity” not “speed” for MP3.

[Link].TZ0.3
a.

18 s «»
Allow answer in the range of 1 7 «s» to 19 «s».
Ignore wrong unit.

ii

36 s «»
«»
Allow answer in the range of 35 s to 3 7 «s».
b. /
radioactive nuclear decay
OR
capacitor discharge
OR
cooling

:
Accept any relevant situation, eg critically damping, approaching terminal velocity

[Link].TZ2.10
a.i.

Δp = «12 𝜌 ( 𝑣𝑇2 − 𝑣𝐿2 ) = 12 × 1.20 × (28.42 − 16.62 ) = » 318.6 «Pa»

F = «318.6 × 2.50 ×4 10 = » 1.99 «N»
−2

EF
Allow C from MP1.
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[2 marks]
[Link]. downward arrow of any length or position

Accept any downward arrow not just vertical.

[1 mark]
b. /
flow is laminar non-turbulent [1 mark]
OR
Bernoulli’s equation holds
OR
pressure is uniform on each hemisphere
OR
diameter of ball can be ignored /ρgz = constant
[Link].TZ2.27
B
[Link].TZ0.9
a.

direction indicated downwards, perpendicular to plates

Arrows must be between plates but allow edge effects if shown. Only one arrow is
required.

b.
𝑉
«Vm– » B = «555000
𝐸 = 𝑑 = 55000 1
× 10
= » 0.11 «T»
5

ECF applies from MP1 to MP2 due to math error. Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
c. ALTERNATIVE 1 magnetic force increases
OR
magnetic force becomes greater than electric force

electron beam deflects “downwards” towards / S ALTERNATIVE 2

OR
path of beam is downwards

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 B
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

when v increases, the required to maintain horizontal path decreases

« B »
but is constant so path of beam is downwards

Do not apply an ecf from (a).

Award [1 max] if answer states that magnetic force decreases and therefore path is
upwards.

Ignore any statement about shape of path

Do not allow “path deviates in direction of magnetic force” without qualification.

[Link].TZ0.4
a.

a coordinate system
OR
a system of clocks and measures providing time and position relative to an observer

OWTTE
b. i electric ii
OR
electrostatic

«as the positive ions are moving with respect to the charge,» there is a length
contraction

therefore the charge density on ions is larger than on electrons

so net positive charge on wire attracts X

For candidates who clearly interpret the question to mean that X is now at rest in the
Earth frame accept this alternative MS for bii
the magnetic force on a charge exists only if the charge is moving
an electric force on X , if stationary, only exists if it is in an electric field
no electric field exists in the Earth frame due to the wire
and look back at b i, and award mark for there is no electric or magnetic force on X

[Link].TZ2.11
a.

lower peak

identical behaviour to original curve at extremes

peak frequency shifted to the left

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Award [0] if peak is higher.

For MP2 do not accept curves which cross.

[2 marks]
b.i. displacement of vibrator is 0 because phase difference is
𝜋
2
or 90º or 14 period
Do not penalize sign of phase difference. Do not accept 𝜆4 for MP2 [2 marks]
[Link]. resonant f = 0.125 « Hz » = 32 «s»
25
( 2𝜋 × 0.125 )

Watch for ECF from MP1 to MP2. [2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.5
a.

the length of an object in its rest frame

b.
1
2
OR 𝛾 = 3.6 93 «ns»
√ (1 − 0.96 ) Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
ECF for wrong 𝛾
c. «X is» 7.5 «m» in frame on pion «Y is» 26.8 «m» in frame on Earth

identifies proper length as the Earth measurement

OR
identifies Earth distance according to pion as contracted length
OR
a statement explaining that one of the length is shorter than the other one

[Link].TZ2.3
D
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.6
a.

«a process in which there is» no thermal energy transferred between the system and
the surroundings

[1 mark]
b. A to B AND C to D [1 mark]
c.i. 𝑃𝑉
𝑇 = 𝑛𝑅 𝑇( = 512 × 10
3 × 1.20 × 10−3

0.150 × 8.31
) ≈ 493 «K» The first mark is for rearranging.

[2 marks]
[Link]. 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝑉𝑎𝑉𝐴 𝑃𝐵 = 267 KPa The first mark is for rearranging. [2 marks]
𝐵

«B to C adiabatic so» 𝑃B𝑉B = 𝑃C𝑉C AND P V = nRT «combining to get result»

5 5
d.i. 3 3
C C C

It is essential to see these 2 relations to award the mark. [1 mark]

5 5

« » = 422 «K»
[Link]. −2 −2
3 267 × 103 × (2.30 × 10−3 ) 3
𝑇C = ( 𝑃B𝑛𝑅𝑉B )𝑉C3 𝑇C = ( 0.150 × 8.31
) ( 2.90 × 10−3 ) 3

[2 marks]
e. the isothermal processes would have to be conducted very slowly / OWTTE
[1 mark]

[Link].TZ2.4
C

[Link].TZ0.6
a.

angle = tan– «0.81» = 39 « » OR 0.67 «rad»

1 o

b. adds x′-axis as shown

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Approximate same angle to v = c as for ct′. Ignore labelling of that axis.

c. adds two lines parallel to ct′ and x′ as shown indicating coordinates

[Link].TZ2.5
a.

« »
when an electric field is applied to any material using a cell etc it acts to accelerate
any free electrons

«
electrons are the charge carriers in copper »
/ /
Accept “free valence delocalised electrons”.

/
metals copper have many free electrons whereas insulators have few no free /
/
electrons charge carriers

b.i. = 1.7 × 10 64× 35 × 10 «= 9.3 x 10– m2»

area
−3 3
6

[Link]. «resistance of cable = 2Ω» power dissipated in cable = 7302 x 2 «= 1.07 MW»

or 30.6 «W m– »
−6
1.07 × 10
power loss per meter = 3
1
35 × 10

Allow [2] for a solution where the resistance per unit metre is calculated using
=7
resistivity and answer to (b)(i) (resistance per unit length of cable 5. x 10–5 m)

[Link]. 30 = m x 390 x 3.5 x 10–2 2.2 k«g» Correct answer only.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.3
a.

/
the speed of light is a universal constant invariant
OR
c does not depend on velocity of source/observer

electric and magnetic fields/forces unified/frame of reference dependant

[1 mark]
b. observer X will measure zero «magnetic or electric» force
observer Y must measure both electric and magnetic forces
which must be equal and opposite so that observer Y also measures zero force

Allow [2 max] for a comment that both X and Y measure zero resultant force even if no
valid explanation is given.

[3 marks]

[Link].TZ2.7
D
[Link].TZ2.10
B
[Link].TZ2.15
B
[Link].TZ2.32
C

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

«0.6 ct = 6 ly» so t = 10 «years»

Accept: If the 6 ly are considered to be measured from B, then the answer is 12.5
years.

about:blank 667/842
 ALTERNATIVE 1 102 − 62 = t2 − 02
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b.

«
so t is 8 years »
: B
Accept If the 6 ly are considered to be measured from , then the answer is 10 years.

ALTERNATIVE 2 gamma is
5
10 × 45 = 8 «years» EF
Allow C from a
4
EF
Allow C for incorrect γ in mp1
c. three world lines as shown

Award mark only if axes OR world lines are labelled.

d.

according to both twins, it is the other one who is moving fast therefore clock should
run slow

Allow explanation in terms of spacetime diagram.

«it is not considered a paradox as» twin B is not always in the same inertial frame of
reference

OR twin B is actually accelerating «and decelerating»

[Link].TZ2.4
ALTERNATIVE 1 — for answers in terms of time
overall idea that more muons are detected at the ground than expected without time «
dilation »
«Earth frame transit time = 0.98𝑐
2000
» = 6.8 «μs»
«Earth frame dilation of proper half-life = 2.2 μs x 5» = 11 «μs»
OR
«muon’s proper transit time = 6.8𝜇𝑠5 » = 1.4 «μs»

ALTERNATIVE 2 – for answers in terms of distance

overall idea that more muons are detected at the ground than expected without time «
dilation »
«distance muons can travel in a proper lifetime = 2.2 μs x 0.98c» = 650 «m»
«Earth frame lifetime distance due to time dilation = 650 m x 5» = 3250 «m»
OR
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«muon frame distance travelled = » = 400 «m» 2000

5

Accept answers from one of the alternatives.

[3 marks]

[Link].TZ2.17
A

[Link].TZ2.33
B
[Link].TZ2.5
a.i.

the gamma factor is

5
3
or 1.67
L = 450 = 270 «m»
5
3

Allow C fromEF MP1 to MP2.

[2 marks]
[Link]. u' = «1𝑢−− 𝑣 = » 10.20𝑐
𝑢𝑣
− 0.80𝑐
− 0.20 × 0.80
u' = «–»0.71c Check signs and values carefully.
𝑐2
OR
0. c 2 = = 10.80𝑐 +𝑢
+ 0.80𝑢
′
′

[2 marks]
b.i. Δt' = «𝛾(Δ𝑡 − 𝑣Δ𝑥𝑐 ) = » 53 × (0 − ( 0.80𝑐𝑐× 9000 ) ) Δt' = «–»4.0 x 10– «s»
2 2
5

Allow ECF for use of wrong 𝛾 from (a)(i). [2 marks]

[Link]. lamp 2 turns on first Ignore any explanation [1 mark]

c.i. x coordinate as shown ct coordinate as shown

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Labels must be clear and unambiguous. Construction lines are optional. [2 marks]
[Link]. «in any other frame» ct is greater the interval ct' = 1.0 «m» is proper time
OR
ct is a dilated time
OR
ct = 𝛾ct' «= 𝛾»
MP1 is a statement MP2 is an explanation [2 marks]
[Link]. use of c 2t 2 – x 2 = c 2t' 2 – x' 2 for MP1 equation must be used.

c 2t 2 – x 2 = 12 – 02 = 1 «m2»

Award [2] for correct answer that first finds x (1.33 m) and ct (1.66 m) [2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.18
D
[Link].TZ0.8
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
« »
𝜔final = 𝑣𝑟 = 31.5 rad s–1

«𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 + 𝛼𝑡 so» 𝛼 = 𝜔𝑡 = 31.5
3.98
= 7.91 «rad s–2»

ALTERNATIVE 2
𝑎 = 1.89
3.98
«
= 0.4749 m s–2 »
𝛼 = 𝑎𝑟 = 0.4749
0.060
« »
= 7.91 rad s–2
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Award [1 max] for r = 0.24 mm used giving 𝛼 = 1.98 «rad s–2».

b. Γ = 1 MR2 𝛼 = 1 × 1.22 × 0.2402 × 7.91 = 0.278 «Nm»
2 2

At least two significant figures required for MP2, as question is a “Show”.

c. i 𝐹𝑇 = Γ 𝐹𝑇 = 4.63 «N» Allow 5 «N» if Γ= 0.3 Νm is used. ii

𝑟

𝐹𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑚𝑎 so 𝑚 = 9.814.63 Allow ECF

m = 0.496 «kg»
− 0.475

[Link].TZ2.34
A

[Link].TZ2.19
A

[Link].TZ2.35
C

[Link].TZ2.21
C

[Link].TZ2.36
A

[Link].TZ2.25
D
[Link].TZ0.9

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 2
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

in method 1 the perpendicular distance varies from 0 to a maximum value, in method

this distance is constant at the maximum value
OR
angle between F and r is 90° in method 2 and less in method 1
OR
Γ = F × perpendicular distance
perpendicular distance/ torque is greater in method 2

[Link].TZ2.26
C

[Link].TZ2.6
a.i.

zero

[1 mark]
[Link]. 9 = 5.76 x 10 «Nm»
the torque of each force is .60 x 103 x 6.0 4

so the net torque is 2 x 5.76 x 10 = 1.15 x 10 «Nm»

4 5 Allow a one-step solution.

[2 marks]
b. the angular acceleration is given by
1.15 × 105
1.44 × 104
«= 8.0 s–2»
ω = «𝛼t = 8.0 x 2.00 =» 16 «s– » [2 marks]
1

c.i. 1.44 x 10 x 16.0 = (1.44 x 10 + 4.80 x 10 ) x ω ω = 12.0 «s– »

4 4 3 1

Allow ECF from (b). [2 marks]

[Link]. initial KE 1 × 1.44 × 104 × 16.02 = 1.843 × 106 «J»

2

final KE × (1.44 × 104 + 4.80 × 103 ) × 12.02 = 1.382 × 106 «J» loss of KE = 4.6 x 10 «J»
1 5
2

Allow ECF from part (c)(i). [3 marks]

[Link].TZ2.37
C

[Link].TZ2.27
D
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[Link].TZ2.4
a.

«light» superposes/interferes
pattern consists of «intensity» maxima and minima
OR
consisting of constructive and destructive «interference»

voltage peaks correspond to interference maxima

b.i. «𝑠 = 𝜆𝐷𝑑 = 6.31.5× 10× 10× 5.0 = » 2.1 x 10– «m»

−7
−3
3 If no unit assume m.
Correct answer only.

[Link]. correct read-off from graph of 5 m s 2 v = «𝑥𝑡 = 2.125 ××1010

−3
−3
» «
= 8.4 x 10–2 m s–1 »
EF
Allow C from (b)(i)

c.i. angular width of diffraction minimum = 0.13

5.0
«= 0.026 rad»
slit width = «𝑑𝜆 = 6.30.026
» 2.4 x 10– «m»
× 10 −7
= 5

Award [1 max] for solution using 1.22 factor.

[Link]. «beyond the first diffraction minimum» average voltage is smaller OWTTE
«voltage minimum» spacing is «approximately» same
OR
rate of variation of voltage is unchanged

d. «reflection at barrier» leads to two waves travelling in opposite directions

mention of formation of standing wave

/
maximum corresponds to antinode maximum displacement of air molecules « »
OR
complete cancellation at node position

[Link].TZ2.38
A

[Link].TZ0.1
B
[Link].TZ2.39
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.28
C

[Link].TZ0.10
a.

correct conversion to K «622 K cold, 885 K hot»

= 1 − 885 = 0.297 or 29.7%
𝑇cold 622
𝜂Carnot = 1 − 𝑇hot

K
Award [1 max] if temperatures are not converted to , giving result 0.430.

b. the Carnot efficiency is the maximum possible

/ / /
the Carnot cycle is theoretical reversible impossible infinitely slow

energy losses to surroundings «friction, electrical losses, heat losses, sound energy»

OWTTE
c. 0.71 × 0.297 = 0.211 Allow solution utilizing wasted power «78.9%».

1.33/0.211 × 0.789 = 4.97 «GW» 4.97 GW × 3600 = 1.79 × 10 «J» 13

Award [2 max] if 71% used as the overall efficiency giving an answer of 1.96 × 10 2 J.
1

Award [3] for bald correct answer. Watch for ECF from (a).

d. Law 1: net thermal energy flow is Q N–QO I QO refers to “waste heat”

UT UT

Law 1: Q N–QO = ∆Q=∆W as ∆U is zero Law 2: does not forbid QO =0

I UT UT

Law 2: no power plant can cover 100% of Q N into work

I

Law 2: total entropy must increase so some Q must enter surroundings OWTTE
[Link].TZ0.2
C

[Link].TZ2.40
A

[Link].TZ2.29
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

D
[Link].TZ2.30
B
[Link].TZ0.3
A

[Link].TZ2.31
B
[Link].TZ2.5
a.
4𝛼
2

OR
4 He
2
222 Rn
86

These must be seen on the right-hand side of the equation.

b.i. ALTERNATIVE 1 6 days is 5.18 x 105 s

activity after 6 days is 𝐴0 𝑒−1.4 × 10

−11 × 5.8 × 105
≈ 𝐴0 OR
A = 0.9999927 A 0 or 0.9999927 𝜆N0 OR
states that index of e is so small that
𝐴
𝐴0
is ≈1 OR A – A ≈ 10– «s– »
0
15 1

ALTERNATIVE 2
shows half-life of the order of 1011 s or 5.0 x 1010 s

« »
converts this to year 1600 y or days and states half-life much longer than
experiment compared to experiment

/
Award [1 max] if calculations substitutions have numerical slips but would lead to
correct deduction.

:
eg failure to convert 6 days to seconds but correct substitution into equation will give
M2
P .
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Allow working in days, but for MP1 must see conversion of 𝜆 or half-life to day– . 1

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 conversion to number of molecules = nN = 3.7 x 102

A
0
OR
use of A = 𝜆N
0

initial activity = 5.2 x 109 «s– »1

number emitted = (6 x 24 x 3600) x 1.4 x 10– x 3.7 x 102 or 2.7 x 10 alpha particles
11 0 15

ALTERNATIVE 2 N = n x N = 3.7 x 102 0

use of N = N 𝑒−𝜆𝑡
0 A
0

alpha particles emitted «= number of atoms disintegrated = N – N =» N

(1 − 𝑒−𝜆 × 6 × 24 × 3600 ) or 2.7 x 10 alpha particles
0 0
15

Must see correct substitution or answer to 2+ sf for MP3

c.i. alpha particles highly ionizing
OR
alpha particles have a low penetration power
OR
thin glass increases probability of alpha crossing glass
OR
/
decreases probability of alpha striking atom nucleus molecule /
Do not allow reference to tunnelling.
[Link]. conversion of temperature to 291 K p = 4.5 x 10–9 x 8.31 x « 291 » OR −5
1.3 × 10

p = 2.7 x 10 x 1.3 x 10–2 x «

15 3 291
1.3 × 10
» Allow ECF for 2.7 x 10 from (b)(ii).
−5
15

0.83 or 0.84 «Pa»

[Link].TZ1.3
A

[Link].TZ2.7
a.i.

ΔU = 0 so Q = ΔU + W = 0 + 416 = 416 «J»

Answer given, mark is for the proof.

[1 mark]
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 use 𝑝𝑉

5
3
2
= 𝑐 to get 𝑇𝑉 = 𝑐
3

hence 𝑇C = 𝑇 A ( 𝑉A )
3
2
2
= 612 × 0.5 3 = 385.54
«T ≈ 386K»
C ALTERNATIVE 2
𝑉C

« »
𝑃C 𝑉C 𝛾 = 𝑃A 𝑉A 𝛾 giving PC 1. 6 x 106 Pa = 2
𝑃 𝑉
C C
𝑇
= 𝑃𝑇𝑉 giving 𝑇C = 1.26 × 612
A A
2
= 385.54 «K» «T ≈ 386K» C
C A

Answer of 386K is given. Look carefully for correct working if answers are to 3 SF.

There are other methods: Allow use of PB = 2 x 10 «Pa» and 𝑃 is constant for BC. 6
𝑇

Allow use of n = 0.118 and T = [2 marks]

𝑃 𝑉 C C
C
𝑛𝑅

[Link]. 𝑄 = Δ𝑈 + 𝑊 = 3 𝑃 𝑉 Δ𝑇 + 0 𝑄 = 3 × 4.00 × 10 × 1.50 × 10 × ( 386 − 612 ) «–332 J»

A A 6 −4
2 𝑇 2
A 612

Answer of 330 J given in the question. [2 marks]

Look for correct working or more than 2 SF.
[Link]. e = 𝑄 − 𝑄 = 412 − 332 e = 0.20
in out
Allow
416 − 330
. Allow e = 0.21. [2 marks]
𝑄 416
𝑖n 416

b. entropy is largest at B
entropy increases from A to because T B
= constant but volume increases so
more disorder or ΔS = 𝑇
𝑄
and 0 so ΔS > 0 Q>
entropy is constant along CA because it is adiabatic, Q = 0 and so ΔS = 0
OR
entropy decreases along BC since energy has been removed, ΔQ < 0 so ΔS < 0

[3 marks]

[Link].TZ0.4
B
[Link].TZ0.5
D
[Link].TZ1.4
B
[Link].TZ1.5

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.6
C

[Link].TZ0.7
B
[Link].TZ0.6
a.i.

the diagram shows the combined effect of single slit diffraction and double slit « » « »
interference

recognition that there is a minimum of the single slit pattern

OR
a missing maximum of the double slit pattern at A

« »
waves from the single slit are in antiphase cancel have a path difference of (n + / / 1

λ/
) destructive interference at A
2

[Link]. θ = 4.1 ×7.010 −2

OR b = 𝜆𝜃 «= 7.04.1× 5.9× 10×−210
−7
» 1.0 × 10– «m»
4

Award [0] for use of double slit formula (which gives the correct answer so do not
award CA) B
Allow use of sin or tan for small angles

[Link]. use of s = 𝜆𝐷𝑑 with 3 fringes «5904.1× 10× 10 × 7.0» −9

−2
3.0 x 10–4 m« » EF
Allow C .

b.i. fringes are further apart because the separation of slits is much less « »
« »
intensity does not change significantly across the pattern or diffraction envelope is
broader because slits are much narrower « »
/
the fringes are narrower sharper because the region area of constructive interference /
/
is smaller there are more slits

intensity of peaks has increased because more light can pass through

Award [1 max] for stating one or more differences with no explanation

Award [2 max] for stating one difference with its explanation

Award [MP3] for a second difference with its explanation Allow “peaks” for “fringes”

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Δλ = 589.592 – 588.995 OR Δλ = 0.597 «nm» N = «𝑚Δ𝜆𝜆 =» 2 ×5890.597 «493»

[Link].

beam width = « =» 8.2 x 10– «m» or 0.82 «mm»

493 4
600

[Link].TZ1.6
D
[Link].TZ0.8
A

[Link].TZ1.7
C

[Link].TZ0.9
B
[Link].TZ0.10
B
[Link].TZ1.8
D
[Link].TZ1.9
B
[Link].TZ0.11
C

[Link].TZ1.10
A

[Link].TZ0.12

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.6

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.
10 Be →10
4 5 B + 𝛽 + V̄e

conservation of mass number AND charge 10 10

5 B, 4 Be

Correct identification of both missing values required for [1].

[1 mark]
b.i. correct shape ie increasing from 0 to about 0.80 N 0

crosses given line at 0.50 N 0

[2 marks]
[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 fraction of e B = 18 , 12.5%, or 0.125
therefore 3 half lives have elapsed
2 3
6
≈ ×
𝑡 1 = 4.3 × 10 = 1.43 × 106 « 1.4 106» «y»

ALTERNATIVE 2 B = 18 , 12.5%, or 0.125

fraction of e

= e−𝜆 (4.3 × 106 ) leading to λ = 4.836 × 10–7 «y»– ln⁡2 = 1.43 × 10 «y»
1 1 6
8 𝜆

Must see at least one extra sig fig in final answer. [3 marks]
[Link]. 1.9 × 10 [1 mark]
11

c.i. emission of (infrared) electromagnetic/infrared energy/waves/radiation. [1 mark]

[Link].

the (peak) wavelength of emitted em waves depends on temperature of

/
emitter reference to Wein’s aw L
/
so frequency color depends on temperature [2 marks]
[Link]. 𝜆=
2.90 × 10−3
253
= 1.1 × 10– 5
« m» EF
Allow C from MP1 (incorrect temperature).
[2 marks]
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[Link]. correct units for Intensity (allow W, Nms– OR Js– in numerator)

1 1

rearrangement into proper I units S = kgs–

3

E F MP2 if final answer is in fundamental units.

Allow C for [2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.13
C

[Link].TZ1.11
C

[Link].TZ0.33
B
[Link].TZ1.12
D
[Link].TZ0.8
a.

force per unit charge

/
acting on a small test positive charge

b. horizontally to the left Arrow does not need to touch X

c. /
proton moves to the right they move in opposite directions

force on each is initially the same

«
proton accelerates less than electron initially because mass is greater »
«
field is stronger on right than left as lines closer »
«
proton acceleration increases as it is moving into stronger field» OR
electron acceleration decreases «as it is moving into weaker field»

Allow ECF from (b) Accept converse argument for electron

[Link].TZ0.14
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 D
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.34
D
[Link].TZ1.13
D
[Link].TZ0.35
C

[Link].TZ0.15
A

[Link].TZ0.16
C

[Link].TZ0.36
B
[Link].TZ1.14
D
[Link].TZ1.1
a.

smooth line, not kinked, passing through all the error bars.

[1 mark]
b.i. 0.84 ± 0.03 «s» :
Accept any value from the range 0.81 to 0.8 . 7
Accept uncertainty 0.03 OR 0.0 5. 2 [1 mark]
[Link]. 𝐾 = √0.005 × 0.84 = 0.059 « Δ𝐾 = Δ𝑃 » Δ𝐾 = 0.03 × 0.0594 = 0.002
𝐾 𝑃 0.84

«K =(0.059 ± 0.002)» uncertainty given to 1sf Allow C E F [3 max] if 10T is used.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Award [3] for CA. B [3 marks]

[Link].
1
sT 2 Accept 𝑠√𝑇 or in words. [1 mark]
c. straight AND ascending line through origin [2 marks]
d. 𝐾 = √slope [1 mark]

[Link].TZ0.17
C

[Link].TZ0.37
B
[Link].TZ1.15
C

[Link].TZ0.1
a.

single smooth curve passing through all data points

Do not accept straight lines joining the dots

Curve must touch some part of every x

b.i. ° gradient values separated by minimum of 20 °C

tangent drawn at 80 C

9.0 × 10– «kJ kg– K–2» Do not accept tangent unless “ruler” straight.
4 1

Tangent line must be touching the curve drawn for MP1 to be awarded.

Accept values between 7.0 × 10– and 10 × 10– .4 4

Accept working in J, giving 0.7 to 1.0

[Link]. kJ kg− K−2 1

Accept J instead of kJ Accept °C–2 instead of K−2

Accept °C– K– instead of K−2 Accept C for °C

1 1

c.i. «0.1 x 4.198 x 10 =» 4.198 «kJ» or 4198 «J» Accept values between 4.19 and 4.21

[Link]. percentage uncertainty in ΔT = 10% «2% + 5% + 10%» = 17%

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

absolute uncertainty 0.1« 7 × 4.198 =» 0.7 «kJ» therefore 2 sig figs OR

absolute uncertainty to more than 1 sig fig and consistent final answer

Allow fractional uncertainties inMP1 and MP2 Watch for ECF from (c)(i)
EF
Watch for C from MP1 Watch for ECF from MP2

Do not accept an answer without justification

[Link].TZ1.5
a.

γ = 1.96
E = (γ − 1) m c2 = 900 «MeV»
k 0

pd ≈ 900 «MV»

E
Award [2 max] if nergy and Potential difference are not clearly distinguished, eg by
the unit.

[3 marks]
b. energy of proton = γmc2 = 1838 «MeV»
total energy available = energy of proton + energy of antiproton = 1838 + 1838 =
3676 «MeV»

momentum of a one photon = Total energy / 2c = 1838 «MeVc– » [3 marks]

1

[Link].TZ0.18
B
[Link].TZ0.38
B
[Link].TZ1.16
B
[Link].TZ0.19

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 B
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.17
D
[Link].TZ0.39
C

[Link].TZ0.20
A

[Link].TZ1.6
a.

f= «𝐸ℎ = » 144006.63××1.610× 10 = «3.475 × 10 Hz»

−34
−19
18

Δf = «𝑔 × Δℎ𝑐 × 𝑓 ≈ » 8550 «Hz»

2

[2 marks]
b.

«as the photon moves away from the Earth, » it has to spend energy to overcome the
gravitational field

since E = hf, the detected frequency would be lower «than the emitted frequency»
[2 marks]

[Link].TZ1.18
A

[Link].TZ0.40
B
[Link].TZ1.19
A

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.20
C

[Link].TZ0.1
a.

«
arrow vertically downwards labelled weight of sledge and or /
»/ / / /F /F
girl W mg gravitational force g gravitational AND arrow perpendicular to the snow
/R/
slope labelled reaction force normal contact force /N/F
N
friction force/F/f acting up slope «perpendicular to reaction force»

Do not allow G/g/“gravity”.

Do not award MP1 if a “driving force” is included.
Allow components of weight if correctly labelled.

Ignore point of application or shape of object.

Ignore “air resistance”.

Ignore any reference to “push of feet on sledge”.

Do not award MP2 for forces on sledge on horizontal ground

The arrows should contact the object

b. / E «
gravitational force weight from the arth downwards »
reaction force from the sledge/snow/ground «upwards»

no vertical acceleration/remains in contact with the ground/does not move vertically as

there is no resultant vertical force

Allow naming of forces as in (a)

/ /
Allow vertical forces are balanced equal in magnitude cancel out

c. mention of conservation of momentum OR 5.5 x 4. 2 = (55 + 5.5) «v»

«
0.38 m s–1 » =′
Allow p p or other algebraically equivalent statement

Award [0] for answers based on energy

d. /
same change in momentum impulse

« » «
the time taken to stop would be greater with the snow »
𝐹 = Δ𝑡 therefore F is smaller «with the snow» OR
Δ𝑝

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

force is proportional to rate of change of momentum therefore F is smaller «with the

snow »
Allow reverse argument for ice

e.i. «friction force down slope» = μmg cos(6.5) = «5.9 N»

«component of weight down slope» = mg sin(6.5) «= 6.1 N»
«so a = 𝑚𝐹 » acceleration = 5.512 = 2.2 «m s–2» Ignore negative signs
Allow use of g = 10 m s–2

[Link]. correct use of kinematics equation distance = 4.4 or 4.0 «m» Alternative 2

KE lost=work done against friction + GPE distance = 4.4 or 4.0 «m»

Allow ECF from (e)(i) Allow [1 max] for GPE missing leading to 8.2 «m»

f. calculates a maximum value for the frictional force = «μR=» 7.5 «N»

sledge will not move as the maximum static friction force is greater than the
component of weight down the slope

Allow correct conclusion from incorrect MP1 Allow .5 7 > 6.1 so will not move
[Link].TZ0.2
a.

«ε = IR + Ir»
1
=𝑅+𝑟
𝐼 𝜀 𝜀

identifies equation with y = mx + c

«hence m = 1𝜀 »
No mark for stating data booklet equation
Do not accept working where r is ignored or ε = IR is used
OWTTE
b. «–» r Allow answer in words

[Link].TZ1.9
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

pressure in a liquid increases with depth

so pressure at bottom of bubble greater than pressure at top

ALTERNATIVE 2
weight of liquid displaced

greater than weight of bubble

[2 marks]
b. weight 𝑉𝜌𝑎 𝑔 𝜌𝑎 1.2
( = = = ) = 10−3
bouyancy 𝑉𝜌𝑙 𝑔 𝜌𝑙 1200

since the ratio is very small, the weight can be neglected

Award [1 max] if only mass of the bubble is calculated and identified as negligible to
mass of liquid displaced.

[2 marks]
c. evidence of equating the buoyancy and the viscous force «𝜌𝑙 43 𝜋𝑟3𝑔 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣𝑡»
vt = «29 12001 × ×109.81 (0.25 × 10−3 ) 2 = » 0.16 «ms– »
−3
1 [2 marks]

[Link].TZ1.21
D
[Link].TZ0.21
B
[Link].TZ1.22
A

[Link].TZ0.4
light is an EM wave
speed of light is independent of the source observer /
[Link].TZ0.22
B
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.23
C

[Link].TZ0.5
a.

«
a co-ordinate system in which measurements of distance and time can be made »
Ignore any mention to inertial reference frame.

b. closing speed = c 2 «s»

c.

/E
u and v are velocities with respect to the same frame of reference arth AND u the ′
relative velocity

Accept 0.4c and 0.6c for u and v

d.
−0.4 − 0.6
1 + 0.24
«–» 0.81c
e.i. = 2 = «»
𝛾 1. 5 so the time is t 1.6 s

[Link]. gamma is smaller for B so time is greater than for A

[Link].TZ1.2
a.

ammeter and resistor in series

[1 mark]
b. /
resistance of resistor would increase be greater than 10 Ω
R + r «from ε = I(R + r)» would be overestimated / lower current
therefore calculated r would be larger than real

Award MP3 only if at least one previous mark has been awarded. [3 marks]
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

c. variable resistor would allow for multiple readings to be made

V
gradient of -I graph could be found «to give r»

Award [1 max] for taking average of multiple. [2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.23
D
[Link].TZ1.24
A

[Link].TZ0.8
a.

as the total initial momentum is zero, it must be zero after the collision

b. 2 = (𝛾–1)m c2 = (𝛾–1) 0.511 𝛾 = 4.91 v = 0.978c

0

c. «2 + 2 + 2 × 0.511 = 5.02 MeV» so each photon is 2.51«MeV»

𝑝 = 𝐸𝑐 = 2.51 «MeVc– »1

[Link].TZ0.2
a.

«
it has a lepton number of 1 as lepton number is conserved »
/ «
it has a charge of zero is neutral as charge is conserved »
OR
«
it has a baryon number of 0 as baryon number is conserved »
Do not credit answers referring to energy
b. hadrons experience strong force OR leptons do not experience the strong force

/
hadrons made of quarks not fundamental

OR /
leptons are not made of quarks are fundamental

« »
hadrons decay eventually into protons OR leptons do not decay into protons

Accept leptons experience the weak force Allow “interaction” for “force”

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.10
a.

the loss of energy in an oscillating system

[1 mark]
162
b. 𝑄 = 2𝜋 162 − 10.32 ≈ 11

Accept calculation based on any two correct values giving answer from interval 10 to
13.

[1 mark]
c. the amplitude decreases at a slower rate

a higher Q factor would mean that less energy is lost per cycle [2 marks]

[Link].TZ1.25
C

[Link].TZ0.24
B
[Link].TZ0.3
a.i.

«l = 𝑅𝐴𝜌 = 82 × 8 ×4.110× 10× 2 × 10 »

−3
−5
−6

0.032 «m»

[Link]. power = 1500 × 8 × 10– × 0.032 «= 0.384» «current ≤

3 power
= 0.384
»
√ resistance √ 82

0.068 «A» Be aware of ECF from (a)(i)

Award [1] for 4.3 «A» where candidate has not calculated area

[Link]. quantities such as resistivity depend on the material OR

they allow the selection of the correct material OR
they allow scientists to compare properties of materials

b. as area is larger and length is smaller «

resistance is very much smaller »
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Award [1 max] for answers that involve a calculation

c.

complete functional circuit with ammeter in series with resistor and voltmeter across it

potential divider arrangement correct eg :

[Link].TZ0.25
C

[Link].TZ1.26
D
[Link].TZ1.3
a.

magnetic field

[1 mark]
b.i. «according to Y» the positive charges are moving «to the right» d decreases

For MP1, movement of positive charges must be mentioned explicitly. [2 marks]

[Link]. positive charges are moving, so there is a magnetic field

the density of positive charges is higher than that of negative charges, so there is an
electric field

The reason must be given for each point to be awarded. [2 marks]

[Link].TZ1.27
C

[Link].TZ2.6
pion momentum is 𝛾𝑚𝑣 = 1.2265 × 140 × 0.579 = 99.4 «MeVc– » 1

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use of momentum conservation to realize that produced particles have equal and
opposite momenta
99.4
so for proton 𝛾𝑣 = = 0.106𝑐
938

solving to get v = 0.105c

Accept pion momentum calculation using E 2 = p 2c 2 +m 2c 4.

Award [2 max] for a non-relativistic answer of v = 0.0864c

[4 marks]

[Link].TZ0.9
a.
Δ𝑓
= 𝑔ℎ2 so Δ𝑓 = 0.6 × 20000000
8 2
= 1.3 × 10−10
𝑓 𝑐 (3 × 10 )

Δ𝑓
= Δ𝑡
𝑓 𝑡

× 10– × 24 × 3600 = 1.15×10– «s» «running fast»

1.3 10 5

Award [3 max] if for g 0.6 OR 9.8 OR average of 0.6 and 9.8 is used.

b. ALTERNATIVE 1
∆
g is not constant through h so value determined should be larger

EF
Use C from (a) ALTERNATIVE 2
Accept under or overestimate for SR argument.
/
the satellite clock is affected by time dilation due to special relativity its motion

[Link].TZ1.4
a.i.

« 0.995 ×103 × 108 = » 34 «μs»

4

Do not accept 10 /c = 33 μs.

4

[1 mark]
[Link].

time is much longer than 10 times the average life time «so only a small proportion
would not decay»
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[1 mark]

b.i. 𝛾 = 10 Δ𝑡 = « Δ𝑡 = 34 = » 3.4 « s»
0 𝛾 10
μ [2 marks]

[Link]. the value found in (b)(i) is of similar magnitude to average life time

significant number of muons are observed on the ground

«therefore this supports the special theory» [2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.13
a.

i
F weight = «ρgV = 210×9.81×0.15 =» 6.95«N»
cube
3

ii
F buoyancy = 6.95 = ρgV gives V = 9.8×10− 4

9.8 × 10−4
( 0.15 ) 3
=0.29 so 0.71 or 71% of the cube is above the gasoline
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

b. «from continuity equation» v is greater at B

OR
area at B is smaller thus «from continuity equation» velocity at B is greater

increase in speed leads to reduction in pressure «through Bernoulli effect»

pressure related to height of column

OR
p 𝜌gh=
[Link].TZ1.1
a.

use of conservation of energy

OR
v2 = u2 + 2as

v = «√2 × 60.0 × 9.81 » = 34.3 «ms– » 1

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[2 marks]
b.i. use of impulse F × Δt = Δp OR use of F = ma with average acceleration
ave OR
F = 80.00.759 3620«N» Allow ECF from (a). [2 marks]
× 34.3

[Link]. upwards clearly longer than weight

For second marking point allow ECF from (b)(i) providing line is upwards. [2 marks]
[Link]. 3620 + 80.0 × 9.81 4400 «N» Allow ECF from (b)(i). [2 marks]

c.i. (loss in) gravitational potential energy (of block) into kinetic energy (of block)

Must see names of energy (gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy) – Allow
for reasonable variations of terminology (eg energy of motion for KE).

[1 mark]
[Link].

(loss in) gravitational potential and kinetic energy of block into elastic potential energy
of rope

See note for 1(c)(i) for naming convention.

Must see either the block or the rope (or both) mentioned in connection with the
appropriate energies.

[1 mark]
d. E E = 12 kx2 correct statement or equation showing
k can be determined using P

GPE at A = EPE at C OR (GPE + KE) at B = EPE at C

Candidate must clearly indicate the energy associated with either position A or B for
MP2.
[2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

weight, normal reaction and friction in correct direction

correct points of application for at least two correct forces

Labelled on diagram.

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Allow different wording and symbols

Ignore relative lengths

b. ALTERNATIVE 1 ma= mg sin θ – F I𝛼 = F x r OR mr 𝛼 = F 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑟

f f f

ma = mg sin θ – mr → 2a = g sin θ Can be in any order

𝑎
𝑟

No mark for re-writing given answer

Accept answers using the parallel axis theorem (with I = 2mr2) only if clear and explicit
mention that the only torque is from the weight

Answer given look for correct working ALTERNATIVE 2 mgh = 12 Iω2 + 12 mv2
substituting ω = 𝑣𝑟 «giving v = √𝑔ℎ » correct use of a kinematic equation

use of trigonometry to relate displacement and height s « = h sin θ»

For alternative 2, MP3 and MP4 can only be awarded if the previous marking points are
present

c. «
1.68 ms–2 »
d. ALTERNATIVE 1 N = mg cos θ F ≤ μmg cos θ ALTERNATIVE 2
f

F = ma «from 7(b)» so F = 𝑚𝑔sin⁡

f f
2
𝜃

e. F = μmg cos θ 𝑚𝑔sin⁡𝜃 = mg sin θ – μmg cos θ OR mg sin⁡𝜃 = μmg cos θ

f
2 2

algebraic manipulation to reach tan θ = 2μ

[Link].TZ0.30
B
[Link].TZ0.14
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a.

amplitude is increasing as energy is added

ii

energy input = energy lost due to damping

b. curve from time tB reaching zero displacement in no more than one cycle

Award zero if displacement after tB goes to negative values.

[Link].TZ0.1
C

[Link].TZ1.5
a.

straight line with negative gradient with vertical intercept at ct = 1.2 «km»
– 22
through ( 0.6, . ) ie gradient = –1.67

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:
Tolerance Allow gradient from interval –2.0 to –1.4, (at ct = 2.2, x from interval 0.5 to
0. ).7
2
If line has positive gradient from interval 1.4 to .0 and intercepts at ct = 1.2 km then
allow [1 max].

[2 marks]
b. line for the flash of light from A correctly drawn

line for the flash of light of B correctly drawn

correct reading taken for time of intersection of flash of light and path of , ct B = 2.4
«km»

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Accept values in the range : 2.2 to 2.6. [3 marks]

c. the two events take place in the same point in space at the same time

/
so all observers will observe the two events to be simultaneous so zero difference

Award the second MP only if the first MP is awarded. [2 marks]

𝑢′ = 1 − ( − 0.6) × 0.8 = «–»0.95 «c» [2 marks]
−0.6 − 0.8
d.

[Link].TZ0.5
D
[Link].TZ0.8
a.
5 5
500000 × (2 × 10−3 ) 3 = 100000 × 𝑉 3
V = 5.3 x 10– «m »
3 3

Look carefully for correct use of pVγ = constant

b. correct vertical and horizontal lines curve between B and C
±
Allow tolerance 1 square for A, B and C Allow ECF for MP2

Points do not need to be labelled for marking points to be awarded

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

c. use of P V = nRT OR use of 𝑇𝑃 = constant T = «5 x 290 =» 1450 «K»

d. area enclosed work is done by the gas during expansion OR
work is done on the gas during compression

the area under the expansion is greater than the area under the compression

[Link].TZ0.7
A

[Link].TZ0.5
a.
𝑚𝑣2
= 𝐺 𝑀𝑚2
𝑟 𝑟

leading to T2 = 4𝜋𝐺𝑀𝑟
2 3

T = 5320 «s»
Alternative 2
«𝑣 = √ 𝐺𝑀𝑟 » = √ 6.67 × 106600 ××106.0 × 10 or 7800 «ms– »
𝐸
−11
3
24
1

distance = 2𝜋r = 2𝜋 x 6600 x 10 «m» or 4.15 x 107 «m»

3

«T = 𝑑𝑣 = 4.157800× 10 » = 5300 «s»

7

Accept use of ω instead of v

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 = 287 «K» or 14 «°C»
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b.i. T =« 2.90 × 10−3

𝜆max
= » 2.90 × 10−3
10.1 × 10−6

Award [0] for any use of wavelength from Sun Do not accept 287 °C

[Link].

S
wavelength of radiation from the un is shorter than that emitted from arth and is E «
not absorbed by the atmosphere »
E
infrared radiation emitted from arth is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere

this radiation is re-emitted in all directions including back to arth « E »

c. peer review international collaboration

full details of experiments published so that experiments can repeated [Max 1 Mark]

[Link].TZ0.9
B
[Link].TZ0.11
B
[Link].TZ1.2
a.

« 3.0 × 8.31
0.15
× 290
»
48 «kPa»

[1 mark]
b.i. mass = « 3100860× 23 » 0.012 «kg» Award [1] for a bald correct answer. [1 mark]

1.38 × 10–2 × 313 = 6.5 × 10–2 «J» [1 mark]

3 3 1
[Link].
2

c.

larger temperature implies larger (average) speed larger (average) / KE of

/
molecules particles atoms /
/
increased force momentum transferred to walls (per collision) more frequent /
collisions with walls

increased force leads to increased pressure because P = F/A (as area remains constant)
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 V = nRT.
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Ignore any mention of P [3 marks]

[Link].TZ0.12
D
[Link].TZ1.6
a.

Γ «= Fr = 50 × 2» = 100 «Nm»
α « = Γ𝐼 = 100
450
» =0.22 «rads–2»

Final value to at least 2 sig figs, OR clear working with substitution required for mark.
[2 marks]
b.i. «𝜔2𝑡 − 𝜔20 = 2𝛼Δ𝜃» «𝜔2𝑡 − 0 = 2 × 0.22 × 2𝜋» 𝜔𝑡 = 1.7 «rads–1»
B : 7 7 [1 mark]
Accept CA, values in the range 1.5 to 1. 0.

[Link]. «L = Iω = 450 × 1.66» = 750 «kgm2 rads– » 1

Accept BCA, values in the range: 710 to 780. [1 mark]

c. «I = 450 + mr2» I «= 450 + 30 × 22» = 570 «kgm2» «L = 570 × ω = 747»

ω = 1.3 «rads– » Watch for ECF from (a) and (b).

1

Accept BCA, values in the range: 1.25 to 1.35. [2 marks]

d.i. moment of inertia will decrease

angular momentum will be constant «as the system is isolated»

«so the angular speed will increase» [2 marks]

[Link]. ω = 1.66 from bi AND W = ΔE W = 12 × 450 × 1.662 – 12 × 570 × 1.312 = 131 «J»
t k

ECF from 8bi Accept BCA, value depends on the answers in previous questions.
[2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.14
A

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.1
D
[Link].TZ0.15
A

[Link].TZ1.3
a.i.

/
superposition of light from each slit interference of light from both slits

/
with path phase difference of any half-odd multiple of wavelength any odd multiple of /
𝜋 (in words or symbols)
producing destructive interference

Ignore any reference to crests and troughs.

[3 marks]
[Link]. evidence of solving for D «D = 𝑠𝑑𝜆 » −3
« 4.50 × 10633.0××0.300
10−9
× 10 −3
× 2» = 4.27 «m»
2
Award [1] max for .13 m. [2 marks]
b.i. 633.0
1.33
= 476 «nm» [1 mark]
[Link]. distance between peaks decreases intensity decreases [2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.2
C

[Link].TZ0.18
B
[Link].TZ0.23
D
[Link].TZ2.3
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

D
[Link].TZ2.4
B
[Link].TZ0.27
B
[Link].TZ1.1
A

[Link].TZ2.7
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
«Using 𝑉𝑇11 = 𝑉𝑇22 »
V2 = 47.1(273× (273− 12)+ 19)
V2 = 52.7 «m » 3

ALTERNATIVE 2
«Using PV = nRT»
V = 243 × 8.31 × (273 + 19)
11.2 × 10 3

V = 52.6 «m » 3

[2 marks]
b. = ΔV» = 11.2 × 10 × (52.7 – 47.1) W = 62.7 × 10 «J»
W« P 3 3

Accept 66.1 × 10 J if 53 used Accept 61.6 × 10 J if 52.6 used [2 marks]

3 3

c. ΔU «= 3 nRΔT» = 1.5 × 243 × 8.31 × (19 – (–12)) = 9.39 × 10 4

2

Q «= ΔU + W» = 9.39 × 10 + 6.27 × 10 Q = 1.57 × 10 «J»

4 4 5

Accept 1.60 × 10 if 66.1 × 10 J used Accept 1.55 × 10 if 61.6 × 10 J used

5 3 5 3

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[3 marks]
d.i. concave curve from RHS of present line to point above LHS of present line
vertical line from previous curve to the beginning

[2 marks]
[Link]. energy is removed from the gas and so entropy decreases OR
temperature decreases «at constant volume (less disorder)» so entropy decreases

OWTTE [1 mark]
e. / / /
different paradigms ways of thinking modelling views

allows testing in different ways laws can be applied different situations OWTTE
[1 mark]

[Link].TZ1.7

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.
5 5
«𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 »
3 3

5 5
1.1 × 105 × 5 3 = 𝑝2 × 2 3
5

p2 « = 1.1 × 105 × 5 3
5
2.5 3
» = 5.066 × 105 «Pa»

Volume may be in litres or m . 3

Value to at least 2 sig figs, OR clear working with substitution required for mark.
[2 marks]
b.i. «W = pΔV» «= 5.07 × 105 × (5 × 10–3 – 2 × 10–3)» = 1.52 × 10 «J»
3

O
Award [0] if P T mistake. [1 mark]
[Link]. ΔU = 32 pΔV = 32 5.07 × 10 × 3 × 10– = 2.28 × 10– «J»
5 3 3

Accept alternative solution via Tc. [1 mark]

[Link].Q «= (1.5 + 2.28) × 10 =» 3.80 × 10 «J» 3 3

Watch for ECF from (b)(i) and (b)(ii). [1 mark]

c.i. for isothermal process, PV = constant / ideal gas laws mentioned

since V > VB, P must be smaller than PB [2 marks]

C C

[Link]. the area enclosed in the graph would be smaller

so the net work done would decrease Award MP2 only if MP1 is awarded.
[2 marks]
d. ;
to reduce energy loss increase engine performance improve mpg etc ;
Allow any sensible answer. [1 mark]

[Link].TZ0.28
A

[Link].TZ1.2
D
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[Link].TZ1.3
D
[Link].TZ0.29
A

[Link].TZ0.30
A

[Link].TZ1.4
a.

7 × 10– × (0.020.10
1. 8
× 10 −2 )2

0.043 «Ω»

[2 marks]
b. = 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝐼 » = 8.5 × 10
v«
2
22 × 1.60 × 10−19 × 0.022
0.368 «cms–1» 7 «cms– »
0.3 1

Award [2 max] if answer is not expressed to 2 sf. [3 marks]

[Link].TZ2.22
D
[Link].TZ0.10
a.

plane mirror to the left of principal focus tilted anti-clockwise

two rays which would go through the principal focus

two rays cross between mirror and eyepiece AND passing through the eyepiece

eg :

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b. 2 × 1737
363300
=
0.0120
𝑓
f = 1.25 «m» EF
Allow C if factor of 2 omitted answer is 2.5m
c. M = 1.25
0.05
= 25
d. parabolic/convex mirror instead of flat mirror /
eyepiece image axis same as mirror

[Link].TZ0.31
C

[Link].TZ1.8
a.

E = –13.6 «eV» E2 = – 13.64 = –3.4 «eV»

1

energy of photon is difference E2 – E = 10.2 «≈ 10 eV»1

Must see at least 10.2 eV.

[2 marks]
b.i. – 5.1 = 4.9 «eV» 4.9 × 1.6 × 10– 9 = 7.8 × 10– 9 «J»
10 1 1

Allow 5.1 if 10.2 is used to give 8.2×10− 9 «J». 1

[Link]. EPE produced by battery

exceeds maximum KE of electrons / electrons don’t have enough KE

For first mark, accept explanation in terms of electric potential energy difference of
electrons between surface and plate.

[2 marks]
[Link]. 4. 9 «V» 2
Allow 5.1 if 10. is used in (b)(i). Ignore sign on answer. [1 mark]

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 / 2/3
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

c.i. two equally spaced vertical lines (judge by eye) at approximately 1 3 and

labelled correctly

[2 marks]
[Link]. kinetic energy at collecting plate = 0.9 «eV»
speed = «√ 2 × 0.99.11××1.610× 10 » = 5.6 × 10
−31
−19
5
«ms–1» EF
Allow C from MP1 [2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.23
D
[Link].TZ0.32
C

[Link].TZ2.24
D
[Link].TZ2.25
A

[Link].TZ0.11
a.i.

«nuclear» fusion
Do not accept “burning’’
[Link]. brightness depends on luminosity and distance b / = 4𝜋𝑑𝐿 2

Vega is much further away but has a larger luminosity

Accept answer in terms of Jupiter for MP2

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b.i.

a group of stars forming a pattern on the sky AND not necessarily close in distance to
each other

OWTTE
[Link].

the star’s position is observed at two times, six months apart, relative to distant stars

parallax angle is half the angle of shift

Answers may be given in diagram form, so allow the marking points if clearly drawn

[Link]. 1
0.13
= 7.7 «pc» so d = 7.7 x 3.26 = 25.1 «ly»
[Link].TZ2.26
C

[Link].TZ2.27
C

[Link].TZ1.7
a.

Δf ∝ f
therefore the change is « –»3Δf
[2 marks]
b. g = «c2 𝑓Δℎ
Δ𝑓
=» (3 × 10 )2 5.0 × 10170× 10000 g = 3.1 «ms–2»
8
14

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 O B
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

If P T mistake, award [0]. Award [2] for CA. [2 marks]

c. the mass of the planet warps spacetime around itself

the light will follow the shortest path in spacetime «which is curved» [2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.1
a.i.

/
towards the centre «of the circle» horizontally to the right

Do not accept towards the centre of the bowl

[1 mark]
[Link]. downward vertical arrow of any length arrow of correct length

Judge the length of the vertical arrow by eye. The construction lines are not required.
A label is not required

eg : [2 marks]

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 F = N cos θ mg = N sin θ /

dividing substituting to get result

ALTERNATIVE 2 right angle triangle drawn with , F N and W/mg labelled

angle correctly labelled and arrows on forces in correct directions

correct use of trigonometry leading to the required relationship

tan θ = O𝐴 = 𝑚𝑔𝐹 [3 marks]

b. 𝑚𝑔
tan⁡𝜃
= m 𝑣𝑟 r = R cos θ v = 𝑔𝑅cos
2
𝜃 2
/ √ 𝑔𝑅cos⁡𝜃
/ √ 9.81 ×tan⁡8.0cos⁡
22 v = 13.4/13 «ms – »
1

√ sin⁡
𝜃 tan𝜃 2 2

Award [4] for a bald correct answer

Award [3] for an answer of 13. 14 «ms –1». 9/ MP2 omitted [4 marks]
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c. /N is horizontal
there is no force to balance the weight /
so no it is not possible

Must see correct justification to award MP2 [2 marks]

d. speed before collision v = «√2𝑔𝑅 =» 12.5 «ms– » 1

«from conservation of momentum» common speed after collision is 12 initial speed «vc
= 12.52 = 6.25 ms–1»
h = « 𝑣2𝑔 = 26.25
𝑐
2

× 9.81
» 2.0 «m»
2
2
Allow 1 .5 from incorrect use of kinematics equations

Award [3] for a bald correct answer

= 2mgh leading to h = 4 m if done in one step.

Award [0] for mg(8)

Allow ECF from MP1 Allow ECF from MP2 [3 marks]

[Link].TZ1.10
a.

in laminar flow, the velocity of the fluid is constant «at any point in the fluid» «whereas
it is not constant for turbulent flow»

Accept any similarly correct answers.

[1 mark]
b. = P «as both are exposed to atmospheric pressure»
PS T

then V = 0 «if the surface area ofthe reservoir is large» « 1 𝜌𝑣2𝑠 + ρgzS = ρgz »
T T
2

𝑣 = g(z – zS) = gH and so vS = √2𝑔𝐻

1 2
2 𝑆
T

MP1 and MP2 may be implied by the correct substitution showing line 3 in the mark
scheme.

Do not accept simple use of v = √2as . [3 marks]

c.i. R = 59.4 × 0.6 × 1 × 10 = 2.72 × 107
3

1.31 × 10 −3

Accept use of radius 0.3 m giving value 1.36 × 107. [1 mark]

[Link]. as R > 1000 it is not reasonable to assume laminar flow [1 mark]

[Link].TZ2.9
b.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

the electrons accelerate and so radiate energy

they would therefore spiral into the nucleus atoms would be unstable /
/
electrons have discrete only certain energy levels

the only orbits where electrons do not radiate are those that satisfy the ohr B
condition «mvr n »
ℎ
= 2𝜋

[3 marks]
c.i. 𝑚e 𝑣 2
𝑟
2
= 𝑘𝑒𝑟2 OR KE = 12 PE hence 12 m v2 = 12 𝑘𝑒𝑟
e
2
«solving for v to get answer»
Answer given – look for correct working [1 mark]
combining v = with m vr = using correct substitution
[Link]. 𝑘𝑒 ℎ 2
e
√𝑚 𝑟 2𝜋 e

2 2
«eg 𝑚𝑒2 𝑚𝑘𝑒 𝑟 𝑟2 = 4𝜋ℎ 2 » correct algebraic manipulation to gain the answer
e

Answer given – look for correct working

Do not allow a bald statement of the answer for MP2. Some further working eg
cancellation of m or r must be shown

[2 marks]
[Link].
« r = 4𝜋2 × 8.99 × 109(6.63 × 10 ) −34 2
2»
r = 5.3 × 10– 11 «m» [1 mark]
× 9.11 × 10−31 × (1.6 × 10−19 )

d.i. the energy released is 3.54 – 0.48 = 3.06 «MeV»

this is shared by the electron and the antineutrino

so the electron’s energy varies from 0 to 3.06 « e M V» [3 marks]

[Link].

the palladium nucleus emits the photon when it decays into the ground state «from
the excited state»

[1 mark]
[Link]. Photon energy E = 0.48 × 10 × 1.6 × 10– 9 = «7.68 × 10– J»
6 1 14

λ = « ℎ𝑐𝐸 = 6.63 ×7.6810 × 10× 3 × 10 =» 2.6 × 10– 2 «m» Award [2] for a bald correct answer
−34
−14
8
1

Allow ECF from incorrect energy [2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.3
B
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.2
a.i.

a gas in which there are no intermolecular forces

OR
/
a gas that obeys the ideal gas law all gas laws at all pressures, volumes and
temperatures

OR
molecules have zero P only E/ KE

/
Accept atoms particles.

[1 mark]
[Link]. N = « 𝑝𝑉𝑘𝑇 = 5.31.38× 10× 10× 2.1××31010 » 2.6 × 1022 [1 mark]
5
−23
−4

[Link]. «For one atom U = 3 kT» 3 × 1.38 × 10–2 × 310 / 6.4 × 10–2 «J»
3 1
2 2

U = «2.6 × 1022 × × 1.38 × 10–2 × 310» 170 «J»

3 3 Allow ECF from (a)(ii)
2

Award [2] for a bald correct answer Allow use of U = 3 pV [2 marks]

2

b.i. p2 = «5.3 × 10 × 2.16.8 ×× 1010

5
−4
−4 » 1.6 × 105 «Pa» [1 mark]
[Link]. «volume has increased and» average velocity/KE remains unchanged
«so» molecules collide with the walls less frequently/longer time between collisions
with the walls

«hence» rate of change of momentum at wall has decreased

«and so pressure has decreased» The idea of average must be included

Decrease in number of collisions is not sufficient for MP2. Time must be included.
Accept atoms/particles. [2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.4
D
[Link].TZ2.5

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 B
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.4
a.

total resistance of circuit is 8.0 «Ω» ✔

2
𝑃 = 12
8.0
= 18«W» ✔

bi. «a resistor is now connected in parallel» reducing the total resistance OR

current through YZ unchanged and additional current flows through X ✔

bii.

evidence in calculation or statement that pd across Y/current in Y is the same as before ✔

so ratio is 1 ✔

c. 𝐸 = « 12 𝐶𝑉2 = 12 × 6 × 10−6 × 122 = » 4.3 × 10−4 «J» ✔

di. ALTERNATIVE 1 capacitance doubles and voltage halves ✔

1
since 𝐸 = 2 𝐶𝑉2 energy halves ✔ so change is «–»2.2×10–4 «J» ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2

2
𝐸 = 12 𝐶𝑉2 and 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 so 𝐸 = 2𝐶
𝑄
✔

capacitance doubles and charge unchanged so energy halves ✔

so change is «−»2.2 × 10−4 «J» ✔

dii. it is the work done when inserting the dielectric into the capacitor ✔

[Link].TZ2.6
B
[Link].TZ0.7
a.

Λ momentum = 900
E = «√𝑝𝑐2 + ( 𝑚𝑐2 ) 2 = √6302 + 9382 = » 1130 «MeV»
proton

E = «√2702 + 1402 = » 304 «MeV»

pion

so rest mass of Λ = « ( 1130 + 304 ) 2 − 9002 = » 1116 «MeV c–2»

√

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b. «E = 𝛾 mc2 so» 𝛾 = « 1434 =» 1.28

1116
to give 0.64c

[Link].TZ2.3
a.i.

the incident wave «from the speaker» and the reflected wave «from the closed end»

/
superpose combine interfere /

/
Allow superimpose add up

Do not allow meet/interact

[1 mark]
[Link]. Horizontal arrow from X to the right MP2 is dependent on MP1
Ignore length of arrow [1 mark]
[Link]. P at a node [1 mark]

[Link]. λ = « 4 ×30.30 =» 0.40 «m» f = « 0.40

wavelength is
340
» 850 «Hz»
Award [2] for a bald correct answer Allow ECF from MP1 [2 marks]

b.i. sin⁡𝜃 = 1
340
𝑐
1500
θ = 13«°» Award [2] for a bald correct answer
c

Award [2] for a bald answer of 13.1

Answer must be to 2/3 significant figures to award MP2 2

Allow 0. 3 radians

[2 marks]
[Link]. correct orientation greater separation

Do not penalize the lengths of A and B in the water

Do not penalize a wavefront for C if it is consistent with A and B
MP1 must be awarded for MP2 to be awarded

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.6
a.

γ «= 3350
938
» = 3.37
[1 mark]
b.i. energy of pion = (3350 × 2) – 6200 = 500 «MeV» 5002 = p2c2 + 1402
p = 480 «MeV c– » 1 [3 marks]
[Link]. –
path of pion constructed in direction around 4 5 o’clock by eye

[1 mark]

[Link].TZ2.7
C

[Link].TZ0.8
a.

this is gravitational time dilation

OR
« »
black hole gives rise to a strong gravitational field

clocks in stronger field run more slowly

OR
« »
the clock signal is subject to gravitational red-shift

the clock is subject to gravitational red shift

OR

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

the clock has lost gravitational potential energy in moving close to the black hole

[Max 2 Marks]
b. ALTERNATIVE 1 (10 ks is in observer frame): Δt' = 10000√1 − 6.07.0 ×× 1010 5
8

9995.7 so 9995 «ticks» Allow 9996 EF

Allow C if 10 is used instead of 10000

ALTERNATIVE 2 (10 ks is in rocket frame): Δt = 10000

6.0 × 105
«
10004 ticks »
√1 − 7.0 × 108

EF
Allow C if 10 is used instead of 10000

[Link].TZ2.8
A

[Link].TZ2.9
C

[Link].TZ0.11
a.i.

density = 785 «kgm− » 3

«43 𝜋 ( 0.03 ) 3 × 785 × 9.8 =» 0.87 «N»

Accept answer in the range 784 to 786

[Link]. 4
0.87
𝜋 ( 0.03 ) 3 × 1080 × 9.8
OR 0.87
1080 × 1.13 × 10−4
OR 785
1080
0. 727 or 73%
3

EF
Allow C from (a)(i)

b. use of drag force to obtain

4 3
3
𝜋r x 0.04 x g = 6 x 𝜋 x 0.0011 x r x v
v = 0.071 «ms– » 1

[Link].TZ2.7
a.i.

boundary inside which events cannot be communicated to an outside observer

OR
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

/
distance surface at which escape velocity =c

OWTTE
[1 mark]
[Link]. mass of black hole = 7.2 × 10 36 «kg» « 2𝐺𝑀
𝑐2
=» 1 × 1010 «m» [2 marks]
b. S2
wherever - is in orbit, time observed is longer than 5.0 s

S2
when closest to the star - periodic time dilated more than when at greatest
distance

Justification using formula or time is more dilated in stronger gravitational fields

[2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.10
B
[Link].TZ1.6
D
[Link].TZ2.1
B
[Link].TZ2.11
A

[Link].TZ1.7
C

[Link].TZ2.2
D
[Link].TZ2.4
a.

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

the work done per unit charge

/
in moving charge from one terminal of a cell to the other all the way round the circuit

/
Award [1] for “energy per unit charge provided by the cell” “power per unit current”

Award [1] for “potential difference across the terminals of the cell when no current is
flowing”

Do not accept “potential difference across terminals of cell”

[2 marks]
b.i. /
the resistance is proportional to length see 0.35 AND 1 .00 « »
so it equals 0.35× 80 «= 28 Ω» [2 marks]
[Link]. current leaving 12 V cell is 12 = 0.15 «A» OR E = 12 × 28
80 80

E = «0.15 × 28 =» 4.2 «V» Award [2] for a bald correct answer

Allow a 1sf answer of 4 if it comes from a calculation.

Do not allow a bald answer of 4 «V» EF

Allow C from incorrect current [2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.12
A

[Link].TZ0.12
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
the time between undulations is
3
5.6
= 0.536 «s»
f= 0.5361 = 1.87 «Hz»
«frequencies match» resonance occurs so amplitude of vibration becomes greater
Must see mention of “resonance” for MP3
ALTERNATIVE 2
f = 𝜆𝑣 = 5.63
f = 1.87 «Hz»

«frequencies match» resonance occurs so amplitude of vibration becomes greater

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 Must see mention of “resonance” for MP3
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b. «to increase damping» reduce Q

[Link].TZ2.13
A

[Link].TZ2.1
a.i.

/
towards the centre «of the circle» horizontally to the right

Do not accept towards the centre of the bowl

[1 mark]
[Link]. downward vertical arrow of any length arrow of correct length

Judge the length of the vertical arrow by eye. The construction lines are not required.
A label is not required

eg : [2 marks]

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 F = N cos θ mg = N sin θ /

dividing substituting to get result

ALTERNATIVE 2 right angle triangle drawn with , F N and W/mg labelled

angle correctly labelled and arrows on forces in correct directions

correct use of trigonometry leading to the required relationship

tan θ = O𝐴 = 𝑚𝑔𝐹 [3 marks]

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b. 𝑚𝑔
tan⁡𝜃
= m 𝑣𝑟 r = R cos θ v = 𝑔𝑅cos
2
𝜃
/ √
2
𝑔𝑅cos⁡𝜃
/ √
9.81 × 8.0cos⁡22 v = 13.4/13 «ms – »
1

√ sin⁡𝜃 tan𝜃 tan⁡22

Award [4] for a bald correct answer

Award [3] for an answer of 13. 14 «ms –1». 9/

MP2 omitted [4 marks]
c. there is no force to balance the weight/N is horizontal so no / it is not possible

Must see correct justification to award MP2 [2 marks]

d.i. the «restoring» force/acceleration is proportional to displacement

Direction is not required [1 mark]

[Link]. ω = « 𝑔 » = 9.81 «= 1.107 s– » T = « 2𝜋 = 2𝜋 =» 5.7 «s»
1
√𝑅 √ 8.0 𝜔 1.107

Allow use of or g = 9.8 or 10 Award [0] for a substitution into T = 2π 𝐼 [2 marks]

𝑔 √
[Link]. sine graph correct amplitude «0.13 m s–1»

correct period and only 1 period shown

Accept ± sine for shape of the graph. Accept 5.7 s or 6.0 s for the correct period.
Amplitude should be correct to ± square for MP2
1
2

eg: v /m s– 1 [3 marks]

e. speed before collision v = «√2𝑔𝑅 =» 12.5 «ms– » 1

«from conservation of momentum» common speed after collision is 12 initial speed «vc
= 12.52 = 6.25 ms–1»
h = « 𝑣2𝑔 = 26.25
𝑐
2

× 9.81
» 2.0 «m»
2
2
Allow 1 .5 from incorrect use of kinematics equations

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Award [3] for a bald correct answer

= 2mgh leading to h = 4 m if done in one step.

Award [0] for mg(8)

Allow ECF from MP1 Allow ECF from MP2 [3 marks]

[Link].TZ2.10
a.
1 2
𝜌𝑣
2 X
= 𝑝Y − 𝑝X = 𝜌𝑔Δℎ

vX = √2 × 9.8 × (0.32 − 0.10)

vx = 2.08 «ms– »1

[3 marks]
b.i. R = « 𝑣𝑟𝜌𝜂 = 2.18.9× 0.25
−4
3

× 10
× 10
» 5.9 × 10 [1 mark]
5

[Link]. (R > 1000) flow is not laminar, so assumption is invalid OWTTE [1 mark]

[Link].TZ2.14
D
[Link].TZ2.6
B
[Link].TZ2.7
D
[Link].TZ2.9
B
[Link].TZ2.2
a.i.

a gas in which there are no intermolecular forces

OR

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 /
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a gas that obeys the ideal gas law all gas laws at all pressures, volumes and
temperatures

OR
molecules have zero P only E/ KE

/
Accept atoms particles.

[1 mark]
[Link]. N = « 𝑝𝑉𝑘𝑇 = 5.31.38× 10× 10× 2.1××31010 » 2.6 × 1022 [1 mark]
5
−23
−4

[Link]. «For one atom U = 3 kT» 3 × 1.38 × 10–2 × 310 / 6.4 × 10–2 «J»
3 1
2 2

U = «2.6 × 1022 × × 1.38 × 10–2 × 310» 170 «J»

3 3 Allow ECF from (a)(ii)
2

Award [2] for a bald correct answer Allow use of U = 3 pV [2 marks]

2

b.i. p2 = «5.3 × 10 × 2.16.8 ×× 1010

5
−4
−4 » 1.6 × 105 «Pa» [1 mark]
[Link]. «volume has increased and» average velocity/KE remains unchanged
«so» molecules collide with the walls less frequently/longer time between collisions
with the walls

«hence» rate of change of momentum at wall has decreased

«and so pressure has decreased» The idea of average must be included

Decrease in number of collisions is not sufficient for MP2. Time must be included.
Accept atoms/particles. [2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.15
D
[Link].TZ1.13
A

[Link].TZ2.13
B
[Link].TZ2.16
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.16
C

[Link].TZ2.11
a.

general shape as shown

H
peak at 6 k z

graph does not touch the f axis

[3 marks]
b. peak broadens /
reduced maximum amplitude graph shifted down

/
resonant frequency decreases graph shifted to the left [2 marks]

[Link].TZ1.15
C

[Link].TZ2.17
D
[Link].TZ2.20
B
[Link].TZ1.17

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.17
C

[Link].TZ1.21
A

[Link].TZ2.6
a.

proton / 11 H / p ✔

bi. «3 x 2.78 − 2 × 2 × 1.12» See 3 × 2.78/8.34 OR 2 × 2 × 1.12/4.48✔

3.86 «MeV» ✔

bii. the deuterium nuclei are positively charged/repel ✔

high KE/energy is required to overcome «Coulomb/electrostatic» repulsion /potential

barrier

OR

high KE/energy is required to bring the nuclei within range of the strong nuclear force ✔

high temperatures are required to give high KEs/energies ✔

ci. −1 / -e ✔

cii. −3 ✔

[Link].TZ2.18
D
[Link].TZ2.24
D
[Link].TZ2.25
B
[Link].TZ2.19
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.6
a.

«most of» the mass of the atom is confined within a very small volume/nucleus
«all» the positive charge is confined within a very small volume/nucleus
electrons orbit the nucleus «in circular orbits»

[2 marks]
b.i. the energy needed to separate the nucleons of a nucleus OR
energy released when a nucleus is formed from its nucleons

Allow neutrons AND protons for nucleons Don’t allow constituent parts [1 mark]
[Link]. Q = 106 × 8.550 − 106 × 8.521 = 3.07 «MeV» «Q ≈ 3 Me V» [1 mark]
c.i. line with arrow as shown labelled anti-neutrino/𝑣¯

Correct direction of the “arrow” is essential

The line drawn must be “upwards” from the vertex in the time direction i.e. above the
horizontal

[1 mark]

[1 mark]
[Link]. V = W–
[Link].TZ2.3
a.i.

the incident wave «from the speaker» and the reflected wave «from the closed end»

/ /
superpose combine interfere

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 /
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Allow superimpose add up

Do not allow meet/interact

[1 mark]
[Link]. Horizontal arrow from X to the right MP2 is dependent on MP1
Ignore length of arrow [1 mark]
[Link]. P at a node [1 mark]

[Link]. λ = « 4 ×30.30 =» 0.40 «m» f = « 0.40

wavelength is
340
» 850 «Hz»
Award [2] for a bald correct answer Allow ECF from MP1 [2 marks]

b.i. sin⁡𝜃 = 1
340
𝑐
1500
θ = 13«°» Award [2] for a bald correct answer
c

Award [2] for a bald answer of 13.1

Answer must be to 2/3 significant figures to award MP2 2

Allow 0. 3 radians

[2 marks]
[Link]. correct orientation greater separation

Do not penalize the lengths of A and B in the water

Do not penalize a wavefront for C if it is consistent with A and B
MP1 must be awarded for MP2 to be awarded

[2 marks]

[Link].TZ2.26
D
[Link].TZ1.26
B
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.20
C

[Link].TZ1.27
C

[Link].TZ2.27
A

[Link].TZ2.21
D
[Link].TZ1.1
A

[Link].TZ1.2
C

[Link].TZ1.28
C

[Link].TZ0.5
a(i).

0 . 6c ✓
Accept 1 . 8 × 10 8 𝑚𝑠-1 if unit given.

a(ii).

line through origin and through ( 5, 3 ) ± one small square at this coordinate ✓

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Answers shown for 5(a)(ii) and (b)(i) and (b)(ii).

b(i). X value of E at 4 «ly» ✓ Y value of E at 5 «y» ✓

b(ii).

light cone from E «crosses 𝑐𝑡 at 9 so» intersection on 𝑐𝑡' = 5 . 6 ± 0 . 2 y «on 𝑐𝑡 scale» ✓

𝛾 = 1 . 25 ✓ so 𝑡' = « 5 . 6 = » 4 . 5 «y after leaving Earth» ✓
1 . 25

MP1 accept use of linear equations to find 𝑡 = 5 . 625 Allow ECF from (b)(i) and (a)
[Link].TZ0.2
a.

to provide a constant heating rate power /

OR
to have m proportional to t ✔

b. due to heat losses «VIt is larger than heat into liquid» ✔

Lv calculated will be larger ✔

c. /
heat losses will be similar the same for both experiments OR
heat loss presents systematic error ✔

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 /
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

taking the difference cancels eliminates the effect of these losses OR

use a graph to eliminate the effect ✔

[Link].TZ2.28
C

[Link].TZ1.29
C

[Link].TZ1.30
D
[Link].TZ2.29
A

[Link].TZ2.30
C

[Link].TZ1.31
D
[Link].TZ2.1

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

sin c = 1.4444
1.4475
or sin c = 0.9978
critical angle = 86.2«°»

with cladding only rays travelling nearly parallel to fibre axis are transmitted

OR
/
pulse broadening dispersion will be reduced

OWTTE
[3 marks]
b.i. attenuation = «10 log 𝐼𝐼 » = 10 log 4002.0 ××1010
−6
−6
attenuation = «–»23 «dB»
0

Accept 10 log
400
2.0
for first marking point [2 marks]
[Link]. 185 × 0.200 = 37 loss over length of cable
« 37 12− 23 = 1.17» so two amplifiers are sufficient [2 marks]
[Link]. mention of material dispersion mention that rays become separated in time

OR /
mention that ray A travels slower arrives later than ray B [2 marks]
c. /
high bandwidth data transfer rates

/L /F
low distortion ow noise aithful reproduction high security

fast «fibre» broadband internet / high quality optical audio medical endoscopy

Allow any other verifiable sensible advantage [1 mark]

[Link].TZ2.4
a.

the work done per unit charge

/
in moving charge from one terminal of a cell to the other all the way round the circuit

Award [1] for “energy per unit charge provided by the cell” “power per unit current” /
Award [1] for “potential difference across the terminals of the cell when no current is
flowing”

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 Do not accept “potential difference across terminals of cell”
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[2 marks]
b.i. /
the resistance is proportional to length see 0.35 AND 1 .00 « »
so it equals 0.35× 80 «= 28 Ω» [2 marks]
[Link]. current leaving 12 V cell is 12 = 0.15 «A» OR E = 12 × 28
80 80

E = «0.15 × 28 =» 4.2 «V» Award [2] for a bald correct answer

Allow a 1sf answer of 4 if it comes from a calculation.

Do not allow a bald answer of 4 «V» EF

Allow C from incorrect current [2 marks]
c.

since the current in the cell is still zero there is no potential drop across the internal
resistance

and so the length would be the same OWTTE [2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.3
a.

/
a set of rulers and clocks set of coordinates to record the position and time of events
✔

b.i. ALTERNATIVE 1: the time in frame S′ is 𝑡′ = 𝐿𝑐 ✔

but time is absolute in Galilean relativity so is the same in S ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2:
S
In frame , light rays travel at c + v ✔ so 𝑡 = 𝐿
(𝑐 + 𝑣) − 𝑣
= 𝐿𝑐 ✔

In Alternative 1, they must refer to ' S

[Link]. x = x' + vt and x' = L ✔ «substitution to get answer»
[Link].TZ2.31
C

[Link].TZ1.32
A

[Link].TZ1.33
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.32
C

[Link].TZ2.2
a.

combines the two equations to obtain result

«for example 1𝐼 = K2(C + x)2 = 4𝜋𝑃 (C + x)2»

OR
reverse engineered solution – substitute K = 2√ 𝜋𝑃 into 1𝐼 = K2(C + x)2 to get I = 4𝜋(𝐶𝑃+ 𝑥) 2

There are many ways to answer the question, look for a combination of two equations
to obtain the third one

[1 mark]
b.i. /
extrapolating line to cross x-axis use of x-intercept OR Use C = 𝑦 -gradient
intercept
OR
use of gradient and one point, correctly substituted in one of the formulae

accept answers between 3.0 and 4.5 «cm» Award [1 max] for negative answers

[2 marks]
[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1
Evidence of finding gradient using two points on the line at least 10 cm apart
Gradient found in range: 115–135 or 1.15–1.35
Using P = to get value between 6.9 × 10– and 9.5 × 10– «W» and POT correct
4𝜋 4 4
𝐾 2

Correct unit, W and answer to 1, 2 or 3 significant figures ALTERNATIVE 2

Finds 𝐼( 𝑦1 ) from use of one point (x and y) on the line with x > 6 cm and C from(b)(i)to
2

use in I = = Kx + KC
𝑃 1
2 or
4𝜋(𝐶 + 𝑥) √𝐼

Correct re-arrangementto get P between 6.9 × 10– and 9.5 × 10– «W» and POT
4 4

correct

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 2 or 3 significant figures
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Correct unit, W and answer to 1,

Award [3 max] for an answer between 6.9 W and 9.5 W (POT penalized in 3rd marking
point)

Alternative 2 is worth [3 max] [4 marks]

c. /
this graph will be a curve not be a straight line

more difficult to determine value of K OR more difficult to determine value of C

OR suitable mathematical argument OWTTE [2 marks]

[Link].TZ0.6
a.

𝜔𝑓 2 = 0 + 2 × 0 . 110 × 6 × 2π ✓
𝜔𝑓 = 2 . 88 « rad s-1 » ✓

Other methods are possible.

Answer 3 given so look for correct working
At least 2 sig figs for MP2.

b. concave up from origin ✓

c. Γ = « I α so Γ = 0 . 110 × 0 . 0216 = » 2 . 38 × 10-3 « N m » ✓

d. 2 . 92
𝛼 = 2 × 2π × 30 = OR -0 . 022 « rad s-2 » ✓ 𝑡 « =
𝜔𝑓 - 𝜔𝑖
𝛼
-2 . 9
= -0 . 0220 » = 130 « s » ✓
Other methods are possible. Allow 131 s if 2 . 88 used Allow 126 s if 3 used

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer

[Link].TZ1.34
D
[Link].TZ2.33

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.35
C

[Link].TZ0.4
a.
0.82𝑐 + 0.40𝑐
✔
1 + 0.82𝑐 ×2 0.40𝑐
𝑐

0. 92c ✔
b.i. 120
Δ𝑡′ = 0.40𝑐 ✔ Δ𝑡′ = 1.0 × 10−6 s ✔ «»
[Link]. 𝛾= «√1 −10.82 = » 1.747 ✔
2

Δt = «𝛾(Δ𝑡′ + 𝑣Δ𝑥𝑐 ) » = 1.747 × (1.0 × 10−6 + 0.82𝑐𝑐× 120 )

2
′
2
OR Δt = 1.747 × ( 0.92
120
− 0.82 ) 𝑐
✔

2.3 × 10− «s» ✔6

[Link].TZ1.36
A

[Link].TZ2.34
A

[Link].TZ1.4
a.

7 × 10– × (0.020.10
1. 8
× 10 −2 )2

0.043 «Ω»

[2 marks]
b. = 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝐼 » = 8.5 × 10 × 1.602× 10 × 0.02 0.37 «cms– »
v« 22 −19 2
1 [2 marks]
c.i. V = RI = 0.086 «V» « 𝑉 = 0.086 = » 0.86 «V m– » 1 EF
Allow C from 4(a).
𝑑 0.10

Allow ECF from MP1. [2 marks]

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 Ohm’s Law (V = IR)
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 clear use of clear use of R = 𝜌𝐿𝐴

combining with I = nAve and V = EL to reach result. ALTERNATIVE 2
attempts to substitute values into equation. LHS as 4.3 × 109.
correctly calculates

correctly calculates RHS as 4.3 × 109. For ALTERNATIVE 1 look for: V = IR R = 𝜌𝐿𝐴
V = EL I = nAve V = I 𝜌𝐿𝐴 EL = I 𝜌𝐿𝐴 E = I 𝐴𝜌 E = nAve 𝐴𝜌 = nveρ 𝐸𝑣 = 𝑛𝑒𝜌1 [3 marks]
[Link].TZ2.35
A

[Link].TZ1.37
D
[Link].TZ0.1
D
[Link].TZ2.3
a.i.

2
1. 5c

[1 mark]
[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 𝑢′ = (0.50 + 0.75) 𝑐
1 + 0.5 × 0.75
9
0. 1c ALTERNATIVE 2 𝑢′ = 1 −−0.50 − 0.75
( − 0.5 × 0.75)
𝑐

–0.91c [2 marks]
b.

nothing can travel faster than the speed of light (therefore (a)(ii) is the valid answer)

OWTTE [1 mark]

[Link].TZ2.36
C

[Link].TZ0.7
a.
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

«person rotates» anticlockwise ✓

«
the person gains angular momentum in the opposite direction to the new wheel
motion »✓
so that the total angular momentum is conserved ✓

OWTTE
Award [1 max] for a bald statement of conservation of angular momentum

b. ✓
the rotational kinetic energy has increased

energy is provided by the person doing work «flipping the wheel» ✓ OWTTE
[Link].TZ0.5
a.i.

𝛾= «√1 − 0.745
1
2
= » 1.499 ✔

x′ = «𝛾 ( 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡 ) = » 1.499 × (1.0 − 0) ✔

«x′ = 1.5 m»
[Link]. t′ = «𝛾(𝑡 − 𝑣𝑥 ) =» 1.499 × (0 − 0.745𝑐 × 1 ) «= − 1.11 » «ct′ = –1.1 m» OR
𝑐2 𝑐 2 𝑐

using spacetime interval 0 − 12 = (ct′)2 − 1.52 ⇒ «ct′ = –1.1» ✔

b.i. line through event E parallel to ct′ axis meeting x' axis and labelled P ✔

[Link]. point on x' axis about

2
3
of the way to P labelled Q✔
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

c.i. ends of rod must be recorded at the same time in frame S′ ✔

E crossing x’, no label required ✔
any vertical line from

right-hand end of rod intersects at R «whose co-ordinate is less than 1.0 m» ✔

[Link]. 7
0. m ✔

[Link].TZ2.37
A

[Link].TZ0.2
D
[Link].TZ2.38
B
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.38
B
[Link].TZ2.9
ai.

𝐸 = 12 𝑚 𝐺𝑀
𝑟
− 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝑟
= − 12 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝑟
✔

𝐺𝑀
comparison with 𝑉= − 𝑟
✔

«to give answer»

aii. ALTERNATIVE 1

«at the position of the planet» the potential depends only on the mass of the star /does
not depend on the radius of the star ✔

the potential will not change and so the energy will not change ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2

r / distance between the centres of the objects / orbital radius remains unchanged ✔
1 𝐺𝑀𝑚
since 𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = −2 , energy will not change ✔
𝑟

𝑘𝑄 𝑘𝑞 𝑄 2
b.
(0.600 + 0.820)2
= 0.820 2 ✔
𝑞
= « (0.6000.820
+ 0.820)
2 = 2.9988 ≈ » 3 ✔

[Link].TZ0.3
C

[Link].TZ1.39
D
[Link].TZ2.39
B
[Link].TZ2.4
a.

0.60c

OR
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 ×
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

1.8 108 «m s–1»

[1 mark]
b. ALTERNATIVE 1 E
time interval in the arth frame = 90 × γ = 112.5 minutes
«in Earth frame it takes 112.5 minutes for ship to reach station»
so distance = 112.5 × 60 × 0.60c 1.2 × 10m 2 «m»
1 ALTERNATIVE 2
Distance travelled according in the spaceship frame = 90 × 60 × 0.6c
= 9.72 × 10 «m» 11

Distance in the Earth frame «= 9.72 × 10 × 1.25» = 1.2 × 10 2 «m» [3 marks]

11 1

c. signal will take «112.5 × 0.60 =» 67.5 «minutes» to reach Earth «as it travels at c»

OR signal will take « 1.2 × 10 =» 4000 «s»

12
8
3 × 10

total time «= 67.5 + 112.5» = 180 minutes or 3.00 h or 3:00am [2 marks]

d.i. line from event E to A, upward and to left with A on ct axis (approx correct)

line from event A to B, upward and to right with B on ct' axis (approx correct)

both lines drawn with ruler at 45 (judge by eye) eg:

[3 marks]

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 «In spaceship frame»

Finds the ratio 𝑂𝐸𝑂𝐵 (or by similar triangles on x or ct axes), value is approximately 4
hence time elapsed ≈ 4 × 90 mins ≈ 6h «so clock time is ≈ 6:00» Alternative 1:

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒2
Allow similar triangles using x-axis or ct-axis, such as from diagrams below
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒1

ALTERNATIVE 2 «In Earth frame» Finds the ratio

, value is approximately 2.5 hence time elapsed ≈ ≈ 6h
𝑐𝑡 coordinate of B 2.5 × 3h
𝑐𝑡 coordinate of A 1.25

«so clocktime is ≈ 6:00» ALTERNATIVE 2:

[2 marks]
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.4
A

[Link].TZ1.40
B
[Link].TZ2.40
C

[Link].TZ0.5
A

[Link].TZ0.8
conservation of rotational and linear energy

OR
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 12 𝑚𝑣2 + 12 𝐼𝜔2 ✓

using 𝐼 =
2
5
𝑚𝑟2 AND 𝜔 = 𝑣𝑟 ✓
with correct manipulation to find the requested relationship ✓
[Link].TZ0.9
a(i).

«–» 3 × 103 «J» ✓

a(ii). « »✓
0 J OWTTE
«4 . 0 × 105 × 2 . 0 × 10-2 = 𝑃2 × 5 . 0 × 10-2 » ✓
5 5 5
b(i). use of 𝑃𝑉 3 is constant 3 3

𝑃2 = 8 . 7 × 104 « Pa » OR 87 «kPa» ✓ Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer

b(ii). adiabatic means no transfer of heat in or out of the system ✓ should be fast ✓

«can be slow if» the system is insulated ✓ OWTTE

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.6
A

[Link].TZ2.10
a.

the magnetic field at the position of the ring is increasing «because the magnet gets closer
to the ring» ✔

b. the current must be counterclockwise «in diagram 2» ✔ eg:

c. since the induced magnetic field is upwards OR

by Lenz law the change «of magnetic field/flux» must be opposed OR

by conservation of energy the movement of the magnet must be opposed ✔

therefore the force is repulsive/upwards ✔

[Link].TZ0.7
A

[Link].TZ1.2
[Link].

ALTERNATIVE 1
average kinetic energy = 32 1.38 × 10–2 × 313 = 6.5 × 10–2 «J»
3 1

number of particles = 3.0 × 6.02 × 102 = 1.8 × 102

3 4

total kinetic energy = 1.8 × 102 × 6.5 × 10–2 = 12 «kJ»

4 1

ALTERNATIVE 2

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 = KE
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

ideal gas so U

KE = 32 8.31 × 131 × 3
total kinetic energy = 12 «kJ»

[3 marks]
c.

/
larger temperature implies larger (average) speed larger (average) KE of
/ /
molecules particles atoms

/ /
increased force momentum transferred to walls (per collision) more frequent
collisions with walls

increased force leads to increased pressure because P = F/A (as area remains constant)
Ignore any mention of P V = nRT. [3 marks]

[Link].TZ0.6
a.

taking torques about the pivot R × 4.00 = 36.0 × 2.5 ✔

R = 22.5 «N» ✔
b.i. 36.0 × 2.50 = 30.6 × 𝛼 ✔ 𝛼 = 2.94 «rad s–2» ✔

[Link]. the equation can be applied only when the angular acceleration is constant ✔

any reasonable argument that explains torque is not constant, giving non constant
acceleration ✔

c.i. «from conservation of energy» Change in GPE = Change in rotational KE ✔

𝑊 2 = 2 𝐼𝜔2 ✔ 𝜔 = 36.0 × 5.00 ✔ «ω = 2.4254 rad s– »
𝐿 1 1
√ 30.6
[Link]. L = 30.6 × 2.43 = 74.4 «J s» ✔
[Link].TZ2.5
a.

horizontal straight line through I =2

about:blank 746/842
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Accept a curve that falls from I = 2 as distance increases from centre but not if it falls
to zero.

[1 mark]
b. «standard two slit pattern» general shape with a maximum at x =0
maxima at 4I0 maxima separated by «
𝐷𝜆
𝑠
=» 2.0 cm
Accept single slit modulated pattern provided central maximum is at 4. ie height of
peaks decrease as they go away from central maximum. Peaks must be of the same
width

[3 marks]

c. /
fringe width separation decreases OR more maxima seen [1 mark]

[Link].TZ0.8
B
[Link].TZ2.5
a.

/
quantity that is the same constant in all inertial frames

[1 mark]
b.i. spacetime interval = 272 – 152 = 504 «m2» [1 mark]

about:blank 747/842
 Evidence of x′ = 0 t′ « √504𝑐 » = 7.5 × 10–
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1 8 «s» ALTERNATIVE 2

γ = 1.2 t′ «= 9 ×1.210 −8
» = 7.5 × 10– «s» 8 [2 marks]

c. observer B measures the proper time and this is the shortest time measured OR
time dilation occurs «for B's journey» according to A OR

observer B is stationary relative to the particle, observer A is not [1 mark]

[Link].TZ0.9
D
[Link].TZ0.10
C

[Link].TZ1.1
C

[Link].TZ0.7
a.i.

ALTERNATIVE 1:
𝑃 𝑐 = 𝑃 𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑉 𝐴 ✔
𝑉 𝐵

= 2.8 ×2.810 ××101 × 10 «= 1.00 × 10 Pa» ✔

6
−4
−4
6

ALTERNATIVE 2:
5 5
2.8 × 106 × 1.00 3 = 𝑃𝑐 × 1.85 3 ✔
5
𝑃𝑐 = 2.8 × 106 × 1.00
3
5
1.85 3
«= 1.00 × 10 Pa» ✔
6

[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1: Since TB = T = 1.852.8× 385 «= 254.4 K» ✔

A then Tc = 𝑉𝑉𝑇
𝑐 𝐵
𝐵
✔

ALTERNATIVE 2: 2.80385
× 1.00
= 1.00 × 1.85 «K»✔ 𝑇𝑐 = 385 × 1.00 × 1.85 «= 254.4 K» ✔
𝑇 𝑐 2.80

b. work done = «pΔV = 1.00 × 10 × (1.85 × 10− − 2.80 × 10− =» −95 «J» ✔
6 4 4

about:blank 748/842
 = « ΔV = − × 95 =» −142.5 «J» ✔ Q = −95 − 142.5 ✔
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test
3 3
change in internal energy p
2 2

«−238 J» Allow positive values.

c.i. 2 −238 = 50 «J» ✔

net work is 88 efficiency = «288288− 238 =» 0.17 ✔
[Link]. along B→C ✔
[Link].TZ0.11
C

[Link].TZ1.2
A

[Link].TZ0.12
C

[Link].TZ0.13
B
[Link].TZ1.3
C

[Link].TZ0.14
B
[Link].TZ0.15
D
[Link].TZ1.4
B
[Link].TZ0.16

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.7
a.

d = « 8.85 ×4.310× 10× 0.025 =» 1.3 × 10–

−12
−12
2
3 « m»

[1 mark]
b. 6. 9 × 10– 11 «C» negative charge sign / [2 marks]
c. charge increases because capacitance increases AND pd remains the same.

[2 marks]
d. ALTERNATIVE 1 ε = 1200
100
× 220 = 2640 «V» V = 2640
s
√2
= 1870 «V» rms

ALTERNATIVE 2 (Primary) V = 2202 = 156 «V» (Secondary) V = 156100

rms
× 1200
rms
√

V = 1870 «V» Allow ECF from MP1 and MP2.

rms

Award [2] max for 12.96 V (reversing N and N ). [3 marks] p s

e. step-up transformers increase voltage/step-down transformers decrease voltage

(step-up transformers increase voltage) from plants to transmission lines / (step-down

transformers decrease voltage) from transmission lines to final utilizers

this decreases current (in transmission lines)

/
to minimize energy power losses in transmission [3 marks]

[Link].TZ0.17
D
[Link].TZ1.5
B
[Link].TZ0.18
A

[Link].TZ0.13
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.14
D
[Link].TZ1.6
A

[Link].TZ0.15
A

[Link].TZ1.7
A

[Link].TZ0.19
B
[Link].TZ0.20
C

[Link].TZ0.18
A

[Link].TZ0.21
A

[Link].TZ0.9
a.

« » /
there is a magnetic flux linkage in the coil coil cuts magnetic field ✓
« » /
this flux linkage changes as the angle varies coil rotates ✓

about:blank 751/842
 «Faraday’s law» connects induced emf with rate of change of flux «linkage» with time
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

✓
Do not award MP2 or 3 for answers that don’t discuss flux.
b(i). 𝑉rms = 25 × 10 « = 17 . 7 × 103 V » ✓ ✓
3 8 . 5 × 10 5
𝐼 rms = 3 = 48 « A »
√2 17 . 7 × 10

b(ii). «power loss proportional to 𝐼2 hence the step-up factor is √2 . 5 × 102 » 16 ✓

b(iii). peak emf doubles ✓ 𝑇 halves ✓
Must show at least 1 cycle.
[Link].TZ0.20
B
[Link].TZ0.22
B
[Link].TZ2.2
a.

Any curve that passes through A LL the error bars ✔

bi. kg–1 m–1 ✔

bii. ND T
f2 A OR ND √𝑇
fA OR log f AND log T OR ND ln T ✔
ln f A

biii. / /
graph would be a straight line constant gradient linear ✔

passing through the origin ✔

[Link].TZ1.8
A

[Link].TZ0.22
B
[Link].TZ1.11
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

B
[Link].TZ1.9
C

[Link].TZ0.23
C

[Link].TZ0.26
C

[Link].TZ1.12
B
[Link].TZ0.24
B
[Link].TZ1.10
D
[Link].TZ0.27
C

[Link].TZ1.13
C

[Link].TZ0.10
a.
6 . 63 × 10-34 × 3 × 108
𝜆 = 1 . 60 × 10-19 × 4 . 2 × 108 OR = 2 . 96 × 10-15 « m » ✓
Answer to at least 2 s.f. (i.e. 3.0)

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

b(i).

«the shape of the graph suggests that» electrons undergo diffraction «with carbon
nuclei» ✓

only waves diffract ✓

b(ii). sin𝜃0 = 2 . 96 × 10 « = 0 . 599 » ✓ 37 « degrees » OR 0 . 64 / 0 . 65 « rad » ✓

-15

4 . 94 × 10-15

b(iii).

B « »
the de roglie wavelength of electrons is much longer than the size of a nucleus ✓
hence electrons would not undergo diffraction
OR
no diffraction pattern would be observed ✓
c.
volume of a nucleus proportional to 𝐴 3
13
= 𝐴 AND mass proportional to 𝐴 ✓
the ratio
mass
volume
independent of 𝐴 «hence density the same for all nuclei» ✓
Both needed for MP1
[Link].TZ0.28
B
[Link].TZ0.25
A

[Link].TZ1.14
C

[Link].TZ0.29
D
[Link].TZ2.3
a.

Evidence of Δ𝑠𝑠 AND Δ𝐷𝐷 used ✔

«add fractional/% uncertainties»
about:blank 754/842
 % (or 0.11) OR 10 % (or 0.1) ✔
3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

obtains 11

b. ALTERNATIVE 1: measure the combined width for several fringes OR

repeat measurements ✓ take the average OR
« »
so the percentage uncertainties are reduced ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2:
increase D «hence s» OR Decrease d ✓

so the «percentage» uncertainties are reduced ✓

Do not accept answers which suggest using different apparatus.

[Link].TZ0.26
D
[Link].TZ0.30
D
[Link].TZ1.15
D
[Link].TZ1.16
D
[Link].TZ2.8
a.i.

0 OR 2π OR 360° ✓

[Link]. 4λ✓
[Link]. sin 𝜃 « = XZ
» = 4𝜆 ✓
VX
Do not award ECF from(a)(ii).
2𝑑

b. identifies gradient with 𝜆 OR use of 𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 ✓

𝑑

gradient = 0.08 OR correct replacement in equation with coordinates of a point ✓

𝑑 = 0 . 080 = « 7 . 91 × 10-6 m » ✓ 1 . 26 × 10 OR 1 . 27 × 102 « mm » ✓

633 × 10 -9 2 -1

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Allow ECF from MP3

c.i. gradient smaller ✓

[Link]. no change ✓
[Link].TZ1.17
B
[Link].TZ1.18
B
[Link].TZ0.27
B
[Link].TZ0.31
A

[Link].TZ0.6
a.

invariant mass
OR
/
mass of object when not in motion in object’s rest frame ✓
b. «rest energy =» 2 . 014 × 931 . 5 « MeV » ✓
« 𝐸T = KE + rest energy = 270 . 0 + 2 . 014 × 931 . 5 = » 2146 « MeV » ✓
Final answer accept 3 . 443 × 10-10𝐽 if unit given
Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

c. is converted to energy ✓ as kinetic energy of the products ✓

[Link].TZ0.32
D
[Link].TZ1.20
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.5
a.

« »
current is not directly proportional to the potential difference
OR
resistance of X is not constant
OR
resistance of X changes «with current/voltage» ✓

b(i). ALTERNATIVE 1 voltage across X = 2 . 3 « V » ✓

voltage across R « = 4 . 0 - 2 . 3 » = 1 . 7 « V » ✓

» = 85 « Ω » ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
1.7
resistance of variable resistor « =
0 . 020

» = 200 « Ω » ✓
4.0
overall resistance « =
0 . 020

resistance of X « = » = 115 « Ω » ✓
2.3
0 . 020

resistance of variable resistor « = 200 - 115 » = 85 « Ω » ✓

b(ii). power « = 4 . 0 × 0 . 020 » = 0 . 080 « W » ✓
c(i). from 0 to 60 mA ✓
c(ii). ALTERNATIVE 1 «
current from the cell is greater than 20 mA »✓
because some of the current must flow through section SQ of the potentiometer ✓
«
overall power greater than in part (b) »✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
/
total overall resistance decreases ✓ because SQ and X are in parallel ✓
«
overall power greater than in part (b) »✓
Allow the reverse argument.

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

« ∆𝑓 = 𝑔∆ℎ
𝑓 2
= 9 . 81 ×2 22 . 6 » ∆𝑓 = 2 . 46 × 10-15
𝑐 𝑐 𝑓
✓
b(i). 𝐺𝑃𝐸 gained by photons so 𝐸 increases ✓ 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓, so frequency increases ✓
b(ii). gamma rays travel at 𝑐 ✓
« D
detector accelerates towards source so by oppler effect » 𝜆 reduced so frequency
increases ✓
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

Award [1 max] for reference to principle of equivalence without further explanation.

[Link].TZ0.33
D
[Link].TZ1.21
C

[Link].TZ0.34
C

[Link].TZ2.4
ai.

/
a coordinate system which is not accelerating has constant velocity /Newtons 1st law
applies ✔

OWTTE
Both “inertial” and “reference frame” need to be defined
aii. 1.5c ✔

b. c is the same in all frames OR c is maximum velocity possible ✔

velocity addition frame dependent ✔

// /
length time mass fields relative measurements ✔

Newtonian/Galilean mechanics valid only at low speed ✔

[Link].TZ0.35
A

[Link].TZ0.36
C

[Link].TZ2.9
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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

a.i.

« »
photon transfers all energy to electron ✓
[Link]. photon energy is less than both work functions
OR
«
photon energy is insufficient to remove an electron »✓
Answer must be in terms of photon energy.

[Link]. Identifies P work function lower than Q work function ✓

b.

/ « /
changing doubling intensity changes doubles number of photons arriving but does »
not change energy of photon ✓
c. 5 . 1 × 10-19 = 1 . 1 × 10-18 - ϕ ✓ work function = «
(11 . 0 - 5 . 1) × 10-19
= » 3.7 «eV» ✓
1 . 6 × 10-19

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

[Link].TZ0.6
a(i).

« »
energy required to completely separate the nucleons
OR
energy released when a nucleus is formed from its constituent nucleons ✓
Allow protons AND neutrons.

a(ii). « S »
the values in I units would be very small ✓
a(iii). 140 × 8 . 29 + 94 × 8 . 59 - 235 × 7 . 59 OR 184 « MeV » ✓
b(i). see « energy = » 180 × 106 × 1 . 60 × 10-19 AND « mass = » 235 × 1 . 66 × 10-27 ✓
7 . 4 × 1013 « J kg-1 » ✓
b(ii). energy produced in one day
9
= 1 . 2 × 100 .×3624 × 3600 = 2 . 9 × 1014 « J » ✓
mass
14
= 2 . 9 × 1013 = 3 . 9 « kg »
7 . 4 × 10
✓
b(iii).

«specific energy of uranium is much greater than that of coal, hence» more energy can
be produced from the same mass of fuel / per kg

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

OR
less fuel can be used to create the same amount of energy ✓
c(i). 39 ✓
Do not allow 9439X unless the proton number is indicated.
c(ii). 75 « s » ✓

c(iii). ALTERNATIVE 1 10 min = 8 𝑡1 / 2 ✓

mass remaining = 1 . 0 × = 3 . 9 × 10-3 « kg » ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

18
2

= » 9 . 24 × 10-3 « s-1 » ✓
ln2
decay constant = «
75

mass remaining = 1 . 0 × 𝑒-9 . 24 × 10 × 600 = 3 . 9 × 10-3 « kg » ✓

-3

[Link].TZ1.22
D
[Link].TZ0.37
C

[Link].TZ0.38
D
[Link].TZ0.4
A

[Link].TZ0.39
D
[Link].TZ1.23
A

[Link].TZ0.40
A

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3/5/25, 1:17 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.5
A

[Link].TZ0.7
B
[Link].TZ0.8
C

[Link].TZ1.24
A

[Link].TZ0.1

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

change in momentum each second = 6.6 × 10− × 5.2 × 10 «= 3.4 × 10− kg m s− » ✔

6 4 1 1

acceleration = «3.4 ×74010 −1

=» 4.6 × 10− «m s−2» ✔
4

b.i. ALTERNATIVE 1: (considering the acceleration of the spacecraft)

= 6.6 ×3010 = «4.6 × 10 » «s» ✔

time for acceleration −6
6

max speed = «answer to (a) × 4.6 × 10 =» 2.1 × 10 «m s− » ✔

6 3 1 ALTERNATIVE 2:
(considering the conservation of momentum)

(momentum of 30 kg of fuel ions = change of momentum of spacecraft)

30 × 5.2 × 10 4 = 710 × max speed ✔ max speed = 2.2 × 10 «m s− » ✔ 3 1

[Link]. problem may be too complicated for exact treatment ✔

/
to make equations calculations simpler ✔

when precision of the calculations is not important ✔

some quantities in the problem may not be known exactly ✔

c.i. ions have same (sign of) charge ✔ ions repel each other ✔

[Link]. the forces between the ions do not affect the force on the spacecraft. ✔

there is no effect on the acceleration of the spacecraft. ✔

d.i. force per unit mass ✔

/ / «
acting on a small test point mass placed at the point in the field ✔ »
[Link].

/ /
satellite has a much smaller mass diameter size than the planet so approximates to a «
point mass ✔ »
[Link].TZ2.12
a.

refractive index of step index fibre is constant ✔

refractive index of graded index fibre decreases with distance from axis centre ✔ /
graded index fibres have less dispersion ✔

:
step index fibre path of rays is in a zig-zag manner ✔

about:blank 762/842
 :
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

graded index fibre path of rays is in curved path ✔

For MP2 do not accept vague statements such as “index increases/varies with distance
from centre”.

bi. 𝑐
𝑣 = 𝑛 = 𝑣1299 =
2.99792 × 108
1.45061
«
= 2.06666 × 108 ms–1 » AND
𝑣1301 =
2.99792 × 108
1.45059
« »
= 2.06669 × 108 ms–1 OR Δ𝑣 = ( 1 − 1 ) × 2.99792 × 108
1.45059 1.45061
✔

Δ𝑣 = 2.85 × 103 OR 3 × 103«ms–1»✔

bii. pulse wider ✔ pulse area smaller ✔

For MP2 do not accept lower amplitude unless pulse area is also smaller.
biii. reference to dispersion OR reference to time/speed/path difference ✔

reference to power loss/energy loss/scattering/attenuation ✔

biv. longer cables give wider pulses ✔

/
which overlap interfere if T too small f too high ✔ / OWTTE
[Link].TZ1.25
D
[Link].TZ0.12
a.

incompressible ✓
non-viscous ✓
/
laminar streamlined flow ✓
b. radius of sphere = 0 . 012 «m» ✓ weight of sphere = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣 + 𝜌𝑉𝑔 OR
𝑣=
1 . 26 × 10-2 - 915 × 7 . 24 × 10-6 × 9 . 81
6π × 37 . 9 × 10-3 × 1 . 2 × 10-2
✓ 𝑣 = 6 . 84 « m s – 1 » ✓
Accept use of 𝑔 = 10 leading to 𝑣 = 7 . 0 « m s – 1 »

Allow implicit calculation of radius for MP1

Do not allow ECF for MP3 if buoyant force omitted.
c(i). 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 - 𝜌𝑉𝑔 OR 𝐹 = 0 . 0126 × 9 . 81 - 915 × 7 . 24 × 10-6 × 9 . 81 ✓
𝐹 = 5 . 86 × 10-2 « N » ✓ Accept use of 𝑔 = 10 leading to 𝐹 = 6 . 0 × 10-2 𝑁

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

c(ii). 𝑄= « 2π × energy stored

energy lost
= 2π × 100
10
= » 63 ✓
c(iii). drag force increases OR damping increases OR more energy lost per cycle ✓
Q will decrease ✓
[Link].TZ2.5
a.

moving charges give rise to magnetic fields

OR
magnetic attraction between parallel currents ✔

b. protons at rest produce no magnetic field OR

mention of F = Bev where B and/or v =0 ✔
c. there is a repulsive electric/electrostatic force «in both frames» ✔

the attractive magnetic force «in the lab frame» is smaller than the repulsive electric
force ✔

in all frames the net force is repulsive as all must agree that protons move apart OR
mention of the first postulate of relativity ✔

[Link].TZ1.2
D
[Link].TZ0.6
a.

𝑝𝑐 = √𝐸2 − ( 𝑚𝑐2 ) 2 = √1502 − 0.5112 «= 1.410 MeV» ✔

b.i. first equation is due to momentum conservation ✔

second equation is due to total energy conservation ✔

[Link]. 2 = 3.42 MeV c– ⇒ p = 1.17 MeV c–

adding p1 1
1
1
✔ p2 = 0.30 MeV c–
1
✔

[Link].TZ1.3
D
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.26
A

[Link].TZ1.4
C

[Link].TZ2.1
a.

the magnetic field at the position of the ring is increasing «because the magnet gets closer
to the ring» ✔

b. the current must be counterclockwise «in diagram 2» ✔ eg:

c. since the induced magnetic field is upwards OR

by Lenz law the change «of magnetic field/flux» must be opposed OR

by conservation of energy the movement of the magnet must be opposed ✔

therefore the force is repulsive/upwards ✔

[Link].TZ0.7
a.i.

the distance from the black hole at which the escape speed is the speed of light ✔

[Link]. R = «2𝐺𝑀
s
𝑐
= 2 × 6.67 × 10 × 4.0 × 10 = » 5.9 × 109 «m» ✔
2
−11

9.0 × 10 16
36

✔ rearranged to give r OR r = 1.33 × 5.9 × 109 «m» ✔

1
b. 2= 9
1 − 5.9 × 10
√ 𝑟

r = 7.9 × 109 «m» ✔

[Link].TZ1.27
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

B
[Link].TZ1.5
C

[Link].TZ1.2
a.i.
30 P → (30
15 14 Si) ✔

+ 0+1 e + 𝑣e ✔

Subscript on neutrino not necessary to award MP2.

Allow the use of β for e.

Do not allow an anti-neutrino for MP2.

[Link]. correct change of either u to d ✔

W+ shown ✔ correct arrow directions for positron and electron neutrino ✔

EF
Allow C from MP2 in ai for MP3.
[Link].

/
quarks cannot be directly observed as free particles must remain bound to other
/
quarks quarks cannot be isolated ✔

because energy given to nucleon creates other particles rather than freeing
/
quarks OWTTE ✔

b.

/ /
models need testing new information may change models new technology may bring
/M
new information odels can be revised OWTTE ✔ /
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

Look for responses that suggest changes/improvements to models.

Don’t accept answers specifically about the Standard Model.
Don’t accept answers about simply proving the model correct.
[Link].TZ1.28
C

[Link].TZ1.5
D
[Link].TZ2.6
a.

« »
the length measured in a reference frame where the object is at rest ✔

bi.

bii. ALTERNATIVE 1: ALTERNATIVE 2:

v of ball is 0.846c for platform ✔ length of train is 68m for platform ✔

ALTERNATIVE 3:

[Link].TZ1.6
B
[Link].TZ1.7
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

B
[Link].TZ0.10
a.

ice displaces its own weight of water / OWTTE

OR
melted ice volume equals original volume displaced / OWTTE ✔

no change will take place ✔

b.i. continuity equation says v × A = u × A2 ✔ «and» A = 4A2 ✔ «giving result»

1 1

[Link]. Bernoulli:
«12 𝜌𝑣2 + 𝜌𝑔𝐻 + 𝑃atm = 12 𝜌𝑢2 + 0 + 𝑃atm» gives 12 × 1000 × 𝑢16 + 1000 × 9.8 × 5.0 = 12 × 1000 × 𝑢2
2

u = 10.2 «m s– » ✔
1 Accept solving directly via conservation of energy.

[Link].TZ1.10
A

[Link].TZ1.11
D
[Link].TZ0.3
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1:
initial momentum = mv = √2 × 0.058 × 0.63 «= 0.27 kg m s− » 1

OR
mv = 0.058 × √2 × 9.81 × 1.1 «= 0.27 kg m s− » ✔1

force = « =»
change in momentum 0.27
✔
time 0.055

4.9 «N» ✔

F − mg = 4.9 so F= 5.5 «N» ✔

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

ALTERNATIVE 2:
«Ek = 1 mv2 = 0.63 J» v = 4.7 m s−1 ✔
2

acceleration = «Δ𝑣Δ𝑡 =» 55 ×4.710 = «85 m s−2» ✔

−3

4.9 «N» ✔
F − mg = 4.9 so F= 5.5 «N» ✔
b. ALTERNATIVE 1: concrete reduces the stopping time distance ✔ /
/
impulse change in momentum same so force greater OR
work done same so force greater ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2:
concrete reduces the stopping time ✔ deceleration is greater so force is greater ✔

Allow reverse argument for grass.

[Link].TZ1.10
B
[Link].TZ1.13
A

[Link].TZ2.2
a.

1 3 3𝑘𝑇 3 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 320

𝑚𝑣2 = 2 𝑘𝑇 / 𝑣 = √ 𝑚 / ✔
2 √ 6.6 × 10−27
v = 1.4 × 10 «ms– » ✔
3 1

b. 𝑁 = 𝑝𝑉 / 5.11.38
5
× 10 × 3.2 × 10 −6
OR 𝑁 = 𝑝𝑉𝑁𝐴 / 5.1 × 105 × 3.2 × 10−6 × 6.02 × 1023 ✔
𝑘𝑇 × 10−23 × 320 𝑅𝑇 8.31 × 320

𝑁 = 3.7 × 1020 ✔

4 × 1020 × 4.9 × 10−31

ci. «
3.2 × 10−6
= »6 × 10−5 ✔

cii.

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test
«For an ideal gas» the size of the particles is small compared to the distance between
them/size of the container/gas

OR

«For an ideal gas» the volume of the particles is negligible/the volume of the particles is
small compared to the volume of the container/gas

OR «For an ideal gas» particles are assumed to be point objects ✔

calculation/ratio/result in (c)(i) shows that volume of helium atoms is negligible compared

to/much smaller than volume of helium gas/container «hence assumption is justified» ✔

[Link].TZ1.14
C

[Link].TZ1.1
a.i.

time taken
2.0 × 104
7
«= 2860 s» = 2900«s» ✔
Must see at least two s.f.
[Link]. use of E = qV OR energy = 4.3 × 10 × 16 «= 6.88 × 10 J» ✔
3 5

power = 241 «W» ✔

Accept 229 W − 241 W depending on the exact value of t used from ai.

Must see at least three s.f.

[Link]. use of power = force × speed OR force × distance = power × time ✔ «34N» ✔

Award [2] for a bald correct answer. Accept 34 N – 36 N.

b.i. 66 g sin(3°) = 34 «N» ✔

[Link]. total force 34 + 34 = 68 «N» ✔

3.5 «ms »✔-1

If you suspect that the incorrect reference in this question caused confusion for a
particular candidate, please refer the response to the P . E
Look for ECF from aiii and bi. Accept 3.4 − 3.5 «ms ». -1

Award [0] for solutions involving use of KE. Award [0] for v = 7 ms -1.

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

c. «maximum» distance will decrease OWTTE ✔

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 /
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

because opposing resistive force has increased

OR
because more energy is transferred to GPE
OR
because velocity has decreased
OR
increased mass means more work required to move up the hill ✔ « »
d. V dropped across battery OR R = 1.85 Ω ✔ circuit

so internal resistance = = 0.62«Ω» ✔

4.0
6.5

For MP1 allow use of internal resistance equations that leads to 16V − 12V (=4V).
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

e.i. 16
5
= 3.2 «V» ✔
[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1: 2.5r = 0.62 ✔ r = 0.25 «Ω» ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2:
0.62
= 0.124 «Ω» ✔ r = 2(0.124)= 0.248 «Ω» ✔ Allow ECF from (d) and/or e(i).
5

[Link].TZ1.13
B
[Link].TZ0.11
a.

because the mass and the driver are out of phase by 𝜋 ✔ « »

so upwards ✔

Justification needed for MP2

b. ALTERNATIVE 1: «𝑄 = 2𝜋 𝐴 » ⇒ 𝐴 « =» A = 8.5 «cm»
2 2
2
0
2
1
2 = 1 − 2𝜋 𝐴1
= √1 − 22
2𝜋
1
𝐴 −𝐴 𝐴 0 1 0 𝑄 𝐴0

ALTERNATIVE 2: driver amplitude is constant ✔

so mass amplitude is unchanged at 10 cm ✔

[Link].TZ0.5
a.

identifies λ = 435 nm ✔
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

E = « =»
ℎ𝑐
𝜆
6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
4.35 × 10−7
✔

4.6 ×10− 9 «J» ✔

1

b. –0.605 OR –0.870 OR –1.36 to –5.44 AND arrow pointing downwards ✔

Arrow MUST match calculation in (a)(i) Allow ECF from (a)(i)

c. Difference in energy levels is equal to the energy of the photon ✔

Downward arrow as energy is lost by hydrogen/energy is given out in the

photon/the electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower one ✔

Allow ECF from (a)(i)

[Link].TZ1.14
C

[Link].TZ2.39
D
[Link].TZ2.40
B
[Link].TZ1.18
A

[Link].TZ2.2
D
[Link].TZ2.6
C

[Link].TZ1.19
A

[Link].TZ2.4
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.20
A

[Link].TZ2.7
D
[Link].TZ1.18
A

[Link].TZ2.3
D
[Link].TZ1.3
a.

/ /
two waves superpose mention of superposition mention of constructive« »
interference ✔

/
they arrive in phase there is a path length difference of an integer number of
wavelengths ✔

/
Ignore references to nodes antinodes.

b. path difference = 0.062 «m» ✔ so wavelength = 0.031 «m» ✔

frequency = 9.7 × 109 «Hz» ✔

H
If no unit is given, assume the answer is in z. Accept other prefixes (eg . 9 7 GHz)
H
Award [2 max] for 4.8 x 109 z.

c. intensity varies with distance OR points are different distances from the slits ✔

Accept “Intensity is modulated by a single slit diffraction envelope”.

[Link].TZ2.12
A

[Link].TZ1.22
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

B
[Link].TZ1.4
a.i.

time of travel is «0.98 ×3230

8
3.0 × 10
» = 1.10 × 10− «s» ✔
5

which is « » = 5.0 half-lives ✔

1.10 × 10−5

2.20 × 10−6

so fraction arriving as muons is « » =

1 1
5 2 32

OR
3 %✔
Award [3] for a bald correct answer.

[Link]. time of travel corresponds to «5.01.10 × 10 −5

× 2.20 × 10
» = 1.0 half-life ✔
−6

so fraction arriving as muons is

1
2
OR 50 % ✔ Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

b.

«
observer measures the distance to the surface to be shorter by a factor of 5.0 »/
length contraction occurs ✔
3230
( 5.0 )
so time of travel again corresponds to « (2.20 × 10 ) »= 1.0 half-life ✔
0.98 × 3.0 × 108
−6

[Link].TZ2.11
B
[Link].TZ2.16
D
[Link].TZ1.24
C

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.5
a.

point as shown ✔

b. ALTERNATIVE 1 so impossible ✔
the rocket would have to travel faster than the speed of light ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2
drawing of future lightcone at origin ✔

and seeing that the asteroid explodes outside the lightcone so impossible ✔

ALTERNATIVE 3
2
the event was observed at + 0 years, but its distance (stationary) is 100 ly ✔

so the asteroid event happened 80 years before t = 0 for the galactic observer ✔
c. 1002 − 202 = 9600 «ly2» ✔ Also accept 98 (the square root of 9600).

Allow negative value.

d.i. 9600 = 1202 − c2t2 ✔ ct = «−» 69.3 «ly» / t = «−» 69.3 «y» ✔
Allow approach with Lorentz transformation.

[Link]. line from event 2 parallel to 𝑥’ axis intersects ct’ axis at a negative value ✔

about:blank 775/842
 2 occurred first ✔
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

event

use of tan θ = with the angle between the time axes ✔ 7 ± 0.02)c ✔
𝑣
e. to get (0. 0
𝑐

[Link].TZ1.25
B
[Link].TZ2.14
B
[Link].TZ1.22
A

[Link].TZ2.19
A

[Link].TZ2.7
a.

Evidence of finding 1/gradient such as:

4 6
use of any correct coordinate pair to find v - eg or .
5 7.5

OR
measures tan of angle between ct and ct’ as about 3 9° AND tan 39 ≈ 0.8 ✔
Answer 0.8c given, so check coordinate values carefully.

b. E labelled at 𝑥 = 4, ct = 5 ✔ Check that E is placed on the worldline of S.

ci. OR

L
Allow solutions involving the use of orentz equations.

cii. t = 5 years OR ct = 5 ly ✔
d. On return to Earth the astronaut will have aged less than Earthlings «by 4 years»
about:blank 776/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

OR
E
time passed on arth is greater than time passed for the astronaut by 4 years ✔ « »
/
astronaut accelerated changed frames but arth did not E OR
E
for astronaut the arth clock jumps forward at turn-around ✔ OWTTE
E
Treat as neutral any mention of both the arth and astronaut seeing each other’s clock
as running slow.

[Link].TZ1.23
A

[Link].TZ2.21
B
[Link].TZ2.23
D
[Link].TZ2.25
D
[Link].TZ2.27
C

[Link].TZ2.1
ai.
Δ𝑚𝑣 Δ𝑣 0.058 × 64.0
𝐹= Δ𝑡
/ 𝑚 Δ𝑡 / 25 × 10−3
✔

= « »≈150«N» ✔
𝐹 148 N

aii. ALTERNATIVE 1 𝑃 = 12 𝑚𝑣2 / 12 × 0.058 × 64.02 ✔

𝑃 = 4700 / 4800 « W »✔
𝑡 25 × 10−3

ALTERNATIVE 2 𝑃 = average𝐹𝑣 / 148 × 64.0

2
✔ 𝑃 = 4700 / 4800 « W» ✔

bi. horizontal component of velocity is 64.0 × cos 7° = 63.52 «ms » ✔

−1

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 Do not award BCA. Check working.
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

𝑡= «
11.9
63.52
= » 0.187 / 0.19 « s » ✔

Do not award ECF from using 64 m s . -1

bii. ALTERNATIVE 1 u = 64 sin7/7.80 «ms− »✔

y
1

decrease in height = 7.80 × 0.187 + × 9.81 × 0.1872/1.63 «m» ✔

1
2

final height = «2.80 − 1.63» = 1.1/1.2 «m» ✔ «higher than net so goes over»

ALTERNATIVE 2 vertical distance to fall to net «= 2.80 − 0.91» = 1.89 «m»✔

time to fall this distance found using «=1.89 = 7.8t + × 9.81 ×t2» t = 0.21 «s»✔
1
2

0.21 «s» > 0.187 «s» ✔

«reaches the net before it has fallen far enough so goes over»
Other alternatives are possible
biii. ALTERNATIVE 1 Initial KE + PE = final KE /
1
2
× 0.058 × 642 + 0.058 × 9.81 × 2.80 = × 0.058 × v2 ✔ v = 64.4 «ms » ✔
1
2
−1

ALTERNATIVE 2 𝑣𝑣 = « √7.82 + 2 × 9.81 × 2.8 » = 10.8 « ms−1» ✔

« 𝑣 = √63.52 + 10.82 » 𝑣 = 64.4 « ms−1» ✔
c. so horizontal velocity component at lift off for clay is smaller ✔

normal force is the same so vertical component of velocity is the same ✔

so bounce angle on clay is greater ✔

[Link].TZ1.4
a.

weight of cylinder = Ahg ρ ✔

pressure = 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴ℎ𝑔𝜌
𝐴
✔

Allow use of A = 𝜋𝑟2 in MP1.

b.i. use of PV = nRT and V = Area × (0.190) seen ✔

substitution of P = p + p «re-arrangement to give answer»✔

o m

[Link]. recognition that nRT is constant OR 190p + 190p = 208p − 208p

o m o m
A

OR p = 398
o
18
p ✔ m

pressure due to mercury p = 0.035 × 1.36 × 10 × 9.81(= 4.67 × 10 Pa) ✔

m
4 3

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

1.03 × 10 5 ✔ Pa OR Nm 2 OR kgm
- 2✔
-1s-

Do not award for a bald correct answer. Working must be shown to award MP3.
Award MP4 for any correct unit of pressure (eg “mm of mercury / Hg”).

[Link].

same number of particles to collide with a larger surface area OR greater volume with
constant rms speed decreases collision frequency ✔

Look for a correct statement that connects pressure to molecular movement/collisions.

[Link].TZ0.1
B
[Link].TZ0.2
B
[Link].TZ1.26
D
[Link].TZ1.27
A

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

Internal energy is the sum of all the P s and E KEs of the molecules (of the oxygen) ✔
E
P of molecules in gaseous state is zero ✔

(At boiling point) average KE of molecules in gas and liquid is the same ✔
gases have a higher internal energy ✔

Molecules/particles/atoms must be included once, if not, award [1 max]

b.i. ALTERNATIVE 1: flow rate of oxygen = 8 «g s− » ✔ 1

«2.1 ×10 × 8 × 10− » = 1.7 «kW» ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2:

5 3

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

Q = «0.25 × 32 ×10− × 2.1 × 10 =» 1680 «J» ✔

3 5 power = «1680 W =» 1.7 «kW» ✔
[Link]. V = «𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑝 = » 4.9 × 10− «m » 3 3

c. ideal gas has point objects ✔ no intermolecular forces ✔ non liquefaction ✔

ideal gas assumes monatomic particles ✔

the collisions between particles are elastic ✔

Allow the opposite statements if they are clearly made about oxygen eg oxygen this /
can be liquified

[Link].TZ2.8
a.

total energy is the sum of the rest energy and the kinetic energy ✔

bi. «p2 c2 = 10502–9382 therefore» p=472«MeVc–1»✔

bii. 𝛾 = 1050 = 1.12 ✔ 𝑣 = 0.45𝑐 OR 𝑉 = 1.35 × 108«ms– » ✔ 1
938

biii. V = 112 «MV» ✔

[Link].TZ1.28
C

[Link].TZ2.2
a.
4.0 × 10−3
𝑚 = 6.02 × 1023 kg « »
OR
6.64 × 10−27 kg ✔ « »

b. 1
𝑚𝑣2
3
= 2 𝑘𝑇 / 𝑣 = √ 𝑚 /
3𝑘𝑇 3 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 320
✔
v = 1.4 × 10 «ms−1» ✔
3
2 √ 6.6 × 10−27
c. 𝑁 = 𝑝𝑉 / 5.1 × 10
5 × 3.2 × 10−6
OR 𝑁 = 𝑝𝑉𝑁𝐴 / 5.1 × 105 × 3.2 × 10−6 × 6.02 × 1023 ✔
𝑘𝑇 1.38 × 10−23 × 320 𝑅𝑇 8.31 × 320

N = 3.7 × 102 0
✔

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

di. « 4 × 1020 × 4.9 × 10−31

3.2 × 10−6
= » 6 × 10−5 ✔

dii.

«For an ideal gas» the size of the particles is small compared to the distance between
them/size of the container/gas

OR
«For an ideal gas» the volume of the particles is negligible/the volume of the particles
is small compared to the volume of the container/gas

OR «For an ideal gas» particles are assumed to be point objects ✔

calculation/ratio/result in (d)(i) shows that volume of helium atoms is negligible
compared to/much smaller than volume of helium gas/container «hence assumption is
justified» ✔

[Link].TZ1.29
D
[Link].TZ0.3
a.i.

«electric field at P from one charge is 𝑘𝑄𝑟 = » 8 . 99 × 100 . 48× 44 × 10

2
9
2
-6

OR
1 . 7168 × 106 «NC− » ✓ 1

« net field is » 2 × 1 . 7168 × 106 × cos 30° = 2 . 97 × 106 «NC− » ✓ 1

[Link]. directed vertically up «on plane of the page» ✓

Allow an arrow pointing up on the diagram.

b.i. « »
force on q is proportional to the displacement ✓
/
and opposite to the displacement directed towards equilibrium ✓
[Link]. «𝑎= 𝐹
𝑚
= » 𝜔2 𝑥 = 115𝑥
0 . 25
✓ 𝑇 = « 2π = » 0 . 29 « s »
𝜔
✓
Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer. Allow ECF for MP2.

c.i. decreasing from 1 2✓ correct shape as shown ✓

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

Do not penalize if the graph does not touch the t axis.

[Link]. 1 = 𝑒-
5.0
✓
20 × 106 𝐶 𝐶 = 3 . 6 × 10-7 «F» ✓ Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
2

[Link].TZ2.1
D
[Link].TZ1.1
B
[Link].TZ2.2
C

[Link].TZ2.9
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
/
detector accelerates moves away from point of photon emission ✔

D /
so oppler effect redshift ✔

so f decreases ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2
equivalent to stationary rocket on earth’s surface ✔

« »
photons lose gravitational energy as they move upwards ✔

h f OR f decreases ✔

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

b.

[Link].TZ2.3
D
[Link].TZ2.4
B
[Link].TZ2.5
B
[Link].TZ2.6
A

[Link].TZ1.5
a.

«
0.40 m s−1 ✔»
b. 2 J 2 J
initial energy 4 m and final energy 1 m ✔

energy is lost/unequal /change in energy is 12 mJ ✔

inelastic collisions occur when energy is lost ✔

c. maximum GPE at extremes, minimum in centre ✔

[Link].TZ1.4
C

[Link].TZ2.3

about:blank 783/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

Expression or statement showing acceleration is proportional to displacement ✔

so «7.9 × » = 5.7 « m s−2» ✔
2.3
3.2

b. sin⁡𝜃 = 340 × sin⁡54∘ ✔ θ = 2.6° ✔

6010

ci. f = 250 «Hz» OR Same OR Unchanged ✔

cii. 𝜆 = « 340 = » 1.36 ≈ 1.4 « m» ✔

250

d. any point labelled C on the vertical line shown below ✔ eg:

[Link].TZ0.3
A

[Link].TZ1.5
D
[Link].TZ0.4
a.i.

« »
the energy needed to completely separate the nucleons of a nucleus

OR
the energy released when a nucleus is assembled from its constituent nucleons ✓

Accept reference to protons and neutrons.

[Link]. curve rising to a maximum between 50 and 100 ✓

curve continued and decreasing ✓ Ignore starting point.

Ignore maximum at alpha particle.

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 ✓
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link]. At a point on the peak of their graph

[Link]. beta minus decay « »✓

b.i. 2
correct mass numbers for uranium ( 34) and alpha (4) ✓
234 × 7 . 600 + 4 × 7 . 074 - 238 × 7 . 568 «MeV» ✓ energy released 5.51 «MeV» ✓
Ignore any negative sign.

✓ 4 = » 58 . 5 ✓
«
𝑝2 234
[Link].
« 𝐾𝐸𝛼
𝐾𝐸𝑈
= » 2𝑚𝛼
𝑝2 OR 𝑚𝑈
𝑚𝛼
2𝑚𝑈

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer. Accept 117 for MP2.
2

c.i. number of nuclei present =

33 × 103
238
× 6 . 02 × 1023 « = 8 . 347 × 1025 » ✓
initial activity is 𝜆𝑁0 = 2 . 5 × 10-10 × 8 . 347 × 1025 « = 2 . 08 × 1016 Bq » ✓
power is 2 . 08 × 1016 × 5 . 51 × 106 × 1 . 6 × 10-19 ≈ 18 kW « »✓
Allow a final answer of 0 kW if 6 2
MeV used. Allow ECF from MP1 and MP2.

available power after time t is 𝑃0 𝑒−𝜆𝑡 ✓ « »✓

−10 × 2 . 3 × 108
[Link]. 18𝑒−2 . 50 × 10 = 17 . 0 kW
MP1 may be implicit. Allow ECF from (c)(i).

7
Allow 1 .4 kW from unrounded power from (c)(i). Allow 18.8 kW from 6 MeV.
d.i. stays the same ✓ as energy depends on the frequency of light ✓
Allow reference to wavelength for MP2.

Award MP2 only to answers stating that KE decreases due to Doppler effect.
[Link]. decreases ✓ as number of photons incident decreases ✓

[Link].TZ0.3
a(i).

« 15 × 30 × 60 » = 27000 « J » ✓

a(ii). 27 × 103 = 0 . 32 × 𝑐 × 290 - 250 OR 2100 ✓ J kg-1 K-1 OR J kg-1 0 C-1 ✓

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Allow any appropriate unit that is
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

b. «intermolecular» bonds are formed during freezing ✓

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

bond-forming process releases energy

OR
«intermolecular» PE decreases «and the difference is transferred as heat» ✓
«average random» KE of the molecules does not decrease/change ✓
temperature is related to average «
» KE of the molecules «hence unchanged» ✓
To award MP3 or MP4 molecules/particles/atoms must be mentioned.

c. mass of frozen oil « = 27 × 10 » = 0 . 21 « kg » ✓

3

130 × 10 3

unfrozen mass « = 0 . 32 - 0 . 21 » = 0 . 11 « kg » ✓

[Link].TZ1.7
D
[Link].TZ2.9
a.

E =E
k k linear + E
k rotational

OR
𝐸k = 12 𝑚𝑣2 + 12 𝐼𝜔2 ✔
2
= 1 𝑚𝑣2 + 1 × 2 𝑚𝑟2 × ( 𝑣 ) ✔
2 2 5 𝑟

« = 107 𝑚𝑣2»

Answer is given in the question so check working is correct at each stage.

b. Initial 𝐸𝐾
7
= 10 × 1.50 × 0.52 «=0.26J» ✔
Final 𝐸𝐾 = 0.26 + 1.5 × 9.81 × 0.45 «=6.88J» ✔ 𝑣 = « √ 107 × 6.88
1.5
= » 2.56 «m s–1» ✔

Other solution methods are possible.

[Link].TZ0.5
B
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.6
a.i.

T = ( 1360𝜎 ) 0.25 ✔
390 «K» ✔

Must see 1360 (from data booklet) used for MP1.

Must see at least 2 s.f.
[Link]. energy/Power/Intensity lower at B ✔

connection made between energy/power/intensity and temperature of blackbody ✔

b.

2% /
( 8 ) of sun’s energy is scattered reflected by earth’s atmosphere OR only 72 % of
incident energy gets absorbed by blackbody ✔

Must be clear that the energy is being scattered by the atmosphere.

Award [0] for simple definition of “albedo”.

c.i. / / «
gravitational attraction force field of the planet /Moon» ✔
Do not accept “gravity”.
[Link].

/ / 9°
the force field and the velocity displacement are at 0 to each other OR there is no
GE
change in P of the moon ✔

Award [0] for any mention of no net force on the satellite.

Do not accept acceleration is perpendicular to velocity.

[Link].TZ1.13
D
[Link].TZ1.14
B
[Link].TZ1.16
A

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.17
B
[Link].TZ1.18
A

[Link].TZ0.6
B
[Link].TZ2.10
a.

evidence of work done equals area between AC and the olume axis V ✓
2
reasonable method to estimate area giving a value 4 5 to 450 J✓
Answer 440 J is given, check for valid working.
Examples of acceptable methods for MP2:
- estimates 17 to18 small squares x 25 J per square = 425 to 450 J.
- 250 J for area below BC plus a triangle of dimensions 5 × 3, 3 × 5, or 4 × 4 small
square edges giving 250 J + 187.5 J or 250 J + 200 J.

Accurate integration value is 438 J - if method seen award [2].

bi. «use of 𝑈 = 3 𝑛𝑅𝑇 and 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 to give» Δ𝑈 = 3 Δ𝑝𝑉 ✔

2 2

« = 32 × − 2.5 × 105 × 1 × 10−3» =«–»375«J» ✔

Another method is possible: eg realisation that ΔU for BC has same magnitude, so ΔU
= 3/2 PΔV.
bii. T = 816«K» OR 543«°C»✔
A

c. for CA ΔU = 0 so Q = W = −440 «J» ✔ for AB W = 0 so Q = ΔU = −375 «J» ✔

815 «J» transferred to the building ✔

Must use the first law of thermodynamics for MP1 and MP2.
d. the temperature changes in the cycle are too large ✔

«
the cycle takes too long because it contains an isothermal stage ✔ »
/
energy power output would be too small ✔

about:blank 788/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.19
B
[Link].TZ0.4
a.

wavelength =
340
850
= 0 . 40 « m » ✓
path difference = 1.8 « m » ✓
1.8
1 . 8 « m » = 4 . 5𝜆 OR 0 . 20 = 9 «half-wavelengths» ✓
waves meet in antiphase at P « »
OR
/
destructive interference superposition at P« »✓

;
Allow approach where path length is calculated in terms of number of wavelengths
along path A (56 . 25) and
B M2 M
path (60 . 75) for P , hence path difference 4 . 5 wavelengths for P3

b. «equally spaced» maxima and minima ✓ a maximum at Q ✓

four «additional» maxima «between P and Q» ✓

c. the amplitude of sound at Q is halved ✓

«intensity is proportional to amplitude squared hence» 𝐼𝐼 = 14 ✓A
0

[Link].TZ0.7
D
[Link].TZ1.22
A

[Link].TZ1.1
a.i.

«sin θ = 𝑛𝑛 » sin θ = 1.276

c
1
2
c
1.620
✔

about:blank 789/842
 θc = 51.97° ✔
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

Award [2] for bald correct answer.

[Link].

«angle of refraction at air-core boundary is 90°−θc «=90.00° − 51.97° = 38.03°»✔

1.000 × sinθ =1.620 × sin 38.03° ✔ θ = 86.41° ✔
max max

[Link].

«θ 9° »
is almost 0 which means that a ray entering the core almost at any angle will
/
max
be totally internally reflected will not escape ✔

[Link]. rays will follow very different paths in the core ✔

/ /
leading to waveguide dispersion different arrival times pulse overlap ✔

b. Reference to 2 of: secure/encrypted transfer of data ✔

high bandwidth/volume of data transferred ✔

high quality/minimal noise in transmission ✔ free from cross talk ✔

low «specific» attenuation ✔

[Link].TZ2.8
A

[Link].TZ0.8
C

[Link].TZ0.5
a.

« »
current is not directly proportional to the potential difference
OR
resistance of X is not constant
OR
resistance of X changes «with current/voltage» ✓

b(i). ALTERNATIVE 1 voltage across X = 2 . 3 « V » ✓

voltage across R « = 4 . 0 - 2 . 3 » = 1 . 7 « V » ✓

» = 85 « Ω » ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
1.7
resistance of variable resistor « =
0 . 020

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

overall resistance « =
4.0
0 . 020
» = 200 « Ω » ✓
resistance of X « = 02. 020. 3 » = 115 «Ω» ✓
resistance of variable resistor « = 200 - 115 » = 85 « Ω » ✓
b(ii). power « = 4 . 0 × 0 . 020 » = 0 . 080 « W » ✓
c(i). from 0 to 60 mA ✓
c(ii). X / potential divider arrangement ✓
allows zero current through component

provides greater range «of current through component X» ✓

[Link].TZ1.23
B
[Link].TZ1.28
D
[Link].TZ2.9
D
[Link].TZ2.4
a.

total resistance of circuit is 8.0 «Ω» ✔

P = 128.0 =18 «W» ✔
2

bi. «a resistor is now connected in parallel» reducing the total resistance OR

current through YZ unchanged and additional current flows through X ✔

bii.

evidence in calculation or statement that pd across Y/current in Y is the same as before

✔

so ratio is 1 ✔

[Link].TZ0.9
about:blank 791/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

D
[Link].TZ1.2
a.

«𝐻 = 𝑐𝐷 ( ) » predicts that H ∝ D2 ✔
2
3 3
theory

graph «of H vs D2 » is a straight line through the origin/graph of proportionality ✔

3

Allow 𝐻 = 𝑐𝐷 gives H = c D2 for MP1.

2
(3) 3 3

Do not award MP2 for “the graph is linear” without mention of origin.
b. evidence of gradient calculation to give gradient = 3.0 ✔ c = 3.0 ⇒ c = 1.4 ✔
3

1
𝑚3
b. evidence of gradient calculation to give gradient = 3.0 ✔ c3 = 3.0 ⇒ c = 1.4 ✔
1
𝑚3
c.

/ / /
the load the thickness of paper the type of paper the number of times the paper is
rolled to form a cylinder ✔

[Link].TZ2.13
a.

Both forces must be suitably labeled.

Do not accept just ‘gravity’
Award [0] if a third force is shown.

b. «as the ball falls» there is a drag force ✔

when drag force+buoyant force/upthrust =«-» weight OR

When net/resultant force =0 ✔ «terminal speed occurs» OWTTE

Terminal speed is mentioned in the question, so no additional marks for reference to it.

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

c. any evidence (numerical or algebraic) of a realisation that 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣 + 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 𝑊 ✔

«𝜂 = 6.166𝜋× 10× 0.005− 4.366

−3 −3
× 10
× 0.280
» « »✔
𝜂 = 0.0680 Pas

[Link].TZ2.10
C

[Link].TZ1.29
C

[Link].TZ2.10
B
[Link].TZ0.10
D
[Link].TZ2.11
A

[Link].TZ1.30
B
[Link].TZ2.12
D
[Link].TZ0.5
a.
70
3.5
✓

about:blank 793/842
 ✓
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

b.i. shape as above

[Link]. shape as above ✓

Vertical lines not necessary to score. Allow ECF from (b)(i).

c.i. ALTERNATIVE 1
maximum flux at «5 . 0 × 5 . 0 × 10-4 × 85 × 0 . 94» = 0 . 19975 ≈ 0 . 20 «Wb» ✓
emf = « = » 0 . 80 «V» ✓
0 . 20
0 . 25
ALTERNATIVE 2
emf induced in one turn = BvL = 0 . 94 × 0 . 20 × 0 . 05 = 0 . 0094 «V» ✓
emf = 85 × 0 . 0094 = 0 . 80 «V» ✓ Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

Allow ECF from MP1.

[Link]. 𝑉
𝐼 = « 𝑅 = » 2.4
0.8
OR 0 . 33 «A» ✓
𝐹 = « 𝑁𝐵𝐼𝐿 = 85 × 0 . 94 × 0 . 33 × 0 . 05 = » = 1 . 3 «N» ✓ Allow ECF from (c)(i).

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

d.i. Energy is being dissipated for 0.50 s ✓

«
𝐸 = 𝐹𝑣𝑡 = 1 . 3 × 0 . 20 × 0 . 50 = 0 . 13 J»
OR 𝐸 = 𝑉𝑙𝑡 = 0 . 80 × 0 . 33 × 0 . 50 = «0 . 13 J» ✓ Allow ECF from (b) and (c).

Watch for candidates who do not justify somehow the use of 0.5 s and just divide by 2
their answer.

[Link].
0 . 13
∆𝑇 = 0 . 018 × 385 ✓ ∆𝑇 = 1 . 9 × 10-2 «K» ✓
Allow [2] marks for a bald correct answer. Award [1] for a POT error in MP1.

about:blank 794/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.14
A

[Link].TZ1.31
D
[Link].TZ2.14
a.

time period

T = «2510» = 2.5 s AND f = 𝑇1

OR
= 1025 ✔
evidence of f

Answer 0.4 Hz is given, check correct working is shown.

b. 30 m s– corresponds to f = 1.2 Hz ✔
1

the amplitude of vibration is a maximum for this speed OR

corresponds to the resonant frequency ✔

c. similar shape with lower amplitude ✔

maximum shifted slightly to left of the original curve ✔

Amplitude must be lower than the original, but allow the amplitude to be equal at the
extremes.

[Link].TZ2.13
C

[Link].TZ0.11
B
[Link].TZ0.6
a(i).

about:blank 795/842
 « »
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

energy required to completely separate the nucleons

OR
energy released when a nucleus is formed from its constituent nucleons ✓
Allow protons AND neutrons.

a(ii). « S »
the values in I units would be very small ✓
a(iii). 140 × 8 . 29 + 94 × 8 . 59 - 235 × 7 . 59 OR 184 « MeV » ✓
b(i). see « energy = » 180 × 106 × 1 . 60 × 10-19 AND « mass = » 235 × 1 . 66 × 10-27 ✓
7 . 4 × 1013 « J kg-1 » ✓
b(ii). energy produced in one day =
1 . 2 × 109 × 24 × 3600
0 . 36
= 2 . 9 × 1014 « J » ✓
mass
14
= 27 .. 94 ×× 10
1013
= 3 . 9 « kg » ✓
c(i). 39 ✓
Do not allow 9439X unless the proton number is indicated.
c(ii). 75 « s » ✓

c(iii). ALTERNATIVE 1 10 min = 8 𝑡1 / 2 ✓

mass remaining = 1 . 0 × = 3 . 9 × 10-3 « kg » ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

18
2

decay constant = «
ln2
= » 9 . 24 × 10-3 « s-1 » ✓
75

mass remaining = 1 . 0 × 𝑒-9 . 24 × 10 × 600 = 3 . 9 × 10-3 « kg » ✓

-3

[Link].TZ1.32
D
[Link].TZ1.33
C

[Link].TZ2.16
B
[Link].TZ0.1
a.

about:blank 796/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

attempt to connect object and eye with ray showing equal angles of reflection such
that reflection occurs within 1 hatch mark of position shown ✓
construction showing normal at point of reflection ✓

Allow rays that are drawn freehand without a ruler - use judgement

b. light rays do not pass through the image OWTTE.

OR
do not form an image on a screen
OR
appear to have come from a point
OR
formed by extension of rays ✓
[Link].TZ1.34
C

[Link].TZ1.35
B
[Link].TZ2.17
D
[Link].TZ2.6
A

[Link].TZ1.36

about:blank 797/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.37
C

[Link].TZ1.38
A

[Link].TZ2.15
B
[Link].TZ1.39
C

[Link].TZ2.7
B
[Link].TZ2.8
B
[Link].TZ1.40
C

[Link].TZ1.30
D
[Link].TZ2.9
C

[Link].TZ1.6
a.

2 9 7«MeVc− » ✔
momentum of xi baryon is also 8 . 1

about:blank 798/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

total energy of xi baryon and pion is √289.72 + 13212 + √289.72 + 135.02 = 1672 «MeV»
✔

which equals the rest energy of the omega ✔

Allow a backwards argument, assuming the energy is equal.

√289.72 + 135.02 1
b. 𝛾« = 135.0
» = 2.367 ✔ 𝑣 « = √1 − 2.3672 𝑐 » = 0.903𝑐 ✔

Award [2] for bald correct answer.

[Link].TZ0.5
a(i).

neutron energy = √1852 + 9402 = 958 «MeV» ✔

NOTE: Allow 1.5 × 10– «J» 10

a(ii). ALTERNATIVE 1 «use of 𝐸 = 𝛾 𝐸0» «958 = 940𝛾 so» 𝛾 = 1 . 019 ✔ v = 0.193c ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2 «use of 𝑝 = 𝛾 𝑚𝑣» 185 = 940 𝑣𝑐 ✔ v = 0.193c ✔

𝑣2
1-
√ 𝑐

ALTERNATIVE 3 «use of 𝑝 = 𝛾 𝑚𝑣 » 𝑣 = 𝑝𝑐 ✔ 𝑣 = 185 = 0 . 193𝑐 ✔

𝐸 958

NOTE: Allow v = 5.8 × 107 «ms–1»

b. momentum of X = 185 «MeV c– »✔ 1

energy of X = 1190 – 958 = 232 «MeV»✔
𝑚0 = « √2322 - 1852 = » 140 «MeV c–2» ✔ NOTE: Allow mass in kg - gives 2.5 × 10–28 «kg»

[Link].TZ0.1
a.
6 . 63 × 10-34 × 3 × 108
𝜆 = 1 . 60 × 10-19 × 4 . 2 × 108 OR = 2 . 96 × 10-15 « m » ✓
Answer to at least 2 s.f. (i.e. 3.0)

b(i).

«the shape of the graph suggests that» electrons undergo diffraction «with carbon
nuclei» ✓

only waves diffract ✓

b(ii). sin𝜃0 = 2 . 96 × 10 « = 0 . 599 » ✓ 37 « degrees » OR 0 . 64 / 0 . 65 « rad » ✓

-15

4 . 94 × 10 -15

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

b(iii).

B « »
the de roglie wavelength of electrons is much longer than the size of a nucleus ✓
hence electrons would not undergo diffraction
OR
no diffraction pattern would be observed ✓
c.
volume of a nucleus proportional to 𝐴 3
13
= 𝐴 AND mass proportional to 𝐴 ✓
the ratio
mass
volume
independent of 𝐴 «hence density the same for all nuclei» ✓
Both needed for MP1
[Link].TZ1.31
A

[Link].TZ0.2
a.

In order to draw a graph « of 𝑊 versus T1 »2

OR
to confirm proportionality between «𝑊 and 𝑇-2 »
OR
to confirm relationship between «𝑊 and 𝑇 »
OR
because W is the independent variable in the experiment ✓

OWTTE
b. ALTERNATIVE 1 𝑊 + friction = 4π22𝑚𝑟 OR
𝑇

« » / 𝑊 is smaller «than centripetal» ✓

centripetal force is larger than 𝑊

«so» experimental 𝑚𝑟 is smaller «than calculated value» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2 (refers to graph)
« » «
reference to friction force is a systematic error and does not affect gradient »✓
«so» 𝑚𝑟 is the same ✓ MP2 awarded only with correct justification.
Candidates can gain zero, MP1 alone or full marks.
about:blank 800/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

OWTTE
c(i). /
mention of mean average value of 𝑇 « »✓ /
this reduces uncertainty in 𝑇 result
OR
/
more accurate precise ✓
Reference to “random errors average out” scores MP1
Accept “closer to true value”, “more reliable value” OWTTE for MP2

c(ii).

« » / /
systematic errors usually constant always present not influenced by repetition ✓
OWTTE
[Link].TZ0.6
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
as the photons move away from the black hole, they lose energy in the gravitational
field ✔
«
since 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 the detected frequency is lower than the emitted frequency ✔ »

ALTERNATIVE 2
if the observer was accelerating away from the probe, radio waves would undergo
Doppler shift towards lower frequency ✔
by the equivalence principle, the gravitational field has the same effect as acceleration
✔

ALTERNATIVE 3
due to gravitational time dilation, time between arrivals of wavefronts is greater for the
observer ✔
1
«
since 𝑓 = , the detected frequency is lower than the emitted frequency ✔
𝑇
»

NOTE: The question states that received frequency is lower so take care not to award a
mark for simply re-stating this, a valid explanation must be given.

b. time between pulses = 3 s according to the probe ✔

∆𝑡 = « 3
1
= » 5 . 2 «s» ✔
1-
√ 1.5

[Link].TZ2.10
about:blank 801/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.2
a.i.

«circular motion» involves a changing velocity ✓

«Tangential velocity» is «always» perpendicular to centripetal force/acceleration ✓
there must be a force/acceleration towards centre/star ✓

without a centripetal force the planet will move in a straight line ✓

[Link]. gravitational force/force of gravity ✓

b. use of 𝐺𝑀 ✓ 6.4 «Nkg− or ms−2» ✓

2
1
𝑅

[Link].TZ1.32
B
[Link].TZ2.11
A

[Link].TZ1.33
D
[Link].TZ0.3
a.

mention of electric AND magnetic fields ✓

OR
/
mention of electromagnetic radiation wave fields / ✓
b.

« » / « »
the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference for all inertial
observers ✓
OWTTE
c(i). magnetic ✓
c(ii).
about:blank 802/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

«In observer frame» protons «in the two wires» move in same/parallel direction ✓
these moving protons produce magnetic attraction ✓

there is also a smaller electrostatic repulsion due to wires appearing positive due to
«
length contraction of proton spacing »✓
OWTTE
[Link].TZ1.7
a.

a freely falling frame in a gravitational field is equivalent to an inertial frame

OR
a frame accelerating in free space is equivalent to a frame at rest in a gravitational field
✔

b.i. X is in an inertial frame ✔

«
so light will follow a straight line path parallel to the floor of the box ✔ »
[Link]. ALTERNATIVE 1
light must hit right wall of box at same place as determined by X✔
«but box is accelerating» so path must be curved downward ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2
«
light is affected by gravity for the observer at rest to the ground ✔ »
/
so the path is curved downward toward the ground ✔

[Link].TZ1.34
B
[Link].TZ2.12
C

[Link].TZ0.9
a.

air speed at A greater than at B/speed at B is zero

OR
total/stagnation pressure «PB» – static pressure «P » = dynamic pressure ✔
A

so P is less than at P (or vice versa) «by Bernoulli effect» ✔

A B

about:blank 803/842
 « » «
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

height of the liquid column is related to dynamic pressure difference hence lower
height in arm ✔B»
b. «𝜌liquid 𝑔ℎ = 0 . 5 × 𝜌air 𝑣2 »
difference in pressure 𝑃B - 𝑃A « »
= 8 . 7 × 102 × 9 . 8 × 0 . 06 = 510 Pa ✔
B
correct substitution into the ernoulli equation, eg : 12 × 1 . 2𝑣2 = 510 ✔
«
𝑣 = 29 ms–1 ✔ »
[Link].TZ1.10
a.

/
/
flow must be laminar steady not turbulent ✔

fluid must be incompressible/have constant density ✔

fluid must be non viscous ✔

b.i. «continuity equation says» Av = constant «and the areas are the same» ✔
[Link]. Bernoulli: « 1 𝜌𝑣2𝑥 + 0 + P = 1 𝜌𝑣2𝑦 + pgH + P » gives P − P = pgH ✔
x y x y
2 2

P − P = 720 × 9.81 × 1.2 = 8.5 «kPa» ✔ Award [2] for bald correct answer.
x y

Watch for POT mistakes.

[Link]. the fluid speed at Y will be greater «than that at X» ✔

reducing the pressure at Y

OR
the formula used to show that the difference is increased ✔

[Link].TZ1.35
A

[Link].TZ2.13
D
[Link].TZ1.36
D
[Link].TZ2.14
about:blank 804/842
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

D
[Link].TZ0.1
A

[Link].TZ1.37
C

[Link].TZ2.15
A

[Link].TZ0.2
C

[Link].TZ2.16
C

[Link].TZ0.10
a.

a situation in which a resistive force opposes the motion

OR
/
amplitude energy decreases with time ✔
30
b. 𝑄 = 2π × 30 - 28 = 94 . 25 ≈ 94 ✔

c.
0 . 020
94 = 2π × 0 . 80 × power loss
✔ power added = 1 . 1 × 10-3 «W» ✔
[Link].TZ1.38
C

[Link].TZ2.17
D
[Link].TZ0.3
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.39
A

[Link].TZ1.11
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
«𝑄 = 2𝜋 𝐸 𝐸− 𝐸
0
0
1
» ⇒ 𝐸1 = (1 − 2𝜋 )𝐸0
𝑄
✔

2𝜋
𝐸1 « = (1 − 25 ) × 12 » = 9.0 m « J» ✔
reading off the graph, period is 0.48 s ✔ «»
Allow correct use of any value of E , not only at the time = 0.
0

Allow answer from interval 0.4 2−0.55 s

ALTERNATIVE 2
energy stored
use of 𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑓 ✔
power loss

energy stored = 12 «mJ» AND power loss = 5.6 «mJ/s»✔

«f = 1.86 s so» period is 0.54 «s» ✔
Allow answer from interval 0.42−0.55 s.

Award [3] for bald correct answer.

b. 2 J
similar shape graph starting at 1 m and above the original ✔

[Link].TZ0.4
D
[Link].TZ2.18
A

[Link].TZ1.40
D
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.1
A

[Link].TZ0.35
C

[Link].TZ0.5
C

[Link].TZ1.6
A

[Link].TZ2.19
A

[Link].TZ0.36
C

[Link].TZ0.6
A

[Link].TZ1.7
C

[Link].TZ2.20
A

[Link].TZ1.8
C

[Link].TZ0.7
about:blank 807/842
 B
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.21
B
[Link].TZ0.37
D
[Link].TZ2.22
B
[Link].TZ1.9
C

[Link].TZ0.8
B
[Link].TZ2.23
D
[Link].TZ2.24
B
[Link].TZ0.9
D
[Link].TZ0.8
a.

the change in the observed frequency ✓

when there is relative motion between the source and the observer ✓

about:blank 808/842
 Do not award MP1 if they refer to wavelength.
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

b. use of 2π𝑓𝐴 ✓ maximum speed is 2π × 39 × 0 . 080 = 19 . 6 «m s− » ✓ 1

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

c. frequency at plate 2400 ×

340
« = 2538 Hz»
340 + 19 . 6

= 2694 ≈ 2700 «Hz» ✓

340
at source 2538 ×
340 - 19 . 6

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

Award [1] mark when the effect is only applied once.

d.i. stays the same ✓

[Link]. decreases ✓
[Link]. decreases ✓

[Link].TZ1.12
D
[Link].TZ0.38
B
[Link].TZ2.25
B
[Link].TZ0.10
B
[Link].TZ1.15
D
[Link].TZ2.26
D
[Link].TZ0.11
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.39
A

[Link].TZ1.16
C

[Link].TZ0.12
C

[Link].TZ1.17
B
[Link].TZ2.27
C

[Link].TZ0.40
A

[Link].TZ0.13
D
[Link].TZ0.1
a.

H = «12 gt2 =» 4.9 «m» ✓

Accept other methods as area from graph, alternative kinematics equations or
conservation of mechanical energy.
9
Award [1] for a bald correct answer in the range 4. - 5.1.
Award [0] if time used is different than 1.0 s.

b.i. M at 1.6 s ✓
about:blank 810/842
 «g =» 9.80 «ms−2» ✓
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].
9
Accept .81, 10 or a plain “g”.
Ignore sign if provided.

[Link].

«
concave down parabola as shown with non-zero initial slope and zero final slope»✓
Award [1] mark if curve starts from a positive time value.
Award [0] if the final slope is negative.

c. « loss of KE is 12 × 0 . 25 × 9 . 82 - 52 = » 8 . 9 «J» ✓
Award [1] mark for an answer in the range 8. - .5. 79
d.i. ✓ F = «∆𝑝∆𝑡 = 30 .. 71 = » 37 «N» ✓
∆𝑝 = 0 . 250 × 9 . 8 + 5 . 0 net

N = 37 + 0 . 250 × 9 . 8 = 39 . 5 «N» ✓
Allow ECF for MP2 and MP3.

[Link]. there is an external force acting on the ball OR

some momentum is transferred to the floor ✓
Allow references to impulse instead of force.
Do not award references to energy.

[Link].TZ2.28
C

[Link].TZ1.21
A

[Link].TZ0.14
B
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.1
C

[Link].TZ1.23
B
[Link].TZ0.15
B
[Link].TZ2.39
A

[Link].TZ2.2
A

[Link].TZ2.4
D
[Link].TZ1.26
A

[Link].TZ0.16
D
[Link].TZ2.25
D
[Link].TZ2.40
C

[Link].TZ1.7
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.27
B
[Link].TZ0.17
D
[Link].TZ2.5
C

[Link].TZ1.9
B
[Link].TZ2.3
A

[Link].TZ2.29
A

[Link].TZ2.7
B
[Link].TZ2.11
B
[Link].TZ1.16
C

[Link].TZ0.18
C

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.4
D
[Link].TZ2.12
B
[Link].TZ2.30
A

[Link].TZ0.19
A

[Link].TZ1.17
A

[Link].TZ2.5
C

[Link].TZ2.19
A

[Link].TZ1.20
B
[Link].TZ2.31
B
[Link].TZ0.20
D
[Link].TZ0.2
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

« »
the total random kinetic energy of the molecules atoms particles / / ✓
b.i. 𝑝= «
𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑉
=
0 . 24 × 8 . 31 × 300
0 . 20
= » 3 . 0 × 103 «Pa» ✓
[Link].

✓
straight line joining (300, 3) and (500, 5)

drawn only in the range from 300 to 500 K ✓

Allow ECF from (b)(i) for incorrect initial pressure.

±
Allow tolerance of one grid square for the endpoints.

c. temperature is the same for both gases ✓

«average» kinetic energy is the same «because 𝐸𝑘 = 32 𝑘𝑇 OR 𝐸𝑘 depends on 𝑇 only»
✓
Award [1 max] for a bald statement that kinetic energy is the same.

[Link].TZ1.39
B
[Link].TZ1.21
A

[Link].TZ1.40
D
[Link].TZ2.32
A

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.21
A

[Link].TZ2.21
B
[Link].TZ1.1
a.

/ OWTTE ✓
direction of motion is different

mv / magnitude of momentum is different «even though v the same» ✓

b. use of ma = mg − T «3.5 x 2.4 = 3.5g − T » OR T = 3.5(g − 2.4) ✓ 26 «N» ✓

Accept 27 N from g = 10 m s−2

c.i. proper use of kinematic equation ✓ √2 × 2 . 4 × 0 . 95 = 2 . 14 «m s− » ✓

1

Must see either the substituted values OR a value for v to at least three s.f. for MP2.
[Link]. use of 𝜔 = to give 84 «rad s− » OR 𝜔 = 2 . 1 / 0 . 025 to give 84 «rad s− » ✓
𝑣 1 1
𝑟

quoted to 2sf only✓

d. ALTERNATIVE 1 «𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 ⇒ 0 = 2 . 12 - 2𝑎 × 0 . 35» leading to a = 6.3 «m s 2» -

OR « 𝑥 = 1 / 2𝑢 + 𝑣𝑡 » leading to t = 0.33 « s » ✓

F = « 𝑚𝑎 = 1 . 5 × 6 . 3 = » 9.45 «N» ✓
net

Weight down ramp = 1.5 x 9.8 x sin(30) = 7.4 «N» ✓

friction force = net force – weight down ramp = 2.1 «N» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
kinetic energy initial = work done to stop 0.5 x 1.5 x (2.1)2 = FNE x 0.35 ✓
T

F = 9.45 «N» ✓ Weight down ramp = 1.5 x 9.8 x sin(30) = 7.4 «N» ✓
net

friction force = net force – weight down ramp = 2.1 «N» ✓

Accept 1.95 N from g = 10 m s 2.

-

Accept 2.42 N from u = 2.14 m s . -1

e. static coefficient of friction > dynamic/kinetic coefficient of friction / μ > μ ✓

s k

«therefore» force of dynamic/kinetic friction will be less than the force of static friction
✓
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

/ «
there will be a net unbalanced forward force once in motion which results
»
in acceleration

OR reference to net F = ma ✓
[Link].TZ2.22
D
[Link].TZ2.1
B
[Link].TZ2.33
D
[Link].TZ0.22
D
[Link].TZ2.34
B
[Link].TZ0.23
B
[Link].TZ1.22
C

[Link].TZ2.24
D
[Link].TZ2.2
B

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.35
D
[Link].TZ0.24
C

[Link].TZ0.3
a.

𝑇 = 4 × 10-3 «s» or 𝑓 = 250 «Hz» ✓

𝜆 = 340 × 4 . 0 × 10-3 = 1 . 36 ≈ 1 . 4 «m» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1.

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

b.i. «±» π2 / 90° OR 3π2 / 270° ✓

[Link]. 1.5 «ms» ✓

[Link]. 8.0 OR 8.5 «μm» ✓

From the graph on the paper, value is 8.0. From the calculated correct trig functions,
value is 8.49.

c.i. L = « 3 𝜆 = » 0.90 «m» ✓

4

[Link]. to the right ✓ displacement is getting less negative OR

change of displacement is positive ✓

[Link]. horizontal line drawn at the equilibrium position ✓
[Link].TZ1.24
D
[Link].TZ1.25
B
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.2
a.

energy required for milk entering in 1 s = mass x specific heat x 73 ✓

16 kW OR 16000 W ✓

MP1 is for substitution into mcΔT regardless of power of ten.

Allow any correct unit of power (such as J s OR kJ s
-1 -1) if paired with an answer to the
correct power of 10 for MP2.

b. /
Underestimate more energy or power required ✓
/ «
because energy transferred as heat thermal energy is lost to surroundings or
electrical components »✓
Do not allow general term “energy” or “power” for MP2.
c.

the temperature has increased so the internal energy average /« » KE «of the
»
molecules has increased OR temperature is proportional to average KE «of the
»✓
molecules .

«therefore» the «average» speed of the molecules or particles is higher OR more

frequent collisions « between molecules » OR spacing between molecules has
increased OR average force of collisions is higher OR intermolecular forces are less OR
intermolecular bonds break and reform at a higher rate OR molecules are vibrating
faster. ✓
d.i. / / «
conduction conducting conductor through metal »✓
[Link]. use of 𝑃 = 𝑒𝜎𝐴𝑇4 where T = 357 K ✓ use of 𝐴 = 2𝜋 𝑟 𝑙 « = 0.236 m2» ✓

P = 87 «W» ✓ Allow 85 – 89 W for MP3. Allow ECF for MP3.

[Link]. convection «is likely to be a significant loss» ✓

«due to reduction in density of air near pipe surface» hot air rises «and is replaced by
cooler air from elsewhere»

OR «due to» conduction «of heat or thermal energy» from pipe to air ✓

[Link].TZ2.36
C

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.25
B
[Link].TZ2.3
B
[Link].TZ1.3
a.

movement of B means that path distance is different « between BM and AM »

OR
movement of B creates a path difference «between BM and AM» ✓

interference
OR
«
superposition of waves »✓
/
maximum when waves arrive in phase path difference = n x lambda
OR
minimum when waves arrive «180° or 𝜋 » out of phase / path difference = (n+½) x
lambda ✓

b. wavelength = 26 cm ✓

OR
peak to peak distance is the path difference which is one wavelength

this is the distance B moves to be back in phase «with A» ✓

2 − 27 cm for MP1.
Allow 5

c. « 𝜆 » = 13 cm ✓ 𝑓 = « 𝑐 = 340 = » 2.6 «kHz» ✓

2 𝜆 0 . 13

Allow ½ of wavelength from (b) or data from graph.

[Link].TZ2.4
A

[Link].TZ1.26
D
[Link].TZ2.2
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

Correct conversion of T T « = 310 K» seen ✓

« use of = 𝑁 = 𝑝𝑉𝑘𝑇 to get » 2.3 × 102 ✓ 3

R 27
Allow ECF from MP1 i.e., T in Celsius ( esult is . x 1024)

Allow use of n, R and NA

b.i. density decreases ✓

/
volume is increased AND mass number of particles remains constant ✓
[Link]. internal energy is constant ✓
OR
/
internal energy depends on kinetic energy temperature only « »
/
since temperature kinetic energy is constant ✓
Do not award MP2 for stating that “temperature is constant” unless linked to the
correct conclusion, as that is mentioned in the stem.

Award MP2 for stating that kinetic energy remains constant.

[Link].TZ2.5
D
[Link].TZ0.27
C

[Link].TZ1.27
B
[Link].TZ2.37
A

[Link].TZ2.6
B

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.30
B
[Link].TZ0.26
D
[Link].TZ2.38
A

[Link].TZ2.3
a.i.

«incident and reflected» waves superpose/interfere/combine ✓

«that leads to» standing waves formed OR nodes and antinodes present ✓
at antinodes / maxima there is maximum intensity / constructive interference
/ «displacement» addition / louder sound ✓
at nodes / minima there is minimum intensity / destructive interference
/ «displacement» cancellation / quieter sound ✓

OWTTE
Allow a sketch of a standing wave for MP2

Allow a correct reference to path or phase differences to identify constructive /

destructive interference

[Link]. wavelength = 0.24 «m» ✓ 𝑓 = «0340. 24=» 1.4 «kHz» OR 1400 «Hz» ✓
Allow ECF from MP1

b. relates intensity to amplitude ✓

/
antinodes maximum intensity will be decreased quieter / ✓
/
nodes minimum will be increased louder / ✓ difference in intensities will be less ✓
maxima and minima are at the same positions ✓ OWTTE

[Link].TZ1.31

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.7
B
[Link].TZ1.4
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
attempt to use potential divider equation or similar method ✓
«6.0×
40
40 + 60
»= 2 «V» ✓
.4

ALTERNATIVE 2
«current = 60 +6 40» = 0.06 «A» ✓
40 x 0.06 = 2.4 «V» ✓

b. ALTERNATIVE 1 Pd across Q = 2.4 V so I = 0.15 « A » ✓

and pd across S is 6.0 – 2.4 = 3.6 « V » ✓ 𝑅 = 𝑉 = 3 . 6 = 24 «Ω» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

𝐼 0 . 15

pd at PR junction = pd at QS junction ✓ so 𝑆 = 𝑅 OR 𝑆 = 16 × 60 ✓ 24 «Ω» ✓

𝑄 𝑃 40

ALTERNATIVE 3 𝐼 = 40 ×160 . 06 = 0 . 15 «A» ✓ 6 . 0 = 16 + S0 . 15 OR 2 . 4 = 6 𝑆 +1616 ✓

R = 24 «Ω» ✓ Allow ECF for MP3 from incorrect MP1 or MP2.
c.i. recognition that 4𝐿 leads to 4𝑅 / « 𝜌4𝐿 » = 4𝑅 ✓
𝐴

«because the volume of S is constant new area is» 𝐴4 ✓ 16 x 24 = 384 «Ω» ✓

[Link]. «total» power has decreased ✓

OR
Because current in the branch has decreased «and P=I2R »
Because resistance has increased in branch «and 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑅 » ✓ 2

Allow opposite argument as ECF from (c)(i) (if candidate deduces a lower resistance).

Allow “power doesn’t change” if candidate has no change of resistance from (b) to (c)
(i).

[Link].TZ0.4
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

a.

«𝑉 = 04..255 = » 18 «V» ✓
b.i. 𝐹=
8 . 99 × 109 × 68 × 10-6 × 0 . 25 × 10-6
0 . 482
✓ 𝐹 = 0 . 66 «N» ✓
Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer. Allow symbolic k in substitutions for MP1.

Do not allow ECF from incorrect or not squared distance.

[Link]. Q moves to the right/away from P «along a straight line» OR
Q is repelled from P ✓
with increasing speed/Q accelerates ✓

acceleration decreases ✓

c.i. arrow of any length as shown ✓

[Link]. «using components or Pythagoras to get» B = 21 «mT» ✓

directed «horizontally» to the right ✓ If no unit seen, assume mT.

[Link].TZ1.5
a.

/
3 quarks example with three quarks e.g. up up down « »✓
/ / /
integer zero 1 no fractional electron charge « »
OR
held together by the strong force gluons /
OR
half integer spin
OR
baryon number =1
OR
colour neutral ✓

b. A «Decay of the strange antiquark is a» weak «interaction» ✓

B «Decay of the u to a gluon and eventually to d and anti-d is a» strong «interaction»

✓
c. weak «interaction» ✓

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

strangeness is not conserved and this is possible only in weak interactions

OR
the weak interaction allows change of quark flavour
OR
/ /
only the weak interaction has a boson an exchange particle a W+ to conserve the
charge
OR
neutrinos are only produced via the weak interaction ✓
[Link].TZ1.32
A

[Link].TZ2.8
A

[Link].TZ2.9
B
[Link].TZ0.5
D
[Link].TZ1.33
B
[Link].TZ2.10
B
[Link].TZ2.4
a.

« conservation of » charge ✓
« conservation of » energy ✓

K
Allow [1] max if they explicitly refer to irchhoff’ laws linking them to the conservation
laws incorrectly.

about:blank 825/842
 2V ✓
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

b.i. 1

[Link]. I = 2.0 A OR 12 = I (r +4) OR 4 = Ir OR 8 = 4I ✓

«Correct working to get » r = 2.0 «Ω» ✓ Allow ECF from (b)(i)

c.

Loop equation showing EITHER correct voltages, i.e., 10 – 4 on one side or both emfs
positive on different sides of the equation OR correct resistances, i.e. I (1 + 2) ✓

10−4 = I (1 + 2) OR I = 2.0 «A» seen✓ V = 8.0 «V» ✓ Allow any valid method

d.i. is generated from primary/other sources ✓

[Link]. «a fuel » that can be replenished/replaced within a reasonable time span OR

«a fuel» that can be replaced faster than the rate at which it is consumed OR
renewables are limitless/never run out OR

«a fuel» produced from renewable sources OR

gives an example of a renewable (biofuel, hydrogen, wood, wind, solar, tidal, hydro
etc..) ✓
OWTTE
e.i. ALTERNATIVE 1
«energy output of the panel =» VIt OR 6 x 5 x 0.25 x 3600 OR 27000 «J» ✓
«available power =» 380 x 0.4 x 0.15 x 0.18 OR 4.1 «W» ✓ 𝑡 = «27000 4.1
=» 6600 «s» ✓
ALTERNATIVE 2 «energy needed from Sun =» 𝑉𝑙𝑡 OR 6 × 5 × 0 . 25 × 3600 OR 150000 «J» ✓
𝑒𝑓𝑓 0 . 18

« incident power=» 380 x 0.4 x 0.15 OR 22.8 «W» ✓ 𝑡 = «15000022 . 8

=» 6600 «s» ✓
Allow ECF for MP3 Accept final answer in minutes (110) or hours (1.8).

[Link]. coherent reason ✓

e.g., to improve efficiency, is non-polluting, is renewable, does not
produce greenhouse gases, reduce use of fossil fuels

Do not allow economic reasons

[Link].TZ0.9
B
[Link].TZ1.34
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ0.6
C

[Link].TZ2.11
C

[Link].TZ0.10
D
[Link].TZ0.5
a.i.

« »
the energy needed to completely separate the nucleons of a nucleus

OR
the energy released when a nucleus is assembled from its constituent nucleons ✓

Accept reference to protons AND neutrons.

[Link]. curve rising to a maximum between 50 and 100 ✓

curve continued and decreasing ✓ Ignore starting point.

Ignore maximum at alpha particle

[Link]. At a point on the peak of their graph ✓

b.i. 2
correct mass numbers for uranium ( 34) and alpha (4) ✓
234 × 7 . 600 + 4 × 7 . 074 - 238 × 7 . 568 «MeV» ✓ energy released 5.51 «MeV» ✓
Ignore any negative sign.

✓ 4 = » 58 . 5 ✓
«
𝑝2 234
[Link].
« 𝐾𝐸𝛼
𝐾𝐸𝑈
= » 2𝑚𝛼
𝑝2 OR 𝑚𝑈
𝑚𝛼
2𝑚𝑈

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer. Accept 117 for MP2.
2

[Link].TZ0.13
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

D
[Link].TZ1.35
C

[Link].TZ2.12
D
[Link].TZ1.36
D
[Link].TZ0.17
C

[Link].TZ2.13
C

[Link].TZ0.18
A

[Link].TZ1.37
C

[Link].TZ2.14
B
[Link].TZ0.20
C

[Link].TZ1.38
A

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.15
D
[Link].TZ2.16
C

[Link].TZ0.22
B
[Link].TZ2.5
a.

«
background count rate is subtracted from each reading »✓

OWTTE
b. 2 « »✓
thickness is 0. 5 mm «
380 count min−1 »✓
MP1 and MP2 can be shown on the graph 2 27 mm for MP1
Allow a range of 0. 3 to 0.

Allow ECF from MP1. Accept a final answer in the range 350 – 420

c. lead better absorber than copper ✓ not alpha ✓

as it does not go through the foil / it is easily stopped / it is stopped by paper ✓

there is gamma ✓ as it goes through lead ✓ ALTERNATIVE 1 can be beta ✓

as it is attenuated by «thin» metal / can go through «thin» metal ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2 not beta ✓ it is stopped by «thin» metal ✓

55Cs → 56Ba + -1𝛽 ✓ +𝑣e ✓ Accept β or e in MP1.
0
d. 137 137 ¯

Do not penalize if proton / nucleon numbers or electron subscript in antineutrino are

missing.

[Link].TZ0.26
D
[Link].TZ0.27
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 B
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.17
A

[Link].TZ2.18
D
[Link].TZ0.30
D
[Link].TZ0.28
A

[Link].TZ0.32
C

[Link].TZ2.1
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
« » / «
there is a force by the fan on the air air is accelerated to the rear»✓
by Newton 3 ✓
there is an «equal and» opposite force on the boat ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2
«
air gains momentum backward »✓
/
by conservation of momentum force is rate of change in momentum ✓
boat gains momentum in the opposite direction ✓

N N
Accept a reference to ewton’s third law, e.g. ’3, or any correct statement of it for
MP2 in ALT 1.
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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

Allow any reasonable choice of object where the force of the air is acting on, e.g., fan
or blades.

b.i. « =» 𝐴𝑣𝜌 seen ✓

𝜋𝑅2 OR mass of air through system per unit time
244 «kg s− » ✓1

Accept use of Energy of air per second = 0.5 ρΑv = 0.5 mv2 for MP1.
3

[Link]. «force = Momentum change per sec = 𝐴𝑣2 𝜌 = » 244 x 20 OR 4.9 «kN» ✓

Allow use of 240

c.i.

resistive forces increase with speed OR /

resistive forces drag equal forward thrust ✓
/ /
acceleration net force becomes zero speed remains constant ✓
[Link]. recognition that area under the graph is distance covered ✓
«Distance =» 480 - 560 «m» ✓
Accept graphical evidence or calculation of correct geometric areas for MP1.

MP2 is numerical value within range.

[Link]. calculation of acceleration as gradient at t = 0 «= 1 m s 2» ✓-

use ofF=ma OR 49001 seen ✓ 4900 «kg» ✓ MP1 can be shown on the graph.
Allow an acceleration in the range 1 – 1.1 for MP2 and consistent answer for MP3

Allow ECF from MP1. Allow use of average acceleration = 18

40

or assumption of constant force to obtain 11000 «kg» for [2]

Allow use of 4800 or 5000 for MP2

[Link].TZ0.31
D
[Link].TZ0.33
C

[Link].TZ0.34
A

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ2.19
C

[Link].TZ0.29
A

[Link].TZ2.20
A

[Link].TZ2.8
a.i.

«−» 5.0 «mV» OR 5.0 × 10− «V» ✓3

Accept 5.1

[Link]. kg m2 A−1 s−3 ✓

b.i. ALTERNATIVE 1
Flux linkage is represented by magnetic field lines through the coil ✓
when magnet has passed through the coil / is moving away ✓

flux «linkage» is decreasing ✓

suitable comment that it is the opposite when above ✓

when the magnet goes through the midpoint the induced emf is zero ✓
ALTERNATIVE 2 / L
reference to states enz’s law ✓
/
when magnet has passed through the coil is moving away ✓
«coil attracts outgoing S pole so» induced field is downwards ✓
before «coil repels incoming N pole so» induced field is upwards
OR
induced field has reversed ✓

when the magnet goes through the midpoint the induced emf is zero ✓ OWTTE
[Link]. «
area represents the total change in flux linkage »✓
the change in flux is the same going in and out ✓
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 «when magnet is approaching» flux increases to a maximum ✓
3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

«when magnet is receding» flux decreases to zero ✓ «so areas must be the same»
c. magnet moves slower ✓ overall time «for interaction» will be longer ✓

peaks will be smaller ✓ areas will be the same as before ✓

Allow a graphical interpretation for MP2 as “graph more spread out”

[Link].TZ2.9
a.i.

wave properties ✓
Accept reference to diffraction or interference.

[Link]. 440 x 106 x 1.6 x 10-19 OR 7.0 × 10 «J» ✓ -11

[Link]. 6 . 63 × 10 × 3 × 10 OR 1 . 24 × 10 OR 2.8 × 10 «m» seen ✓

-34 8 -6
-15
7 × 10 -11 440 × 10 6

read off graph as 46° ✓ «Use of 𝐷 = 𝜆 =» 3.9 × 10 m ✓ -15

sin𝜃

Accept an angle between 45 and 47 degrees. Allow ECF from MP2

b. ALTERNATIVE 1 use of 𝑅 ∝ 𝐴 OR 𝑉 ∝ 𝐴 ✓
1
3

volume of Sn = 𝜋 𝑟𝑂3 or equivalent working ✓ 2.3 to 2.5 × 10 «m »✓

4 𝐴 𝑆𝑛 -43 3
3 𝐴 𝑂

answer to 1 or 2sf ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2 use of 𝑅 = 𝑅o × 𝐴 ✓ 1

3

volume of Sn = 𝜋𝑅3 OR 5.9 x 10 seen ✓ 8.5 × 10 «m »✓ answer to 1 or 2sf ✓

4 -15 -43 3
3

Although the question expects candidates to work from the oxygen radius found,
allow ALT 2 working from the ermi radius. F
MP4 is for any answer stated to 1 or 2 significant figures.

[Link].TZ1.2
D
[Link].TZ2.21
C

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

[Link].TZ1.3
C

[Link].TZ1.4
B
[Link].TZ2.22
B
[Link].TZ2.4
a.

« conservation of » charge ✓
« conservation of » energy ✓

K
Allow [1] max if they explicitly refer to irchhoff’ laws linking them to the conservation
laws incorrectly.

b.i. 2V ✓
1

[Link]. I = 2.0 A OR 12 = I (r + 4) OR 4 = Ir OR 8 = 4I ✓

«Correct working to get » r = 2.0 «Ω» ✓ Allow any valid method.

Allow ECF from (b)(i)

c.i.

Loop equation showing EITHER correct voltages, i.e., 10 – 4 on one side or both emf’s
positive on different sides of the equation OR correct resistances, i.e. I (1 + 2) ✓

10−4 = I (1 + 2) OR I = 2.0 «A» seen ✓ V = 8.0 «V» ✓ Allow any valid method

[Link]. Charge is being driven through the 4.0 V cell OR it is being (re-)charged ✓

d.i. is generated from primary/other sources ✓

[Link]. «a fuel » that can be replenished/replaced within a reasonable time span OR

«a fuel» that can be replaced faster than the rate at which it is consumed OR
renewables are limitless/never run out OR

«a fuel» produced from renewable sources OR

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3/5/25, 1:18 AM QuestionBank Test

gives an example of a renewable (biofuel, hydrogen, wood, wind, solar, tidal, hydro
etc..) ✓
OWTTE
e.i. ALTERNATIVE 1
«energy output of the panel =» Vlt OR 6 x 5 x 0.25 x 3600 OR 27000 «J» ✓
«available power =» 380 x 0.4 x 0.15 x 0.18 OR 4.1 «W» ✓ 𝑡 = «27000 4.1
=» 6600 «s» ✓
ALTERNATIVE 2 «energy needed from Sun =» 𝑣𝑙𝑡 OR 6 × 5 × 0 . 25 × 3600 OR 150000 «J» ✓
𝑒𝑓𝑓 0 . 18

« incident power=» 380 x 0.4 x 0.15 OR 22.8 «W» ✓ 𝑡 = «15000022 . 8

=» 6600 «s» ✓
Allow ECF for MP3 Accept final answer in minutes (110) or hours (1.8).

[Link]. coherent reason ✓

e.g., to improve efficiency, is non-polluting, is renewable, does not
produce greenhouse gases, reduce use of fossil fuels

Do not allow economic reasons

[Link].TZ1.5
B
[Link].TZ1.1
B
[Link].TZ1.6
C

[Link].TZ2.23
A

[Link].TZ1.7
A

[Link].TZ1.8
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[Link].TZ1.9
A

[Link].TZ1.12
C

[Link].TZ2.24
D
[Link].TZ1.13
C

[Link].TZ1.14
A

[Link].TZ1.10
A

[Link].TZ1.15
C

[Link].TZ1.16
D
[Link].TZ2.5
ai.

F towards centre ✔
aii. v tangent to circle and in the direction shown in the diagram ✔

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b. «𝑞𝑣𝐵 = 𝑚𝑣𝑅 2
⇒ »𝑅=
𝑚𝑣
𝑞𝐵
/
1.673 × 10−27 × 2.16 × 106
1.60 × 10−19 × 0.042
✔ R = 0.538 «m»✔ R = 0.54 «m» ✔
[Link].TZ1.11
C

[Link].TZ1.17
B
[Link].TZ1.3
a.

–
c v✔

b. c✔

c. c✔

[Link].TZ1.18
D
[Link].TZ1.19
B
[Link].TZ1.20

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[Link].TZ1.21
C

[Link].TZ1.22
B
[Link].TZ1.23
B
[Link].TZ1.24
C

[Link].TZ1.25
D
[Link].TZ1.26
C

[Link].TZ1.27
C

[Link].TZ1.1
C

[Link].TZ1.3
B
[Link].TZ0.1
D
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[Link].TZ0.2
A

[Link].TZ0.3
C

[Link].TZ0.4
C

[Link].TZ0.5
C

[Link].TZ0.6
B
[Link].TZ0.7
D
[Link].TZ0.8
D
[Link].TZ0.9
A

[Link].TZ0.10
D
[Link].TZ0.11
C

[Link].TZ0.12
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[Link].TZ0.13
C

[Link].TZ0.14
B
[Link].TZ0.15
C

[Link].TZ0.16
A

[Link].TZ0.17
A

[Link].TZ0.18
D
[Link].TZ0.19
A

[Link].TZ0.20
D
[Link].TZ0.21
A

[Link].TZ0.22
C

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[Link].TZ0.23
A

[Link].TZ0.24
B
[Link].TZ0.25
A

[Link].TZ0.26
C

[Link].TZ0.27
B
[Link].TZ0.3
B
[Link].TZ0.4
A

[Link].TZ0.9
D
[Link].TZ0.12
C

[Link].TZ0.14
B
[Link].TZ0.16
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[Link].TZ0.19
B
[Link].TZ0.21
B
[Link].TZ0.26
A

[Link].TZ0.27
A

[Link].TZ0.28
C

[Link].TZ0.29
B
[Link].TZ0.30
D
[Link].TZ0.31
C

[Link].TZ0.32
B
[Link].TZ0.33
C

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