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Cell Notes

The document discusses the fundamental unit of life, the cell, highlighting its structural and functional importance in organisms. It covers the history of cell discovery, cell theory, and the various components of cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles like mitochondria and lysosomes. Additionally, it explains cellular processes such as transport mechanisms and the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in cellular function.

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susaksham48
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72 views21 pages

Cell Notes

The document discusses the fundamental unit of life, the cell, highlighting its structural and functional importance in organisms. It covers the history of cell discovery, cell theory, and the various components of cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles like mitochondria and lysosomes. Additionally, it explains cellular processes such as transport mechanisms and the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in cellular function.

Uploaded by

susaksham48
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
7 Te Fundamental Unit Uf qa A cell cam be defined ar the cteuctuva? ome fortional — unit y Dring org anism ae The cells ave the building locke of dine body ave ove thus considered as te shrudtivall: umits °F organisms 20 Fray ave collect functional units bermnt alk the Life Assppodling prvcenes whch awe esrovitiok fox Auwvival anh maivtananee 4 Ibe body Lake place inside the cell. Be thie steamy “AR “ice adenivedl from Ladin worl Cellule’ rearing Arnall ‘oom Cull was discrerd by Robert Hooke (it665) vn the thin clic ei a Cok « Fixst Lwing eel vor diceowerd by Antonie van Loeuwentock (wm tex) > Colt “theory: (By Schbeiden om Schwann) oA og beinge ave sat aoe 4 el. + Al culls ave basicaly Aimilan ion chemical tompesifion amd metabolic activities + he fendicns oe organisms ave du be -the intevalion, of cut constituents . + New ete develop inside the old ones, > Modem cull theorg « Cextt_princtpr) (ey Rudolp virebow ) One important mobificalion Woe propesect by Rudolf Vivebow, Yo iw che coll theo. He stated ne conespt Celtula @ cellule” mcaming One: fom pre- existing coll. © Omnis the new edlle aurays Moduyn et Hruouy LCM uy the basic, Atracdural ome fendliond cont 4 Lie «Cut ib the Amallot const inn usbrich Life can otc. . Naw cals avise from pre washing el, only amd wp call Com ovtgjnale Aponkanculy cul contain dhestditony information (nwa) thak ix passed dusing all division Jrom ae Genwvalion ta. not th Sh A cell iu usbick tus neces omnd mambsare bounk opralles ave abscert Prokangotic_extt i ( pro= prénit ive § Kangon 2 nudes) chayactesishes fedoves L. “True niles O absut, fey nudes is withouk nudean mombyonve Protoplasn uw not Aappertnlialid ive cagtoplanw om nucle parm. Gunde eteaal Lia mn te vgfoplaam. Membrane beuml ovyomelles Bike, ER, Qulgi empl Ye ame abs - 5. Ribasoma art Jos type: Cell wall doesnt contain eullukoce ov chitin . ot u formed by peptidogty can und Gunde maker “s vepresenlad by Aimiphe civenlar DNA. Sine Lomges bw J=10 pm » = + g Riggruoes = [0 RR _ > Cukongitic _u ull; Celt with true nucleuy 7 fens true ) Kaujon = Nuote es nucleus) Chottoiute faabury, + Nuclens is yer wall dulaped » Aurrounded Bae double walled vue nucleay membromt + DNA md qendlic moteriod is Pocatid. maids ke nuckews. Ribopemes axe # Bos tiype, + Mombrave bound orgomelles Avth na gayi bodies, ER, He Gin present. Size romps Plus 5-100 pm. Plomk Cul Animal cell « urevolly Aewgen im bine, . eee Aomoller im Aize + Cell wall % present. - + Cel eal iu absent. « Cabonebhall uw prosouk. . nloro ull tu absout- Vawole dowrae Airgle + Vawol, are Awall omd i amd tovtral - be mony 0 abocovt - ™ , Nudews wu pecpheral + Nucleus w Covtbral. » Reserve fod us stowed . Reserree feo ix yea awd fol. ond. fot. LE OE: omponl f aw Cs A typical cell consishs three majo be Plasma mmenabovame / Coll mambrome > Nucleus. 3. Cytoblanm + Plasma membrane or Cult membrane, Evng eel i bourh by a thin, elastic but Ahrong Gveving a Plasma mombrane 0% cell mvmbsane + Shructure of coll membrome Cell memloranes ave about 6-lonm lbtck Goyere, “these 2 mainty Combesed ‘ phoaspholipia Aagers ank agsociolel praltins. these prteins amd pic aure arranged irvequlor avd unoven Pattern anh tn prcdsine ave able fe move within the memb Orne undions of cell rremlosernee ; Ui 5 ; trn divi ali of a + Forme ett boundarg amd matenkaing individeabiy of te ctl Cell mumbrave prckeats “te ell fem Se eep Gag mental fastire thoy ove arativdly peunsable dnuw Aagudols Iho movement a Poll one out 4 the ell. ol perfoom —andovylse (intake gf vaalals by «tl > Phepoeytesis > intake im Aolid form 7 Pinooytosis + intake im Liquid orm > Transport of mokesta across The all membrane ©) Passive Txamspost 5 SF imvelves “Ihe movement 4 materials acrers ste e2U ne rome without “lho ity sf enovay. p oe i) dt takes, flaw b J exchange f° CO, & Dun aod ee Diffusion « Movement i ra rel from nN region OL thety igh tonattalon. Osmosi¢ * Movement wolty moleoulu fem theiy Fagh to ow fein J Retr Low Coneeubroflio to ~hety Concentration . Low concentration. acress : & Aumibermeable membrane oot fakes Phare on all the Hire - OF occouwe im Lig idk (val) shales 4 mat: only a ! A we i + Sevibeemeabli muoubsan & : Sunsip ormenbll ala nel required vequived \ * Differion 44 que anos The call mumb rome ; Movement of gars Auth ax CO & 0 i bavek “pon Absiv difference in concertrahion im amd ont of the Cell. Thise gens move from mn vegion af thelr righ Concentration fp theiv Low Concevtration. - Conuntyation 4 Onan ak very Ania w the atmocbhune than wattle dhe all doe oxy gem mover fom outside into the cell - Concentration Cambonhienidle wmrids tre call i move Awe due to Avpirilion thaw outside te call, Aemer Carbor dioxide mover putt op the a Type 4 peormenbititiex 4 mumbo , (4) Tmpermenble mumbremee — donot allow the mevewunt of hind si Aubstan an. | Sow bee maeable onembromt ~ allow the movement 4 (Liquid) Advent only. Rut Arnot allow “Mu Solute (©) Seleckivela puoveabl membrane + alley the nvvemenk sf : only Acluted peslicle (roth Aetute omd Aalvert) Freely permeable muosome + allow the move out in ae ae ciashaeeaeah tld p ey y almost all -the moderiak. * “Type Solvtionn ond Osmosis « » Hypeotonic Aduhion, Ow Corap axing fiwo Aolubion a Aslution drawing bigh conemtralion is efa Dufertente Adlilion oy igh coneentaated Adidion (iy Hapatonte dation, Om comparing Live elubion, a Aobuhion Aroning Low conemtriion is ca Arypotowie Béludion ov Ailate adslion ex flow concontsnticl Abdikou. (&) jectonte Endreytasis. he pruves of tkake of mativiale though plasma mombrane i. da evdocytasic. of 4 of five ypu. | phegocutosic intake of Kol fok : Pineersto sis: intake of Liquid fut , yom tbe Cells > Crxveahsic Removal af ot materials J 1 Ce ¢ Cot wall s In addition to Cell membrame, pout ally, fungi anet bastevial els dove om outermost Covering ofa ell wall. ‘On Pom el uw ‘4 made Cellulase edn fungi kw Combosect of citi. * Lurnchions + % Ot uw frely Permeable ie, both Aolute ond Advenk mele udts com pats throughs ik. ») ot forms exvakeliton of the eal. Sy Ot provide Abebe , sdgidsty omd mechanical Axppert bm the ew. WwW Sn Aooks ub dls ww the absorption “f walir and minecals from the Aodk. v) Ot prevents the etl from burcking shun placed in Avypotoniie Ad ution. + Mucleus, » - Ot was Liseovered oy Robert Brown (1831)- SF is dhe vn both ant omh prind pal coll orgomealle - SF was te first cell orgomealle te be iscovered. - ok & Prowt mw che kkary clic ck. wel on tl Labeoralony , nucleus tam be Aeon by staining onion peel with eer lndim, oy muh blue ob Aaferanin, St apptars as aw Jarae ak ar wilh im the cell. * Struckore 4 nukeus ; ot i aw double mimbron bound structure Congicling ot ) Nuckar O) Nuclear memborome. * Nutleus is Lurvoundesh by a double muvbrome, + combssition amd str 2 ton e o es Siructure 4 Aimilon fo -thok of ome. tat Aas pores at cuntiain places Ja nuckear povee. j Through drwe fo exchange material Ww nuctecs and. capt plarrnn may Lake pf 7 mevb be a mewbroue () oh mortomnes “ub Prine awe Hbtok: Yodoibtke atrestues sebish ane Ce ie fl itn tly atin te ie eS ie | Sig faba Shas fi e : I DIVA amd dovteins. "NE cowie 7 carry Amall Ag ments of DNA Kia genes, stich Canny gumtic iw formelion. my ot plays am portant dele ie Cult cbiviston, t Cofapleam + Lok in a july Like wobrix ustich contains Variowr cll oAgameltes 2 OF is tne Aca of mang biochemical ov metabolic protesces. + 9n evderyotis, the uytoplam alwayg Aemaing in the lake of milion, iv a chveukar mannor. “this movemesh “es fa cyebosic! + Endobasmic Reticulum (ER): +E founk in alt Living calls except prokergolis anct mature mammalian RBCs. structure of ER: obs me Lege nelicock of membrane bounk Fishes amd Ahk, Morphologically 1 Ub consick 4 three | Prinupal form oe cisternae , Vesicles and Dubules wr + Cisdernat ave bread, Hat amb clorgaled pavcalteh a, * Vesicles ame Aphurid in Ahope- ¢ “Tubalie are brome dubes Like Apacs: CEE: (Cosel open te prone of Absence of sibusors ) (4) Smeoth Endoplasmic Reticulum (see) +t doont tontain Aibosomes, therefore ie: unf ace uw forech - Ors rainy imvedved im Lipid and cheroid Ayrderia (b) Rough endoplasmic Relicalluen (KER) © ot contains Aibosome on ‘tk Aurpace: wor mainly ‘navdlvek iw prokeis Ayrbheria & Fundion of ER: (4) ot helps in Tromaports of matesials voithin the exll. jy ot provid ex Buk for the Agrhenis of potent, Lipide ond fos. om) on Liver culls, SER prays a crudal Ade in dekoxifying mony poisons amd Auge. r fER ale Nas da memwb rome biegenssis > / 4 Goby Apparatus ov Golgi body « + Discord by Camille Golgi (188) 2 Fw abso ka didyosore ow fers ond plows. shructure +k consicls of mony mmnemaoromt bound vericles omd tubults- other forming the Tubulec are abmock parallel to earch stack, ¢/* cicterm « «thse Lnbuls ove flim cnnected to ER membrome . » ~thuve ove foo Biclink foe of Golaf - (a) Cis (or conven) foe ty vans (or Concans) fou: — this fan a onsen’ with Large ro og vesicles usbirclr may give wise te Dysocemes © Fumchions 4 Golgi apparreten ; + Arsembbiy owd puikeging of vation cunttomas Anyrthaniieh by ER oe ¢ Pormabion + Daproarernes. on ghomdubar el A ee eeerdios tee a * OY), * oe of 7 wosomes s (The Auictdal Bags of the Call) + thee ave Aingle membrane bound verieles wshich conta, Vow Strong Augdvd ie (digestive) omreyenes: + they Kerb the ext clean by desbeging vooen out, or olh col ovgamelles oy any fra materials entering the coll by Page > Sometimes duxing disturbomee in cellular wntaboliem, nthe Liteosomec meds busst,, thus damoging the eallular part. -Whs may Cause head ef the cal. 8, Iuysoromes ee Called suicidal bags. & Mitochondyia t (Power Dause of ths cult) Shouckuve + + There ave bong hod ov oval thebed wpe! | ° they have double Poche | Aovreunding them. + The mney membronie Bak | many infotdings a crictas | * Crista in ibreaning The | Eudfax oven for Atp genvaaling | Ke taney membros also codtaay mau Amal porticl, ¢/a Fi pardicls ov oxyseme ustrich ave acseciafid with the prreducion of ATP . Mitocbondsia contains tk own DNA and Whesome wthe Liinp famdlion of vailocbendnia. is te mamafactens ATP ae te ell. (re Aderosire Tri pPhosphel) 1 wl alee a the mergy Curried a tle ¢ + Pasi + These ovgpmnelles ant only fond re phonk es. . + these axe double membranous erganeles uric corhain “thers own pra omd Yos bybe 4 qibosomes: ye (6) Levee plants « Ihese ave Celourlew ov ytuilt antids ; ow YC o serve fook favel proteins, they hal iw the cavage of vererve f (: si fe ) & Chrromofrtaite« * [hee I : / ony vue plavtide dur te the pome tp othe ove chavacteretic cow bb fhe baat pe fe oe Ihe mest importank cheomoplaat, ix “the green pigon enlist plastih qa chlovo hast oxs Newoptast C kitehon 4 the cull) : thay awe Gram Cafouredd plastids dur bh the Prsoenu Na chloro plug. - internally thay contain a Jelly Lka mokeriah called stam, + In shema there ave Various Stack (piles) of tin Like structures c/a thylakoids . + One pile 4 thylakoids is ga gremum (plural = grana) ~ Goma dul in the absorphion 4 Light duwing pphotosgarese oman ww artual ovalion of food frum Cor | = ach dkhs the prep Pf 7 | od | x Ribosomes ¢ ( Pyatrin fasbzix) scthese ave the Aik 4 pritein Ayulrerie “mm alk Living cath oe prckaryokie cvibosomes ave Fos type | voburems in eukaripabis there ave Qos type. (Acuo) 3 ethene ave Large, Aingle momb rome slorage orgomalles present ta the cay’ plan oy the eal + there ave mainly found im plaut cull + Om plot celle there ae how ge contra vauiols, thok Decupies 50-407, *f tho cell volume. . Animal celk hove vey Amal S57 vacuoles: Funclions . + They mainly clive call Aap omd provide hungidi by avd. aigidity te tre elt. » trey shove Aobid ond ov Liquid Gosh materiale. 2 On uniedludan Organisms , Vachs talp ee ie digertion si foot: x Misusonss Cal. Divisions X of is the proces 4 formation 4 new elk from ¥ he pre- axicling cells. oo 4. Mi bsic AoE 2- Meiosis ot Miboeis (equabional divigien) +n thas type op cell divinien, the porenk ext Aividles imbo tivo equal amd ideuhical clanghiy alls 6 Povrout coll and be daughter calls Aone ae number 4 cdromosomes: + BB Tabe oF gpost omd nilatis - repair oF cells ocean by + This Lube of cult division ix fool only ta Arveally febrrdueing calls + the doughy cilla coskain elf He rewie of cDicomnatennes “than tha pamenk, oHs- 5 on Amon and our mammals pamelis are wodueeadl by moiovsig- evides 1 our Ib Bor aes op hedocrmen Aowig 2 Viruses othere ove non cdlubar, non- proto plarmic mnpection oa i these are Amolley thaw barteria Wane ave Auppotedl bo be a, Link butveen Living omdl non- Living oxgjorsms + they owe strielly ablipate bow am les ie, “they Com rmallifly only inside ar Living Dreck coll + they gendtic moherial “Ku cithuy BNA ox RNA + they dost have tneiv own mutabolic mechawitnu Ley done verpordl bo ational egy —Tmv(Tobaco Mosaic visu) , Bactesiafyhagen, Hiv ( Human Iwreuunedstevionty Views) ee.

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