Ontoseno Penangsang1)

1) Electrical Department, Sepuluh Nopember of Institute Technology

Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
 TOPOLOGI
JAMALI JARINGAN
PowerJAWA BALI
System Network
NEW SURALAYA
TGRNG
ASAHI MKRNG
TGBRU
GU SURALAYA CKRNG GU
ANGKE
CILEGON ANCOL [Link] RGDLK
LKONG DUKSB GU DWUAN
PRIOK

MENESNEW BLRJA
BDKML
KBJRK GMBRU KSBRU
SRANG INDRAMAYU
KRBRU PGDNG PLPNG PNYNGPRURI
KEMBANGAN
LABUAN CAWANG JBBKA
PTKGN PGLGN SKMDI KDPTN
CKUPA SBUDI JTLHR MKSRI
CKNDE
JTRGN BEKASI IDRMA HRGLS JTBRG [Link]
DPKRU
GANDUL KMANG MNTUR CIBATU
TMBUN PWKTA
PDKLP PDLRU
RKBTG PRKAN
BDUTR UBRNG
DEPOK ARJWN
BUNAR CIBINONG RCKEK
PATI
SRAGI
CIRATA REMBANG
BGBRU CNJUR UBRNG JPARA
KRACAK KDBDK BDTMR RBANG
CGRLG
MANDIRANCAN PKLON SYUNG
P BRBES
SALAK SAGULING A
KBSEN BTANGWLERI KUDUS
JKULO
KEREK TUBAN
LBSTU RDRUT TBROK
UBRUG P CKLNG KRAPK KEREK
PMLNG KLNGU BLORA SMNEP
GISKC GU
GRESIK BKLAN
CKSKA KNGAN SGMDU
PRATU JELOK
MLBNG PWRDI BABAT PMKSN
BANDUNG BMAYU LNGAN
P P BJGRO GLTMR
SELATAN CEPU
WYWDU KMJNG GRUNG BRNGI SBSEL TNDES
SNTSA TSLMA UNGARAN SPANG
P DRJAT GARUT MNANG
KLBKL DIENG KDMBO NGIMBANG WARUSWHAN PERAK
P CAMIS BNJAR
A CVRON MRICA
LMJAN SLBRU
MJNGO SRGEN NGAWI
RAWALO KRIAN
WSOBO BAWEN PLOSO
SKTIH
SMDRA TASIKMALAYA RWALO PBLGA GJYAN
KLTEN JAJAR CRBAN BBNDO
GBONG WALIN NGORO GDTAN
STARA CILACAP PALUR MRGEN KTSNO
PMPEK PNDRN GRATI
U PWRJO
CLCAP WNSRI NGJUK BLKAN
MGTAN MNRJO BLBNG KRSAN
KBMEN
PEDAN BNGIL PAITON
KNTUG STBDO
PIER
WATES WNGIRI PNRGO BNRAN
BNTUL LWANG
KEDIRI SKLNG PBLGO
BDWSO
BLTRU
KBAGN PAKIS
TGLEK BWNGI
SMANU WLNGI
TLGNG TUREN JMBER PMRON
PCTAN
STAMI LMJNG GLNUK
BTRTI
SGRUH NGARA
KKTES TNGUL AMPRA
PYAGN AMPLA
GTENG
ANTRI GNYAR

KAPAL PDSBN

SANUR
PCKLD
PSGRN

NSDUA

LNTAR
TE L UK JAKARTA

SPTAN MTWAR
MKRNG ANCOL PRIOK
PSKMS KMYRN PLPNG MRNDA
TGBRU ANGKE KDSPI
CKRNG MGBSR
GRGOL CBATU
MAXIM KTPNGGMBLA GMBRU TOSAN PGSAN
NSLYA DUKSB
BDKML KBSRH
SRANG CKUPAJTAKE GMBIR
GDPLA WHNGL
TGRNG KBJRK KARET DKTAS PLMAS PGDNG PGLNG BKASIKSBRU
CKNDE New Old MGRAI
SLAYA SBUDI TMARA CIPNG FJRWS
CLDUK KMBNG JBEKA
NBLJA CITRA SNYAN DNYSA PDKLP CIKRG
Old
NewMPANG
CBATU
TGRSA AGPAN
CWANG GDMKR
LKONG CSW DRTGA
PTKNG TMBUN
CLGON LEGOK KMANG
LKONG
BNTRO MNTUR
TYGRI
SRPNG GNDUL JTRGN PNCOL
GDRIA
KSTEL DPKRU CMGIS
CLGRU DEPOK
SCBNG
CLGSI
CIBNG CLGSI
SGLNG
TSMYA ASPEK
TOPOLOGI JARINGAN JAKARTA DAN SEKITARNYA BGBRU
Tahun : 2010
2012
KDBDK GITET 500 kV Kit 500 kV U Kit 150 kV U Kit 70 kV GI 150 kV GI 70 kV SUTET SUTT 150 kV SUTT 70 kV

Gambar rev.20-02-2012
 LOAD CURVES – JAMALI SYSTEM
MW
20.000

Hari Kerja, 20 Oktober 2010

18.000

16.000

14.000
Idul Fitri 1431 H, 10
September 2010

12.000

10.000
Tahun Baru 1 Januari 2010

8.000

6.000 HUT RI 17 Agustus 2010

4.000

2.000 Minggu, 14 November 2010

-
00.30

01.30

02.30

03.30

04.30

05.30

06.30

07.30

08.30

09.30

10,30

11,30

12,30

13,30

14,30

15,30

16,30

17,30

18,30

19,30

20,30

21,30

22,30

23,30
Jam
 Power system phenomena
• Short-circuits and other faults
• Automatic operations
• Thermal stress = overload
• Angle stability
• Voltage stability
• Frequency stability
• …
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Basic Components of Electric Power:

How electricity gets to you

When electricity leaves a po wer

plan t (1), its voltage is increased
at a “ste p-up” substation (2).
Next, the energ y tr ave ls along a
transmi ssion line to the area
where the p ower is neede d (3 ).
Once th ere, the vo ltag e is
decreased, or “ stepped -down,”
at a noth er substati on ( 4), and a
distribution power line (5) carr ies
the electricity until it reaches a
home or business (6).

– EEI, Getti ng Ele ctri city Whe re It’s Ne ede d,

May 20 00

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 System levels
(JAMALI System – Indonesia)
• 500 kV Transmission
– Long distance power transfer (>240km)
– Many paths to each point (meshed)
• 150 kV Subtransmission
– Regional power transfer
• 20 kV Distribution
– Local power transfer
– One path to each point (radial)
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
  Generator Model
 Transmission Line Model
 Transformer Model
 Load Model
 Single Line Diagram
 Network Model
 Per Unit System

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Systems are represented
on a per-phase basis

 A single-phase representation is used for a

balanced system
the system is modeled as one phase of a wye-
connected network
 Symmetrical components are used for
unbalanced systems
unbalance systems may be caused by:
generation, network components, loads, or
unusual operating conditions such as faults
 The per-unit system of measurements is used
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Basic Network
Component Models

 Generator
 Transmission Line
 Transformer
 Load

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Synchronous Machine
The synchronous machine as an ac generator
driven by turbine is the device which converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Stator and non-salient Stator and salient pole
pole rotor rotor

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 IN THE POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS WHERE THE SYSTEM
IS IN STEADY STATE CONDITION, THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF SALIENT POLE GENERATOR ARE VERY CLOSE TO THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-SALIENT POLE GENERATOR

ALL GENERATORS ARE ASSUMED TO

HAVE NON-SALIENT ROTORS

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Operation Principle

The rotor of the generator is driven by a prime-mover

A dc current is flowing in the rotor winding which produces a

rotating magnetic field within the machine

The rotating magnetic field induces a three-phase voltage in

the stator winding of the generator

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Electrical frequency produced is locked or synchronized to
the mechanical speed of rotation of a synchronous
generator:

nm P
fe =
120

where fe = electrical frequency in Hz

P = number of poles
nm= mechanical speed of the rotor, in r/min

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 By proper design of the rotor and by proper distribution
of the stator windings around the armature, very pure
sinusoidal voltages will be generated. These voltages
are called no-load generated voltages or simply
generated voltages.

If the ends of the windings are connected to each other

and the junction is designated o, the generated voltages
(labeled Eao, Ebo, and Eco ) are displaced 120 electrical
degrees from each other.

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 If a balanced three-phase load is connected to a
three-phase generator, balanced three-phase current
will flow in the phase of the armature winding. These
armature currents will create additional mmfs, called
the armature reaction.
The mmf of armature reaction is rotating around the
armature at the angular velocity  equal to the
angular velocity of the rotor. Therefore this mmf is
stationary with respect to the mmf produced by the
dc winding of the rotor. The net flux across the air
gap between the stator and rotor is determined by
the resultant of these two mmfs.
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Circuit Model

The rotor flux f is the only one to be considered

when the armature current is zero. This flux f
generates the no-load voltages Eao which we shall
designate here as Ef. The flux ar due to the armature-
reaction mmf is in phase with the current Ia. The sum
of f and ar, saturation neglected, is r, the resultant
flux which generates the voltage Er in the coil
windings composing phase “a”. The phasor diagram
for phase “a” is shown in the next slide. Voltages Ef
and Ear lag by 900 the flux f and ar which generate
them. The resultant flux r is the flux across the air
gap of the machine and generates Er in the stator.
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Phasor Diagram

ar
f
r Ef
Ear

Er

90o
Ia

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Ear is lagging Ia by 900. The magnitude of Ear is
determined by ar which in turn is proportional to | Ia |
since it is the result of armature current. So we can
specify an inductive reactance Xar such that

E ar = − jI a X ar
Then the voltage generated in phase “a” by the
air gap flux is Er where

E r = E f + E ar = E f − jI a X ar
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 The voltage generated in each phase by the
resultant flux exceeds the terminal voltage Vt of the
phase only by the voltage drop due to the
armature current times the leakage reactance Xl
of the winding if resistance is neglected. If the
terminal voltage is Vt

Vt = Er − jI a X l
The product Ia Xl accounts for the voltage drop
caused by that portion of the flux (produced by
armature current) which does not cross the air
gap of the machine

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Thus,

Vt = E f − jI a X ar − jI a X l
  
generated due to armature due to armature
at no load reaction leakage reactance

Or,
Vt = E f − jI a X s

Where Xs, called the synchronous reactance, is

equal to Xar + Xl.

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Equivalent Circuit
If the resistance of the armature Ra is to be
considered,

Vt = E f − I a (R a + jX s )
Which represents the Equivalent Circuit of an ac
generator,
Xs

X ar Xl Ra

+ +
Ia
+
Ef Er Vt

-
- -
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Equivalent Circuit

If the armature resistance

Ra is ignored
Xs

X ar Xl Ra

+ +
Ia
+
Ef Er Vt

-
- -

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Transmission Line

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Line Parameters

 Distributed along the line

L H/km self and mutual inductance
R W /km conduction losses
C F/km capacitance between
phases
G S/km corona losses

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Line Models

R L

G B B G
2 2 2 2

<80km : Short Transmission Line

80-240km : Medium Transmission Line
>240km : Long Transmission Line
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
  Series impedance
z = r + j x W / mi Z = z = R+ j X W

 Shunt admittance
y = g + j b S / mi Y = y = G + j B S

G is almost always ignored

 R is sometimes ignored for analysis
purposes (loss-less line), but never in
the real world!
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Equivalent Circuit
For Short Transmission Line
IS IR
+
Z
+
VS VR Ignore shunt
– – admittance

IS R X = L IR

+ +

VS VR

- -
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Equivalent Circuit
For Medium Transmission Line
IS IR
+ Z +
Nominal 
VS ½Y ½Y VR circuit

– –
Z

IS R X = L IR
Line Charging
+ +

Yc 1
VS Yc VR Yc = =C
2 2 Xc

- - Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Voltage Profile

 Voltage regulation (typically, VR  10%)

VR NL − VR FL VS
VR (% ) =  100, VR NL =
VR FL A

 Voltage drop (typically, VD  0.95)

VR
VD =
VS
 Operating range
0.95  VR  1.05 pu and 0.95  VS  1.05 pu

 Voltage profile is a consideration for all lines

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Transformer

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Power Transformer

 Key component in AC power system

High reliability and efficiency (>95%)
Ratings up to 750 MVA
 Different types
Two-winding most common
Three-winding has two secondaries
Phase-shifting
Tap-changing for voltage control

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Equivalent Circuit
N1 For Two Winding Transformer
=a
N2
r1 x1 a2 x2 a2 r2

+ IE +
I1 I2
a
V1 B G aV2

- -

Equivalent circuit of a transformer, referred to primary

side (side1).
(measured from side 1, side 2 is short circuited)
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Equivalent Circuit
For Two Winding Transformer
R eq Xeq

+ +
I1
V1 V2 '

- -
r1
Req (12) = r1 + a r2
2 Req ( 21) = r2 + 2
ax
X eq (12) = x1 + a 2 x2 X eq ( 21) = x 2 + 12
a
Equivalent circuit of a transformer referred to side 1
and side 2. Magnetizing current neglected.
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Equivalent Circuit
For Two Winding Transformer
Xeq

+ +
'
I 1 = I2
V1 V2 '

- -

x1
X eq (12) = x1 + a x 2
2
X eq ( 21) = x2 + 2
a
Equivalent circuit of a transformer, Req neglected.
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Equivalent Circuit
For Three Winding Transformer

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Load

Models are selected based on both the type

of analysis and the load characteristics

 Constant impedance, Zload

Load is made up of R, L, and C
elements connected to a network node
and the ground (or neutral point of the
system)

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Load

 Constant current, Iload

The load has a constant current magnitude I, and a
constant power factor, independent of the nodal
voltage
Also considered as a current injection into the
network
 Constant power, Sload
The load has a constant real, P, and reactive, Q,
power component independent of nodal voltage or
current injection
Also considered as a negative power injection into
the network
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Single Line Diagram

A balanced three-phase system is always solved as a single-

phase circuit composed of one of the three lines and neutral return

The diagram is simplified further by omitting the completed circuit

through the neutral and by indicating the component parts by
standard symbols

Circuit parameters are not shown, and a transmission line is

represented by a single line between its two ends. Such a simplified
diagram of an electric system is called a one-line diagram.

The American National Standard Institute (ANSI) and the Institute of

Electrical and Electronics Engineers have published a set of standard
symbols for electrical diagram.

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 A few symbols which are commonly used

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 One-line diagram of an electric system.

1 T1 TT21
3

2
Load B

Load A

GEN.1 : 20.000 KVA, 6.6 KV, X = 0.655 OHM

GEN.2 : 10.000 KVA, 6.6 KV, X = 1.31 OHM
GEN.3 : 30.000 KVA, 3.81 KV, X = 0.1452 OHM

T1 AND T2 : EACH TRANSFORMER CONSISTS OF 3 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFMR :

10.000 KVA, 3.81-38.1 KV, X = 14.52 OHM
DINYATAKAN TERHADAP SISI TEGANGAN TINGGI.

TRANSMISI : X = 17.4 OHM

BEBAN A : 15.000 KW, 6.6 KV, POWER FACTOR : 0.9 LAG

BEBAN B : 30.000 KW, 3.81 KV, POWER FACTOR : 0.9 LAG.
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM

The One Line Diagram is used to draw the single-phase

equivalent circuit of the system. Figure (below) combines the
equivalent circuits (MODELS) of the various components
to form the IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM of the system.

LOAD MODEL →
CONSTANT IMPEDANCE
GENERATOR MODEL
 Z

IS R X = L IR

+ +

SHORT TRANSMISSION V VR
S
LINE MODEL
- -

Xeq

+ +
'
I 1 = I2
V1 V2 '
2 WINDING
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link] -TRANSFORMER MODEL-
 NETWORK MODEL

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

2 3 4

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 NETWORK NODAL ADMITTANCE
I1 1 FORMULATION
y13
y12 y10

2 I3
I2 y34
Admittance I4
Diagram y23 3 4

y20 y30 y40

I1 = V1 y10 + (V1 − V2 ) y12 + (V1 − V3 ) y13

Node Voltage
Equations
I 2 = V2 y 20 + (V2 − V1 ) y12 + (V2 − V3 ) y 23

I 3 = V3 y30 + (V3 − V1 ) y13 + (V3 − V4 ) y34 + (V3 − V2 ) y 23

I 4 = V4 y 40 + (V4 − V3 ) y34
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Matrix Formation of the Equations

I1 = ( y10 + y12 + y13 )V1 − y12 V2 − y13V3 + 0V4

I2 = − y12 V1 + ( y20 + y12 + y23 )V2 − y23V3 + 0V4
I3 = − y13V1 − y23V2 + ( y30 + y13 + y23 + y34 )V3 − y34 V4
I4 = 0V1 + 0V2 − y34 V3 + ( y40 + y34 )V4

I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 + Y13V3 + 0V4

I 2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 + Y23V3 + 0V4
I 3 = Y31V1 + Y32V2 + Y33V3 + Y34V4
I 4 = 0V1 + 0V2 + Y43V3 + Y44V4
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 The MATRIX Equation :

I1  Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14  V1 

    
I
  =  21
2 Y Y22 Y23 Y24  V2 
I 3  Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34  V3 
    
I 4  Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44  V4 

Ibus = Ybus Vbus

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 I 1  V1  Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 
     
I 2  V2  Y12 Y22 Y23 Y34 
I bus =  Vbus =  Ybus = 
I 3  V3  Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 
     
I 4  V4  Y Y42 Y43 Y44 
     41
Injected Currents Bus Voltages
to Buses (Phase to ground) Ybus Matrix

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Y11 = y10 + y12 + y13
Y22 = y 20 + y12 + y 23 Diagonal Elements Yii
Y33 = y30 + y13 + y 23 + y34
Y44 = y 40 + y34
Y12 = Y21 = − y12
Y13 = Y31 = − y13
Off-Diagonal Elements Yij
Y23 = Y32 = − y 23
Y34 = Y43 = − y34

Y14 = Y41 = 0 Off-Diagonal Elements Yij = 0,

Y24 = Y42 = 0 (not directly connected)
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 1
EXAMPLE 1 :

2 3 4

1
i1

yL13
yL12
y10
i2 i3
3 4
i4

2 y34
yL23

y20 y30 y40

 Note: 𝑌14 = 𝑌41 = 0 , bus 1 and 4 are not
connected, as well as for 𝑌24 = 𝑌42 = 0, bus 2
and 4 are not connected.

Given, the shunt admittance of the transmission lines,

𝑦𝑐13
= 4.4113 × 10−3 ∠89.989° siemens
2
𝑦𝑐12
= 1.4311 × 10−4 ∠89.999° siemens
2
𝑦𝑐23
= 8.14889 × 10−4 ∠89.9904° siemens
2
𝑦𝑐34
= 3.33795 × 10−3 ∠89.9303° siemens
2
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Given, the series impedance of the transmission lines,
𝑧13 = 60.891 ∠87.546 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑧12 = 20.474 ∠88.112° 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑧23 = 28.17897 ∠87.5451° 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑧34 = 47.7618 ∠876643° 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
Then, the shunt admittances (line charging) can be calculated :
𝑦𝑐12 𝑦𝑐13
𝑦10 = +
2 2
𝑦10 = 1.4311 × 10−4 ∠89.999° + 4.4113 × 10−3 ∠89.999°
𝑦10 = 4.554 × 10−3 ∠89.9893°siemens
 𝑦𝑐12 𝑦𝑐23
𝑦20 = +
2 2
𝑦20 = 1.4311 × 10−4 ∠89.999° + 8.14889 × 10−4 ∠89.9904°
𝑦20 = 9.57999 × 10−4 ∠89.9917°siemens

𝑦𝑐23 𝑦𝑐34 𝑦𝑐13

𝑦30 = + +
2 2 2
𝑦30 = 8.14889 × 10−4 ∠89.9904° + 3.3379 × 10−3 ∠89.9303°
+4.4113 × 10−3 ∠89.989°
𝑦30 = 8.56414 × 10−3 ∠89.9663°siemens
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Based on the above data and calculations, next we
calculate the diagonal elements of the Bus Admittace
Matrix (Ybus) :

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Then, the off-diagonal elements of the Bus Admittance
Matrix (Ybus) can be calculated as follows :

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 EXAMPLE 1-a :
Ybus Matrix using Matlab software

Line Data 1

Saluran R (pu) X(pu)

1-2 0,10 0,40 5
1-4 0,15 0,60
1-5 0,05 0,20
2-3 0,05 0,20 2
2-4 0,10 0,40
3-5 0,05 0,20
3

4
 ZBUS Matrix

[ZBUS] = [YBUS]-1

Z 11 Z 12 Z 13 Z 14  Full Matrix
 
 Z 12 Z 22 Z 23 Z 34 
Z bus =
Z 31 Z 32 Z 33 Z 34  (Ybus : Sparse Matrix)
 
Z 41 Z 42 Z 43 Z 44 

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Per Unit Normalization

• Normalize to nominal value

• Example: 11 kV at 10 kV base
Vp.u.=Vactual/Vbase=11kV/10kV=1.1p.u.
• p.u. indicates if situation is normal
• Voltage levels comparable
• Simplifies transformer calculations

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 I actual ( Amps) I
I pu = =
I base ( Amps) I B
Vactual (Volts ) V
V pu = =
Vbase (Volts ) VB
PER – UNIT
VALUES
S actual (VA) S
S pu = =
S base (VA) S B

Z actual (ohm) Z
Z pu = =
Z base (ohm) Z B
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 BASE VALUES

• Theoretically
– Any two of S, V, I and Z
• Practically
– System MVA base + One voltage base
– Sbase/Vbase => Ibase
– Vbase2/Sbase=> Zbase
• Turns ratios => other voltage bases

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Using Single Phase Data

KVAbase1
IB =
KVbaseLN

ZB =
( KVbaseLN ) 2
 1000
KVAbase1

=
( KVbaseLN ) 2

MVAbase1
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Using Three Phase Data

KVAbase3
IB =
3 KVbaseLL

ZB =
( KVbaseLL ) 2
 1000
KVAbase3

=
( KVbaseLL ) 2

MVAbase3
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 EXAMPLE 3 :
1 T1 T2
3

2 Load B

Load A 3 phase power 1 phase reactance

line-line voltage
GEN.1 : 20.000 KVA, 6.60 KV, X = 0.655 OHM
GEN.2 : 10.000 KVA, 6.60 KV, X = 1.31 OHM
GEN.3 : 30.000 KVA, 3.81 KV, X = 0.1452 OHM

T1 DAN T2 : EACH TRANSFMR CONSISTS OF 3 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFMRS :

10,000 KVA, 3.81-38.1 KV, X = 14.52 OHM REFERRED TO
HIGH VOLTAGE SIDE.

LINE : X = 17.4 OHM line-line voltage

Load A : 15.000 KW, 6.60 KV, POWER FACTOR : 0.9 LAG
Load B : 30.000 KW, 3.81 KV, POWER FACTOR : 0.9 LAG.
φ = arc cos(0.9)
3 phase power φ angle between phase voltage & phase curent
 T1 1 PHASE DATA
I1 N1 : N2 I2
a A
V1 V2
10,000 KVA
3.81 – 38.1 KV
X=14.52 Ohm ref. to HV SIDE
I1 N1 : N2 I2
b B
V1 V2

I1 N1 : N2 I2 3 PHASE DATA
c C
V1 V2
30,000 KVA
3.81√3 Y – 38.1√3 Δ KV
LV HV
6.6 66
X=14.52 Ohm ref. to HV SIDE

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 T2
I1 N1 : N2 I2 1 PHASE DATA
A a
V1 V2 10,000 KVA
38.1 – 3.81 KV
I1 N1 : N2 I2 X=14.52 Ohm ref. to HV SIDE
B b
V1 V2

I1 N1 : N2 I2
C c 3 PHASE DATA
V1 V2
30,000 KVA
HV LV 38.1√3 Y – 3.81 Δ KV

66 3.81
X=14.52 Ohm ref. to HV SIDE

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 BASE VALUES
1 T1 T2
3

2
Load B

Load A

I II III

KVAB= 30.000 KVA KVAB= 30.000 KVA KVAB= 30.000 KVA

KVB= 6.6 KV KVB= 66 KV KVB= 3.81 KV
30,000 30,000 30,000
IB = = 2.624,32 A IB = = 262,43 A IB = = 4.546,07 A
3 6,6 3 66 3 3,81

6,6 2 66 2 3,812
ZB = = 1,452 Ohm ZB = = 145,2 Ohm ZB = = 0,484 Ohm
30 30 30
Ontoseno Penangsang 3 phase data
zenno_379@[Link]
 Impedance Diagram

Data (actual values) → NORMALIZED

→ PER UNIT VALUES

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM

3 PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS (THE SYSTEM IS BALANCE) AT THE BUS

WHERE LOAD B IS CONNECTED, THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT WILL BE
CALCULATED THEREFORE LOAD A AND LOAD B ARE IGNORED.

THE CALCULATION IS CARRIED OUT AFTER ALL THE QUANTITIES’ UNITS

(VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND IMPEDANCE) ARE CONVERTED INTO PER UNIT (PU).
 PER UNIT VALUES

1 T1 T2
3

Short Circuit
2
Load B
region region
I region III
Load A II

pu pu pu
pu
pu pu
Load A and B are Isc
ignored
1.0 pu
1.0 pu

Ontoseno Penangsang 78
zenno_379@[Link]
 PER UNIT VALUES
Isc
1.0 pu
1.0 pu

Isc = ? → SUPERPOSITION THEORY

PER UNIT VALUES

Isc
A 1.0 pu
1.0 pu
79
 pu pu pu
pu
pu pu

1.0 pu
1.0 pu

Vactual (Volts ) V actual

6.6 𝑘𝑉
V pu = = 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = = 1.0 𝑝𝑢
Vbase (Volts ) VB 6.6 𝑘𝑉 base
0.655 𝑜ℎ𝑚
Z𝐺1 = 𝑗 = 𝑗0.45 𝑝𝑢
Z actual (ohm) Z 1.452 𝑜ℎ𝑚
Z pu = =
Z base (ohm) Z B 1. 31 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍𝐺2 = 𝑗 = 𝑗0.90 𝑝𝑢
1.452 𝑜ℎ𝑚
0. 1452 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍𝐺3 = 𝑗 = 𝑗0. 30𝑝𝑢
0.484 𝑜ℎ𝑚
14.52 𝑜ℎ𝑚 17. 4 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍𝑇1 = 𝑍𝑇2 = 𝑗 = 𝑗0. 10 𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑇𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑗 = 𝑗0. 12 𝑝𝑢
145.2 𝑜ℎ𝑚 145.2 𝑜ℎ𝑚
 pu pu pu
pu
pu pu
Isc

THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT Isc is CALCULATED USING

SUPERPOSITION THEORY

THE UNIT OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT IS PU → MUST BE

CONVERTED TO THE ACTUAL UNIT (AMPERE)
 Parallel
j 0.3
𝐼𝑆𝐶 =1.0 pu
𝐸𝐴 = 1.0 𝑝𝑢

𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼3
𝐼3

SUPERPOSITION → 𝑰𝑺𝑪 = 𝑰𝑨 + 𝑰𝟑
 Parallel
j 0.3
𝐼𝑆𝐶 =1.0 pu
𝐸𝐴 = 1.0 𝑝𝑢

1.0
𝐼𝐴 = = - j1.613 pu
𝑗0.3+𝑗0.1+𝑗0.12+𝑗0.1
SUPERPOSITION 1.0
𝐼3 = = - j3.333 pu
𝑗0.3

𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼3 = −𝑗4.946 𝑝𝑢 x Ibase= -j 22484 A

𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 22.5 kA
 Single Phase Transformer

• p.u. value of Z12 and Z21 the same!

• Simple p.u. model only a Zeq

EXAMPLE 4 :
A single phase transformer is rated 110/440 V, 2.5 kVA.
Leakage reactance measured from the low-tension side
is 0.06 Ω. Determine leakage reactance in pu.

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 2,5 kVA
I1 N1 : N2 I2

110 Volt 1 V1 V2 2 440 Volt

110
a= X 12 = 0,06 W
440

ZB =
( KVbaseLN )2  1000
LOW TENSION BASE IMPEDANCE : KVAbase1

Z B1 =
0,110 2 x 1000
= 4,84 W =
( KVbaseLN )2
2,5 MVAbase1

LEAKAGE REACTANCE IN PU. (referred to low tension sion

side):
0,06
X 12 = = 0,012 pu
Ontoseno Penangsang 4,84
zenno_379@[Link]
 LEAKAGE REACTANCE (referred to high tension side) :

X 12
2
 440  X eq (12) = x1 + a 2 x 2
X 21 = = 0,06  = 0,96 W x1
a2  110  X eq ( 21) = x2 + 2
a
HIGH TENSION BASE IMPEDANCE :

0,440 2 x 1000
Z B2 = = 77,5 W
2,5
LEAKAGE REACTANCE IN PU. (referred to high tension side):
0,96
X 21 = = 0,012 pu
77,5

X12 = X21 (pu)

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Three Winding Transformer
Three Impedances may be measured by the standard short circuit
test, as follows :

Z12 : Leakage impedance measured in primary with secondary

short-circuited and tertiary open
Z13 : Leakage impedance measured in primary with tertiary
short-circuited and secondary open
Z23 : Leakage impedance measured in secondary with tertiary
short-circuited and primary open

The Equivalent Circuit of a three winding transformer :

Ontoseno Penangsang
ground 87
zenno_379@[Link]
 Z12 = Z1 + Z 2
Z13 = Z1 + Z 3
Z 23 = Z 2 + Z 3

Z1 = Z12 + Z13 − Z 23 
1
2
Z 2 = Z12 + Z 23 − Z13 
All impedances in pu.
1
2
Z 3 = Z13 + Z 23 − Z12 
1
2

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Change of Base

2
 KVBo   KVABn 
Z n ( pu ) = Z o ( pu )    
 KVBn   KVABo 

Zn = Impedance (p.u) – NEW BASE

Zo = Impedance (p.u) – OLD BASE
KVBn = Base Voltage (KV) – NEW
KVBo = Base Voltage (KV) – OLD
KVABn = Base Power (KVA) – NEW
KVABo = Base Power (KVA) – OLD

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 EXAMPLE 5 :

The three phase rating of a three-winding transformer are:

Primary Y-connected, 66 kV, 15 MVA OLD
Secondary Y-connected,13.2 kV, 10.0 MVA BASE
Tertiary -connected, 2.3 kV, 5 MVA
Neglecting resistance, the leakage impedance are
Zps = 7% on 15-MVA 66-kV base
OLD
Zpt = 9% on 15-MVA 66-kV base
BASE
Zst = 8% on 10.0-MVA 13.2-kV base
Find the per-unit impedances of the star-connected circuit
model for a base of 15 MVA, 66 kV in the primary circuit

NEW BASE
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 For Three Winding Transformer

2
1

Primary : region 1 → old = 15 MVA, 66 kV

new = 15 MVA, 66 kV
Secondary : region 2 → old = 10 MVA, 13.2 kV
new = 15 MVA, 13.2 kV
Tertiary : region 3 → old = 5 MVA, 2.3 kV
new = 15 MVA, 2.3 kV
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 With a base of 15 MVA, 66 kV in the primary circuit, the
proper bases for the per-unit impedances of the equivalent
circuit are 15 MVA, 66 kV for primary-circuit quantities, 15
MVA, 13.2 kV for secondary circuit quantities, and 15 MVA,
2.3 kV for tertiary circuit quantities.

Zps and Zpt were measured on the primary circuit and are
therefore already expressed on the proper base for the
equivalent circuit. No change of voltage base is required for
Zst. The required change in base kVA for Zst is made as
follows:
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 Zst = 8% x 15/10 = 12%
In per-unit on specified base :
1
𝑍𝑝 = 𝑗0.07 + 𝑗0.09 − 𝑗0.012 = 𝑗0.02 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2
1
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑗0.07 + 𝑗0.12 − 𝑗0.09 = 𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2
1
𝑍𝑡 = 𝑗0.09 + 𝑗0.12 − 𝑗0.07 = 𝑗0.07 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2
𝒁𝑺
𝒁𝑷

𝒁𝑻

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 A constant-voltage source (infinite bus) supplies a
purely resistive 5-MW 2.3-kV load with a resistance of 1 OLD
pu, a 7.5-MVA 13.2-kV synchronous motor having a BASE
subtransient reactance of X” = 20%. The source is
connected to the primary of the three winding
transformer. The motor and resistive load are connected
to the secondary and tertiary of the transformer.
Draw the impedance diagram of the system and mark NEW
the per-unit impedance for a base of 66 kV, 15 MVA in BASE
the primary.

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 j0.05 2
j0.02
j0.07 j0.40
1
+ +
3
Eout 3.0 Em
_ _

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 The constant-voltage source can be represented by a
generator having no internal impedance.

The resistance of the load is 1.0 per-unit on a base of 5

MVA, 2.3 kV in the tertiary

Expressed on a 15 MVA [Link] base the load resistance is

15
R = 1.0 x = 3.0 per unit
5
Changing the reactance of the motor to a base of 15
MVA, 13.2 kV yields

15
X = 0.20x
''
= 0.40 per unit
Ontoseno Penangsang 7.5
zenno_379@[Link]
 EXAMPLE 6 :
M1
T1 T2 p

k l m n

G r

M2
Generator G : 300 MVA, 20 kV, x” = 20% = 0.2 pu
Motor M1 : 200 MVA (input), 13,2 kV, x” = 20% = 0.2 pu
Motor M2 : 100 MVA (input), 13,2 kV, x”=20% = 0.2 pu OLD
BASE
Transmission line : 64 km, 0,5 Ohm/km
Transformer T1 : 350 MVA, 230 Y - 20  kV, x =10%
Transformer T2 consists of 3 single-phase transformers : 100 MVA, 127-13,2 kV,
x =10%
DRAW THE REACTANCE DIAGRAM IN PU.
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 The three-phase rating of transformer T2 is :

3 x 100 = 300 MVA

and its line-to-line voltage ratio is :

3 127 / 13.2 = 220 / 13.2 kV

A base of 300 MVA, 20 kV in the generator circuit

requires a 300 MVA base in all parts of the system and
the following voltage bases
In the transmission line: 230 kV (since T1 is rated
230/20 kV)
 13.2 
In the motor circuit: 230  = 13.8 kV
Ontoseno Penangsang  220 
zenno_379@[Link]
 NEW BASE
M1
T1 T2 p

k l m n

G r

M2

I II III
MVAB= 300 MVA MVAB= 300 MVA MVAB= 300 MVA
KVB = 20 KV KVB = 230 KV KVB = 13.8 KV

IB = 8660,254 A IB = 753,066 A IB = 12551,093 A

ZB = 1.333 Ohm ZB = 176.33 Ohm ZB = 0.635 Ohm

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 The reactances of the transformers converted to the proper
base are :
300
Transformer T1 : X = 0.1  = 0.0857 per unit
350
2
 13.2 
Transformer T2 : X = 0.1    = 0.0915 per unit
 13.8 

The base impedance of the transmission line is :

(230)2 = 176.3 W
300
and the reactance of the line is :
0.5 x 64
= 0.1815 per unit
Ontoseno Penangsang 176.3
zenno_379@[Link]
 2
 13.2   300 
Reactance of motor M1 = 0.2    = 0.2745 per unit
 13.8   200 
2
 13.2   300 
Reactance of motor M2 = 0.2    = 0.5490 per unit
 13.8   100 

The required reactance diagram :

j0.085 j0.18 j0.09

k l m n

p r
j0.2
j0.27 j0.55
+
EG + +
_ Em1 Em2
_ _

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 If the motors M1 and M2 have inputs of 120 and 60 MW
respectively at 13.2 kV, and both operate at unity power
factor, find the voltage at terminals of the generator.

Together the motors take 180 MW, or

180
P= = 0.6 per unit
300

Therefore with V and I at the motors in per-

unit :

|V| . |I| cosφ = 0.6 per-unit

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]
 and since,
13.2
V = = 0.9565/ 0 0 per unit
13.8
0.6
I= = 0.6273/ 0 0 per unit
0.9565
Motor Voltage Voltage Drop
At the generator,

V = 0.9565 + 0.6273(j0.0915 + j0.1815 + j0.0857)

= 0.9565 + j0.2250 = 0.9826/13.200 per-unit

The generator terminal voltage is :

0.9826 x 20 = 19.65 kVL-L

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@[Link]