MAPEH Reviewer

Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), the government agency mandated to

formulate policies on illegal drugs in the Philippines, there are 1.8 million current illegal
drug users in the Philippines, and 4.8 million Filipinos report having used illegal drugs at
least once in their lives. Majority of illegal drug users are adults (91%), males (87%), and
have reached high school education (80%). More than two-thirds (67%) are employed

methamphetamine which is locally

called shabu.

Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation

1.
Voluntary - The drug dependent or patient decides on his/her own to be examined and
is willingly admitted in a rehabilitation center.
2. Voluntary through representations - The drug dependent or patient is willingly admitted
to a rehabilitation center for treatment but wants to be accompanied by a trusted adult
member of the family, relative, or legal guardian.
3. Compulsory confinement - The drug dependent or patient is in a life-threatening
situation or is a threat to his/her family, thus needs to be confined.

.
Gateway Drugs - Gateway drugs such as cigarettes and alcohol are legal drug
Depressants - are psychoactive drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous
system (the brain and spinal cord),
Stimulants - are a class of drugs that speed up the messages between the brain and the
body.
Narcotics - are drugs which relieve pain and induce sleepiness
Hallucinogens - are drugs which distorts reality and sensory perception of the user.
Inhalants - are found in ordinary household chemical products and anesthetics

First aid is an immediate action given to a person who experiences any type of injuries while
waiting for the medical assistance to arrive
First Aider is the person or rescuer who administers first aid. Being a first aider comes with
roles and responsibilities.

Objectives of First Aid

[Link] save and prolong lives
[Link] lessen the victim’s suffering
[Link] prevent further injuries

dressing is a piece of sterile cloth used to cover a wound to prevent from any infection
and to stop the bleeding

Bandages are used to apply pressure to bleeding. It can also be used to cover wounds
and burns and to provide support for immobilization for broken bones, and any types of
injuries

Gauze/Roller - a gauze bandage can come a variety of widths and lengths.

Compression - it is also called an elastic bandage
• Triangular - it is also known as a cravat bandage A triangular bandage is a piece of
cloth shaped as a right-angled triangle and often provided with safety pins to secure it
in place.
Tubular Bandage - it is used to hold dressings or splints on to limbs

The American Heart Association uses acronym CAB to help people remember

he order to perform the steps of CPR.

• C - Circulation (restore circulation with chest compression)

• A - Airway (clear the airway)
• B - Breathing (breath for the person

The act of taking vital signs normally entails recording body temperature, pulse
rate or heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.

Primary Survey - is used when the victim is unconscious

Secondary Survey - is used when the victim is conscious or has revived.

SAMPLE PAIN is the mnemonic to perform the steps more easily.

S-ymptoms (the chief complaint of the patient)
A-llergy (find out if the victim is allergic to anything)
M-edication (what are the medicines s/he is currently taking)
P-revious illness (that may be related to the problem)
L-ast meal (only for those subject for operation)
E-vents (prior to what happened)
P-eriod of pain (How long? What started it?)
A-rea (Where is the pain coming from?)
I-ntensity
N-ullify (What stopped it?)

Signs are details discovered by applying your senses - sight, touch, hearing, and smell during
the examination.

Symptoms are sensations that the victim feels or experiences and may be able to describe

Fracture - is a break or crack in a bone.

• Check vital signs.
• Do not move the injured part.
• Seek medical help immediately.
Dislocation - a partial or complete displacement of the
bones from the joint.
Dislocation - a partial or complete displacement of the
bones from the joint.
Strain - an injury to the muscles which is a result of
improper use of the muscle.
• Apply R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevate)
Sprain - is an injury to the ligaments of a bone due to
accidental tearing or overstretching
Drowning - it occurs when air cannot get into the lungs because of water.
Heart Attack - it is caused by a sudden obstruction of blood supply to a part of the heart
muscles
Chemical Burns - may occur upon contact with a corrosive substance
Stroke - is a condition in which the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly and
seriously impaired by a blood clot or ruptured blood vessel
Weight and height of the victim
• Status of the victim if he or she is conscious or unconscious
• Environment
• Special need consideration
One man Carry
Fire man’s Carry
One –person lift
Pack-strap carry
Shoulder pull
Blanket pull
Two person carry
Human Crutch
Four-handed Seat
Two-handed seat
Chair carry
Improvised Stretcher
Blanket Stretcher
Three or more man carry
Hammock carry
Stretcher Lift’
Intentional Injury
• This term refers to injuries that are results of an intended human action.
• It can be divided into two types;
º Self-inflicted - when a person purposely harms himself/herself.
º Assault - when a person harms another person on purpose. It can be classified
depending on the person or persons causing harm:
º an act of violence perpetrated within the family
º committed by peers
º an act of violence committed by other groups
• Suicide is an intentional taking of one’s own life while Parasuicide is an act in which a
person attempts to suicide without having any intention to die.
• Domestic violence may happen when a family member purposely abuses another family
member. Bullying, stalking, and extortion may happen in school and community. Other
forms of intentional injury can also be seen in many places like youth violence, kidnapping,
abduction, and different acts of terror
Unintentional Injury
It refers to any form of injuries which happens accidentally. It also described as any
unintended injuries resulting from a physical energy in the environment.
• Here are some common unintentional injuries;
º Fracture
º Dislocation
º Food poisoning
º Heat exhaustion
º Sprain and Strain

Assault
▪ DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
- It is also known as family violence, is when someone uses violence or manipulation
to maintain power and control over someone, they’re close to. It can involve physical,
sexual, or emotional abuse, intimidation, threats, insults, or psychological manipulation.
▪ SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION
- Sexual victimization is a term that refers to any sexual act that is performed
without the consent of the victim. It includes unwanted sexual touching, forced oral sex,
and rape, among other sexual acts. Sexual victimization can occur at any age, but some
people may suffer from it while they are children and become adult survivors of sexual
abuse and/or assault.

▪ BULLYING
- Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves
a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be
repeated, over time. (e.g. Physical, Social, Verbal and Cyber)
▪ ASSAULT-RELATED ACTS
- Other forms of intentional injury can also be seen in many places like youth
violence, kidnapping, abduction, and different acts of terror.

▪ GREENSTICK
- A greenstick fracture is a partial bone break that typically occurs in children due to
their more flexible and resilient bone composition. This fracture pattern is characterized by
a break on one side of the bone while the other side remains intact and bends, similar to
breaking a young, green tree branch.
▪ TRANSVERSE
- A type of broken bone that runs horizontally perpendicular to your bone. Types of
transverse fractures are: Nondisplaced, Displaced and Open.

▪ OBLIQUE
- are a type of broken bone that occurs at an angle rather than straight across the
bone. They can happen in any bone, but are most common in long bones such as the tibia or
fibula in the leg.
▪ COMPOUND
 - A compound fracture, also known as an open fracture, occurs when a broken
bone penetrates the skin, causing an open wound. It is a serious injury that requires urgent
medical treatment.
▪ SPIRAL
- A spiral fracture is a bone fracture caused by a rotating force along the bone axis.
Spiral fractures can occur when one extremity, such as your foot, is planted while your body
remains in motion.
COMMINUTED
- A comminuted fracture is a type of broken bone where the bone breaks into three
or more pieces. It is usually caused by intense impact, such as a car accident or a severe fall.
Comminuted fractures often occur in the long bones of the arms and legs.
▪ DISLOCATION
- occurs when the ends of two connected bones are forced out of their normal
positions, disrupting the joint’s alignment. Common locations for dislocations include
shoulders, fingers, elbows, knees, hips, and toes.
▪ WOUND
- A wound is any disruption of or damage to living tissue, such as skin, mucous
membranes, or organs.
▪ OPEN WOUNDS
- The skin is cracked open, leaving the underlying tissue exposed to the outside
environment, which makes it more vulnerable to bleeding and infections.
CLOSED WOUNDS
- The tissues are traumatized without a break in the skin
▪ BRUISE
- Also known or synonymous with “Contusion”.
-Result of small blood vessels breaking and bleeding under the skin. Flat and tender.
▪ HEMATOMA
- Result of blood pooling outside a blood vessel. Raised, hard, and painful. Often
more serious.
▪ ABRASION
- An abrasion wound is a type of open wound that occurs when the skin is rubbed or
scraped against a hard surface.
▪ AVULSION
- An avulsion wound is a type of wound in which a part of the body has been torn off
or removed through either surgery or trauma.
▪ LACERATION
- A laceration wound is a skin wound caused by tearing, rather than a clean cut.
Lacerations can be caused by sharp objects or blunt trauma.
▪ INCISION
- Incision wounds are types of cuts that occur when a sharp object, such as a knife,
scissors, or broken glass, penetrates the skin
▪ PUNCTURE
- A puncture wound is a deep wound that occurs due to something sharp and
pointed, such as a nail. The opening on the skin is small, and the puncture wound may not
bleed much.
▪ PENETRATION
 - A wound that involves an object going beyond the skin and entering the deeper
tissues of the body.
• First-Degree Burn (Superficial): Affects only the epidermis. They are red, painful,
warm, and have no blisters. They usually heal in 7 days.
• Second-Degree Burn (Partial-Thickness): Affects the epidermis and dermis. They are
painful, form blisters, and are red and swollen. The skin may need grafting if severe.
• Third-Degree Burn (Full-Thickness): All skin layers are affected. The nerves are
destroyed, so it typically is not painful. This type of burn requires grafting, takes
months to heal, and may present as black/yellow/eschar.
• Fourth-Degree Burn (Deep Full-Thickness): All layers are destroyed. This type of burn
extends to muscles/bones. There is often no pain, and there can be significant
black/charred amounts of sin. It often requires months to heal and will require
grafting.