Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter represents various methodologies in gathering and analyzing

the data. It includes the research locale, research instrument, research design,

data gathering procedure, data analysis, key informant, and ethical

considerations.

Research Design

Identifying the design and approach is one of the essential procedures in

formulating research. The research is qualitative in design as it aims to examine

the concerns or issues of teenagers dealing with depression.

According to Girardin (2023), qualitative research aims to gain insights

and understanding of people’s experiences and perspectives by studying social

organizations and human behavior. The date collected by qualitative studies

focus on the beliefs and emotional responses of the people.

In addition, a case study is a type of research methodology that produces

multifaceted understanding of a complex problem. As cited Cherry (2024), in a

case study nearly every aspect of the subject’s life and history is analyzed to

seek patterns and causes of behavior. Using qualitative research with its method

that focuses on gathering information through open-ended and conversational

communication with its key informants, the researchers will be examining the

difficulties and solutions of teenage depression.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Bula, General Santos City, South

Cotabato. Barangay Bula is one of the 26 barangays of General Santos City,

which became a separate municipality from Buayan District in 1940 by virtue of

EU# 250. It has a total land area of 323.18 hectares and is composed of 25

puroks/zones with a total population of 34, 308.

The study will be conducted in Bula, with the convenience of the location

being an easy access point of the researchers as it is also within the proximity of

the school’s Barangay. Furthermore, the respondent of the study is similarly

present within the locality chosen.

Figure 1. Location Map of Barangay Bula

20
Key Informants

The key informant of this study will be two teenagers that has experienced

depression who will be selected using purposive sampling technique.

The researchers will employ the purposive sampling strategy when

selecting participants for the study because it is an appropriate method,

particularly for a case study where participants will be selected based on unique

circumstances and with the researchers’ specific goal in mind. Therefore, the

researchers aim to select cases that provide valuable insights for in-depth

analysis.

Purposive sampling technique refers to a group of non-probability

sampling methods where the researchers’ judgments of the subjects to be

investigated are used to select the participants. It is sometimes referred to as

subjective, selective, or judgmental sampling. This is common in qualitative

research, which is helpful when trying to uncover information-rich cases. The

main goal of Purposive sampling technique is to focus on a particular

characteristic of a population that is of interest, which will best enable the

researchers to answer their questions (Rai, Thapa, 2015).

The key informant for the study will be chosen based on the following

criteria: first, the participant must be clinically diagnosed with depression;

second, the age must range from 10 to 19 and female, due to being more prone

to depression with 4% among men and 6% among women in depression rate

(World Health Organization, 2023); third, she must have overcome depression

through specific interventions with a medical record of being clinically cleared.

21
Research Instruments

Individual in-depth interviews and structured non-participant observation

will be used as research tools in this study. The goal is to understand the causes

of teenage depression and the strategies used by affected teens to recover from

it. Then, (6) semi-structured interview questions will be used by the researchers.

Three members of the school’s faculty will validate these questions.

Furthermore, the social sciences have been long used structured

observation, a qualitative research method, extensively. Observing participants

without actively taking part is known as non-participant observation. By

immersing oneself in the community or social structure under study while

remaining outside of the observed actions, this approach helps to understand a

phenomenon (Glazier, 2023).

An individual in-depth interview (IDI) is a qualitative research approach

that focuses on conducting an in-depth interview with a single participant, as

mentioned by Cruz (2020). It seeks to dive deeply into the participant’s thoughts,

feelings, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, or motivations surrounding a particular

topic of interest. It is led by a skilled interviewer. They can take place in a variety

of ways such as in-person meetings, phone calls, or cross-cultural video

conferences.

Finally, one technique for gathering data that depends on asking

questions inside a predefined topic framework is the semi-structured interview.

The questions are not, however, phrased in a particular order. Semi-structured

22
interviews are frequently qualitative in character when used in research (Tegan,

2022).

Data Gathering Procedure

To guarantee that information is gathered methodically and thoroughly, a

semi-structured interview guide will be developed. Open-ended questions that

encourage participants to share their experiences should be included in the

interview guide.

Validating of Research Instruments

The researchers will use a structured non-participant observation

technique by having a predetermined interview schedule background

checking/observation.

Getting Consent from the Key Informants

A second letter will be sent to the potential respondents noted by the

Practical Research adviser, requesting their consent to fully participate in the

research.

Conducting of Interview

The choice of an appropriate setting will depend on the respondent’s

availability as well as the interview location’s practicality.

Transcribing and Translating of Data

To ensure accurate recording of participant responses, the researchers

will obtain permission before recording the interview on audio or video. As an

alternative, think about taking thorough notes or transcribing your data. With the

23
original audio or video recordings to spot any discrepancies. Additionally, by

checking with our participants to see if the information is correct.

Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the researchers will employ thematic analysis by

Villegas (2023). It has five steps namely:

Familiarization

Our initial task involves familiarizing ourselves with the data. It is essential

to gain a comprehensive understanding of all the collected data before diving into

the analysis of specific elements.

Coding

Following that, we must proceed with coding the data. This entails

identifying segments within our text, typically phrases or sentences, and devising

concise labels or codes to depict their content.

Generating Themes

Afterwards, we review the codes that were generated, pinpoint patterns

among them and begin formulating themes.

Reviewing Themes

If we encounter challenges with our themes, we may opt to divide, merge,

eliminate, or introduce new ones. This process involves defining and labeling the

themes accordingly.

Writing Up

24
 In conclusion, we will compose our data analysis like academic writings,

crafting a thematic analysis necessitates an introduction to outline our research

questions and methodology.

As discussed by Medelyan (2015), coding analysis has four (4) steps.

Open Coding

During this initial coding stage, the researchers seek identifiable concepts

and categories within the data, serving as the fundamental components of the

analysis. Essentially, the researchers deconstruct the data into primary concepts,

referred to as master headings, and secondary categories, known as

subheadings.

Axial (focused) coding

During open coding, the researcher concentrates on the interview text to

establish concepts and categories. In axial coding, the researchers utilize the

concepts and categories identified during open coding while revisiting the

interview text to ensure their accuracy in reflecting interview responses.

Build a Data Table

This method proves highly efficient for structuring the results and/or

discussion within a research paper. Despite its seemingly rapid execution, it

demands significant time investment to ensure thoroughness and quality.

Analysis and Write-up

Table 10.4 not only serves as a useful method for structuring the analysis

but also aids in the write-up of data analysis. The initial stage of the analysis

involves discussing different categories and explaining the related concepts. As

25
part of this stage, the researchers will outline the themes established during the

axial coding process, which is the subsequent step.

Furthermore, the researchers will also employ case analysis as discussed

by De Leon (2020).

Preparation

Similar to any research endeavor, it is crucial to adequately prepare for

conducting a case analysis. Initiate by thoroughly examining the particulars of the

case under scrutiny to ensure comprehensive understanding.

Introduction

In the introduction of a case analysis, you provide an overview of the

identified problems along with a statement containing a hypothesis explaining the

reasons behind the problem occurrence and proposing the optimal solution to

address the issue.

Background Information

Every case analysis ought to incorporate background details to offer

context for individuals who might review it or wish to contribute, particularly when

an analysis could benefit from diverse perspectives.

Proposed Solutions

Another aspect of a case analysis entails presenting potential resolutions

to the problem delineated in earlier stages. Offer solutions that are feasible,

practical, and executable within any limitations, taking into account.

26
 Now that the final set of themes has been determined, it is essential to

assign names and elucidate each one. This process involves precisely defining

each theme and discerning its contribution to our comprehension of the data.

Ethical Considerations

As this study will explore the strategies/interventions and reasons as to

why teenagers experience depression, the following principles will be observed

while conducting the research.

Honesty

It is crucial to this study because it creates an environment that is

favorable to direct and honest communication.

Objectivity

Being objective could lessen the researchers’ personal biases which will

produce more reliable and valid research findings.

Integrity

Respecting commitments given to participants will also build a sense of

trust and support the validity of the research process, enhancing the study’s

overall quality and credibility.

Carefulness

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your

own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities,

27
such as data collection, research design and correspondence with agencies or

journals.

Legality

Legal Research allows a comprehensive understanding of the study by

helping you in analyzing the law by breaking it down into separate elements and

simplifying understanding and interpretation of specific statutes and cases.

Respect for Intellectual Property

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not

use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission.

Confidentiality

Ensure the participants’ identity, personal information, and responses will

not be disclosed to anyone outside of the research team unless otherwise agreed

upon.

Respect for Colleagues

Researchers must respect their own colleagues and deal with them

honestly throughout the conducting of the study.

28
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APPENDICES

33
 Appendix A
LETTER OF PERMISSION

Department Of Education
BULA NATIONAL SCHOOL OF FISHERIES
General Santos City
Graduate School

May 2024

Researchers
Bula National School of Fisheries
General Santos City

Sir/Ma’am:

Magandang Gensan!

The undersigned is a senior high school student of Bula National School of Fisheries
and at the moment conducting a research paper entitled “The Feeling of Lost Hope: A
Case Study of a Teenager with Depression”.

Anent to this, he would like to ask an approval from your good office to allow us to
conduct this study.

Rest assured that all data will be preserved with utmost confidentiality.

Thank and more powers.

Very truly yours,

DIANE SOPHIA D. ALIH

JAMIR DUTCH DASAL

34
FLORIVYNN C. LISTON

MARIELLE YZA T. VERSUZA

Researchers

Approved:

STEVEN JAY A. SILAH, LPT. MAT Engl.

Adviser
Appendix B
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDE

SOP 1:

Stand-in Questions

1. Can you describe a specific instance when you first recognized symptoms of

depression?

2. How do you feel your experience with depression has impacted your relationship with

family and friends.

3. What are some challenges you faced in seeking help or support for your depression

as a teenager?

4. How did your experience with depression as a teenager affect your academic

performance and school life?

5. Can you discuss any misconceptions you encountered regarding teenage depression,

either from peers or adults?

35
6. What advice would you give to other teenagers who may be struggling with

depression?

SOP 2:

Stand-in Questions

1. How did you manage to overcome your depression?

2. Do you find it hard to communicate with other people?

3. What do you think is the most efficient way to cope with depression?

4. Were you given any prescriptions?

5. What were the interventions that were recommended by the doctor?

6. Was there any hindrances during your healing process

36
 Appendix C
CONSENT LETTER

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

TITLE:

“THE FEELING OF LOST HOPE: A CASE STUDY OF A TEENAGER WITH

DEPRESSION”

We, Ms. Diane Sophia D. Alih, Mr. Jamir Dutch Dasal, Ms. Florivynn

C. Liston, and Ms. Marielle Yza T. Versuza presently a Senior High School

School student at Bula National School of Fisheries of General Santos City. We

wish to conduct a study on the coping mechanisms of teenager who experienced

depression. I humbly ask favor for you to be part of this research endeavor. Your

active participation will form part of the success of this study.

This consent form might include words that are not that clear to you,

please do not hesitate to ask questions for clarifications. I would love to hear and

answer your questions or any queries about this form.

37
 Moreover, your participation in an in-depth interview for about thirty

minutes will play a significant role. I really feel that your soon to be shared

experiences would be of great help for us to deeply understand the essence and

context of positive discipline implementation.

Furthermore, your participation in this study is voluntary. You have the

utmost freedom to withdraw later or stop participating even if you already signed

up with the agreement form. Moreover, you are free not to answer any of the

questions if you are uncomfortable with. At the end of the interview, you will be

given time to review your responses, and let us know if you want some additional

information, modifications, or revisions of your answers. Feel free to share any of

your concerns.

The in-depth interview will take place in/at General Santos City on

____________________, 2024. With respect for confidentiality, only you and the

researcher will be present during the interview. As part of the data collection, the

whole duration of the interview process will be recorded. The tape will be kept in

the locked storage to maintain privacy and confidentiality. The information

recorded in the tapes will be destroyed after twenty weeks after the successful

transcription.

May this research endeavor become successful with your participation!

DIANE SOPHIA D. ALIH

38
JAMIR DUTCH DASAL

FLORIVYNN C. LISTON

MARIELLE YZA T. VERSUZA

Researchers

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : FLORIVYNN C. LISTON
Age : 17 years old
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : March 03, 2007
Place of Birth : General Santos City
Parents’ Names : Froilyn C. Liston
: Von Peter B. Liston
Email : florirockstar03@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High School
11 HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 1
Bula National School of Fisheries
Zone 7, Bula, General Santos City
September 2023-present
With Honors
SSLG Officer

Junior High School

BULA NATIONAL SCHOOL OF FISHERIES
Computer System Servicing
Zone 7, Bula, General Santos City
June 2019-July 2023
With Honors
Elementary

39
 Dadiangas West Elementary School
Magsaysay Avenue General Santos City
June 2013-April 2019

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : MARIELLE YZA T. VERSUZA

Age : 17 years old

Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : November 25, 2006
Place of Birth : General Santos City

Parents’ Names : Mariafe T. Versuza

: Roel Pellazar Versuza
Email : versuzamarielle@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High School
11 HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 1
Bula National School of Fisheries
Zone 7, Bula, General Santos City
September 2023-present
With Honors

Junior High School

BULA NATIONAL SCHOOL OF FISHERIES
Cookery
Zone 7, Bula, General Santos City
June 2019-July 2023

Elementary
H. Bayan Sr. Central Elementary School
Buayan General Santos City

40
 June 2013-April 2019

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : DIANE SOPHIA D. ALIH
Age : 16 years old
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : October 01, 2007
Place of Birth : General Santos
City
Parents’ Names : Rolly Mae D. Alih
: Nazier P. Alih
Email : ayezenin@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High School
11 HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 1
Bula National School of Fisheries
Zone 7, Bula, General Santos City
September 2023-present
With Honors

Junior High School

BULA NATIONAL SCHOOL OF FISHERIES
Computer System Servicing
Zone 7, Bula, General Santos City
June 2019-July 2023
With Honors
Special Awards in Journalism
SSLG Officer

Elementary

41
 Saavedra Saway Central Elementary School
Labangal General Santos City
June 2013-April 2019
With Honors

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : JAMIR DUTCH DASAL
Age : 17 years old
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : December 21, 2006
Place of Birth : General Santos City

Parents’ Names : Sheila S. Dasal

Email : cutieeejamir@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High School
11 HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 1
Bula National School of Fisheries
Zone 7, Bula, General Santos City
September 2023-present
With Honors

Junior High School

BULA NATIONAL SCHOOL OF FISHERIES
Cookery
Zone 7, Bula, General Santos City
June 2019-July 2023
With Honors

Elementary
Bula Central Elementary School
Bula General Santos City
June 2013-April 2019
With Honors

42
43