Empowering Educators MATHEMATICS g Kit'HREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY BRISK LEARN/NG Solution Private Limited Empowering Educators sae THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY Top Review 1. IfP(x1, ya, 21) and Q(x2, y2, 22) are two points in space, then 2 2 2 PQ = [X-%) +(Yo-¥s) *(&-%) 2. The distance of a point P(x:, ys, 2:) from the origin O is given by OP = \x,? +y,° +2, 3. The coordinates of a point R which divides the line joining the points P(x, yx, z1) and Q(x2, Yo, 22) internally in the ratio m:n are mx, +nX, My, +nY, mz, + m2) m+n ' m+n ‘ men : 4. The coordinates of a point R which divides the line joining the points P(x, yi, 21) and Q(x2 ya, 22) externally in the ratio m:n are m-n ' m-n ' m=-n (ms =nx, my, -—ny, mz, =) 5. Let P(x:, ya Z1) and Q(x2 y2, Z2) be two points in space. The coordinates of the midpoint of PQ (Xi+%> Vi tVo Z +h) { 2° BlMInY) are 6. Let P(x:, ya 21), Q(x2 Ya, 22) and R(x3 ys, 23) be three vertices of the triangle. X +X Vi + Vo + ¥3 G(x,y,2) is G (x,Y12) is { 7 : Hence, the centroid 7. The projection of the line joining points P(x:, ys, Z1) and Q(x2, y2, 22) to the line with direction x, -X, )l+(y, -y,)m + (z, -2,)n) cosines, |, mand n is [2% —¥:)I+ (Yo -¥a)m+ (Z -2)n] (1)BRISK LEARN/NG Solution Empowering Educators 'HREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOM! yate Limited sae Top Concepts 1. The angles a, g and y which a directed line L, through the origin, makes with the x, y and z axes, respectively, are called direction angles. Z If the direction of line L is reversed, then the direction angles will m-a,t-8 andx- y. N . If a directed line L passes through the origin and makes angles « , # and y with the x, y and z axes respectively, then A=cos a, m= cos f and n= cos y are called direction cosines of line L. w . For a given line to have a unique set of direction cosines, a directed line is used. . The direction cosines of the directed line which does not pass through the origin can be obtained by drawing a line parallel to it and passing through the origin S Zz 5, Any three numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of the line are called direction ratios. If, mand n are the direction cosines and a, b and c are the direction ratios (2)THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOME' of a line, then A = ka, m = kb and n = kc, where k is any non-zero real number. 2 . For any line, there are an infinite number of direction ratios. ~ . Direction ratios of the line joining P(x:, ys, 21) and Q(x2, y2, Z2) May be taken as X2~ Xt, Y= Var 22 — 21 OF Xa = Xo, Ya ~ Yor 24> 22 8. Direction cosines of the x-axis are cosO, c0s90, c0s90, i.e., 1, 0, 0. Similarly, the direction cosines of the y-axis are 0, 1, 0 and the z-axis are 0, 0, 1, respectively. 9. Aline is uniquely determined if 1. It passes through a given point and has given direction ratios OR 2. It passes through two given points. [Link] lines with direction ratios a1, a2, a3 and bi, bz, bs, respectively, are perpendicular if arbi + abe + asbs = 0 [Link] lines with direction ratios a:, az, a3 and bs, by, bs, respectively, are parallel if [Link] lines which are neither intersecting nor parallel are called as skew lines. Skew lines are non- coplanar, ice, they do not belong to the same 2D plane. 2 GE and DB are skew lines. [Link] angle between skew lines is the angle between two intersecting lines drawn from any point (preferably through the origin) parallel to each of the skew lines. (3)IREE-DIMENSIONAL G! BRISK LEARN/NG ee settions Limited 14. If two lines in space are intersecting, then the shortest distance between them is zero. [Link] two lines in space are parallel, then the shortest distance between them is the perpendicular distance. a Ca) A ACH) [Link] normal vector, often simply called the ‘normal’ to a surface, is a vector perpendicular to a surface. + horns <— Pine [Link] the three points are collinear, then the line containing those three points can be part of many planes. [Link] angle between two planes is defined as the angle between their normals. [Link] the planes Aix + Bry + Ciz+D1=Oand A,x+B2y +(2+D2= 0 are perpendicular to each other, then A1A2 + BiBp + CiC) = 0 If the planes Aix+ Bry + Ciz + Di = 0 and Ax + Bay + C2z + Dp = 0 are parallel, then (4)'HREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY BRISK LEARN/NG Solution Private Limited Empowering Educators 20. The angle between a line and a plane is the complement of the angle between the line and the normal to the plane. [Link] distance of a point from a plane is the length of the unique line from the point to the plane which is perpendicular to the plane. Top Formulae 1. Direction cosines of the line L are connected by the relation |? + m? + n? 2. Ifa, b, and care the direction ratios of a line, and |, m, and n are its direction cosines, then ot met ps Vetb +c Va?+b?+c7 le? b? +c? 3. The direction cosines of the line joining (5)Lua OC P( Xa, Yu, 21) and Ql x2, Yo, Z2) are Zz PQ.’ PQ’ PQ where PENOLA Hee 4. Vector equation of a line which passes through the given point whose position vector is bis r=a+ib and parallel to a given vector 5. If coordinates of point A are (x1, y1, 21) and direction ratios of the line are a, b, c, then eX 9 2 cartesian form of equation oflineis: @ 6 © 6. If coordinates of point A are (x, ys, 23) and direction cosines of the line are |, m, and n, x then Cartesian equation of line is: ‘ 7. The vector equation of a line which passes through two points whose position vectors are a and b is?=8+A(b-a) 8. Cartesian equation of a line which passes through two points (x:, ys» 23) and (X2, Yo 2a) is X=%, YoY 22%, %K WN Bz XA 9. The parametric equations of the line X=X, tary =y, +br,z=z, +r, where reR y-0_z-0 060 or y=0 and z=0 x-0 [Link] of the x-axis: 1 x 1 ° a8 or x=0 and z=0 ° | [Link] of the y-axis: x=0 _y-0_2-0 4 y<9 and y=0 [Link] of the z-axis: [Link] of a Cartesian form of an equation of a line to a vector form: (6)BRISK LEARN/NG sae Let the Cartesian form of an equation of line be Hence, the vector form of the equation of the line is (xi+y,j+2,k) +2(a +bj+ ck), where 2. is a parameter. [Link] of a vector form of the equation of a line to the Cartesian form Let the Cartesian form of the equation of a line be a+am, where a=x,i+y,j+z,k and m=a+bj+ck and Ais a parameter Then the Cartesian form of the equation of the line is X=% _YoM 2741 a b c [Link] @ between two lines L: and Ly passing through the origin and having direction ratios a1, bs, Cy and a2 ,b2, Cais aaytbyb,+cic> p2+b,?+c7 Ja,?+by +c," orsing = Mavbeeby Hb be) Hearca)™ faze. +b, +c7 cos = [Link] of perpendicularity: If the lines are perpendicular to each other, then a:a2 + bib2 + cic2 = 0. [Link] of a line passing through a point having position vector k and perpendicular to r=a, +mb, and ra, +mb, is r=k +m(b, xb,) the lines [Link] find the intersection of two lines: Consider the two lines: x-X, Y-%y 2-2 0 x- 1-274 and ab OG Step (i): The general coordinates of general points on the given two lines are (aik + x1, bik + yx, ck + 21) and (agm + x2, bam + y2, Cam + 22) 7)sae 'HREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY BRISK LEARN/NG yate Limited —____————————————— Maton Empower ate Step (ii) Equate both the points Thus, we have ask + x: = apm +x, bik + yi = bam + yo, Gk +21 = com+2) Step (iii): Solve the first two equations to get the values of k and m. Check whether the point satisfies the third equation also. If it satisfies, then the lines intersect, otherwise they do not. Step (iv): Substitute the values of k and m in the set of three equations to get the intersection point. [Link] find the intersection of two lines in the vector form: Let the two lines be F=(al+agd+ag)+k(bi+b,j+b,8)...0) i =(afia,j+a/k) +m(o(isb,i+b)@)....2) Step (i): Position vectors of arbitrary points on (1) and (2) are (ai+a.j+a,k)+k(b,i+b,j+b,k) fs i+, j+ayk)+m(b,i+b, J+ bk) Step (ii): Because the lines (1) and (2) intersect, they intersect each other, and their points of intersection are as follows: axt kay’ = by + mby’: a2 + kag’ = b2 + mbz’; a3 + ka’ = ba + mbs’ Step (iii): Solve any two of the equations to get the values of k and m. Substitute the values of k and m in the third equation to check whether it satisfies it. If it does satisfy it, then the two lines intersect, otherwise they do not. Step (iv): Substitute the values of k and m to get the point of intersection. [Link] distance of a line from a point: Let P(u, v, w) be the given point. X= -Y, 2-4 let a b C be the given line. Let N be the foot of the perpendicular. Then the coordinates of N are, a(u-x,)+b(v-y,)+¢(w-z,) a+b+c (x, +ak, y, +bk,z, +ck), where k=- Now, the distance PN can be determined using the distance formula. 22, Perpendicular distance of a line from a point when it is in the vector form: Step (i): Let P(di) be the given point. Let 7*- @ + kb be the position vector of the line. Step (ii): Find PN - Position vector of N — Position vector of P (8)'HREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY BRISK LEARN/NG Qh) eee Step (iii): PN.b =0 Step (iv): Get the value of k Step (v): Substitute the value of k in ?-G@+kb Step (vi): Compute |PN| to obtain the perpendicular distance. [Link] lines: Two lines are said to be skew lines if they are neither parallel nor intersecting. [Link] distance: The shortest distance between two lines L; and Ly is the distance PQ. between the points P and Q, where the lines of shortest distance intersect the two given lines. [Link] shortest distance between two skew lines L and M having equations a, +Ab, and a, +b, respectively, is (bixb,)-(@ - a) Px [Link] for two given lines to intersect: If the lines 7 = di + kb; and # = @ + kb, intersect, then the shortest distance between them is zero. (Pot) - 2) | BRT [Link] shortest distance between the lines in the Cartesian form Thus, = 0 => (b,xB,)-(@ - a)=0 ‘i a xX=x, is given by P2-% Y2-V 22-2 a by & a,)'+ (a,b, — ,b,)° (b,c, ~ b,c, +(G2, P23, +B and f=3, +b isd= ar [Link] between parallel lines, (9)