classate
Dote
pane
A8S1GNMLNI-1
ne the fachortk aflectag he.
At Thene facto Ahat can
fachss includei
ORw Mateniali
Qow mederialy 2o bricks pruductien
Shch as cay , Sand oand additive can gracdy impact dhe
quali'ty c goed braickl: The composition and prapendie d
thesematekah aheuld be atefelly contolle do _enkune
the desiadquality
The
Comet mising and pnapoadziing o the
the gaw
maderiala
Tmproptr mining o ntonred prtopotiond
bricks Ahat are
(co) Mostune Conteti
7|The moiktune tontent o the
raw makerials and dunio the
brick furming preceM enl4ial. Iasuffeent moture Can leacl
to eeah bricka,while 2cen ive moatue Can Cause
Crackint
The preurte applicd duing he brlck toming pnocek afeca
the deaty and Atrenqth o dhe brsk
Tasuffieat pnehurte Can gedelt in pono an weak bricks
while eaLeMive pnekurte.
cause cnaLkng
()
eon the brdeks belere Aring nasequate dying ean led t
te classmate
Date
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cracking
bricks?
The firingAemp. and ouaton Ahald be caneflly contaalled
to Sue dhad the breicky Ke propealy nitniked ondhave
he deained Atenath anddurabiliAy
uction
he Can cause oUenburning ox defexmatton
(s Ruelty leotel
Regulaa -qualtty Contasl. cheeka thnoghaud
thnughaud the paoduktog.
theblckyi et the
proess eMential do ensurte that
stanlad
7Thia includes testin the physial propetieA o the brickas
Auch as LompKeh ve Ataeagthwater dbsospton and d'meadibr
aautacy
By payng attentibn do these facte and ia plementing
ptoper qual'ty contrelmlasunes the overall qualLty o
the bocs Can
leacl
23hat are the Uses of bricka?
Anu: Brdcka have a cuide grange ot usea 2o
other iodusta'ea Some tomnco LA BA ot
C brtckaeoclude;
(8lBraks are uidey eel in the constmuckion
itrcactuAes
oclucing baus eA aporbntnds Commereial bullingA Qnd itatea
Lamnnlye4 fog dhe CoostActtog o wale
bath Load beaniog
- and non- load-beario
fouod atieAs, pandHiogA and falades
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LitBrichy ae. sten cd fox paving cutduoe arteas
icauspathuaya et uchaA
Lomnonly sed to buld etaining walld awhich
ate truwchuner alesloned to holo backoil ox other mo.
(v)
They ane alo a popular ehoice foy "build:ng kneplbce buile
and chioney! duue to thei fne Teittente propestte
Che ane used ln vanicus irlustaial applicatins, duch ay
ining kutnaes, Milna and ovens. aeg
olen tused 2a 4he getoration and aenovako
atenical buildingA Qnd Atruckunes:
(Vin) BrËchs can be also wse oy
and eraft prajet
artiatic
They can be patedcanvtel o arTanged ia caeakue wad
to cneate aculpkme mural ar deLorakue elements
Q.9Describe he prxen of monufakuning Cement
Ans The manufatuiogpnoes Cement
Such
The rtau aatenialasuch asas
naatenialsuch imesteARelay ood srcin.
extrated rom quaaies Dad mine) They ane then cneshed
and granl enta a ne pouder
Mioagad tmageaizabani
The poudecee
prepoatioOA to bBaine a eaitorm blend. ThiA miatune H kaea
as w meal. Hbmageniaatien jA done to ensene 4hat the camgaia
eal tonsiatend
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(3 heheakng aod precalining :
The aw meal 2a pre heded ond pne- Calinedina pnehealen
luntch Ea Aenies of cyelone chambens. In thiAA tagl. +he
Q moal es headed to a temp of anend Bco-9wc- Thia
proLexshelpa in the cdecompolitioo ie canbonates and the gemaual
fmoistune.
( 9Pucning And Clioken formation i
he pneheated Qw al la fec intoa gotay hilnhene 2l
Bubjeched to hi¡h temperatune ot aneund Ý450'. Tha
iateose hat chemita reackons nting iarthe foamotioa o
elinker. he cdinker A a dioeneel mcun
pantialliy fased
material.
(5)
The cliaken es celeel ond theo gausd lato a Lne
Loe podea
along oAh g4,psum and cother additivea,uch au fly ash on
Alagi This pnoceu
praeM A Caried Qrutcut la
iaaa cement mllAwhich s
gokakng daum conBaning grinding mecia like ateel balla oT Vential
ollee milla
The gaand cement 2A lncd ia BiloA betoae fransaurted to the
packaqiag area. If can he packid la bags oet loaded into
hulk tankens fox dstrhution
Thrasghad
the maouactuing pMoceA qualihy eortaok
imglemtodzd ta enaae thad the cemeat meók dhe
gquinedAtardaaia. Thia include agulae teting o the
madeniala tateamediale producda ana Aoal Cemead.
Date
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to mole hat Ahe manutaturing proce Can
en the ypea ot coment being preud
vaay lightly depending maderiali and addiies mciy be
olenent typcs o rw
ucl 2AurcceA , Auch as coal
and altcnnakue
my be zuklzcd in the kiln.
Houcve, he basic steps ct mining 8rciting mi sing.
Coyiaitent
heaking and grinding emain cement
produdion proLeneS.
Q9Wlte diffenont Compositron o cemeot and theim we
Ans: Difletunt compasitiorn ot cameot
Lime (Cao)
14 iA baaically dhe main cansttueat
cemen
lime Cement cunsunef an
dialategcate
Conkoli sArength end uund neu ot cemeat.
Delieny o Lime ia cemest
Cause Rement Ao set qcickly
)Sika (6:02)
penceataqp
4I4 ue Atnength to the Lement due ta oxmakon-o
diacalium and4tricalehum silicate.
+én(es o Silica causeA incaease ia dtndngth the
Cemeat but at Ahe same time ine wll
pnolengd. Aeting
340.84
oalunina2s-presentincement.
LmpantaquickACH ingpnopen hytp the cement
hecement
clASSnAe
Date
Page
(oCalcum Sulphate ore Gypsum Ca Se,) to cement.
Arund Q-3. o Caleium Sulphate pneseot
is formed in the fom at g4psum
’ 1 aflects he iaitial Aedtin 4ime of the cemeit.
(SInon otdee Fe,0;)
cemen
Oide presents a
T4 inpaata colour hardnea ant strerigth of the cemeat
| 4 helpA in fesioA o differkat [Link] al hgh
tem penakune
(ooMagnesia (Mge) 2 Cement
’ Prresent anound
1mpant hendnen and colou to he cemet
the cenent uNsound
(v) Sulphur Tniotde (So)
(viAkal' prresenda
AAp a vey ittle amunt o alllali n
alkalin Cement
Peaeatage o
eflooAcence and staining
Qoshat la cuiag ? hlaite down differet type of
cing Ratechiques
the pracek od naiatainiag adeuade maltuae
and Aemperaune conditiuaa for fueskls placed cannedeo
othexcooataukip mafenial D Case propes hydcahoa a
eelapmeot f atreogth aod alunahilzty
classmate.
Uate
T i a cailioal Connole Constructun
slsp n the
nd play
prutea
plagt a dignifcant grle in the Losg deam perkm
the 4triuctune
Duning Curing , he chemical qIDcAiory btween Cemert
hydraton, contihue to take plete.
ac4ions eslt in the fozmatono caleim Aillate
hydrate (c-S-H) qel, which a Tesponilble ty the trek
Land duab'lty cancnete
uin heles to ensue that those reacionA prtoceed
optimally ad thad the Concnete achivey t desixed
propendiel.
Cucin bast cally hlpA tapreuent the lon of mblkure
ro the concaete and abo haps to r0qulade Ahe tenp.
o the Concnete
here ae Vareous ethoda o uriogs ioclding
te Cuning:
ThiA tavalves keepiog the toncaeke eontinueuly molal by
Apaging satees Laveaing 24 with wet bunlap mti.
water- lled ponola 67 taakd
(a) Membrane Cuningi
AA Luriag membrane Such ai playdicAheeta er curlng
CempunaAiA cpplied to the unface ef the tonenete. t
preueat meistre loxThiA methoe
in si tuahen ehere eadea tunid iA not faasible ox pacia
( |Sten Cuingi
dlassate
Date
Aleam to aceleate the hent of hycdaien pno(eA ptoceadd:
tcam Cuning typicaly itd er pecast concmete.
elcmtnta ore in aitatiuas whehe eanly strength gain is
Crucial .
Ducaton o cusiog oepends On seueral factoss, doclaci
ne type od cemeots enuinon mental Conditipnd and the SZe
and ahape ot contete element
7heneraly cuing ahulel Contine oy Itol4 days and in sord
Aakes longuc periods to Podune Suffcent
hydaakon and staength.
i4 eendial to achieve the desned trergt
auahllty and ouecall quatty of eontnete an minimize.
ahrinkagei tracking and other pedantlal damagtdefeta
QWhad workabillty 9 hhat ane the terta done to
mease wwonkabilAy o Cornttele?
AnAsorkability descibe the diffaulty wth wbich cthe
Concrrete ls handled taanlpoaded and plozed beteen the,
om wih minimum
Tests lone tomeaiune workabily
Slump Test
Slump kone bottom alia 20Lm, fup dia Joem aad heaght
30 cm. la takeO
Each layet tamped Xr As timta by a atanclarcd tenping
The cone ia then gaskauly naa venicaly and 2emauteq
Aheagradeually
The conenede iaallowtd a Alide an then the height o~
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measurad
The slump of Concne te_ea obidned by deductingheght o?
tencncte ie. 30m.
haight
Sitakle for etd applicakion suiAable fos concnete. t
high'and medium kabilty
ReumpNaus
Minimum Maium
pauemeats 50
Man coourete Shaucuoe 25 50
+Unneiofe rced fatings ,
Renforred slab beass 50
Trench An I50
i2Ceopaciog tor Tet
Conele ea placLe lo upçen hapjperandJeuelled Thea
Arap_dore isopenteand Contaete a allauo Ao fk in
Louerhoppert Aqaln Conele la alaseto fale in
einder
classae
Late
Cage
Concnete nemove and 4he mas ot
Cenutde in she eylinder i3
2n measurcd. I4 ia koown as
ght o
partialy Compaclel onneBe
7hen the eylndtrdhouldbe me klled with the same
Cenenetein tayens
tayes and and each Layea beio ngmmtd ta
cbtain lt compac4ion. The m
mos o lly cempated Concaete.
Mas ot pantially compacted coneree
Compacting factos of katty Compatet corene te.
Vey Low wrkakly ro7 to 6s
low woaKabil:ty - 8 to
Medum wprkabilrty bss Ao 0.95
Rh aprkab:lity - )0. 95
Sutable fos deteaninadian e workabily in Laiogáky
eAults fox cncaete with Low wakab'h
(OVee- Dee Cositoelea
2 The time aequine foz tomplete itmaddng. a conenele
ia deonds after placd ka Ahe Mould woidh a Aluma tone
Suitabie fon day,enute hauing aa asoakabilAy
very low oonkabilAy 20AeCA
li table teat
This est masuneA dhe loability atselfmcampaing
Cencnete (scc).
A Sample o SCC A piace ana law tade, and the taHe
classmate
Dote
Pnge
and cppad oepaedly
he diamckex of the cenenete spnad i measunel
ndcates Ahe floubil:ty anad workabaliAy o thebnr Awhich
Q Dffereoe between
AnBsRcc (Roinforted_ Cerment Cornunete PSc (Pre-Stneed Concn.
fakique
faigue Umit iA lou The fatique limit iA hiah.
+T+ eta" defomed mone than ’ Tt defoxmA lenithan
PSC. RCC
’The product price to marufatune The produt price to rocufar
PSC 'a high
+De foankd bansA Cnd mid steela igh quality tendond ane
ane ioÃeated n- RCC toncrete. cased.
Lnternal sBnes 2A not eata Tnteanal stnes% 2A étecuced
pruo to laadiog
+Tenaile craks Can be ee. Tenaile caack ate not Aeen.
RCC oesn't needqualty Gund quality contol. ahd
klledlabow are tequined
4Shear neintoLEMert Rs oeguaed TendoAA helps to gesitt the
LAhear tenfortemeat
RCC
+5teela can'E be Steele ean be teted in pSC by
eitee o
RCC plaing hem inade
’Needed for coDABrucion o. theNeecled fox conAtructiun
buildig gaautdy daiad
&g Wnte olown the advantagek of Pre-strenef ConeatBe(ps)
AaThe adventageA opne-Atnened cencnete are Follaeing
OThe inhekent eompnesi Atrength o coocnede ia esad te
cJassmate
Date
Pnge
()The spectal alloy Ates useod to fozm the prestneing
tendona tused do thei featlest.
G)Tension eracks ue eliminaleds aeduciog the atak of the
steel componeats Corrooing
(Shear 8tresses ane educed.
() tox any giuen span and loading contion ineductioa
in: weight can be achieved rom sing a cumponênd oith
dmale Aectioni
Ca)A composite men
membea Can
precast tootte unita toqrthe
(v) PPSc offens greaten fleoibilty in odesiga which allaus
design poAaibilitia ainclucling lungea Span, thihner
Lsectioos and ianaakue anchitechnalAhapeae
(vr) PSC has enlaanced duabilty due to reducad cnatking ana
inpaoutd reAiAdane aganst enurenmtntal actara
(i The useopsc Can leac to Laute eonstautta tines
ti
and improve pnged eieny
Ouerall, PSL pnovides superiarAtuctunalpealoamanceJ
inntaseddein fleoubilkty-mprovts..alrabilityo potenkial