To estimate the number of students scoring within specific ranges in a normally distributed dataset, you calculate the Z-scores for the bounds of the ranges using the formula Z = (X - μ) / σ. For example, with a mean (μ) of 70 and standard deviation (σ) of 5, to find the number of students scoring between 60 and 75, calculate the Z-scores: Z(60) = (60 - 70) / 5 = -2 and Z(75) = (75 - 70) / 5 = 1. Using the standard normal distribution table, find the probabilities corresponding to these Z-scores and multiply by the total number of students. For 1000 students, the calculation yields approximately 919 students scoring between 60 and 75 .

To determine the minimum salary for the top 5% of earners in an organization where salaries are normally distributed with a mean of Rs. 3000 and standard deviation of Rs. 250, you use the Z-score corresponding to the 95th percentile. The Z-score for 95th percentile is approximately 1.645. The formula for the salary is μ + Zσ, which translates to 3000 + 1.645 * 250 = 3411.25. Hence, the minimum salary should be Rs. 3411.25 .

To calculate the probability that the mean of a sample will be negative from a normal population with a given mean and standard deviation, you use the Central Limit Theorem. For a population mean (μ) of 0.1 and a standard deviation (σ) of 2.1, with a sample size (n) of 900, the sample mean distribution approximates to N(μ, σ/√n). Therefore, the standard deviation of the sample mean is 2.1/√900 = 0.07. The probability that the sample mean is negative is equivalent to finding P(𝑍 < −0.1/0.07), where Z is a standard normal variate. This is solved using the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution .

To calculate the probability that a student's weight falls into specific categories, convert the weight limits to Z-scores using the formula Z = (X - μ) / σ, where μ is the mean weight, and σ is the standard deviation. For instance, with a mean weight of 50 kg and standard deviation of 5 kg, for a weight less than 45 kg, Z = (45 - 50) / 5 = -1. For weights between 45 and 60 kg, find Z(60) = (60 - 50) / 5 = 2. Use the standard normal distribution table to calculate probabilities for these Z-scores. This yields P(X < 45) = 0.1587 and P(45 < X < 60) = 0.8185 .

To find the mean and standard deviation of a normally distributed dataset using known percentiles, establish two equations from the Z-scores of the given percentiles. If 30% of students scored below 35, Z(0.3) is approximately -0.524. For students scoring above 60, 10%, Z(0.9) is approximately 1.282. Create equations: (35 - μ)/σ = -0.524 and (60 - μ)/σ = 1.282. Solve these simultaneous equations: For (35 - μ) = -0.524σ and (60 - μ) = 1.282σ, derive σ = 10.87 and μ = 50 .

To determine the probability of at least one student scoring above a certain threshold in a random sample from a normally distributed population, first calculate the probability of any one student scoring above that threshold. With mean 65 and standard deviation 5, for a score above 75, Z = (75 - 65) / 5 = 2. Use the standard normal table to find P(X > 75) = 0.0228. Calculate the probability of no student scoring above 75, P(no one) = (1 - 0.0228)^3 = 0.9337. Thus, the probability of at least one student scoring above 75 is 1 - 0.9337 = 0.0663 .

Continuity correction is used in normal approximation to account for the fact that normal distribution is continuous while the binomial distribution is discrete. In estimating probabilities, such as the binomial probability of fewer than k events occurring, adjust the discrete cutoff from k to k-0.5. For example, in calculating the probability of fewer than 45 failing components among 200, P(X < 45) in binomial terms adjusts to P(X < 44.5) in normal approximation. This improves estimation accuracy by aligning the discrete and continuous frameworks .

The normal approximation to a binomial distribution can be applied when the number of trials (n) is large, and both np and n(1-p) are greater than 5, which makes the binomial distribution approximate a normal distribution closely. For probability calculations, such as finding that fewer than 45 out of 200 components fail, given a probability of failure of 0.25, use the mean np = 50 and standard deviation √(np(1-p)) = √37.5. The normal approximation translates this to finding P(X < 44.5) using continuity correction. Calculate the Z-score and use the standard normal table to find the probability .

To calculate the number of people with incomes in a specified range in a normally distributed dataset, determine the Z-scores for the range limits with the formula Z = (X - μ) / σ. For instance, with a mean income of Rs. 520 and standard deviation of Rs. 60, calculate for the range 400 to 550. The Z-scores are Z(400) = (400 - 520)/60 = -2 and Z(550) = (550 - 520)/60 = 0.5. Use the standard normal distribution to find corresponding probabilities and multiply by total population, in this case 10,000. This results in approximately 7,477 individuals with incomes in that range .

To find the lowest income of a certain percentile in a normally distributed dataset, identify the Z-score corresponding to the given percentile, then apply the formula X = μ + Zσ, where μ is the mean and σ is the standard deviation. For example, to determine the lowest income of the richest 500 (top 5%), with a mean income of Rs. 520 and standard deviation of Rs. 60, find the Z-score for the 95th percentile, which is approximately 1.645. Using the formula gives X = 520 + 1.645*60 = Rs. 618.7 .