112. One hundred fifty kmol of an aqueous phosphoric acid solution contains 5.00 mole% HsPO.. The solution is concentrated by adding pure phosphoric acid at arate of 20.0 Limin (@) Write a diferential mole balance on phosphoric acid and provide an inital condition. [Start by defining nj(kmol) to be the total quantity of phosphoric acid inthe tank at any time.) (@) Solve the balance to obtain an expression for (2). Use the result to derive an expression for “p(0), the mole fraction of phosphor acd in the solution. (©) How long will it take to concentrate the solution to 15% HsPO.? 2 4 sammie Ascendo et tc wei = seein ti) i 20 of eet 0374 kami aS chi . as fan, -for709 a 6 (mal HPO. in tank) 6 mse z3. te = O the tank contains 750 kg of the liquid and tin, = 750 kg/h, Five hours later ri equals 1000 ke/b, () Calculate an expression for rin() letting ¢ = 0 signify the time at which iy = 750 kg/h, and incorporate it into a differential methanol balance, letting Mf (kg) be the mass of methanol in, the tank at any time. () Integrate the balance equation to obtain an expression for M (and check the solution two ways. (See Example 11.2-1.) For now, assume thatthe tank has an infinite capacity. (©) Calculate how long it will take for the mass of methanol inthe tank to reach its maximum value, ‘and calealate that value. Then calculate the time it will take to empty the tank, (@) Now suppose the tank volume is 3.40 m, Draw a plot of M versus f, covering the period from 1 = Oto an hour after the tank is empty. Write expressions for (i) in each time range when the function changes. (nd = 89 4-6 Hono ‘Methanol is added toa storage tank ata rate of 1200 kg/h ands simultaneously withdrawn at a ‘g(t (kglh) that inereases linearly with time, At om a5) ah 91896188) 24-208 ia AT ET, ra nse 31 Ms ca (sve e904 kl Mg lgWBZ An isoe bar 2.00 em X 3.0 ch % 100 em al a temperature of 95°C ix dropped into a barrel of tater at 25°C. The barrel is large enough 4 tha tbe seer temaperatute fines mephgibly oa the Bar cool, The rate at which heat i transfered from the bar to the water & gina bythe expresion O{smin) = UAUTs = Tx) where Uf = 05D ein-cm-9Cy] ea heat eroafereoeficions, Alem) isthe expanedsuaface area of the bar, and T\("C) ame TCC) ake the surface temperature f the bar and the water temperatine, respectively “The beat sapacity ofthe bar is 0.440 J/{g"C). Heat conduction i roa is raph enough for the temperature Ti{f)t0-be eomsidered uniform throughout the bar. (a) Write an cncrgy balance on the bar, assuming that all sides are csporcd, Your rest should bbe an expression fr dt aoe initial condition. {) Without imtogating the equation, sketch the expested plot of T, worse 4, labeting the valves Of Ty att = Dand s = =, (6) Derive am expression for Ty(e) and check it three ways, How log wil i fake for the bar to coal 49 MC? 12.2 Long haanscn at Ce we Bats -cae-1) <]S5-f-onme “52) ae 5 Felt) = 25 + TemplO0DE Re} st ore Sho resus «at -2-> apne te ms ao seetnonmen =n11.25. A steam radiator is used to heat a 60-m? room, Saturated steam at 3.0 bar condenses in the radiator and emerges as a liquid at the saturation temperature. Heat is lost from the room to the outside at arate O(kI/h) = 30.0(T - Tp) where T(°C) is the room temperature and Ty = 0°C is the outside temperature. At the moment the radiator is turned on, the temperature in the room is 10°C. (a) Let rng(kg/h) denote the rate at which steam condenses in the radiator and n(kmol) the quantity of air in the room. Write a differential energy balance on the room air, assuming that, n remains constant at its initial value, and evaluate all numerical coefficients. Take the heat capacity of air (C,) to be constant at 20.8 J/(mol-*C).. (b) Write the steady-state energy balance on the room air and use it to calculate the steam condensation rate required to maintain a constant room temperature of 24°C. (©) Integrate the transient balance to calculate the time required to achieve a temperature of 23°C, assuming that the steam rate is that calculated in part (b) 2K | 1kg-mole _ 283 K [224m (STP) ar Energy balance on room air, nC, 2 = @- 57 C9, 20: = fn,Af,(H,0, soars, sat'd)~300( 7%) we a. Moles of ar in room: 258 kg-moles Aft, -300(7-7,) 8 kg-moles 08 ki/(kg-mole*C) 163 k/ke (from Table B 6) z 40-31, - 05597 (°C/hr) =0, T=10°C ossor b. Atseady-state, dT/dt =0= 4036, 08897 = 0 1, = 8S! T= 24°C = m, =0333 ke/br 4 Sa Maacteer rare u rf 134— a aa iat as)11.27. A 2000-liter tank initially contains 400 liters of pure water. Beginning at 1 = 0, an aqueous solution containing 1.00 g/L of potassium chloride flows into the tank at a rate of 800 L/s and an outlet stream simultaneously starts lowing at a rate of 4.00 Lis. The contents of the tank are perfectly mixed, and the density of the feed stream and of the tank solution, p(g/L), may be considered constant. Let V(?)(L) denote the volume of the tank contents and C(1)(g/L) the concentration of potassium chloride in the tank contents and outlet stream. (a) Write a total mass balance on the tank contents, convert it to an equation for dV/dt, and provide an initial condition. Then write a potassium chloride balance, convert it to an equation of the form dC/dr = f(C,V), and provide an initial condition. (See Example 11.4-1.) (b) Without solving either equation, sketch the plots you would expect to obtain for V versus ¢ and C versus . Briefly explain your reasoning, (©) Solve the mass balance equation to obtain an expression for V(‘). Then substitute for V in the potassium chloride balance and solve for C(1). Calculate the KCI concentration in the tank at the moment the tank overflows {eso encima ns Tce nthe nen. soos = ln(1-cy! =21n 2225 +000 2 L (4 0019" 3 C=1- To ‘When the tank overfiows, ¥ = 400+ 41 = 2000-31 = 400 5 1 _ cag g/t (0.01400)on The standard heat of the reaction ANH3(g) + 502(g) > 4NO(g) + 6H20(g) is AN”, = - 904.7k1/mol a) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic at 25 deg C? Would you have to heat or cool the reactor to keep the temperature constant ? What would the temperature do if the reactor ran adiabatically? What can you infer about the energy required to break the molecular bonds of the reactants and that released when the product bonds form? b) What is AA, for 2NH3(g) + (5/2) 02 -> 2NO(g) + 3H20(8) * ©) What is AA®, for NO{g) + (3/2) H20(g) -> NH3{g) + (5/4) 02 4d) Estimate the enthalpy change associated with the consumption of 340 g NH3/s if the reactants and products are all at 25 deg C. What have you assumed about the reactor pressure? ANH, () +50, (g) > 4NO(@) +6H130(8) AMT? = -904,7 kJ / mol a, When4 g-moles of NH\(g) and 5 g-moles of O,(g) at 25°C and I atm react to form 4 g-moles of ‘NO(g) and 6 g-moles of water vapor at 25°C and 1 atm, the change in enthalpy is 904.7 KJ. b. _ Exothermic at 25°C. The reactor must be cooled to keep the temperature constant. The temperature ‘would increase under adiabatic conditions. The energy required to break the molecular bonds of the reactants is less than the energy released when the product bonds are formed. 2NH(G) +$05(@) > 2NO() +3H,0(@) Reducing the stoichiometric coefficients of a reaction by half reduces the heat of reaction by half. 4524 6 /mol a Noe) +3150) > NH, (g)+ $0.0 Reversing the reaction reverses the sign of the heat of reaction. Also reducing the stoichiometric coefficients to one-fourth reduces the heat of reaction to one-fourth, fo 9047) 20.0 mol/s 20.0 mol NH, | -904.7 ky 5 4 mol NH, ‘The reactor pressure is low enough to have a negligible effect on enthalpy.92. b. © a ‘The standard heat of reaction for the combustion of liquid n-nonane to form CO, and liquid water at 25°C and 1 atm is AH? = —6124 ki/mol. (@) Briefly explain what that means. Your explanation may take the form “When quantities of reactant species and their physical states) react to form uct species and their physical state), the change in enthalpy is (b) Isthe reaction exothermic or endothermic at 25°C? Would you have to heat or cool the reactor to keep the temperature constant? What would the temperature do if the reactor ran adiabatically? What can you infer about the energy required to break the molecular bonds of the reactants and that released when the product bonds form? (©) 125.0 mols of liquid nonane is consumed and the reactants and products are all at 25°C, estimate the required rate of heat input or output (state which) in kilowatts, assuming that @ = AH for the process. What have you also assumed about the reactor pressure in your calculation? (You don’t have to assume that it equals 1 atm.) (@) The standard heat of combustion of n-nonane vapor is AA? = —6171 kJ/mol. What is the phys- ical significance of the 47 kJ/mol difference between this heat of combustion and the one given previously? (©) The value of AA? given in part (d) applies to n-nonane vapor at 25°C and 1 atm, and yet the normal boiling point of n-nonane is 150.6°C. Can n-nonane exist as a vapor at 25°C and a total pressure of 1 atm? Explain your answer. (specify (quantities of prod- CoH po (I) + 140, (g) > 9CO, (g) + 10H, 0(1) Aff? = 612415 /mol When 1 g-mole of CoH39(1) and 14 g-moles of 0(g) at 25°C and 1 atm react to form 9 g-moles of CO;(g) and 10 g-moles of water vapor at 25°C and I atm, the change in enthalpy is -6124 KJ. Exothermic at 25°C. The reactor must be cooled to keep the temperature constant. The temperature ‘would increase under adiabatic conditions. The energy required to break the molecular bonds of the reactants is less than the energy released when the product bonds are formed. acansAH? 280 molCyHy | 612488 | 1 =AH ° Yeats Tmol CoHiay [TKI 153108 kW. Heat Output = 1.53x10° kW. ‘The reactor pressure is low enough to have a negligible effect on enthalpy. C5H9(g) + 140,(g) + 9CO,(g)+10H,00) (1) -6171 KS / mol CoHap(1) +1403 (@) > 9CO,(g)+10H,00) 2) AA? =-6124 kJ/mol (2)= (1) = CoH20(l) > CoH 9(8) AMO (CoHy,.25°C) = - 6124 kJ / mol—(-6171 kJ / mol) = 47 kJ / mol Yes. Pure n-nonane can only exist as vapor at 1 atm above 150.6°C, but in a mixture of gases, it can exist as a vapor at lower temperatures.9.3. ‘The standard heat of the combustion reaction of liquid n-hexane to form CO,(g) and H:0(), with b. all reactants and products at 77°F and 1 atm, is AH? = ~1.791 x 10° Btw/lb-mole. The heat of va- porization of hexane at 77°F is 13,550 Btu/lb-mole and that of water is 18,934 Btu/lb-mole. (a) Isthe reaction exothermic or endothermic at 77°F? Would you have to heat or cool the reactor to keep the temperature constant? What would the temperature do if the reactor ran adiabatically”? ‘What can you infer about the energy required to break the molecular bonds of the reactants and that released when the product bonds form? (b) Use the given data to calculate AA? (Btu/lb-mole) for the combustion of n-hexane vapor to form CO;(g)and H20(g). (© If = Af, at what rate in Btu/s is heat absorbed or released (state which) if 120 Ibm/s of O2 is consumed in the combustion of hexane vapor, water vapor is the product, and the reactants and products are all at 77°F? Exothermic. The reactor will have to be cooled to keep the temperature constant. The temperature would increase under adiabatic conditions. The energy required to break the reactant bonds is less than the energy released when the product bonds are formed. 5 Cattle) +12 03(@)— 604(8)+7H0(8) () Catt) + 203(8)+ 6C0s(¢)+711,00) (2) Aft = afl? =—1791%10° Bu/lb-mole Coal) CoHs(l) (3) 7%, = (ari) H,0(1) > H,0(e) (4) aft, (1)=(2)+@)+7(4)"S"" af, = aft, +ar, +70, 13550 Btu/lb-mole cats ‘ali,),, = 18,934 Btu/Ib-mole 1.672 x 10° Btu/Ib- mole Mo,9320 fn=120 Ib, /8 => f= 3.75 Ib-mole/s. 72.x10° Btu 1 Ib-mole O. _ tig, AA? _3.75 Ib-mole/s O=aH ; ~6.60%10° Btu/s (from reactor)94, ‘The standard heat of the reaction CaC2(s) + 5H20()) — CaO(s) + 2. CO2(g) +5 Hale) is AA? = +69.36 kJ/mol, (a) Isthe reaction exothermic or endothermic at 25°C? Would you have to heat or cool the reactor to keep the temperature constant? What would the temperature do if the reactor ran adiabatically? ‘What can you infer about the energy required to break the molecular bonds of the reactants and that released when the product bonds form? (b) Calculate AO? for this reaction. (See Example 9.1-2.) Briefly explain the physical significance of your calculated value, (©) Suppose you charge 150.0 g of CaC; and liquid water into a rigid container at 25°C, heat the container until the calcium carbide reacts completely, and cool the products back down to 25°C, condensing essentially all the unconsumed water. Write and simplify the energy balance oA CaC,(3) +5H,0(1) > Ca0(s)+2C0,(g) +SH;(g), AA? = 69.36 kd/kmol Endothermic. The reactor will have to be heated to keep the temperature constant. The temperature ‘would decrease under adiabatic conditions. The energy required to break the reactant bonds is more than the energy released when the product bonds are formed 83145 | 14d [298K | (7-0) 936-4 k (0-9) mol mol-K | 10° J AU? = AH? -R: 520 kJ/mol AG? is the change in internal energy when 1 g-mole of CaC,(s) and 5 g-moles of H0() at 25°C and, 1 atm react to form I g-mole of CaO(s), 2 g-moles of CO, (g) and 5 g-moles of H(g) at 25°C and 1 atm. Nowe, AU? 150 gCaC, | mol | 52.0kd © gaay = Maas _ OBE | me 21.7 kd Year, 64.10 g | mol CaC, Heat must be transferred to the reactor. 9, Use Hess’ law to caleulate the standard heat of the water-ga sift reaction CO(g) + H.O() — COs) + HAG) from each ofthe two sets of data given here (@) CO(g) + H,0() — CO,(g) + H,(g):_ AA? = +1226 Btu/lb-mole H:0() — H,0(v): AA, = +18,935 Btwilb-mole (©) CO(g) + } Ox(g) — COx(g): AA? = —121,740 Btwlb-mole 104040 Bru/tb-mote Ha(g) + J Ox(g) — H,O(v): AH os 226-18 935) Bylb-mole = =17,709 Bay/b-moe 1740 +104040)Bru/b-mote 17700 Bi/lb-mle9.43. The production of most ofthe steel manufactured i the United States begins with the redution of hematite ore (mostly ferric oxide) with coke (carbon) ina blast furnace to obtain pig ion. The basic reaction is FesOx(s) +3 C(s) — 2Fe(s) + 3 CO(g): AMl,(77°F) = 2.111 x 10° Btuflb-mole Suppose that stoichiometric amounts of ferric oxide and carbon are fed at 77F, the reaction is complete, the iron emerges asa liquid at 2800°F, and CO emerges at 70°F. Perform the following calculations fora basis of 1 ton of ton produced. (@) Draw and label aflowehart and perform all the material balance calculations needed to deter- rine the amounts (Tb-mole) of each feed and product stream component () Taking the reactant and product species in their normal states at 77F as references, prepare an {nlet-outlet enthalpy table and calculate and fil n all unknown component specific enthalpies (Btufb-mole). Use the following physical property data for ion: Fe(s):C,{Btw(lb-mole-*F)} = 590 + 1.50 x10 TCR) Ta = T94F, Afl(Ta) = 6496 Btulb-mole Fel): C;[Btu(b-mole“F)] = 815 (©) Estimate the furnace heat requirement (Bu/ton Fe produced). (@) List the assumptions that make the valve calculated in part (b) only an approximate estimate ‘of the furnace heat requirement. (One of the assumptions has something to do with the reactor pressure.) MA reosOhoXt9 +2) 00). AFR? Dame a: 20 FY 5 nt Pep 872% CO peed Wma kow Rikae SRE ReamoT Comat) Aas 040 9 Fh ote) a 7-F aed SP OM [Rory aurrn) - ralzwen | = a 04707) Lian i rear F=f "(Cpa [C280 -mae ORS: fy eS) 5 3486 mma © gear Soh Eat = HK) saya 517240080» 49-1 wa ead (sofa ps tarpon ay apt Spee bea of Fo) same ay ety wl epee 7 SE Spc hat at) ame rem con wh eer osAS. The thermal decomposition of dimethyl eter (CHO) — CH) + H:@ + CO) {nto be carried out in an isothermal 2.0itr laboratory reactor st 600°C. The reactors charged ‘ith pare dimethyl ether at a pressure of 380 tor. Alter about two hours the reactor press is wswr, (@) Tas the reaction proceeded to completion atthe end ofthe two-hour period? 1¢ nt, what per centage of the diethyl ether hex decomposed? () Ting clement species [C(s), Hi(a),O:()] 25°C aseferences prepare am ilin an nket~ coutct enthalpy table (Sc= Exampic 952) Us tabulted dat for methane hydrogen. and ca ‘bor monoxide. nd the felling data fo dimethyl ther: AR = ~140161m01 G,l8mo-K)] = 2686-+ 016597 — 4.179 x107%7" (Tin kelvin) (© Catcalate Af, (609°C) and A, (600°C) for the diemethy ether decomposition reation. (4) How much heat (LJ) was transferred to 0 fom the reoctor (state which iti) during the two- hou petiod ofthe reaction? 94S a (0H), Of) + CHa) H3 (918004) Mle charg (Ase ea 2) 200 een | 279K [350mm e| tm sx [sami aang) emot mC Late tation (Ci), 0 deco (leiy al ice <3) contend 1) mic) Gino a fon: Cs), Ha) O4(8) 25°C ee (ac) _(S0| (nat) ne THe oars FSH ci) | = = |orsxaoiaas wa) | - = Jorsvanam ag) | = = Jorssaois a, (ch), snr fi hay + He 800 C)= 1105261257 wml = 9295 w/a coven ov © Fordeeatnet na (an, he ay age ewe fete a fi, =[-15818-1 S175] =-0060Ammonia is oxidized with air to form nitric oxide in the first step of the production of nitric acid. Twe principal reactions occur: 100 met NH Some Yn] meats 106,80 4.NH3 +502->4NO+6H20 [—90mot NOnnin aware nea Taare seeshsinn wan] ft | smite sive, | casna 2) Taking elemental species (N2(g),H2(g),02(g)} at 25 deg C as references, prepare and fil in an inle outlet enthalpy table. ) Calculate the required rate of heat transfer to or from the reactor in kW. (©) What would have been different in your calculations and results in parts (a) and (b) if you had taken molecular species as references in part (a) ? a. ANH, +50, > 4NO+6H1,0, INH, +30, -»N, #3H,0 References: N2(z), H2(z) O2(g), st 25°C Substance | fig ly fie Flaw (2no1/min) (k/mol) | (mol/min) _(et/mol) Ni, | 10h = = air | 900 A - - No - - » ft 1,0 - - 0 N; = - 16 fy oO - - o li, A atte fl Guar Nih(g, 25°C} A (Af), 4619 k8/mol Aide 150°C) fly = 367 Wel ole, 00°C) iy = o037+ f"Cyar 11197 bot want H,0(e, 70°C) fy = 21691 bye Ns 700°C} My + 2039 wm! ,(g, 700°C} ft, = 21.86 kx/mot b= alt= Div Sind = 4890 1y/min (1 min/ 605) 815 (beat raat frm the reac) .Mmolculr species ad sen chosen a reference for ethapy clultins the extent ofeach ‘reaction would have tobe calelated and Equation 9S-Ih used to determine Alf. The vale of @ ‘would remain unchangedEthanol is produced commercially by the hydration of ethylene: C2HA(g) + H20(v) <> C2HSOH(Y) ‘Some ofthe products converted to diethy! ether in the undesired sie reaction, 2 C2HOH(W) & (C2HS)20(u) + H2O(Y) ‘The combined feed to the reactor contains $3.7 mole % C2H4, 36.7% H20 and the balance nitrogen which enters the reactor at 310 deg C. The reactor operates isothermally at 310 deg C. An ethylene conversion of '59% is achieved, and the yield of ethanol (moles ethanol produced/mole ethylene consumed) i 0.900. DATA FOR DIETHYL ETHER: ‘fl? = ~272.8 for the liquid, Af1°, = ~26.05 4 (Assume independent of 7) p= 0.08945 + 40.33 x 10%(5)T (deg C) ~2.248 x 10%-7)T°2 4) Calculate the reactor heating or cooling requirement in ki/mol feed. 'b) Why would the reactor be designed to yield such a low conversion of ethylene? What processing step (or steps) would probably follow the reactor in a commercial implementation ofthis process? enreana em ‘ern mB Gomna Sinemet oO (7) taneshove nao s00e e006) 2H OE) = (,H,), 09 +1,009 ‘Pheten ssn: (057(009 = 00285 et cma m= (0950557 081001, 0 tone: 42 Cea | 09m C101 Timi 0027 mic H,08 ais: (26557 (29051024047 +4 y= 14107 may ble; 06795 DAE LAE 1D ons = O44 nl LO ans: C8, (a: (2) #256. (2) 3100 Se os ots] ow fs Sf 4 Mle MOC) = Hall yf AT = (828-16) 680 Kyl Heke 31: M,C reo Pa OHO 2, (2896999210 a $a 160): cnn fe, 8a) (01.200 fe, aban fer caaseaona ram OEE 8 tee ca in942. Most ofthe world’s chlorine and sodium hydroxide ae obtained through the electrolysis of brine: NaCl(ag) + HO) ~ | Ha(e) + | Ch(@) + NaOH(aq) (@) Determine the standard heats of formation of NaCK(aq) and NaOH (ag) and then the standard heat ofthe brine electrolysis reaction. The standard heat of solution of NaClis AA.(r = =) = +487 klimol NaCl. (@) Several years ago, the annual production of chlorine in the United States was roughly 8500 ‘metric kilotons. Calculate the energy requirement in MW-hiyr corresponding to this production rate, assuming that all ofthe chlorine is produced by electrolysis at 25°C and the required energy input equals AH forthe process. )_ = (-amasasria emt =a061 yt (4265-42499 = 495 wl Nac) H,0()-» 5 HC) Cla)» NOH) y= [-495--4061)-(28586] ot .ssonitone Ct; |10 oan | 10° 10" g| Imtcl, | 2224441 oF 1 Teene [Time 1 Tig [7091 gCls [OS mil 1s [27m6e10" ew | LAR wre atresia AWA ML Lage” MWe9A. A.10.0 mole% aqueous sulfuric acid solution (SG = 1.27) is to be titrated to neutrality at 25°C with 43.00-molar caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) solution (SG = 1.13): H,SO,(aq) + 2 NaQH(aq) — Na,SO4(aq) + 2 H20() (a) Calculate the required volume ratio (em* caustic solution/em? acid solution). (b) Calculate the standard heats of formation (kJ/mol solute) of each of the three solutions involved in this process, and the heat released (kJ/em’ acid solution neutralized) if the reactants and products are all at 25°C. The heat of solution of sodium sulfate is ~1.17 ki/mol. Assume that Q = AK for the process. (See Example 9.5-5.) ®. H,80. (aq) +2NaOH(aq) ~» Na,SO, (aq) +2H,0()) 0.10 mol HO, x (98.08 g/mol) = 9808 g H,SO, 0.90 mol H,0%(18.02 g/mol) = 1622 g HO 3 = 2603 gsoln | Lem? _ 9 a 1278 => 010mol H,S04 | 2mol NaOH | 1 ite caustic soln | 10° om’ _ 6567 cen? NaCr(aq) mol H,S0, | 3molNaOH | IL {6667 em’ NaOHi(ag) [Link]" H,S0, (oa) Basis 1 mol H,SO, soln=> 325 cm'caustic solution em’ acid solution mol H0/1 mol H,S0, 0) oo9* (a soaen)™ sO): The soliton fd conans (5567 cm") L13 fom’) = 7534 g and (02 mol NaO1(4000 g/mol) = 800 g NOH = (7534-800) g H 05 (6739 g 1 0X1 mol/18.02 g)=374 mol HO = r=314 aol H00.20 mol NaOH = 187 mol 11,0 mol NaOH fe! 5 ei 428) 4. /mol Nat ar“ ay “OE en E28 pg = A Wl NE 1Na,S0.(aa) (tae OH (Daag "CPMS-HM "285M mN SD Extent of reaction: (ny.s0,)aat = (uso, it + ¥[Link],4-> 0= 010mol ~(1)E=> € = 010 mal Energy Balan: = At = Bal? = ACME) 0 0 * 2A? Yaso1n ~ (AFD s0,0an ~ 2M? Dyce] ~(010 mobf-1385.7 2-28588) (87655 -2)-4694)]9.48. 2.00 mole% sulfuric acid solution is neutralized with a 5.00 mole% sodium hydroxide solution in continuous reactor. All reactants enter at 25°C. The standard heat of solution of sodium sulfate is =1.17 ki/mol Na;SO,, and the heat capacities of all solutions may be taken to be that of pure liquid water [4.184 kI/(kg:°C)] (a) How much heat (kJ/kg acid solution fed) must be transferred to or from the reactor contents (state which it i) if the product solution emerges at 40°C? (b) Estimate the product solution temperature if the reactor is adiabatic, neglecting heat transferred between the reactor contents and the reactor wall. 11,904 (ea) + 2NaOEHaq) -+ NOS, (ax) + 261,0(0q) ais: 1 0111580 fee 11.0, ‘imi hd re a8, ma HO Tramon me 38m HO asc Resets Na() Hao). 9, 03(0) 25°C H,80,(9.1=49.28(¢} rtlile= +9) fm of) 113-733} 104610 +40( 07) nt how nif=( mal aout (a =(f-s266-225] Na 8040 LaatNi 90, [MEO yy, AHO | axbg lael 80 MONE yaa ig, PABLO LEE gig aig a =(1 mine, s0.J(0¥) 83,40°¢} cee ] +83), tC (40-2) sigs winston) ap Un Besta gpmmalare an 2764s i( ai), ho) 9808 gi;$04 49 mol 2,0 |1802gH1;0_4,, mol 1. tthe reactor is aati, the heat transfered fom th eat of Part) instenl goes eat the product solution fom 40°C T; rao ke | a180 | (7, ec = 243s10"9.48, A natural gas is analyzed and found to consist of 875% v/v (volume percent) methane, 7.0% ethane, 2.0% propane, and 35% N: (noncombustible). (@) Calculate the higher heating value and the lower heating value of this fuel in kl/mol, using the beats of combustion in Table B.. () Calculate the lower heating value of the fuel in Ki/kg. (©) State in your own words the meaning of the quantity calculated in part (b). %Ctt(e)+20s(2)-+ C042) +2109) sv 390.601 HV = =A (a), =[9m36-400] 01 = 804 Wnt, 46) 20440» 200,4-38,06) My 1859943, LY =[15599-¥ 4401) ol = METHT S/o CH, Cath {x} +5060 - 300369 +,00 ‘nay =22200 wok, LY =[22200-$(44.01)] ool =20896 bel CM HOY au * (089036) (070X599 me (0020{220000 mal) = 933 1/mol (LP ge = (08738024 et) (0079142787 43) (0020{204596 yt) % tot gt (0475 mo cH 104-5) (0070 mat C,)s007-£,) (oom cfu £) (os man {ote ot wet [ain (© Thccapy cane whos | Ag ofthe marl gaa 25°C Mad comply wih ony st 25°C andthe post CO) a THOU) are rah ak 25°C 9.50. A {uel gasis known to contain methane, ethane, and carbon monoxide. A sample of the gasis charged into an initially evacuated 2,000-liter vessel at 25°C and 2323 mm Hg absolute. The vessel is weighed before and after being charged, and the mass difference is found to be 4.929 g. Next, the higher heating value of the gas is determined in a calorimeter to be 841.9 kJ/mol. Calculate the molar composition of the gas. 4800 hg CH, +20, + CO, +2H,0(1), HHV = Aff? = 89036 kJ/mol (Table B.1) CiHy +Jo, +200, +3H, (1), HiTV = 1559.9 k3/mol 1 co Os + COs, HH =282.99 3/mot 2000L | 2732K | 2323 mmHg Initial motes charged: as el) (25+2732)K | 760mm Hg Average mol, wt. (4929 g)/(025 mol) = 19.72 g/mol Let x, = mol CH, /mol gas, x, = mol C,H, /mol gas (=> (1.x, ~x,)mol CO{mol gas)) MWV = 19.72 x (1604 g/mol CH,)+ x,(3007) +(1-x, ~x,)(2801)= 1972. (1) HAV = 9637 43/mol = x, (89036) + x, (18599) + (1x, ~x,)(282.99)=9637 (2) Solving (1) & (2) simultaneously yields § .9.63. A natural gas containing 82.0 mole% CH, and the balance C:H, is burned with 20% excess air in a boiler furnace. The fuel gas enters the furnace at 98 K, and the aris preheated to 423 K. The heat capacities ofthe stack pas components may be assumed to have the following constant values: ©O;: G, = 5003 mol-K) H,0(): GC, = 385 3(mol-K) Os: G, = 33. 4mol-K) Nat G, = 3135mol-K) © Bass: 100 mol maul gas = 82 mol CH, 18 ml CH (CHa) +20;(@)-> C034) +28, 049), AH7¢ = 890361 /mol CaH(@)+ 20548) -+ 260, (@)+ 38,00), aff 82 mol CH, 28K ‘(el C02) > (a H,0 (9) 0.21 0; @% XS) rnfemel 02) oN: (ol N;) Tol CH, “Tmt Hy a =! Os Na area ane as = (62004) + (1402), =11800 mat CO, Homlase 24 (2.044) + (180096) = 21800 mol 0 ‘iss si compe combustion = ny = (024227) mol Os = 440 ma Os Ny baaase: m= (0712714) Eetotreaction é5 Roy, AB OL é H, Rous i: C4) C44) il) Of) HO) 298 (Gewicht ven in Tale, which ae eo H,0() acaba rod. nd mst het fea te wae) 18(7)=6{F-2988) al psi weer = Ah 98) + Cf P28) ter |svtmmes| si aJfa| ota Gu, | tam oo | = - &y° | zmae ata | asan——oona(r-20) 1; finases 301 [teats 00ntx7—298) co, |= = | tiko0 —oasoxr—298) wo) | =~ | 21800 _s4o1s sams 25) crease 1-0 f(a), LOH), Lei Ld =o = (2.00 mot 1, f-19056 Be) (1609 mo 1, f-155890 8) ‘f(4sayo08 «(o24s3yans «(180090050)» @RoKannes|(r-295) ‘+ (2namXs401)-a72404414)- 10245590 =0 Inve Steen sit > Thy decreme ent of cmbeson ht mae gt et) men ess Tuy might does. Goer hes of combaston, bt beat ese goes in tng fer mses a)