Day 4- Facilitation Guide
Conditional Constructs
Index
I. Recap
II. Conditional Constructs
III. if Statement
IV. Ladder if else
V. Nested conditions
(1.5 hrs) ILT
I. Recap
In our last session we learned:
● Programming Statements:Programming statements, also known as code
statements or simply statements, are the fundamental building blocks of
computer programs. They are the individual instructions or commands that make
up a program's logic.
● User Input:How to accept the value from the user
● Comments in Program: What is comments and when and how to use
comments. Also we try to understand single line and multiline comments
In this session we are going to learn about Conditional Constructs,if Statement,Ladder if
else and Nested conditions and their uses.
II. Conditional Constructs
● There are situations where an action needs to be performed based on a
condition. This is known as conditional execution.
● The various conditional constructs are implemented using
○ if statement
○ if…else statement
○ Ladder conditions
○ Nested conditions
III. if statement:
The if statement allows you to execute a block of code if a specified condition is true.
The syntax of the if-statement is given below.
if expression:
# statement
Example:
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
Another example:
Accept a number from the user and check the number is even
You can use the input() function to accept a number from the user and then check if it's
even by using the modulo operator %.
# Accept a number from the user
user_input = input("Enter a number: ")
# Convert the user input to an integer
number = int(user_input)
# Check if the number is even
if number % 2 == 0:
print(f"{number} is an even number.")
In this code:
We use the input() function to get user input as a string.
We convert the user input to an integer using int() so that we can perform mathematical
operations on it.
We use the modulo operator % to check if the number is even. If number % 2 equals 0,
it means the number is even.
We display the result accordingly using print().
if-else statement:
The if-else statement in Python is used to make decisions in your code. It allows you to
specify two blocks of code: one to execute if a certain condition is true (if block), and
another to execute if the condition is false (else block).
Here's the basic syntax:
if condition:
# Code to execute if the condition is true
else:
# Code to execute if the condition is false
● The if clause contains a condition that evaluates to either True or False.
● If the condition is True, the code within the if block is executed.
● If the condition is False, the code within the else block is executed.
Here's an example:
age = 20
if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult.")
else:
print("You are a minor.")
Another example:
Accept a number from the user and check the number is even or odd
You can use the input() function to accept a number from the user and then check if it's
even by using the modulo operator %.
# Accept a number from the user
user_input = input("Enter a number: ")
# Convert the user input to an integer
number = int(user_input)
# Check if the number is even
if number % 2 == 0:
print(f"{number} is an even number.")
else:
print(f"{number} is not an even number.")
In this code:
We use the input() function to get user input as a string.
We convert the user input to an integer using int() so that we can perform mathematical
operations on it.
We use the modulo operator % to check if the number is even. If number % 2 equals 0,
it means the number is even; otherwise, it's not.
We display the result accordingly using print().
Another example:
Accept a alphabet from the user and check that alphabet is vowel or consonant
# Accept a single alphabet character from the user
alphabet = input("Enter a single alphabet character: ")
# Check if the alphabet is a vowel or a consonant using a ladder of if-elif-else
statements
if alphabet == 'a' or alphabet == 'e' or alphabet == 'i' or alphabet == 'o' or alphabet == 'u':
print(f"{alphabet} is a vowel.")
else:
print(f"{alphabet} is a consonant.")
In this code, we first check if the user entered a single alphabet character as explained
in the previous example. Then, we use if-else statements to check if the alphabet is a
vowel ('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u') or a consonant.
IV. Ladder if else:
A "ladder" of if-elif-else statements is a programming construct used when you have
multiple conditions to check sequentially. Each condition is checked in order, and the
first condition that evaluates to True triggers the corresponding block of code. If none of
the conditions is True, the else block (if provided) is executed. Here's the basic
structure:
if condition1:
# Code to execute if condition1 is true
elif condition2:
# Code to execute if condition1 is false and condition2 is true
elif condition3:
# Code to execute if condition1 and condition2 are false, and condition is true
else:
# Code to execute if all conditions are false
You can have any number of elif clauses, and they are checked in order from top to
bottom. Once a condition is met, the corresponding block is executed, and the
remaining conditions are not evaluated.
Here's an example:
x = 10
if x < 5:
print("x is less than 5.")
elif x < 10:
print("x is less than 10 but not 5.")
elif x == 10:
print("x is exactly 10.")
else:
print("x is greater than 10.")
In this example, Python checks the conditions sequentially. Since x is equal to 10, the
third condition (x == 10) is True, and the corresponding block is executed. The other
conditions are not evaluated.
Another example:
A school has following rules for grading system:
a. Below 25 - F
b. 25 to 45 - E
c. 45 to 50 - D
d. 50 to 60 - C
e. 60 to 80 - B
f. Above 80 - A
Ask users to enter marks and print the corresponding grade.
marks=int(input("Enter marks"))
if marks<25:
print("F")
elif marks>=25 and marks<45:
print("E")
elif marks>=45 and marks<50:
print("D")
elif marks>=50 and marks<60:
print("C")
elif marks>=60 and marks<80:
print("B")
else:
print("A")
In this code:
We use the input() function to get the user's input as a string.
We use a series of if-elif-else statements to determine the grade based on the score. You can
adjust the grade cutoffs as needed.
Finally, we display the determined grade to the user.
V. Nested conditions:
Nested conditions refer to situations where you have conditional statements (e.g., if, elif,
else) inside other conditional statements. This allows you to create complex
decision-making logic that depends on multiple conditions. In Python, you can nest
conditional statements by placing one inside another. Here's an example:
x = 10
y=5
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5.")
if y > 2:
print("y is greater than 2.")
else:
print("y is not greater than 2.")
else:
print("x is not greater than 5.")
In this example:
The outer if statement checks if x is greater than 5.
If x is greater than 5, it executes the first block of code and proceeds to the inner if
statement.
If x is not greater than 5, it executes the else block.
The inner if statement checks if y is greater than 2.
If y is greater than 2, it prints "y is greater than 2."
If y is not greater than 2, it prints "y is not greater than 2."
The key point is that the execution of nested conditional statements depends on the
conditions of both the outer and inner statements. You can nest conditions to create
more intricate decision-making processes, and you can nest multiple levels deep if
needed.
Here's a more complex example:
grade = 75
if grade >= 90:
print("A")
elif grade >= 80:
print("B")
else:
print("C")
if grade >= 70:
print("Pass")
else:
print("Fail")
In this example:
The first if statement checks for an "A" grade.
The first elif statement checks for a "B" grade if the "A" condition is not met.
The else block prints "C" and contains a nested if-else block that checks for a passing
or failing grade.
Nested conditions are useful for handling complex decision trees where the outcome
depends on a combination of conditions. However, as the level of nesting increases,
code readability can become a concern, so it's important to strike a balance between
complexity and maintainability.
Exercise ChatGPT
1. A company decided to give a bonus of 5% to an employee if his/her year of
service is more than 5 years .Ask users for their salary and year of service and
print the net bonus amount.
2. A shop will give a discount of 10% if the cost of purchased quantity is more
than [Link] user for quantity Suppose, one unit will cost [Link] and print
total cost for user.
After the ILT, the student has to do a 30 min live lab. Please refer to the Day 4 Lab
doc in the LMS.