GROUP 5
Writing Conclusions,
Recommendation, and
Reference
Gabriel Laurente Cristine Mondejar
Jillean Parlutcha Carolyn Lubrio
Angel Grace Maglangit Kean Xander Bravo Practical Research 1
Danella Enriquiz Kenjie Naife
1. Identify the ways of making conclusions
2. Formulate recommendations based on the Conclusion
3. List the references used in the research study
4. Appreciate the formulation of logical conclusions and
recommendations as well as the techniques in listing
references.
1 Conclusions
2 Recommendations
Key Concepts
3 Writing the references
4 Commonly Used Referencing
System
Conclusion
The conclusion is intended to help the reader appreciate why
the research should matter to them after they have finished
reading the paper (USC Libraries, 2014). In other words, you
summarize the ideas of the research in terms of research
problem, or objectives and tie up both ends neatly. The
conclusions are drawn by logical inference from findings
(Mutai, 2001).
The conclusion answers the questions that sparked the
collected data and its analysis in the first place. In
concluding on one’s report, It is important to discuss the
practical application ang implications of one’s findings in the
real world. Conclusion pulls the strands together in a
broader perspective and indicate possible action (Mugenda
& Mugenda, 2003).
The conclusion draws together the threads of the research to
arrive at some general conclusions and suggest ways
forward. This part of the report should be constructive and
positive. Conclusions should not contain any ideas
previously raised in the report. The findings should be
related to other evidences or hypotheses as described in the
main body, where options arising from the study should be
explained.
The conclusion can perform the Three functions:
Recapitulate the Extend a challenge Draw inferences
ideas of the paper
The researcher revisits the In problem-solving papers, If the paper presents
main points from the the conclusion may conflicting viewpoints,
introduction and body, encourage the reader to the conclusion may
providing a brief take action or contribute guide the reader
summary to neatly tie to a solution by explaining toward accepting one
everything together. what steps they can take. perspective or
considering the value
of each side. (Mutai,
2001)
Problems to Avoid in Writing Conclusions:
Failure to comment on Failure to reveal
Failure to be concise larger or more problems and
significant issues negative results
The conclusion should be While the introduction If the research faced
short and to the point. It moves from general to challenges or had
should not include specific, the conclusion unexpected findings,
unnecessary details should move from specific these should be
about methods or results. back to general. It should mentioned. Negative
Instead, focus on key show how the research results can help future
insights and implications. adds to the field or fills a research and should
gap in knowledge. not be hidden.
Problems to Avoid in Writing Conclusions:
Failure to provide a Failure to match the
clear summary of objectives of the
what was learned research
A good conclusion Sometimes, research
briefly restates what goals change during the
was learned so readers study. The conclusion
understand its should reflect what was
importance. This actually achieved, not
summary should be just what was originally
short but clear. planned.
Recommendation
Recommendations should follow logically from the
conclusions and be aligned with the study's purpose,
objectives, and findings. They should be practical and
achievable. If the recommendations involve policy decisions,
they should be clear and specific, outlining who should take
action, what they should do, when, and why (Mugenda &
Mugenda, 2003; Mutai, 2001).
Common recommendations that researchers often make include
the following:
Areas of further
Methodological issues Practical Actions
research
Identifying questions Suggesting ways to refine Proposing actions to
from the study that still research methods to address the problems
need to be explored in enhance future studies in identified in the
future research. the same field. research, such as
designing and
implementing an
intervention or project.
Writing the Reference
According to research ethics, researchers should always
acknowledge the sources they use in their work. Referencing
is a way to show where ideas, theories, quotes, facts, data,
and other information come from. It's an important part of
academic writing, and you must do it in all assignments.
Referencing gives credit to the original ideas and evidence
that support your argument. The list of references is
organized and appears at the end of the paper, before the
appendices in a thesis.
Commonly Used
Referencing Style
Commonly Used Referencing System or Style of
Writing Reference:
Vancouver Style
The Vancouver style is used in medical fields. Citations in the text are
numbered in the order they appear, using Arabic numbers. The reference list
at the end is arranged in the same order. Each citation number is placed in
parentheses or as a superscript
The names of all the authors are written when there are six authors. If
there are more than six authors, “et al.” is used after writing the first six
authors.
If an author’s name is used in the text, it is mandatory to use the citation
number as well.
Commonly Used Referencing System or Style of
Writing Reference:
APA Style
The APA style is a structured format for all sorts of academic writings,
including the journal articles, books, and other commentaries devised by the
American Psychological Association (APA)
While citing reference in text, one needs to cite one work by one author.
For example, “Sharma (2014) reported that 43% of antenatal females
experience intimate partner violence.”
When the citation has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors when
the reference appears for the first time. In subsequent citations, only
include the surname if first author followed by “et al.” and the year.
When the citation has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors when the
reference appears for the first time. In subsequent citations, only include the
surname if first author followed by “et al.” and the year.
For example:
“Kaur, Sharma, Bakshi and Sinha (2012) reported high
prevalence of stress among nurses…” (used as first citation
in the text)
“Kaur et al. (2012) also found…” (used in the subsequent
citation per paragraph thereafter).
In APA style, the reference list appears at the end of an article and
includes only the sources actually used in the research. Entries are
arranged alphabetically by the first author's surname, followed by their
initials.
If multiple works by the same author exist, they are ordered
chronologically, with the earliest first.
Example: “Sharma N (2010)” precedes “Sharma N (2014)”.
Single-author works come before multiple-author works with the
same surname.
Example: “Kaur (2014)” shall precede “Kaur, Singh, and Sharma (2010)”.
Commonly Used Referencing System or Style of
Writing Reference:
Harvard Style
Harvard style uses the Author-Date system for in-text citations. Authors and the
year of publication appear directly in the text, and the full references are listed
alphabetically at the end of the paper. This system is flexible, allowing easy
updates, and it helps readers quickly see who authored a work and when it was
published.
In-text citation formats:
If you mention the author in the sentence.
Example: Sharma (2010) found that interpersonal stress is common in first-year
students.
If you place both the author and year in brackets:
Example: Interpersonal stress is common in first-year students (Sharma, 2010)
For multiple authors:
Up to three authors: Mention all names.
Example: Sharma, Kaur, and Singh (2014) discussed stress in
students.
More than three authors: Use the first author’s surname
followed by “et al.”
Example: Sharma et al. (2014) explored stress in students.