A STUDY TO ACCESS INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES AMONG BEDRIDDEN

PATIENTS VISITING RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT AT NAROK COUNTY HOSPITAL

BY

ALVIN

A RESEARCH PROPOSA SUBMITTED TO THE KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING

COLLEGE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN

RADIOGRAPHY AND IMAGING SCIENCES

DATE 05/09/2023
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this research proposal is my original work and has not been seen or

presented for award of any academic qualification in any institution.

NAME: ALVIN

D/MIS/22034/XXX

Signature………………………………………

Date……………………………………

ii
SUPERVISORS APPROVAL PAGE

INTERNAL SUPERVISOR

NAME: MR. DIDACUS MOCHACHE

Signature……………………………….Date…………………………………….

NAME: MIS NANCY KEMUNTO

Lecturer, MIS

Signature…………………………………… Date…………………………………

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

NAME: MRS. VIVIANNE ODAWA

Lecturer, MIS

Signature…………………………………… Date…………………………………

iii
 DEDICATION

I truly dedicate this study to my beloved mother for the support she has given me, not only in

rhetoric but also financially to carry out this study and for the inspiration and encouragement she

has shown me. I cannot also fail to thank my family friends and supervisors who guided me

thought my research proposal.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I hereby thank my supervisor, xxxxxxxxx for guiding and giving me knowledge in writing this

proposal, your support encourages me and I believe the project was a success. I am grateful for

the entire medical imaging department; the head of department, lecturers and my fellow

classmates. Finally, I am happy for my family and friends for creating an enabling environment

that enabled me to write this proposal.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

PPE: Personal Protective Equipment

HAI: Healthcare-Associated Infections

IRB: Institutional Review Board

CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

WHO: World Health Organization

PPE: Personal Protective Equipment

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................ii

SUPERVISORS APPROVAL PAGE.........................................................................................iii

DEDICATION..............................................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................v

LIST OF ABBREVIATION........................................................................................................vi

TABLE OF CONTENT..............................................................................................................vii

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................xi

CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the Study.....................................................................................................1

1.2 Problem Statement...............................................................................................................2

1.3 Justification of the Study.....................................................................................................2

1.4 Significance of the Study.....................................................................................................3

1.5 Broader and Specific Objectives.........................................................................................3

1.5.1 Broader Objective.........................................................................................................3

1.5.2 Specific Objectives.........................................................................................................3

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study....................................................................................4

1.6.1 Scope...............................................................................................................................4

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 1.6.2 Limitations.....................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................5

LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................5

2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................5

2.2 The Importance of Infection Control.................................................................................5

2.3 Staff Training on Infection Control...................................................................................5

2.3.1 Training Programs and Effectiveness.........................................................................5

2.3.2 Training Challenges......................................................................................................6

2.4 Compliance with Standard Precautions............................................................................6

2.4.1 Standard Precautions and Their Importance.............................................................6

2.4.2 Challenges in Compliance.............................................................................................6

2.5 Shortcomings in Infection Control Measures....................................................................7

2.5.1 Identifying Shortcomings................................................................................................7

2.5.2 Impact on Patient Safety..................................................................................................7

2.6 Bedridden Patients in Radiology Departments.................................................................7

2.6.1 Specific Needs of Bedridden Patients..........................................................................7

2.6.2 Radiology Procedures and Infection Risks.................................................................7

2.7 Studies on Infection Control in Radiology Departments.................................................8

2.7.1 Existing Research..........................................................................................................8

2.7.2 Gaps in Knowledge........................................................................................................8

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 2.8 Summary of the Literature.................................................................................................8

CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................10

METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................10

3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................10

3.2 Study Design.......................................................................................................................10

3.3 Study Population................................................................................................................10

3.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria......................................................................................10

3.4.1 Inclusion Criteria........................................................................................................10

3.4.2 Exclusion Criteria........................................................................................................11

3.5 Data Collection Method.....................................................................................................11

3.5.1 Questionnaires.............................................................................................................11

3.5.2 Direct Observation......................................................................................................12

3.5.3 Interviews.....................................................................................................................12

3.5.4 Document Review........................................................................................................12

3.6 Sampling Technique..........................................................................................................12

3.6.1 Healthcare Staff...........................................................................................................12

3.6.2 Bedridden Patients......................................................................................................12

3.7 Ethical Considerations.......................................................................................................14

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................16

APPENDICES..............................................................................................................................18

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APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE........................................................................................18

APPENDIX II...........................................................................................................................24

STUDY TIMETABLE.............................................................................................................24

APPENDIX III.........................................................................................................................26

STUDY BUDGET....................................................................................................................26

x
 ABSTRACT

This study investigates infection control measures among bedridden patients in the radiology

department at Narok County Hospital, aiming to enhance patient safety and healthcare quality.

The research encompasses a cross-sectional design, with healthcare staff and bedridden patients

as the study population. Data will be collected through questionnaires, direct observations,

interviews, and document reviews. The study explores staff training, compliance with standard

precautions, and shortcomings in infection control measures.

The significance of this research lies in its potential to improve infection control practices in a

radiology setting, where bedridden patients face unique challenges. The literature review reveals

a dearth of specific research in this context, underscoring the need for this study. Ethical

considerations prioritize participant confidentiality and consent.

The findings are expected to offer valuable insights for Narok County Hospital and healthcare

institutions nationally, contributing to enhanced patient safety, reduced healthcare-associated

infections, and improved healthcare delivery.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Infection control is a critical aspect of healthcare delivery, ensuring the safety of both patients

and healthcare providers. The prevention and containment of infections within healthcare

facilities are essential to maintaining the quality of care and safeguarding the health and well-

being of patients. Radiology departments play a pivotal role in the diagnostic and therapeutic

processes, serving as a crucial link in patient care. However, little attention has been given to

infection control measures among bedridden patients visiting radiology departments, particularly

in the context of Narok County Hospital.

Narok County Hospital, like many healthcare institutions, faces the challenge of providing

effective infection control measures to bedridden patients who require radiological services.

These patients often have compromised immune systems and are vulnerable to healthcare-

associated infections. Furthermore, radiology departments, with their intricate equipment and

complex workflows, can potentially be reservoirs for infection transmission if proper infection

control measures are not rigorously adhered to.

Understanding the current state of infection control measures among bedridden patients in the

radiology department is crucial for improving patient safety and healthcare quality. This study

seeks to address this gap in knowledge by evaluating staff training, assessing compliance with

standard precautions, and identifying shortcomings in infection control measures among

bedridden patients at Narok County Hospital.

1
1.2 Problem Statement

Inadequate infection control measures among bedridden patients visiting the radiology

department at Narok County Hospital pose a significant risk to patient safety. The lack of

comprehensive assessments in this specific context hinders the development of effective

strategies to mitigate these risks. Key problems include:

1. Insufficient Staff Training: There may be gaps in the training of healthcare staff

responsible for providing radiological services to bedridden patients, leading to

suboptimal infection control practices.

2. Non-Compliance with Standard Precautions: It is unclear to what extent standard

precautions, such as hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment, and

environmental cleaning, are consistently followed by staff during radiological

procedures.

3. Shortcomings in Infection Control Measures: The specific challenges and

shortcomings in infection control measures within the radiology department for

bedridden patients need to be identified and addressed to enhance patient safety.

1.3 Justification of the Study

This study is essential for several reasons:

 Patient Safety: Improving infection control measures in the radiology department will

enhance patient safety, particularly for bedridden patients who are already vulnerable to

infections.

 Healthcare Quality: By identifying and addressing gaps in infection control, the overall

quality of healthcare services provided by Narok County Hospital can be improved.

2
  Resource Allocation: Insights from this study can guide the allocation of resources and

training efforts towards areas that require immediate attention.

 Research Gap: Limited research has been conducted on infection control measures

specifically among bedridden patients in radiology departments, making this study a

valuable contribution to the field.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study extends beyond the confines of Narok County Hospital. The

findings and recommendations will be valuable to healthcare institutions and policymakers at

both regional and national levels, aiming to improve infection control practices in radiology

departments, especially for bedridden patients. This research has the potential to enhance patient

safety, reduce healthcare-associated infections, and contribute to better healthcare delivery in

Kenya.

1.5 Broader and Specific Objectives

1.5.1 Broader Objective

To assess and improve infection control measures among bedridden patients visiting the

radiology department at Narok County Hospital.

1.5.2 Specific Objectives

1. To evaluate the level of staff training on infection control measures in the radiology

department at Narok County Hospital.

2. To assess compliance with standard precautions related to infection control measures

among healthcare staff in the radiology department.

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 3. To identify and evaluate shortcomings in infection control measures specific to bedridden

patients undergoing radiological procedures at Narok County Hospital.

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study

1.6.1 Scope

This study focuses on infection control measures within the radiology department at Narok

County Hospital, specifically among bedridden patients. It encompasses the evaluation of staff

training, compliance with standard precautions, and identification of shortcomings in infection

control measures.

1.6.2 Limitations

 The study is limited to Narok County Hospital and may not be fully representative of all

healthcare facilities in Kenya.

 Time and resource constraints may limit the depth of data collection and analysis.

 The study relies on self-reporting by healthcare staff, which may introduce bias.

 External factors, such as changes in hospital policies or staffing, could affect the study's

outcomes.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Infection control measures are fundamental to ensuring patient safety and preventing healthcare-

associated infections within healthcare facilities. This literature review provides a comprehensive

overview of the existing knowledge and research related to infection control measures,

particularly among bedridden patients visiting radiology departments (Long, et al., 2021). The

review covers key topics, including staff training, compliance with standard precautions, and

identified shortcomings in infection control measures.

2.2 The Importance of Infection Control

Infection control is crucial in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of infections, protect

patients, and maintain the safety of healthcare workers. Patients visiting radiology departments,

especially those who are bedridden, are often at higher risk due to their compromised immune

systems and reduced mobility.

2.3 Staff Training on Infection Control

2.3.1 Training Programs and Effectiveness

Effective staff training is a cornerstone of infection control. Healthcare providers must receive

comprehensive training in infection prevention and control practices. Various training programs

and strategies have been developed to equip healthcare workers with the necessary knowledge

and skills.

Studies have shown that well-designed training programs can lead to significant improvements in

infection control practices. For instance, a study by Long, et al., (2021) demonstrated that a

5
multifaceted hand hygiene campaign, including staff education, led to a substantial reduction in

healthcare-associated infections.

2.3.2 Training Challenges

Despite the importance of staff training, healthcare facilities often face challenges in

implementing effective training programs. These challenges may include staff turnover, limited

resources, and the need for ongoing education (Long, et al., 2021). Additionally, the unique

needs of bedridden patients and the specific infection control measures required for radiology

procedures add complexity to staff training.

2.4 Compliance with Standard Precautions

2.4.1 Standard Precautions and Their Importance

Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices that apply to all patient care,

regardless of the patient's infection status. They include measures such as hand hygiene, proper

use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe injection practices, and environmental cleaning

(Alerhand, et al., 2021). Compliance with these precautions is essential to prevent the

transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings.

2.4.2 Challenges in Compliance

Several studies have highlighted challenges in achieving consistent compliance with standard

precautions. Healthcare workers may face barriers such as time constraints, lack of access to

PPE, and a perceived low risk of infection transmission. Bedridden patients present unique

challenges, as their mobility is limited, making it more difficult to implement some standard

precautions.

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2.5 Shortcomings in Infection Control Measures

2.5.1 Identifying Shortcomings

Identifying shortcomings in infection control measures is critical for improving patient safety.

Studies have employed various methods, including direct observation, surveys, and audits, to

assess and identify weaknesses in infection control practices (Alerhand, et al., 2021). These

shortcomings can encompass a wide range of issues, from inadequate hand hygiene to

suboptimal disinfection of equipment.

2.5.2 Impact on Patient Safety

Shortcomings in infection control measures can have serious consequences for patients,

especially those with compromised health. Healthcare-associated infections can lead to extended

hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and even mortality (Alerhand, et al., 2021). Therefore,

addressing these shortcomings is imperative to enhance patient safety and healthcare quality.

2.6 Bedridden Patients in Radiology Departments

2.6.1 Specific Needs of Bedridden Patients

Bedridden patients present unique challenges in infection control. Their limited mobility makes

it more difficult for them to follow hygiene practices, and they may require assistance in moving

and positioning during radiological procedures. Additionally, bedridden patients often have

complex medical conditions, making them more susceptible to infections.

2.6.2 Radiology Procedures and Infection Risks

Radiology procedures involve the use of specialized equipment and often require close contact

between healthcare providers and patients. Bedridden patients undergoing radiological

examinations may be at increased risk of infection due to the potential for contamination of

7
surfaces and equipment, as well as the challenges associated with maintaining proper hygiene

during the procedure.

2.7 Studies on Infection Control in Radiology Departments

2.7.1 Existing Research

While there is a substantial body of literature on infection control in healthcare settings, research

specific to infection control in radiology departments is relatively limited. Existing studies have

primarily focused on general infection control practices in hospitals or outpatient settings, with

less attention given to the unique challenges posed by radiological procedures (Dancer, 2021).

2.7.2 Gaps in Knowledge

The scarcity of research on infection control in radiology departments, especially in the context

of bedridden patients, highlights a significant gap in our understanding of this critical issue.

Given the potential for infection transmission in radiology settings and the vulnerability of

bedridden patients, more research is needed to inform best practices.

2.8 Summary of the Literature

This literature review has highlighted the importance of infection control measures in healthcare

settings and the specific challenges posed by bedridden patients visiting radiology departments.

Staff training is essential to ensure that healthcare providers have the knowledge and skills to

implement effective infection control practices. Compliance with standard precautions is crucial

to prevent the spread of infections, but challenges in achieving consistent compliance persist.

Shortcomings in infection control measures can have serious consequences for patient safety,

emphasizing the need for ongoing assessment and improvement.

8
Additionally, bedridden patients in radiology departments require special attention due to their

unique needs and increased susceptibility to infections. Research specific to infection control in

radiology settings, especially concerning bedridden patients, is limited, indicating the need for

further investigation to bridge this knowledge gap and enhance patient safety in this context.

9
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter outlines the methodology employed in conducting the study to assess infection

control measures among bedridden patients visiting the radiology department at Narok County

Hospital. The research design, study population, inclusion and exclusion criteria, data collection

methods, sampling technique, and ethical considerations are all detailed to ensure the study's

validity and ethical integrity.

3.2 Study Design

A descriptive study design will be utilized in this study. A descriptive study design allows for the

collection of data at a single point in time, providing a snapshot of infection control measures

among bedridden patients in the radiology department. This design is suitable for assessing the

current state of infection control practices in a specific healthcare setting.

3.3 Study Population

The study population includes all bedridden patients receiving radiological services at Narok

County Hospital. The healthcare staff will consist of radiologists, radiologic technologists,

nurses, and support staff directly involved in patient care during radiology procedures. Bedridden

patients are defined as those who are unable to ambulate and require a bed for mobility within

the hospital setting.

3.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

3.4.1 Inclusion Criteria

For Healthcare Staff

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  Healthcare staff working in the radiology department.

 Staff with direct patient interaction during radiology procedures.

For Bedridden Patients:

 Patients classified as bedridden by their healthcare providers.

 Patients undergoing radiological examinations within the radiology department.

3.4.2 Exclusion Criteria

For Healthcare Staff

 Staff not directly involved in patient care during radiology procedures.

 Staff who refuse to participate in the study.

For Bedridden Patients:

 Patients who do not meet the bedridden criteria.

 Patients undergoing radiological examinations outside the radiology department.

3.5 Data Collection Method

3.5.1 Questionnaires

Structured questionnaires will be used to collect data from healthcare staff. The questionnaires

will include closed-ended questions related to staff training on infection control, compliance with

standard precautions, and perceived shortcomings in infection control measures. Questionnaires

will be distributed to eligible staff members, and data will be collected anonymously to

encourage honest responses.

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3.5.2 Direct Observation

Direct observation will be employed to assess compliance with standard precautions during

radiological procedures. Trained observers will discreetly observe healthcare staff while they

perform radiology procedures on bedridden patients. Observations will focus on hand hygiene

practices, the use of personal protective equipment, and adherence to infection control protocols.

3.5.3 Interviews

Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with a subset of healthcare staff to gather in-depth

insights into their experiences and perceptions regarding infection control measures. Interviews

will be audio-recorded and transcribed for analysis. Sample questions may include inquiries

about training received, challenges faced in infection control, and suggestions for improvement.

3.5.4 Document Review

Hospital records and documents related to infection control protocols, training programs, and

previous infection control assessments will be reviewed to gain a comprehensive understanding

of the hospital's infection control efforts.

3.6 Sampling Technique

3.6.1 Healthcare Staff

A census approach will be used to include all eligible healthcare staff in the radiology

department. This approach ensures that the study encompasses the entire population of

healthcare staff directly involved in patient care during radiology procedures.

3.6.2 Bedridden Patients

A convenience sampling technique will be employed to select bedridden patients undergoing

radiological examinations during the data collection period. This technique is chosen for

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practical reasons, as it allows for the inclusion of patients who are readily available and meet the

study criteria. However, efforts will be made to ensure the sample is representative of the

broader bedridden patient population at Narok County Hospital.

The sample size will be determined based on statistical considerations to ensure the study's

findings are representative and statistically significant.

The sample size will be calculated using Fischer’s formula et al (1998) formula for population

less than 10,000.

2
Z Pq
n= 2
d

Where;

Z= the desired sample size ¿

n=desired sample size (if the target population is greater than 1,000)

P= proportion in the target population estimated to have a characteristic being measured: (0.5)

Q=1-P i.e. (1-0.5) = 0.5

d= the level of statistical significance set 5 %( 0.05)

Thus;
2
1.96 x 0.5 x 0.5
n= 2
0.05

n=384

2
1.96 x 0.5 x 0.5
n= 2
0.05

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 n=384

Since the target population is less than 10,000 the required sample size will be calculated using

the following formula.

n
nf =
n
1+
N

Where;

N=Estimate of the population size (60)

n= the desired sample (is >10000)

n f =desired sample size (when population is<10000)

384
nf =
Hence; n f= 384
1+
60

=61.9

The desired sample size will be 60 participants.

3.7 Ethical Considerations

Ethical approval for this study will be sought from the Kenya Medical Training College board

and administration committee of Narok County Hospital. Prior to data collection, informed

consent will be obtained from all participants, including healthcare staff and bedridden patients.

Participants will be assured of their anonymity, confidentiality, and the voluntary nature of their

14
participation. They will also be informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time

without consequences.

In cases where participants may have limited capacity to provide informed consent, such as

severely ill bedridden patients, informed consent will be obtained from their legally authorized

representatives or family members. All data collected will be securely stored and accessible only

to the research team, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants.

Additionally, ethical considerations will be made to minimize any potential harm or discomfort

to participants during direct observations and interviews. Healthcare staff will be informed of the

observation process, and their consent will be sought. Observations will be conducted discreetly

to avoid disruption of patient care.

The research team will adhere to ethical guidelines and principles outlined in the Declaration of

Helsinki and other relevant ethical standards throughout the research process.

15
 REFERENCES

Abe, T., Shibao, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Mataki, Y., Amano, K., Hioki, S., ... & Yamazaki, M. (2018).

Initial hospitalization with rigorous bed rest followed by bracing and rehabilitation as an

option of conservative treatment for osteoporotic vertebral fractures in elderly patients: a

pilot one arm safety and feasibility study. Archives of Osteoporosis, 13, 1-7.

Alerhand, S., Wood, S., Long, B., & Koyfman, A. (2017). The time-sensitive challenge of

diagnosing spinal epidural abscess in the emergency department. Internal and emergency

medicine, 12, 1179-1183.

Bhebhe, E. (2012). Hand hygiene: A must radiotherapy patients. Imaging & Therapy Practice, 4.

Dancer, S. J. (2021). Reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission in hospitals: focus on

additional infection control strategies. Surgery (Oxford), 39(11), 752-758.

Foster, N. E., Anema, J. R., Cherkin, D., Chou, R., Cohen, S. P., Gross, D. P., ... & Woolf, A.

(2018). Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising

directions. The Lancet, 391(10137), 2368-2383.

Kasthuri, R., Karunaratne, D., Andrew, H., Sumner, J., & Chalmers, N. (2007). Day-case

peripheral angioplasty using nurse-led admission, discharge, and follow-up procedures:

arterial closure devices are not necessary. Clinical radiology, 62(12), 1202-1205.

Long, X., Zhang, L., Alwalid, O., Lei, Z., Liang, B., Shi, H., ... & Yang, F. (2021). Radiology

Department preventive and control measures and work plan during COVID-19 epidemic-

experience from Wuhan. Chinese Journal of Academic Radiology, 4(1), 1-8.

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Ossola, C., Piacentino, F., Fontana, F., Curti, M., Zorzetto, G., Coppola, A., ... & Venturini, M.

(2022). Pocket-sized, wireless-Bluetooth ultrasound system to perform diagnostic and

low-complexity interventional procedures in bedridden patients during the COVID-19

pandemic: from intensive care unit to domiciliary service?. European Radiology

Experimental, 6(1), 1-4.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE

Survey Title: Evaluation of Infection Control Measures in Radiology Department

Introduction: Thank you for participating in this survey. Your input is crucial for understanding

the current state of infection control measures. Please answer the following questions honestly

and to the best of your knowledge.

Section 1: Demographic Information

1.1. Name (Optional): __________________________

1.2. Job Title: __________________________

1.3. Years of Experience in Healthcare: _______________

Section 2: Staff Training on Infection Control

2.1. Have you received formal training on infection control measures relevant to your role?

 Yes

 No

2.2. If yes, please specify the type and frequency of training you have received.

Training Type: ______________________________________________________________

Frequency: ____________________________________________________________________

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2.3. Do you feel adequately trained to implement infection control measures in the

radiology department?

 Yes

 No

2.4. If no, please briefly describe the areas in which you feel additional training is needed.

Section 3: Compliance with Standard Precautions

3.1. Do you consistently practice proper hand hygiene before and after patient contact in

the radiology department?

 Always

 Sometimes

 Rarely

 Never

3.2. Do you consistently wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) during

radiology procedures with bedridden patients?

 Always

 Sometimes

19
  Rarely

 Never

3.3. Have you received training on the correct use of PPE?

 Yes

 No

3.4. Do you follow the recommended environmental cleaning and disinfection protocols in

the radiology department?

 Always

 Sometimes

 Rarely

 Never

Section 4: Shortcomings in Infection Control Measures

4.1. In your opinion, what are the main shortcomings in infection control measures within

the radiology department when dealing with bedridden patients? (Please check all that

apply.)

 Inadequate hand hygiene

20
  Insufficient availability of PPE

 Inadequate training for staff

 Non-compliance with environmental cleaning protocols

 Lack of clear infection control guidelines

 Other (please specify): ____________________________________________

Section 5: Additional Comments

5.1. Please provide any additional comments or suggestions related to infection control

measures in the radiology department for bedridden patients.

Thank you for participating in this survey. Your feedback is highly valuable to our study.

CHECKLIST FOR DIRECT OBSERVATION

Observation Title: Compliance with Standard Precautions During Radiology Procedures

Observer: ______________________________________

Date: ____________________

Time: ____________________

Location: Radiology Department, Narok County Hospital

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Healthcare Staff Information

 Staff Name (if known): _________________________________________________

 Job Title: ____________________________________________________________

 Role During Procedure: ________________________________________________

Observations

Hand Hygiene

 Proper hand hygiene performed before patient contact.

 Proper hand hygiene performed after patient contact.

 Hand sanitizer or soap and water used for hand hygiene.

 Hand hygiene performed for the recommended duration (at least 20 seconds).

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 Proper PPE worn, including gloves, masks, gowns, and eye protection, as necessary.

 PPE put on before entering the patient's room or the radiology suite.

 PPE removed and disposed of correctly after the procedure.

Environmental Cleaning

22
  Adequate cleaning and disinfection of equipment and surfaces before and after the

procedure.

 Use of appropriate disinfectants and cleaning techniques.

 Proper disposal of contaminated materials.

Overall Compliance

 Overall compliance with standard precautions during the procedure.

Comments and Observations

Observer's Signature: _____________________________

Note: This checklist is for direct observation of healthcare staff during radiology procedures

with bedridden patients. Observers should be discreet and non-disruptive during the

observations, maintaining patient privacy and confidentiality.

23
APPENDIX II

STUDY TIMETABLE

Work JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DECEMBER

breakdown

Title

identification

Objectives

Statement of the

problem

Justification

Literature review

Methodology

Methodology

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Discussion

conclusion

Recommendation

24
Reference

Final copy

submission

25
APPENDIX III

STUDY BUDGET

Item Quality Price

Flash disk 16 GB 1500

Home FIBA JTL 30 GB 2000

Typing and Printing 2 Copies 6000

Contingencies 11% 520

Total 10, 020

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