Module SE2 Part-1 Class Notes SCORE ACADEMY TRIVANDRUM Contact: 9895975777

Classroom slides: For reference only SCORE

Refer Video Sessions & Short Notes for detailed study

Utilization of Electrical Power

SCORE ACADEMY
Electric Heating & Welding
Part-2

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Electric Heating: Syllabus SCORE

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Arc Heating
• Heating the materials by means of electric arc
• Industrial arc furnaces working under arc heating
• Electrical arc furnace means an extremely hot enclosed space where heat is produced by means
of electric arcing for melting certain metals such as scrap steel without changing electro chemical
properties of the metals
SCORE ACADEMY
• It is desirable to operate the arc furnace at 0.7 power factor
• The arc furnace have conical shapes
• Two type of arc heating direct and indirect

Electrode used in Arc Heating

• Carbon electrodes #Note
Dielectric Strength of air : 30 kV/cm (max.)
• Graphite electrodes Dielectric Strength of air : 21.1 kV/cm (R.M.S)
• Self - baking electrodes
SCORE
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Carbon electrodes SCORE
• They are made of anthracite coal and coke
• Uniform heating can be obtained with large area of carbon electrodes
• Oxidation starts at about 400°C
• Used in small furnaces
• Used in manufacturing of Ferro-alloys, aluminium, calcium carbide, phosphorus

Graphite electrodes

SCORE ACADEMY
• They are obtained by heating carbon electrodes to a very high temperature
• Owing to lower resistivity of graphite (one fourth of the carbon), graphite is required half in size
for the same current resulting is easy replacement
• Oxidation starts at about 600°C
Self - baking electrodes
• They are made of a special paste, the composition of the paste depends upon the type of
process for which it is employed
• When current is passed, heat is produced that bakes the paste to form an electrode
• Used production of Ferro-alloys, electro- chemical furnaces and in production of aluminium by
SCORE
electrolytic process
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Direct Arc Heating Additional exam specific points is session SE-2-Part-1_Video: 21.2

• An arc is made to strike between electrodes and charge itself

• The heat energy of arc is absorbed by the charge and thus heating is done

SCORE ACADEMY

SCORE
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Working of Direct ARC heating furnaces: ( for understanding purpose only )

• The space between the charge and electrode get ionized by Appling electric voltage in electrodes

• The ionized space become a conducting medium and form arc

• The arc direct contact with the charge

SCORE ACADEMY
• To increase or decrease the arc length by moving the electrode upward and downward by a motor

• To control the voltage of arc a transformer is used with tapping in primary winding

• If the available supply is DC or 1-Φ AC, two electrodes are sufficient, if the supply is 3-Φ AC; three
electrodes are placed at three vertices of an equilateral triangle

• The most important feature of the direct arc furnace is that the current flows through the charge, the
stirring action is inherent due to the electromagnetic force setup by the current and such furnace is
SCORE
used for manufacturing alloy steel and gives purer product
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Advantages
• It produces purer products, when compared with other methods.
• It is very simple and easy to control the composition of the final product during refining process

Application
SCORE ACADEMY
• This type of furnace is to produce steel, alloy steel such as stainless steel etc.
• Used for the manufacture of grey iron casting

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Indirect Arc heating

• Electric arc is produced between the electrodes

• The heat of arc is then passed on to the charge through radiation

SCORE ACADEMY
• This electric arc is used for melting the metal

Fig: Rocking Arc Furnace

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Working of Indirect ARC heating furnaces: ( for understanding purpose only )

• In indirect arc furnace, the arc strikes between two electrodes by bringing momentarily in contact
and then with drawing them heat so developed, due to the striking of arc across air gap is
transferred to charge is purely by radiation

SCORE ACADEMY
• These furnaces are usually single phase (1-Φ) and hence their size is limited by the amount of
one-phase load which can be taken from one point

• Since on this furnace current does not flow through the charge, there is no stirring action and the
furnace is required to be rocked mechanically

• The electrodes are projected through this chamber at each end along the horizontal axis. This
furnace is also sometimes called as Rocking Arc Furnace

SCORE
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Working of Indirect ARC heating furnaces: ( for understanding purpose only )

• The charge in this furnace is heated not only by radiation from the arc between electrode tips but
also by conduction from the heated refractory during rocking action; so the efficiency of such
furnace is high

SCORE ACADEMY
• Power input to the furnace is regulated by adjusting the arc length by moving the electrodes

• Even though it can be used in iron foundries where small quantities of iron are required
frequently, the main application of this furnace is the melting of non-ferrous metals

SCORE
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Advantages
• Lower overall production cost per tonne of molten material
• Sound casting in thin and intricate design can be produced
• Metal losses due to oxidation and volatilization are quite low
• Flexible in operation

Disadvantage
SCORE ACADEMY
• No inherent stirring action as there is no current flow through the charge
• Continuous rocking should be done to distribute heat uniformly

Application
• The arc furnaces are used to produce mini steel structural bars and steel rods
• The main application of this type furnace is melting of non-ferrous metals

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C) Electron bombardment heating

• The electrical heating process used is electron bombardment of a refractory metal heat exchange
by ac celebration of electrons from an emitter to collecting surface heating occurs at the heat
exchanger surface by impingement of electron

SCORE ACADEMY
• Bombardment of electron causes heating

Fig: An Illustration of electron bombardment

SCORE
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Types: High Frequency Heating

1. Induction Heating or Eddy Current Heating

(Electrically conducting Materials)

SCORE ACADEMY
2. Dielectric Heating (or Electronic Heating or Radio Frequency Heating )
(Electrically insulating Materials)

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1. Induction Heating or eddy current heating

Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conducting object (usually a metal)
by electromagnetic induction, through heat generated in the object by eddy currents

SCORE ACADEMY Fig: An Illustration of eddy current heating

SCORE
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• An induction heater consists of an electromagnet and an electronic oscillator that passes a
high frequency alternating current (AC) through the electromagnet
•
The rapidly alternating magnetic field penetrates the object, generating electric currents inside
the conductor, called eddy currents

SCORE ACADEMY
• The eddy currents flowing through the resistance of the material heat it by Joule heating

• An important feature of the induction heating process is that the heat is generated inside the
object itself

To develop sufficient amount of heat the resistance of material must be low and the voltage
must be higher, which can be obtained by employing higher flux and higher frequency

SCORE
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• If the charge is non magnetic, then the heat developed due to eddy current loss

• If the charge is magnetic material there will be hysteresis loss in addition to eddy current loss

• Both the hysteresis and eddy current loss depends upon frequency ,but in high frequency
hysteresis loss is very small as compeered to eddy current

SCORE ACADEMY Additional exam specific points is

session SE-2-Part-1_Video: 21.2

Skin depth, frequency,

eddy current loss **

KPSC Question

SCORE
Additional exam specific points is session SE-2-Part-1_Video: 21.2
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Applications of Induction Heating

1. Heat treatment in metallurgy

2. Zone refining used in the semiconductor industry ( Kerala PSC, SSC JE**)

SCORE ACADEMY
3. To melt refractory metals that require very high temperatures

4. It is also used in induction cook-tops for heating containers of food; called Induction Cooking

5. Plastic processing: Induction heating is used in plastic injection moulding machines

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Type of Induction Furnaces

There are basically two type of induction furnaces they are

1. Core type or low frequency induction furnace

2. Coreless type or high frequency induction furnace

Core Type Furnace

SCORE ACADEMY
The operation principle of core type furnace is the electromagnetic induction. This furnace is operating
just like a transformer
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1. Direct core type [Link]
2. Vertical core type
3. Indirect core type
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Direct Core Type

The core type furnace is essentially a transformer in which the charge to be heated forms single turn
secondary Circuit and is magnetically coupled to the primary by an iron core

SCORE ACADEMY
• The magnetic coupling between primary and secondary is
very weak, it results in high leakage reactance and low pf

• To over come the increase in leakage reactance the furnace

should be operated at low frequency of order of 10Hz

Fig: Direct core type Induction heating

Additional exam specific points is session

SCORE SE-2-Part-1_Video: 21.2
Telegram link: [Link]/scoreacademy Disadvantages, Pinch effect ** KPSC question
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Vertical Core Type furnace

• It is an improved form of direct core type, this furnace consists of a vertical core instead of
horizontal core it is also called Ajax-Wyatt induction furnace

SCORE ACADEMY
• This furnace is very suitable for continuous operation

• Vertical core avoids the pinch effect due to the weight of the charge in main body of the crucible

• The leakage reactance is comparatively low and the power factor is high as the magnetic
coupling is high compared to direct core type

• It is suitable for continues operation and widely used for melting and refining of brass and other
heavy non ferrous metals

SCORE
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• The power factor of the arrangement is about 0.8

• Ajax Wyatt Vertical Core Furnace is used for

melting and refining of non-ferrous metals
like brass, copper, and zinc

SCORE ACADEMY
• Its efficiency is about 75 percent

Fig: Vertical core type furnace

Important: Previous Year Question ( Kerala PSC, SSC JE**)

SCORE
Additional exam specific points is session SE-2-Part-1_Video: 21.2
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Indirect Core Type Furnace
• This type of furnace is used for providing heat treatment to metal

• The secondary winding itself forms the walls of the container or furnace and an iron core
links both primary and secondary windings.

SCORE ACADEMY
• The heat produced in the secondary winding is transmitted to charge by radiation

SCORE Fig: Indirect core type furnace

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Indirect Core Type Furnace : Principle of working Refer session: 21.2

• It consists of magnetic circuit AB is made up of a special alloy and is kept inside the chamber of the
furnace.

SCORE ACADEMY
• This magnetic circuit loses its magnetic properties at certain temperature and regains them again
when it is cooled to the same temperature

• When the oven reaches to critical temperature, the reluctance of the magnetic circuit increases many
times and the inductive effect decreases thereby cutting off the supply heat

• The magnetic circuit is detachable type that can be replaced by the other magnetic circuits having
critical temperatures ranging between 400°C and 1,000°C

• The furnace operates at a pf of around 0.8

SCORE
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Coreless Type Induction Furnace
• It is simple furnace with the absence core

• In this furnace heat developed in the charge due to eddy current

• The furnace consist of refractory or ceramic crucible cylindrical in shape enclosed within a coil

SCORE ACADEMY
that forms primary of the transformer

• The furnace also contains a conducting or non contacting container that acts as secondary

SCORE Fig: Coreless type Induction furnace

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• If the container is made up of conducting material charge can be conducting or non conducting

• If the container is made up of non contacting material charge taken should have conducting
properties

• When primary coils are excited by an alternating source, the flux set up by these coils induce the
eddy currents in the charge

SCORE ACADEMY
• These currents heat the charge to melting point and they also set up electromagnetic forces that
produce a stirring action to the charge

• In coreless furnace, the flux density will be low as there is no core. Hence, the primary supply
should have high frequency for compensating the low flux density

• If it is operating at high frequency, due to the skin effect, it results in copper loss, thereby
increasing the temperature of the primary winding

• All this necessitates artificial cooling. The coil, therefore, is made of hollow copper tube through
SCORE
which cold water is circulated
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2. Dielectric Heating (or Electronic Heating or Radio Frequency Heating )

• A dielectric material is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by applied electric field

SCORE ACADEMY
• An important property of a dielectric is its ability to support an electrostatic field

• A dielectric material is a substance that is poor conductor of electricity but an efficient supporter
of electrostatic field

SCORE Additional exam specific points is session**

SE-2-Part-1_Video: 21.2
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Dielectric Heating (or Electronic Heating or Radio Frequency Heating )

Dielectric heating is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio
wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material. At higher frequencies, this
heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric

SCORE ACADEMY
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Fig: An Illustration of Dielectric heating

SCORE
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• In dielectric heating, it is desirable to use HIGH FREQUENCY than high voltage

• Dielectric heating involves the heating of electrically insulating materials by dielectric loss
Frequencies in the range of 10–100 MHz are necessary to cause dielectric heating

SCORE ACADEMY
• In dielectric heating the heat is produced within the material itself. This results in uniform heat
generation and thus dielectric material is heated uniformly

• This is the important property of dielectric heating

• Dielectric Heating is the only heating technique which operates at leading power factor
** KPSC,SSC

SCORE Additional exam specific points is session**

SE-2-Part-1_Video: 21.2
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Dielectric Losses
• When insulating material is subjected to an alternating field the atom gets stresses
due to the inner atomic friction hence heat is produced

• In dielectric material, it has high value of reactance

SCORE ACADEMY
• All the dielectric material are consider to be imperfect
capacitor and can be represented in form of Resistance R
and Capacitor C in parallel

SCORE
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SCORE ACADEMY
Dissipated power loss is proportional to • All the dielectric material are consider to be
imperfect capacitor and can be represented
in the form of
frequency f and Resistance R and Capacitor C in parallel
square of voltage
Additional exam specific points is
𝑽𝟐 session**

SE-2-Part-1_Video: 21.2
SCORE Module SE-3 : detailed session on
loss tangent
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2 SCORE
IR 𝑉
tan 𝛿 = Power =
𝐼𝑐 𝑅
Ic = 𝝎𝒄𝑽
𝑉2
𝑣 Power = 1
tan 𝛿 = 𝑅
𝜔Ctan 𝛿
𝑉

tan 𝛿 = 1
𝜔𝑐

𝜔𝑅𝐶
SCORE ACADEMY 𝑽
Ir = 𝑹

Power = 𝑽𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜹 𝑪𝝎
1
R=
𝜔C tan 𝛿 Power = 𝑽𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜹 𝑪𝟐𝝅𝒇

Dissipated power loss is proportional to frequency (f) and square of voltage (𝑽𝟐 )
SCORE
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Advantages of dielectric heating
• No necked flame appears
• By increasing frequency heating become faster
• Heating can stopped by immediately
• Uniform Heating
• Plastic and wooden product can be safely heated

Application of dielectric heatingSCORE ACADEMY

• Preparation of chocolates and popcorn
• Rubber vulcanizing
• Surgical instrument Additional exam specific points is
• Removal of moisture from oil session**
• Diathermy
• Sterilization ** very important for all exams SE-2-Part-1_Video: 21.2
• Textile industry
SCORE
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Previous Year Questions : Relevant for Kerala PSC, SSC, RRB

SCORE ACADEMY
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Relevant Questions for Kerala PSC, SSC, RRB

1. For a arc heating , the electrodes are made of

a) Copper b) Aluminium
c) Graphite d) ACSR conductor

2. The power factor will be leading in case of

a) Dielectric heating
c) Inductive heating SCORE ACADEMY
b) Resistance heating
d) All the above
Detailed exam specific points
3. Which of the following is high importance in case of induction heating
and explanation to these
a) Voltage b) Frequency questions in session**
c) current d) All the above
SE-2-Part-1
4. Radiation from a black body are proportional to
a) 𝑇 2 b) 𝑇 3 Video: 21.1
c) 𝑇 4 d) T/2 Video: 21.2

SCORE
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5. Ni-Cr-Fe alloy wire can be safely used for temperature up to

a) 2500C b) 2000C
c) 1150C d) 850C

6. Which of the following heating element will have the least temperature range?

SCORE ACADEMY
a) Copper b) Aluminium
c) Nichrome d) Eureka

7. Radiant heat is used for ? Detailed exam specific points

a) melting ferrous metals b) annealing of metals and explanation to these
c) drying of paint and varnishes d) all the above questions in session**

8. Direct resistive heat is used for ? SE-2-Part-1

a) electric boiler b) Salt-bath furnace
Video: 21.1
c) resistance welding d) all the above
Video: 21.2

SCORE
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9. In direct arc furnace which of the following is of high value ? SCORE

Detailed exam specific points and explanation
to these questions in session**
a) current b) voltage
c) frequency d) all the above SE-2-Part-1
Video: 21.1 ,Video: 21.2

10. It is desirable to operate the arc furnace at a power factor of ?

a) zero b) unity Answer Key
c) .707 lag d) .707 lead

SCORE ACADEMY
1 a
11. For radiant heat around 2000c° the heating element used is? 2 a
a) Tungsten alloy b) Copper alloy 3 b
c) Carbon d) Nichrome
4 c
12. The arc furnace of conical shapes have the advantages of ? 5 d
a) Large surface area b) low power consumption 6 d
c) Reduced radiation losses d) All the above
7 c
13. The main application of indirect arc furnace is to melt? 8 d
a) Iron b) Steel 9 a
SCORE
c) Non-ferrous metals d) non of the above 10 c
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14. In induction heating which of the following is high value ? SCORE

a) Frequency b) Current
c) voltage d) Power factor

15. Induction heating take place in?

a) insulating material b) conducting magnetic material
c) Non magnetic material d) Conducting material may be magnetic or non magnetic

SCORE ACADEMY
16. A perfect black body is one which ?
a) Absorb all incident radiation
c) Transmits all incident radiation
b) Reflect all incident radiation
d) All the above

17. For the transmission of heat from one body to another it is essential that?
a) Both body are solid b) the two body are different temp
c) Both body are in contact d) Non of the above Detailed exam specific points and explanation
to these questions in session**

18. The highest value of thermal conductivity is for ? SE-2-Part-1

Video: 21.1 ,Video: 21.2
a) Steam b) Water
SCORE
c) Melting ice d) Solid ice
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19. Fourier's Law deals about ?
a) conduction b) Convection
c) Radiation d) All the above Answer Key
11 a
20. Stephan's law deals about rate of heat transfer by ?
a) conduction b) Convection 12 d

SCORE ACADEMY
c) Radiation d) All the above 13 c
14 a
21. Dielectric heating is also called ?
a) Volume heating b) Infrared heating 15 d
c) Surface heating d) Eddy current heating 16 a
17 b
22. Furnaces used for cremation ?
a) Dielectric heating b) Arc heating 18 d
c) Resistance heating d) Eddy current heating 19 a
Detailed exam specific points and explanation 20 c
to these questions in session**

SCORE SE-2-Part-1
Video: 21.1 ,Video: 21.2
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Answer Key
23. Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss are used in?
a) Dielectric heating b) Resistance heating 21 a
c) Inductive heating d) Arc heating 22 c
23 c
24. In an electric heating the metal case is connected to?
a) Phase wire b) Earth wire 24 b
c) Neutral wire
SCORE ACADEMY
d) Non of the above

25. The ideal method of heating plastic is?

a) Dielectric heating b) Coal/oil heating
25
26
27
a
d
c
c) Resistance heating d) Eddy current heating 28 d
29 c
26. Which of the following is an advantage of heating by electricity ?
30 d
a) Quicker operation b) Absence of flue gases
c) Higher efficiency d) All of the above Detailed exam specific points and explanation
to these questions in session**

SCORE SE-2-Part-1
Video: 21.1 ,Video: 21.2
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27. Which of the following heating methods has maximum power factor? ** key as per SSCJE
a) Dielectric heating b) Arc heating
c) Resistance heating d) Eddy current heating

28. Which of the following will happen if the thickness of refractory wall of furnace is increased?
a) Heat loss through furnace wall will increase b) Temperature inside the furnace will fall

SCORE ACADEMY
c) Temperature on the outer surface of furnace walls will drop d) Energy consumption will
increase

29. The material of the heating element for a furnace should have?
a) temperature co-efficient b) High specific resistance
c) Lower melting point d) All of the above

30. By which of the following methods the temperature inside a resistance furnace can be varied?
a) By varying the operating voltages b) By varying the current through heating elements
c) By disconnecting some of the heating elements d) By any of the above method

SCORE
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31. The material to be used for heating element should be of high resistivity so as to? SCORE
a) Increase the life of heating element b) Reduce the length of the heating element
c) Reduce the effect of oxidation d) Produce large amount of heat

32. Which of the heating element can give highest temperature in resistance heating?
a) Nichrome b) Silicon carbide
c) Copper d) Ni,Cr,Fe

SCORE ACADEMY
33. For temperature control in resistance furnaces resistance variation can be affected by connecting
resistance element in?
a) series or parallel b) series-parallel
c) Star or Delta d) Any of the above

34. The simplest and most commonly used method for temperature control is ?
a) External resistance in heating circuit b) Changing the connection of heating circuit
c) Use variable number of heating element d) Transformer tapping

SCORE
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35. The device necessarily used for automatic temperature control in a furnace is ? SCORE
a) Thermostat b) Auto-transformer
c) Thermocouple d) Any of the above
Answer Key
36. The temperature inside of a furnace is measured by ?
a) Mercury thermometer b) Optical pyrometer 31 d
c) Alcohol thermometer d) Any of the above 32 b

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37. The control of salt-bath furnace is affected by ?
a) Varying the depth of immersion of electrode
b) Varying the distance between the electrode
33
34
35
d
b
a
c) Both a & b d) None of the above
36 b
38. Resistance oven used for ? 37 c
a) Domestic & commercial heating b) Electrical oven 38 d
c) Drying the varnishing d) All the above 39 d
39. It is desired to keep the arc length short in order to ? 40 c
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a) Have better heating b) Reduce the oxidation
c) Increase the life of roof refractory d) All the above
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40. Low frequency is necessary for direct core type induction furnace because ?
a) magnetic coupling is poor b) Pinch of effect occur
c) ) Both a & b d) None of the above

41. Induction furnace are used ?

a) Heat treatment of casting b) Heating of insulator
c) Melting of aluminium d) All the above

c) F
b) 1/F
d) 𝑓 2
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42. In induction heating the depth up to which current will penetrate is proportional to ?
a) 1/𝑓 .5

43. High frequency induction heating is used for ? Detailed exam specific points and explanation
to these questions in session**
a) Ferrous metals only b) Non ferrous metals only
c) Both ferrous and non ferrous d) None of the above SE-2-Part-1
Video: 21.1 ,Video: 21.2

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44. The dielectric loss in a dielectric material is proportional to ?
a) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 2 b) Voltage
c) 1/ Voltage d) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

45. Electric room heater is a ?

a) Induction heater b) Resistance heater

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c) ) Arc heater d) Dielectric heater

46. Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss are used in?
a) Resistance heating b) Dielectric heating
c) Induction heating of steel d) Induction heating of brass
Detailed exam specific points and explanation
47. Method of heating used for non-conducting metals ? to these questions in session**
a) Induction heater b) Resistance heater
SE-2-Part-1
c) ) Arc heater d) Dielectric heating Video: 21.1 ,Video: 21.2

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48. Method of heating used for non-ferrous metals ?

a) Induction heater b) Resistance heater Answer Key
c) ) Indirect arc heater d) Dielectric heating
41 a
49. Most modern method for food processing ? 42 a

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a) Induction heater b) Resistance heater 43 c
c) ) Arc heater d) Dielectric heating
44 a
50. Which furnace is know as Ajax wyatt furnace ? 45 b
a) Vertical core type b) Direct core type 46 c
c) ) coreless type d) Indirect induction 47 d
Detailed exam specific points and explanation 48 c
to these questions in session**
49 d
SE-2-Part-1
Video: 21.1 ,Video: 21.2
50 a
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Heating Type Application Electrodes Working Power
used principle factor

Direct 1. Salt bath furnaces Nichrome Ohmic

2. Resistance welding Losses 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
Resistance Molybdenum
3. Electrode boiler High

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Silicon carbide
Alloy of Tungsten

Indirect 1. Room heater Nichrome

Resistance 2. Immersion water heater Molybdenum Ohmic
Heating resistance 3. Various type of resistance oven Losses 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 High
Silicon carbide
Alloy of Tungsten

Radiant 1. In paint drying industries for

drying paints
2. De-hydration at low Tungsten High
temperatures.

SCORE 3. Heating of plastics at low

temperatures
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Heating Type Application Electrodes used Working Power
principle factor

Carbon electrodes
Melting steel, alloy steel such as Graphite electrodes
Direct Arc stainless steel Self – baking Electrical Low pf

Arc Heating
Heating
Indirect SCORE ACADEMY
Melting of non-ferrous metals
electrode

Carbon electrodes
Graphite electrodes
Arc

Electrical
(lagging)

Low pf
Arc Self – baking Arc (lagging)
Heating electrode

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Heating Type Application Working Power
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principle factor
Core Direct Heat treatment in metallurgy Electromagnetic
type Induction
Vertical Zone refining used in the
Induction or
semiconductor industry
Heat formation Low pf
Heating Ajax-wyatt due to Eddy (Lagging)
To melt refractory metals that

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Indirect require very high temperatures current

induction cooking Heating

Coreless Proportional to
𝒇𝟐 & Voltage
• Preparation of chocolates Dielectric losses
and popcorn
• Rubber vulcanizing Heating Leading pf
Dielectric • Surgical instrument
Proportional to
Heating • Removal of moisture from oil
• Diathermy
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝟐 &
SCORE • Sterilization
• Textile industry
Frequency

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