REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The study conducted by Brodowicz (2024), delves into the historical importance of jeepneys
and the current state of the public transportation here in the Philippines, including the social,
economic and cultural implications of the modernization. Jeepneys have long been a symbol of
the Filipino culture, originating from the military jeeps left by the American soldiers after World
War 2. Over the years, the jeepney became a major part of the public transportation in the road,
decorated and served as the representation of how creative the Filipinos are. The study
highlighted the goals and objective of the modernization program that aims to replace the
traditional jeeps to a new manufacture, more expensive units that meets the emissions by the
government standards. The study examines the implications both social and cultural upon the
modernization, including the potential loss of local art and design, valuable social and business
ties and our community identity.

​ The researchers utilized an Economic Resilience Theory that focused on the ability of
the communities and individuals to adapt to economic challenges and its possible changes. The
study resulted into a factor that jeepney modernization has an economic impact. This financial
burden possesses the challenges for the jeepney drivers and operators that can potentially lead
to reduced services for commuters and job losses. The study indicated that jeepney
modernization program has a significant impact upon social, cultural and economic. Socially, the
modernization program affects the everyday lives of the jeepney drivers including the changes
in their routines at work and financial stability. Culturally, the research emphasized the
significance of preserving the cultural heritage with the traditional jeepneys. Lastly,
economically, the cost of the new modernized jeepneys is higher than the traditional one, posing
financial challenges for the jeepney drivers.

The study conducted by Monterey, Peñarubia, and Pili (2021), focuses upon the perceptions of
the jeepney drivers, commuters and the operators regarding with the jeepney modernization
program in Lucena City. This study delves into the awareness level among the targets which are
the jeepney drivers, operators, and commuters. It highlights the significance of the stakeholders
being informed about the provisions of the program such as vehicle specifications, franchise
issuance and cost implications. This awareness is important for the implementation of the
program as it ensures that the stakeholders have enough knowledge about the requirements
and changes involved.

The researchers explored the benefits of the modernization program from each stakeholder, and
these benefits includes the environmental sustainability, safety and enhance experienced of the
commuters. It also defined the features such as vehicle standards and compliances to
contribute into a safer and environmentally friendly transportation system. Additionally, it
enhanced the experience of the commuters with the newly modernized jeepney that offers
reliability and comfort for the commuters. The study assessed the acceptability of this change
among the stakeholders and investigated the possible factors to them such as its implications
and benefits. The researchers used a Statistical Analysis (ANOVA) to determine the differences,
cost implications and impacts on the implementation of this program. This study compares the
perceptions of different stakeholders upon their perceptions, which showed the reports that the
drivers and operators are more concerned upon the cost implication while the commuters focus
on its benefits to improve their safety. This contrast highlights the balanced approach to an order
approach in the concerns of all stakeholders. The researchers recommend having a target
communication, balanced approach and financial support to every concerned stakeholder.

The study by Cunanan et al. (2024) examines the ideas and perceptions of the jeepney drivers
regarding with the Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) program. This qualitative-phenomenological study
focused on the opinions and views of the jeepney drivers within its locale at Bulaon-San
Fernando Jeep Terminal. The researchers used a semi-structured questionnaires to gather the
needed data for this study. The study employed Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach
to recognize the key themes related to the perception of the drivers. The main theme that
emerged from this research highlighted the struggles of jeepney industry against the
modernization program, which emphasized the effectiveness of preserving the economic and
cultural heritage. The jeepney modernization program possessed a threat to the heritage of the
country, as we all know that traditional jeepneys maybe replaced by the modernized units. The
researchers explored the impacts of passenger competition and fare adjustments on the
jeepney drivers, which leads to the modernization program. It can possibly affect the affordability
of the passengers to the public transportations. The study also highlights that there will be an
arising competition among the drivers that can lead to challenges and conflict that affects the
maintenance of a stable income.

The study also investigated the impact of PUVM on the jeepney driver’s life, that includes the
changes of their work routine and financial challenges. The modernization program may require
the drivers to invest in a new vehicle that can lead to financial strain and uncertainty in the
future. As the study resulted, it revealed that jeepney drivers are resistant to the program and
the reasons for this includes their concerns on their financial burden. The drivers also includes
that they fear about not meeting the needed requirements for the program.

The study conducted by Brickette, et. al., (2024), examined the Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) and
modernization program. It revealed that PUV program aims to create an accessible, convenient
and ecofriendly jeepneys called the Jeepney Modernization for the commuters. However, the
price range of this jeepneys is costly, leaving the majority commuters especially the students
with the possible burden of making profit to the program that can result to a continuous fare
increase. The study aimed to assess the student's perception on the importance of jeepney as a
student commuter, the student's perception on the modernization program and the policies and
possible increase of transportation fare and their perceptions on the affordability of this fare
increase.

​ The researchers utilized a qualitative approach using a survey questionnaire to collect

the data and perceptions of the respondents. This study targeted the college students
commonly from the urban and private schools. The results of this study showed no significant
differences in the perspective of the students from the public and private universities within
U-Belt. This showed that regardless of the differences of school, students have the similar
perspective on the importance of jeepney usage and the modernization policies such as fare
increase. This research provides a valuable insight regarding with the challenges and
experience that students encountered, due to the recent changes in the transportation industry
that is potentially aid by the policymakers in mitigating the outcoming negative impacts.

The study conducted by Frisnedi and Angeles (2021), focused on the transition from traditional
fueled jeepneys to electric jeepneys or the e-jeepneys and its implications towards the
commuters, drivers and environment. The study highlighted the importance of jeepneys as an
iconic symbol of Filipino and its cultural heritage. The researchers emphasized the benefits of
E-jeepneys in the environment which produces fewer emission of gasses and can contribute to
a cleaner air. The researchers used a cultural impact theory in understanding the need of
preservation and identity and cultural heritage we currently have.

​ As the study resulted, it found out that E-jeepneys are more popular among to the
commuters due to its improved comfort and benefits in our environments. However, the study
also revealed conflicting perceptions from the jeepney drivers. While the commuters appreciate
the contribution and effects of modernization, jeepney drivers faces different challenges related
to this transition. The study also includes that although E-jeepneys do not require further
marketing to the commuters, there is a need for a support system from the government itself.
This includes an improved communication channel among the departments, providing
assistance financially upon the jeepney drivers. Additionally, this study highlighted the need for a
comprehensive approach to make sure the successful implementation of the Jeepney
Modernization Program.

The modern jeepneys in association with the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program
(PUVMP), is an initiative that somehow would demolish the Philippine culture if it will be
purchased from outside the country— which, to keep alive, is much more suggested to be
created inside the Philippines to keep the ingenuity and hard work of the Filipinos (Mercado,
2024). The author emphasized how purchasing from another country or company would cost a
vast amount of P2.6 to P2.9 million per unit from a Chinese source, which is just to be loaned
from the Land Bank of the Philippines and the Development Bank of the Philippines. However,
the government can save millions of pesos if they choose to build modern jeepneys from Filipino
manufacturers like Francisco and Sarao Motors. If they would be less constrained and more
supported, the country would be able to successfully exhibit modernization without leaving
behind the culture of being made in the Philippines.

According to Mendoza (2021), with the aim of the government to practice a more energy
efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles, the use of modern jeepneys are to replace the
traditional ones— but the densely polluted areas are not to be fully in blame of them, for air
pollution and traffic jams, would be too much to bear. The author highlight how traditional
jeepneys are not to be fully blamed by these environmental concerns, because for example,
knowing that there are 73,000 jeepneys in Metro Manila and 300,000 across the country,
compared to the 2.5 million in Metro Manila and 12.75 million of private vehicles in the entire
country, the idea and blame for traditional jeepneys for the environmental concern may be much
to endure. Therefore, the initiative of the modernization program may overlook the
consequences and impacts to the commuters, most especially the students, as they would be
welcomed with something new. But with these discussions and information, their perceptions
toward the program may be affected, upon knowing about certain facts and actual situations.

References:
Monterey, J. J. E., Peñarubia, A. M., & Pili, M. (2021). Awareness, benefits, and acceptability of
the stakeholders on the jeepney modernization program. Philippine E-Journals.
[Link]

Cunanan, M. R. P., Rosel, J. L., Balilo, A. A. O., Lugue Jr., L. C., Sandot, A. P., Pamintuan, R.
M., David, S. D. D., Marcaida, J. L. M., & Tayag, D. M. N. (2024). Beep beep beep: Steering the
perception of jeepney drivers towards jeepney modernization. International Conference on Civil
Engineering and Public Health.
[Link]
[Link]

Brodowicz, M. (2024). The impact of jeepney modernization on public transportation and local
culture in the Philippines. SSRN. [Link]

Frisnedi, A. F. D., & Angeles, M. (2021). Oh my, jeepney moving thru the 21st century.
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR).
[Link]

Brodowicz, M. (2024). The impact of jeepney modernization on public transportation and local
culture in the Philippines. Aithor.
[Link]
-and-local-culture-in-the-philippines

Mercado, O. (2024, January 16). Modernize jeepney the Filipino way. The Manila Times.
[Link]
28231

Mendoza, T. (2021, February). Addressing the “blind side” of the government’s jeepney
“modernization” program.
[Link]

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

The study conducted by Andalencio et al. (2020), examined the challenges, implementations
and the perceptions of the stakeholders on the modernized jeepneys in Metro Manila. It focused
on the view of drivers, operators, passengers and the manufacturer of jeepneys. The findings
from this study are to contribute on the upward mobility of implementing a modernized jeepneys,
providing factual information and data to the affected stakeholders upon this implementation.
This study highlighted the problems and issues such as diffusion of wrong information,
miscommunication and the various demands of each stakeholder mentioned.

​ The researchers used a stakeholder theory that emphasizes the importance of including
the perspectives and interests of the stakeholders that are involved in this program. The
researchers utilized a mixed method approach to gather the needed data of the respondents
and their opinion in the variables. In addition, the demands of each stakeholder group
contributed on the challenges in implementing the modernization program. The study’s findings
revealed that diffusion of wrong information and miscommunication are the causes of
inconsistent perceptions of the driver and the other stakeholders.

​ The study conducted by Francesquite and Calva (2024), examined the perceptions of
the stakeholders in order to provide a comprehensive view of the Jeepney Modernization
Program. It utilized a Public Administration and Stakeholder Theory, to examine the
modernization program through the lenses of the drivers and commuters. It showed the
significance of understanding each perspectives and the influence of this program on their lives.
his study also identifies that challenges that faced by the stakeholders such as financial
burdens, route rationalization and fierce competition within the transportation sector. In terms of
the theory upon Public Administration, the study anchored the principles of programs and
policies that aimed to address these societal issues. The implementation of the Public Utility
Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) analyzed the context of the goals of public
administration, such as reducing environmental impact, improving transportation safety, and
enhancing public welfare. The study revealed that there are several positive impacts of this
modernization program, which includes the comfort for the passengers, to reduce pollution and
creation of possible job opportunities.

The study provides valuable insights into the implementation and impact of the e-jeepney
modernization program, highlighting the importance of considering the perspectives of various
stakeholders to ensure the success and sustainability of such programs. Additionally,
Stakeholder Theory used to analyze the perspectives of different stakeholders involved in the
e-jeepney modernization program. The study explored how each stakeholder group perceives
the program, the benefits they experience and the challenges they faced.

With the drive of globalization in the contemporary world, the area of economy is now in the
Industry 4.0, where modern technologies are crucial to be introduced. In a study by Abdelatty et.
al. (2022), the vehicles that are being more favored in the daily lives and situations in the roads
are the smart and technologically developed vehicles. Using the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
(MCDA), used by the researchers, they were able to navigate the findings that listed modern
solutions to be 40-80% higher in total of the assessment criteria such as in safety, economy,
environment, and laws. Moreover, the operational costs that it shows have resulted in a
reduction by 87-90% on smart vehicles. Although this study is particularly an assessment for
delivery vehicles, it relates to our study by enlisting how, in some areas, are modern solutions
being promoted and practiced, with a high favorability among the community. This shows an
impression of many about the other perception on embracing what is new, and how are the
overall impacts of it are being experienced by the community.

The initiatives on modern transportation are present— giving the community fresh and new
systems, and changing the way they were initially woken up to. In a study by Blackburn et. al.
(2018), on their research about the impacts of modern transportation project on the
development if impervious surfaces in evidence of Hangzhou Bay Bridge, China, the
construction of improved transportation project, effects on the systems of the socio-economic
variables, and the impacts on land use development policies, are all resulting tk a new urban
and intensification of an existing urban area.
Using remotely sensed data, the researchers have developed a framework that is based upon
statistical techniques, Theil-Sen Slope Analysis, and Wavelet Multiresolution Analysis, they
were able to conclude how there have been changes in the impervious surfaces. This study
highlighted how the plans on modernization of the transportation system results in an area of an
urbanized city, giving change towards the lives of daily commuters. This study relates to our
research because it explores the impacts of programs for transportation, similar to how the
PUVMP is being upheld.

Relatively, according to the study by Jedwab & Moradi (2016), the revolutions on transportation
system have induced large effects on the distribution of the economic activities from the time
before, and even up to the present. In the specific geographic area of Ghana, Africa, they
examined and assembled data for 2,091 grid cells from about 11x11 kilometers to get the result
on railways and economic impact of the particular area. As a result, they have found how areas
with less inhabitants imposes a low economic development due to the limited advancement in
their transportation system. On the other hand, areas that are considered urbanized have a high
tendency of development because of the initiatives performed in their city. This study is relevant
to our research because it indicates how developments are being experienced due to the
advancements and programs implemented in the area. It further emphasizes how it may be
beneficial and advantageous towards the growth in the economy of a country.

References:
Andalencio, M., et al. (2020). Implementation, challenges, and stakeholders' perception of
modernized jeepneys in Metro Manila. Journal of Urban Studies, 25(3), 145-167.
[Link]
ders_perception_of_modernized_Jeepneys_in_Metro_Manila/fulltext/5eeb5ecca6fdcc73be8512
0f/Implementation-challenges-and-stakeholders-perception-of-modernized-Jeepneys-in-Metro-M
[Link]

Francesquite, M., & Calva, J. C. (2024). The unveiling of the e-jeepney modernization program
through the lenses of the diverse sectors in Southern Philippines. East Asian Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research, 3(7), 89-112.
[Link]
ders_perception_of_modernized_Jeepneys_in_Metro_Manila/fulltext/5eeb5ecca6fdcc73be8512
0f/Implementation-challenges-and-stakeholders-perception-of-modernized-Jeepneys-in-Metro-
[Link]

Abdelatty, Y., Eliwa, A., Kostrzewski, M., & Nader, M. (2022, December 15). Analysis of Modern
vs. Conventional Development Technologies in Transportation—The Case Study of a Last-Mile
Delivery Process. Sensors, 22(24), 9858. [Link]

Blackburn, G. A., Clarke, K. C., Deng, J., He, S., Huang, L., Jiang, R., Lin, Y., Shahtahmassebi,
A. R.,
Shahtahmassebi, G., Shen, Z., Shortridge, A., Su, Y., Wang, K., Wu, C., Wu, J., Xu, H., Xue, X.,
& Zheng, Q. (2018, September). How do modern transportation projects impact on development
of impervious surfaces via new urban area and urban intensification? Evidence from Hangzhou
Bay Bridge, China. Land Use Policy, 77, 479–497.
[Link]

Jedwab, R., & Moradi, A. (2016, May 1). The Permanent Effects of Transportation Revolutions
in Poor Countries: Evidence from Africa. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(2), 268–284.
[Link]