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F-IOT - F-iot notes

java_questiond (Anurag University)

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F-IOT
UNIT – I Introduction to Internet of Things, Characteristics of IoT, Physical design of IoT, Functional blocks
of IoT, Sensing, Actuation, Basics of Networking, Communication Protocols, Sensor Networks.

UNIT – II Machine-to-Machine Communications, Difference between IoT and M2M, Interoperability in

IoT, Introduction to Arduino Programming, Integration of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino.

UNIT – III Introduction to Python programming, Introduction to Raspberry Pi, Interfacing Raspberry Pi
with basic peripherals, Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi Anurag College of Engineering 2 Syllabus
cont’d

UNIT - IV Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi, Introduction to Software defined Network (SDN), SDN
for IoT, Data Handling and Analytics.

UNIT - V Cloud Computing, Sensor-Cloud, Smart Cities and Smart Homes, Connected Vehicles, Smart
Grid, Industrial IoT, Case Study: Agriculture, Healthcare, Activity Monitoring

UNIT -1
1. Explain the characteristics and application of IOT in
detail [10]?
Introduction to Internet of Things
• Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities and are
connected to the Internet. • Devices such as networked computers or 4G enabled
mobile phones have some form of unique identities and are also connected to the
Internet.
• The focus on IoT is in the configuration, control and networking via the Internet
of devices or things.
• These include devices such as thermostats, utility meters, a blue tooth-
connected headset, irrigation pumps and sensors or control circuits for an electric
car’s engine.
• Internet of Things is a new revolution in the capabilities of the end points that
are connected to the Internet, and is driven by the advancements in capabilities in
sensor networks, mobile devices, wireless communications, networking and cloud
technologies.

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• By the year 2020 there will be a total of 50 billion devices/things connected to

the Internet.
• IoT is not connecting things to the internet. It allows these things to
communicate and exchange data.

Applications of IoT:
1) Home
2) Cities
3) Environment
4) Energy systems
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health & Life Style
Homes: • Smart lighting that adapt the lighting to suit the ambient conditions,
smart appliances that can be remotely monitored and controlled, intrusion
detection systems, smart smoke detectors, etc.
Cities: • Smart parking systems that provide status updates on available slots,
smart lighting that helps in saving energy, smart roads that provide information on
driving conditions and structural health monitoring systems.
Environment: • Weather monitoring, air and noise pollution, forest fire detection
and river flood detection systems.
Energy Systems: • Smart grids, grid integration of renewable energy sources and
prognostic health management systems.
Retail Domain: • Inventory management, smart payments and smart vending
machines.

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Agriculture: • Smart irrigation systems that help in saving water while enhancing
productivity and green house control systems.
Industrial Applications: • Machine diagnosis and prognosis systems that help in
predicting faults and determining the cause of faults and indoor air quality
systems.
Health and Life style: • Health and fitness monitoring systems and wearable
electronics.

Characteristics of IoT
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting
2) Self Configuring
3) Interoperable Communication Protocols
4) Unique Identity
5) Integrated into Information Network
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their
operating conditions, users context or sensed environment. Eg: the surveillance
system is adapting itself based on context and changing conditions.
2) Self Configuring: Allowing a large number of devices to work together to
provide certain functionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: Support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with
infrastructure.
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier
(IP address).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and
exchange data with other devices and systems.

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2. Explain different types of IOT communication model

[15]
IoT Communication Models
1) Request-Response Communication Model
2) Publish-Subscribe Communication Model
3) Push-Pull Communication Model
4) Exclusive Pair Communication Model
Request-Response Communication Model

Fig. Request-Response Communication Model

• Request-Response is a communication model in which the client sends requests
to the server and the server responds to the requests.
• When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the
data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the response, and then sends
the response to the client.
• Request-Response model is a stateless communication model and each request-
response pair is independent of others.

Publish-Subscribe Communication Model

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• Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers

and consumers. • Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to
the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the
consumers. • Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the
broker. • When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends
the data to all the subscribed consumers.
Push-Pull Communication Model

Fig. Push-Pull Communication Model

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• Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data
to queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers do not
need to be aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and
consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the
consumers pull data.

Exclusive Pair Communication Model

• Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a

persistent connection between the client and server.
• Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to
close the connection.
• Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.
• It is a stateful communication model and the server is aware of all the open
connections.

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3. Explain IOT Enabling Technologies with diagram?

The Enabling
Technologies of the
Internet of Things
A. BIG DATA
As more things or smart objects are connected to the IoT, more data
is collected from them in order to perform analytics to determine
trends and associations that lead to insights. For example, an oil
well equipped with 20-30 sensors can generate 500,000 data points
every 15 seconds20, a jetliner with 6,000 sensors generates 2.5
terabytes of data per day [21], and the more than 46 million smart
utility meters installed in the U.S. generate more than 1 billion data
points each day. [22] Thus, the term “big data” refers to these large
data sets that need to be collected, stored, queried, analyzed and
generally managed in order to deliver on the promise of the IoT —
insight!

Further compounding the technical challenges of big data is the fact

that IoT systems must deal with not only the data collected from
smart objects, but also ancillary data that is needed to properly
perform such analytics (e.g., public and private data sets related to
weather, GIS, financial, seismic, map, GPS, crime, etc.).

B. DIGITAL TWIN
Another consequence of the growing and evolving IoT is the concept
of a “digital twin,” introduced in 2003 by John Vickers, manager of
NASA’s National Center for Advanced Manufacturing. [23 ]The
concept refers to a digital copy of a physical asset (i.e., a smart

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object within the IoT), that lives and evolves in a virtual environment
over the physical asset’s lifetime. That is, as the sensors within the
object collect real-time data, a set of models forming the digital twin
is updated with all of the same information. Thus, an inspection of
the digital twin would reveal the same information as a physical
inspection of the smart object itself – albeit remotely. The digital
twin of the smart object can then be studied to not only optimize
operations of the smart object through reduced maintenance costs
and downtime, but to improve the next generation of its design.

C. CLOUD COMPUTING
As the word “cloud” is often used as a metaphor for the Internet,
“cloud computing” refers to being able to access computing
resources via the Internet rather than traditional systems where
computing hardware is physically located on the premises of the
user and any software applications are installed on such local
hardware. More formally, “cloud computing” is defined as:

“[A] model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network

access to a shared pool
of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned
and released with minimal management e ort or service provider
interaction.” [24]

Cloud computing – and its three service models of Software as a

Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS) – are important to the IoT because it allows any user
with a browser and an Internet connection to transform smart object
data into actionable intelligence. That is, cloud computing provides
“the virtual infrastructure for utility computing integrating
applications, monitoring devices, storage devices, analytics tools,
visualization platforms, and client delivery… [to] enable businesses

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and users to access [IoT-enabled] applications on demand anytime,

anyplace and anywhere.” [25]

D. SENSORS
Central to the functionality and utility of the IoT are sensors
embedded in smart objects. Such sensors are capable of detecting
events or changes in a specific quantity (e.g., pressure),
communicating the event or change data to the cloud (directly or
via a gateway) and, in some circumstances, receiving data back
from the cloud (e.g., a control command) or communicating with
other smart objects. Since 2012, sensors have generally shrunk in
physical size and thus have caused the IoT market to mature rapidly.
More specifically: “Technological improvements created microscopic
scale sensors, leading to the use of technologies like
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). This meant that sensors
were now small enough to be embedded into unique places like
clothing or other [smart objects].” [26]

E. COMMUNICATIONS
With respect to sending and receiving data, wired and wireless
communication technologies have also improved such that nearly
every type of electronic equipment can provide data connectivity.
This has allowed the ever-shrinking sensors embedded in smart
objects to send and receive data over the cloud for collection,
storage and eventual analysis.

The protocols for allowing IoT sensors to relay data include wireless
technologies such as RFID, NFC, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low
Energy (BLE), XBee, ZigBee, Z-Wave, Wireless M-Bus, SIGFOX and
NuelNET, as well as satellite connections and mobile networks using
GSM, GPRS, 3G, LTE, or WiMAX. [27] Wired protocols, useable by
stationary smart objects, include Ethernet, HomePlug, HomePNA,
HomeGrid/[Link] and LonWorks, as well as conventional telephone
lines. [28]

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F. ANALYTICS SOFTWARE
Within the IoT ecosystem, Application Service Providers (ASPs) –
which may or may not di er from the companies who sell and service
the smart objects – provide software to companies that can
transform “raw” machine (big) data collected from smart objects
into actionable intelligence (or insight). Generally speaking, such
software performs data mining and employs mathematical models
and statistical techniques to provide insight to users. That is, events,
trends and patterns are extracted from big data sets in order to
present the software’s end-users with insight

in the form of portfolio analysis, predictions, risk analysis,

automations and corrective, maintenance and optimization
recommendations. In many cases, the ASPs may provide general
analytical software or software targeting specific industries or types
of smart objects.

4. Brief about logical design of IOT?[5]

Logical Design of IoT
Logical design of IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities & processes
without going into the low-level specifies of the implementation. For understanding Logical
Design of IoT, we describes given below terms.
 IoT Functional Blocks
 IoT Communication Models
 IoT Communication APIs

IoT Functional Blocks

An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management.
functional blocks are:

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Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring and
control functions.
Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
Services: services for device monitoring, device control service, data publishing services and
services for device discovery.
Management: this blocks provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such as authentication ,
authorization, message and content integrity, and data security.
Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various aspects of
the IoT system. Application also allow users to view the system status and view or analyze the
processed data.

IoT Communication Models

1) Request-Response Communication Model

Request-response model is communication model in which the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to the requests. When the server receives a request, it decides
how to respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource representation, prepares the response,

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and then sends the response to the client. Request-response is a stateless communication
model and each request-response pair is independent of others.

2) Publish-Subscribe Communication Model

Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and consumers.

Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed by
the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers. Consumers subscribe to the topics which
are managed by the broker. When the broker receive data for a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

3) Push-Pull Communication Model

Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to queues and
the consumers Pull the data from the Queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the
consumers. Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the Producers and Consumers.
Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the rate
at which the producers push data and the rate rate at which the consumer pull data.

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4) Exclusive Pair Communication Model

Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent
connection between the client and server. Connection is setup it remains open until the client
sends a request to close the connection. Client and server can send messages to each other
after connection setup. Exclusive pair is stateful communication model and the server is aware
of all the open connections.

IoT Communication APIs

Generally we used Two APIs For IoT Communication. These IoT Communication APIs are:

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 REST-based Communication APIs

 WebSocket-based Communication APIs

REST-based Communication APIs

Representational state transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can design
Web services the Web APIs that focus on systems’s resources and how resource states are
addressed and transferred. REST APIs that follow the request response communication model,
the rest architectural constraint apply to the components, connector and data elements, within
a distributed hypermedia system. The rest architectural constraint are as follows:
Client-server – The principle behind the client-server constraint is the separation of concerns.
for example clients should not be concerned with the storage of data which is concern of the
serve. Similarly the server should not be concerned about the user interface, which is concern
of the clien. Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.
Stateless – Each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to
understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server. The
session state is kept entirely on the client.
Cache-able – Cache constraints requires that the data within a response to a request be
implicitly or explicitly leveled as cache-able or non cache-able. If a response is cache-able, then
a client cache is given the right to reuse that repsonse data for later, equivalent requests.
caching can partially or completely eliminate some instructions and improve efficiency and
scalability.
Layered system – layered system constraints, constrains the behavior of components such that
each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with they are interacting. For example,
the client cannot tell whether it is connected directly to the end server or two an
intermediaryalong the way. System scalability can be improved by allowing intermediaries to
respond to requests instead of the end server, without the client having to do anything
different.
Uniform interface – uniform interface constraints requires that the method of communication
between client and server must be uniform. Resources are identified in the requests (by URIsin
web based systems) and are themselves is separate from the representations of the resources
data returned to the client. When a client holds a representation of resources it has all the
information required to update or delete the resource you (provided the client has required
permissions). Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the
message.

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Code on demand – Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their
context. this constraint is the only one that is optional.
A RESTful web service is a ” Web API ” implemented using HTTP and REST principles. REST is
most popular IoT Communication APIs.
HTTP methods

Uniform GET PUT PATCH POST DELETE

Resource
Identifier
(URI)
Collection, List the URIs Replace the Not generally Create a new Delete the
such as and perhaps entire used entry in the entire
[Link] other details collection collection. collection.
.[Link] of the with another The new
m/resources
/
collection’s collection. entry’s URI is
members. assigned
automatically
and is usually
returned by
the
operation.
Element, Retrieve a Replace the Update the Not generally Delete the
such as representatio addressed addressed used. Treat addressed
[Link] n of the member of member of the member of
.[Link] addressed the the addressed the
m/resources
/item5
member of collection, or collection. member as a collection.
the if it does not collection in
collection, exist, create its own right
expressed in it. and create a
an new entry
appropriate within it.
Internet
media type.

WebSocket based communication API

Websocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers.
Websocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model. Unlike request-response model
such as REST, the WebSocket APIs allow full duplex communication and do not require new
coonection to be setup for each message to be sent. Websocket communication begins with a
connection setup request sent by the client to the server. The request (called websocket

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handshake) is sent over HTTP and the server interprets it is an upgrade request. If the server
supports websocket protocol, the server responds to the websocket handshake response. After
the connection setup client and server can send data/mesages to each other in full duplex
mode. Websocket API reduce the network traffic and letency as there is no overhead for
connection setup and termination requests for each message. Websocket suitable for IoT
applications that have low latency or high throughput requirements. So Web socket is most
suitable IoT Communication APIs for IoT System.

5. Explain weather monitoring with the help of IOT?[5]

A weather station is a technology that collects data related to the weather & environment using different
electronics sensors. There are two types of weather station, one who is having their sensors and the
second type of weather station is where we pull data from the weather station servers. In this project,
we are designed by our weather station. We all know that a weather station is not a single device, but it
is a combination of many small tools to form a larger system. It contains various sensors and gadgets that
work together but in specific ways to transmit proper and accurate data of the weather parameters. It is
quite tricky to uses of WEB server based weather station to non-technical peoples, so we are providing
web server-based user interface as well as Android application. We are well known today most mobile
units running on Android OS, and many peoples are well known to use the android phone. So, our
application is beneficial for such purpose. This device is all about IoT based Live Weather data
Monitoring Using NodemCU ESP8266. We will interface DHT11 Humidity & Temperature Sensor, BMP180

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Barometric Pressure Sensor and FC37 Rain Sensor with NodeMCU ESP8266-12E wi-fi Module.

6. Explain about IOT communication API?[15]

IoT Communication APIs

Generally we used Two APIs For IoT Communication. These IoT Communication APIs are:
 REST-based Communication APIs
 WebSocket-based Communication APIs

REST-based Communication APIs

Representational state transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can design
Web services the Web APIs that focus on systems’s resources and how resource states are
addressed and transferred. REST APIs that follow the request response communication model,
the rest architectural constraint apply to the components, connector and data elements, within
a distributed hypermedia system. The rest architectural constraint are as follows:
Client-server – The principle behind the client-server constraint is the separation of concerns.
for example clients should not be concerned with the storage of data which is concern of the
serve. Similarly the server should not be concerned about the user interface, which is concern
of the clien. Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.

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Stateless – Each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to
understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server. The
session state is kept entirely on the client.
Cache-able – Cache constraints requires that the data within a response to a request be
implicitly or explicitly leveled as cache-able or non cache-able. If a response is cache-able, then
a client cache is given the right to reuse that repsonse data for later, equivalent requests.
caching can partially or completely eliminate some instructions and improve efficiency and
scalability.
Layered system – layered system constraints, constrains the behavior of components such that
each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with they are interacting. For example,
the client cannot tell whether it is connected directly to the end server or two an
intermediaryalong the way. System scalability can be improved by allowing intermediaries to
respond to requests instead of the end server, without the client having to do anything
different.
Uniform interface – uniform interface constraints requires that the method of communication
between client and server must be uniform. Resources are identified in the requests (by URIsin
web based systems) and are themselves is separate from the representations of the resources
data returned to the client. When a client holds a representation of resources it has all the
information required to update or delete the resource you (provided the client has required
permissions). Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the
message.
Code on demand – Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their
context. this constraint is the only one that is optional.
A RESTful web service is a ” Web API ” implemented using HTTP and REST principles. REST is
most popular IoT Communication APIs.
HTTP methods

Uniform GET PUT PATCH POST DELETE

Resource
Identifier
(URI)
Collection, List the URIs Replace the Not generally Create a new Delete the
such as and perhaps entire used entry in the entire
[Link] other details collection collection. collection.
.[Link] of the with another The new
m/resources
/
collection’s collection. entry’s URI is
members. assigned
automatically
and is usually

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returned by
the
operation.
Element, Retrieve a Replace the Update the Not generally Delete the
such as representatio addressed addressed used. Treat addressed
[Link] n of the member of member of the member of
.[Link] addressed the the addressed the
m/resources
/item5
member of collection, or collection. member as a collection.
the if it does not collection in
collection, exist, create its own right
expressed in it. and create a
an new entry
appropriate within it.
Internet
media type.

WebSocket based communication API

Websocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers.
Websocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model. Unlike request-response model
such as REST, the WebSocket APIs allow full duplex communication and do not require new
coonection to be setup for each message to be sent. Websocket communication begins with a
connection setup request sent by the client to the server. The request (called websocket
handshake) is sent over HTTP and the server interprets it is an upgrade request. If the server
supports websocket protocol, the server responds to the websocket handshake response. After
the connection setup client and server can send data/mesages to each other in full duplex
mode. Websocket API reduce the network traffic and letency as there is no overhead for
connection setup and termination requests for each message. Websocket suitable for IoT
applications that have low latency or high throughput requirements. So Web socket is most
suitable IoT Communication APIs for IoT System.

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7. How IOT will use is Agriculture domain?[5]

Agriculture is another important domain for IOT. IOT systems play an important role for crop
and soil monitoring and give a proper solution accordingly. IOT leads to smart farming. Using
IOT, farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows the monitoring of
fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of the are

IOT analytics in agriculture

The data from smart sensors can be further analyzed for automated decision-making and
predictive analysis. Machine learning and predictive analysis will be helpful for farmers to cope
up with the weather conditions such as drought, flood, etc.

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Drone-based uses

Drones are also useful in smart farming. On one side, drones are useful to monitor the soil, air,
moisture quality, and on another side, they can also be used for physical activities such as
prevention of physical breakouts in farms, automated spraying of fertilizers, and many more.
Although there are some limitations of using a drone, but it is useful to reduce the manual
workforce.

Real-time crop monitoring

Motion detectors, light detectors, smart-motion sensing sensors, smart sensors are useful to
provide real-time data to farmers of their farms. It will be helpful in the monitoring of the
quality of their products.

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Smart Irrigation system

It is one of the parts of smart agriculture using IOT. In it, IOT checks the water lanes created by
the farmer or the moisture level in the environment.

Livestock management
Livestock requires regular monitoring. Smart tracking using IOT can be helpful to farmers to get
the information of stock directly on their smart devices. It will be helpful to detect flu breakouts
much earlier, which results in the separation of non-infected breeds with infected ones.

Tank level monitoring

IOT helps to remotely monitor the level of the water tank and configure the alerts when the
specific level has been reached.

Smart greenhouse solutions

Usually, the greenhouses are used for maintaining the required atmosphere for plants. This
process demands manual intervention and continuous monitoring. But a smart greenhouse
designed using IOT monitors and controls the climate intelligently and also reduces the
requirement of manual intervention. Adoption of IOT in the greenhouse is cost-effective and
increases accuracy as it eliminates human intervention. As an instance, solar power IOT sensors
build inexpensive and modern greenhouses.

8. Explain about IOT Level-6 with block diagram?

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9. How IOT will use is Agriculture domain?

IoT Smart Agriculture Domain
Another important domain for Iot is the agriculture domain where IoT system plays vital role for
soil and crop monitoring and provides a proper solution accordingly.
Using smart farming through IoT technologies helps farmer to reduce waste generation and
increase the productivity.
There are several IoT technologies available that work on agriculture domain. Some of them
are:

 Drones for field monitoring

 Sensor for soil monitoring
 Water pump for water sully
 Machines for routine operation

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Smart Irrigation System

One of the parts of smart agriculture using IoT is smart irrigation system. In the smart irrigation
system, IoT checks the moisture level in the environment or in the water lanes that the farmer
has created.
Java Try Catch

Now, let's understand the working process of this smart irrigation system. Usually, the two main
IoT devices that used here is the Arduino board and the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi
becomes the main processing unit, and an Arduino board is placed from each of water
channels. These Arduino boards themselves connect to multiple sensors which are part of this
water channel so what these sensors check the moisture present in these lanes as such. So, let's
say a specific lane does not meet the minimum required moisture then the Arduino board
would send a signal to the Raspberry Pi. Again all these devices are connected on the same
wireless router network, and the Raspberry Pi would identify the lack of moisture and pass a
signal to the relay. The relay, in turn, would initiate the water pump and the water would be
parked now to ensure that water is not wasted. The smart irrigation system would be a gate
control system and only that gate will open where the moister is less. Once the sensors detect
that the moisture level has gone beyond the required limit, it would again transmit another
signal to the Raspberry Pi asking it to stop the pump as well. So, this helps a farmer to save a lot

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of water and also makes life quite easier as well. So, after this, the farmer only task is to either
setting up new plans or creating new water channels.

UNIT-2

1. Draw and explain NFV Architecture?[15]

NFV:

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Network function virtualization is the concept of replacing dedicated

network applications such as routers and firewalls with software
running on general CPU’s or virtual machines operating system standard
services.
NFV provide the infrastructure on which SDN can run, NFV are mutually
beneficial for each other but not dependent.
NFV replaces proprietary hardware network elements with software
running on standardized servers ,SDN deals with replacement of
standardized networking protocols with centralized control.
Key elements of NFV architecture:
1.

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